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版权信息 书名：专八词汇词根+联想记忆法 作者：俞敏洪 出版社：浙江教育出版社 出版日期：2015-09-01 ISBN：978-7-5536-2851-6目录 CONTENTS 代序 寻找生命的榜样 前言 用法说明 重点单词 Word List 1 Word List 2 Word List 3 Word List 4 Word List 5 Word List 6 Word List 7 Word List 8 Word List 9 Word List 10 Word List 11 Word List 12 Word List 13 Word List 14 Word List 15 Word List 16 Word List 17 Word List 18 Word List 19 Word List 20 认知词 常规词汇回顾 附录 一 专八必备听力词汇 二 专八必备高频短语音频下载链 接：http://download.dogwood.com.cn/guonei/zbch.zip代序 寻找生命的榜样 我并不是一个很聪明的人，从小学到大学几乎从没得过第一名。不 是我不努力，而是我努力了也成不了第一名。唯一的一次第一名是我连 续两年落榜之后在1980年的高考中考出了全县外语类总分第一名，正是 这次第一名把我送进了北京大学。也许是因为天资愚笨，我总是羡慕那 些比我优秀的人，追随在他们后面，还热心地为他们做事。我的优点就 是从来不妒忌比我优秀的人，我总是努力模仿他们，把他们作为我学习 的榜样。正是这一优点成就了我的今天。 父母是最接近我们的学习榜样。我的父母都是淳朴的农民，他们虽 无力教我读书，但却用他们的勤劳和善良教会我做人的基本道理和是非 标准，他们对我的影响无法用文字来描述，是我一生都受用不尽的。我 生命中第一个榜样是雷锋同志。在我开始懂事时正是全国学习雷锋的高 潮。记得有一次为了学习雷锋，我和另一个小朋友为一户人家担水，结 果那个小朋友被父母骂了一顿，因为他自己家里的水还没有担满。而我 母亲却夸奖了我。这样的事情在我小时候时常发生。父母的鼓励养成了 我喜欢帮助别人的习惯。这一习惯使我在后来的工作和生活中受益良 多。 我高中毕业时正值恢复全国高考，我的一个同学考上了一所大专师 范学院。他是当时我们班唯一考上大学的人，这在全校引起了轰动。同 学们在羡慕一番后都回家务农了。我却一直想着这件事，下决心第二年 再考，结果又失败了。想放弃的我看到他暑假回来春风得意的样子，心 里就不服气，来年又考了一次。这一次轮到他羡慕我了，因为我进了中 国最好的大学之一。后来我一直对他心存感激，到现在我们仍是好朋 友。 进了大学后我发现同学都比我优秀，自己真是一穷二白。穷是经济 上的，白是知识上的。经济上的穷不可怕，知识上的空白却让我陷入了 极度的自卑。好在我的自卑不是心胸狭隘，最后自卑反而成了我学习的 动力。在北大读书的几年，尽管从没谈过恋爱，但却追随了不少优秀人物，公开或偷偷地从他们身上吸取精华。现在在新东方共事的很多优秀 人物都是我过去二十多年学习的榜样。王强特别喜欢买书读书，我几乎 每星期都追随他逛书店，自己也买书来读。王强迄今已有藏书逾万册， 我的藏书虽不及他，却学到了和他相近的读书习惯。徐小平当年在北大 是著名的活跃分子，思想敏锐，口若悬河，我经常听他侃大山，听到激 动人心处就赶紧记下，回去暗暗模仿。今天我上课风格里有一部分就来 自徐小平。另外还有我上铺的包凡一，他独到的批判精神和自嘲精神， 对我后来的做事方式和判断力也产生了很深的影响。 我读过不少名人传记，也仰慕过毛泽东的天才、富兰克林的智慧、 林肯的信念、卢梭的坦诚，甚至羡慕过毕加索的九次婚姻。但这些伟大 人物离我们的生活太远，他们远不如那些与我们朝夕相处的人们对我们 的影响力大。所以，我们要善于从生活中寻找榜样，诚心诚意地向他们 学习，这样，即使你不能超越他们，你也会变得更加优秀！ 新东方教育科技集团董事长兼首席执行官前言 很多考生提起专八考试都会有些望而生畏，一方面这项考试对任何 人都是一个挑战，另一方面它是一名英语专业学生找到一份好工作的必 要“敲门砖”，所以大家在临考时都背负着巨大的压力。其实，我们大可 不必把专八考试看得那么可怕。专八考试固然有一定的难度，但只要大 家平时注意积累，考前认真复习，通过考试的把握还是非常大的。 专八考试虽然没有词汇与语法题，但大纲要求掌握13000个单词， 具体体现在阅读、翻译和写作等各个项目中。专八考试与专四要求的 8000单词量相比，词汇难度上了一个台阶。如何在有限的时间内，迅速 掌握海量单词呢？本书以大纲为出发点，结合“词根+联想”记忆法，帮 你高效掌握重点单词。 一、词根词缀，科学记忆 记忆单词本身确实枯燥无味，但有些方法可以帮助我们最大限度地 降低这种枯燥、苦闷的感觉。本书提供了一套行之有效的记忆方法：词 根+联想记忆法。掌握一定数量的词根和词缀，不仅可以帮助大家科学 地记忆单词，还可以让大家举一反三自行拆解新单词，从而获得事半功 倍的效果；而联想记忆主要以书籍名，歌曲、电影名称，俚语等与英美 文化相关而有趣的事物为元素，通过这些亮点帮助大家强化记忆。相信 大家在辛苦背诵之余看到一些有趣的记忆方法，不仅能化解背单词的枯 燥感，而且会加深对单词的印象。 