外研版新高中英语必修三Unit 6语法讲解与练习

省略

省略句是语言中基于语境省略某些语法成分的现象，需符合上下文制约、成分可补全且补全后语义不变三项条件。其本质是通过省略已知信息实现语言表达的简洁性，被省略成分包括单词、短语或分句。省略在英语语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象。省略句是英语的一种习惯用法。

一、省略句的定义

省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象。

二、词的省略

①不定式符号 to‌

感官动词（see/hear 等）和使役动词（let/make/have）后作宾补时省略 to，但变被动语态要加回。

并列不定式中，后一个to 可省略，但有对比意义时保留。

前面出现过相同动词时，保留to 省略动词原形，如"I want to (go)"。‌‌‌

e.g.I saw him walk into the room. 我看见他走进房间。

②功能词省略‌：

‌冠词‌：新闻标题、独一无二职位（如 President）、家庭成员称呼（如 Father）前常省略。

‌介词‌：表示一段时间的 for、方式状语的 in、固定搭配里的 in/on/from 等常省略，如"spend time (in) doing"。

‌连词‌：宾语从句的 that、定语从句中关系代词that（做宾语或不做成分）、条件句的 if（虚拟语气倒装时）可省略。

e.g.I believe (that) you will succeed． 我相信你们会成功的。

I ' ll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。‌‌‌

注：在宾语从句中，当有两个及以上并列从句时，第一个that可省，以后的均不可省。

③名词所有格后‌：若修饰的名词前文已出现，或指店铺、教堂等，所有格后的名词可省，如"at the doctor's"。‌‌‌

三、句子成分的省略

①省略主语

e.g.Beg your pardon. （我）请你原谅。（ Beg 前省略了主语 I ）

Take care! 保重！（ Take 前省略了主语 you ）

Looks as if it will rain. 看起来像要下雨。（ Looks 前省略了主语 it ）

②省略谓语

e.g.Who next? 该谁了？（ Who 后面省略了谓语 comes ）

The river was deep and the ice thin. （ ice 后面省略了 was ）

We ' ll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。（ can 后面省略了动词do ）

③省略表语

e.g.Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗？ 我准备好了。（ am 后面省略了 ready ）

He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth. 他还是象年轻时那样，是一位运动爱好者。

（ had been 后面省略了 a lover of sports ）

④省略宾语

e.g.Let ' s do the dishes. I ' ll wash and you ' ll dry. 让我们洗碗吧，我来洗，你来揩干。（ wash 和 dry 后面省略了宾语 dishes ）

⑤省略定语

e.g.He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 那钱他花了部分，其余的他都存了起来。（ the rest 后面省略了定语 of the money ）

⑥省略状语

e.g.He was not hurt. Strange! 他没有受伤，真奇怪！（ Strange 前面省略了状语 how ）

四、句子的省略：

①‌简单句里省成分‌：祈使句通常省略主语，对话中已知的主语、谓语或宾语也常省去，比如"(I) Hope so"或"(Have you) Got any ink"。‌‌‌

②‌并列句里省重复‌：用 and 或 but 连接的两个分句，如果后面分句有和前面相同的主语、谓语或宾语，通常直接省略，例如"He teaches English and his brother (teaches) maths"。‌‌‌

③‌复合句里省从句‌：

‌状语从句‌：当从句主语和主句一致且含 be 动词时，常省略“主语 +be"，如"When (she was) asked, she didn't answer"。‌定语从句‌：关系代词 that/which/whom 在从句中作宾语时往往省略，如"the book (which) I got"。

‌名词性从句‌：宾语从句的引导词 that 在口语中常省略，多个 that 并列时第一个可省。‌‌‌

五、省略句中的难点：

省略句可同时省掉句子几个成份

e.g.What exciting news! (= What exciting news it is!) 多么令人激动的消息啊！

Pity he ' s failed. (= It is a pity that he ' s failed.) 很遗憾，他失败了。

I like himmore than her. (= I like him more than I like her.) 我喜欢他更甚于喜欢她。

六、英语中有一些固定的省略结构：

①在以 if, when,though, as if （好像）等连词引导的从句中，如从句中的主要动词是 be ，常将主语和动词 be 省略。

e.g.If necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要，我们就往家里打电报。

Whenever possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。

Whilecycling, don ' t forget the traffic lights. 骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。

②由固定词组引导的疑问句：

e.g.What about having a game of chess? 下盘棋怎么样？

How come they left you alone here? 他们怎么会把你一人留在这里呢？

What if it ' s raining? 如果天下雨怎么办？

Why not try again? 为什么不再试试呢？

③在口语中，为了避免重复，不定式可以省去和句子前部重复的动词原形而只留下不定式符号 to。

e.g.He may leave if he wishes to. 他可以走，如果他愿意的话。

Don ' t go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。

④被省略的部分一般可以在句子中补上，但有时省略结构已经定型，如果把省略部分补上，反而不合乎习惯。

e.g.He is taller than I am. 他比我高。（ am 之后省略 tall ，补上不合习惯）

No parking.禁止停车。（告示用语 = No parking is allowed here. ）

⑤有一些习惯表达很难补上所省略的部分：

e.g.Not at all. 不用谢。No matter. 不要紧。Thanks. 谢谢。

七、省略时有什么讲究

①‌避免产生歧义‌：省略后必须保证意思明确，否则不能省，比如"I like a dog"若省成"I like dog"可能变成“喜欢吃狗肉”。

②‌书面语尽量完整‌：口语中因有背景支持省略频繁，但书面写作若无上下文背书，句子应尽量保持完整。③‌特定习惯用法‌：有些省略已成固定搭配，如"if necessary"、"Me too"、"Why not try it"，直接记忆即可。‌‌

语法练习

1.Once_____________(tell) about the difficult project with its short deadlines, he quickly started to work on it.

2.In a recording studio, when_____________(relay) by the microphones, music loses some of liveliness.

3.If you go to the West Lake in Hangzhou, you will find it more attractive than commonly_____________(suppose).

4.Our plan would work out smoothly_____________unexpected difficulties arise.

5. I won’t go to the party even if_____________(invite). 

6.If_____________(face) with an aggressive animal, remain calm and avoid direct eye contact.  

7.When_____________(present) with this information, you might think glass is the more sustainable packaging choice.

8.Power will be used as a tool if_____________(leave) in the wrong hand. 

9.To avoid getting hurt, make sure that you wear proper clothes and equipment when_____________(exercise).

10.While_____________(enjoy) being close to nature, we began to help pick peaches covering every tree. 

11.The student stood up suddenly as if_____________(leave) the hall. 

12.He looked around as if_____________(look) for something.

13.The doctor said if_____________(treat) properly, the boy was likely to be saved. 

14.What you have to do is_____________(obey) these rules.

15.She greedily wanted to laugh and_____________(weep) all at once. 

16.The first thing to do is_____________(tell) him the news. 

17.While watching television, we heard the doorbell_____________(ring).

18.Rather than_____________(cause)problems, he is going to help us.

19.I have nothing to do but_____________(read).

20.They knew her very well. They had seen her_____________(grow) up from childhood.

21.I made him_____________(repeat) his promise. 

22.This cultural treasure has evolved over generations, maintaining its essential character while_____________(adapt) to contemporary contexts.

23.If_____________(admit) to a university, you’d better make a plan in advance so as to fully enjoy your college life.

24.As_____________(plan), we held the sports meeting on the playground yesterday. 

25.Once_____________(bury) in our study, we will forget the time.

26.The disease was spreading faster than_____________(expect),but they took action in time. 

27.When entering the office, we found Tom_____________(seat) at a desk.

28.Granny fell asleep when_____________(watch) TV. 

29.The novels and non-fiction like biographies, autobiographies and comics will be available for purchase when_____________(publish) next month.

30.While_____________(do) my homework at home, I heard my name called.