二、题型标注，熟悉考试 避免陷入机械记忆误区的方法之一是边记边用，即把记单词与考试 紧密联系在一起。本书中重点单词的例句尽可能选自历年真题，并标明 确切的考试年份，对于选自听力原文的句子以“听力”二字特别标注，以 提醒大家注意考试中听力句式的特点。值得一提的是，我们还归纳了一些与考试相关的答题技巧、注意事项，精编成小贴士，制成PDF，放在 网上，供考生下载使用，帮助考生了解考试，所谓“知己知彼，百战不 殆”。 三、词义讲解，注重用法 根据专八考试的特点，本书从英语专业教学大纲中挑选出历年专八 考试的重点单词，并对这些单词配以例句、搭配、用法讲解等，帮助考 生归纳考点、难点；同时还将剩余认知单词集中收录在书中，便于考前 进行快速复习。此外，本书还收录了专四考试中的常考词汇，这样，重 点、非重点明确，相信可以帮助大家节省宝贵的时间。 我们衷心希望这本书能成为你通向成功的得力助手。不要气馁，不 要退缩，只要勇往直前，你一定就会赢得最后的胜利。 编者用法说明重点单词 Word List 1 abase [ə'beis] vt.贬低，使谦卑 【记】词根记忆：a（表加强）+bas（低，下）+e→贬低 【例】The man abased himself to quarrel with an old lady. 【用】abase 常与 oneself 或 sb.连用，表示“降低自己或某人的身份”，也 可以表示“屈辱自己或某人”，相当于 degrade oneself/sb.。 abate [ə'beit] v.（指风势、疼痛等）减弱，减轻 【记】词根记忆：a+bate（减弱，减少）→减弱，减轻 【例】Wars have not been abolished,labor troubles have not abated,andracial tensions are still with us.（1996） abdicate ['æbdikeit] v.正式放弃（官职、权力），让位，退位 【记】词根记忆：ab（离去）+dic（说话，命令）+ate（做）→授命离 去→让位 【例】Opera is expensive:that much is inevitable.But expensive things are not inevitably the province of the rich unless we abdicate society's power of choice.（1997） abduct [æb'dʌkt] vt.诱拐，拐走，绑架 【记】词根记忆：ab（离去）+duct（引导）→引诱走→诱拐 【例】It's said that a large number of women and children were abducted and sold to the mountain areas. aberrant [ə'berənt] adj.不循常轨的，不走正路的；异常的 【记】词根记忆：ab（离去）+err（迷路，引申为错误）+ant→走向错 误→不走正路的 【例】We noticed nothing aberrant in his behavior.abide [ə'baid] v.忍受，容忍 【记】联想记忆：abcde 中的字母c被字母i挤掉了，只好容忍（abide） 【例】abide by 遵守 All the players have to abide by the referee's decision. 【用】abide 常和 can,could 连用，用于否定句或疑问句中，表示“不能 容忍某人或某事”，如：I can't abide that man.；词组 abide by 是“遵守 （法律等），信守（诺言等）”的意思。 abiding [ə'baidiŋ] adj.（信念等）永恒的，持久的 【记】来自 abide（v.坚持，容忍） 【例】The businessman has an abiding faith in the possibilities of the economy. ability [ə'biliti] n.能力；才能，才智 【记】联想记忆：ab（看作 able，能干的）+ility（性质）→能力；才能 【例】①When interviewing a job-hunter,an employer is concerned not only with the candidate's ability,but,more reasonably,with the suitability of his or her personality for the particular work situation.（2005） ②to the best of one's ability 竭尽全力 Researchers tackled the problem to the best of their ability. abject ['æbdʒekt] adj.（境况）凄惨的，绝望的；（人或行为）无耻的，卑鄙的 【记】词根记忆：ab（离去）+ject（抛，扔）→被抛弃了→绝望的 【例】A quarter of the citizens in this country is still in abject poverty. 【用】abject poverty 是固定搭配，表示“赤贫”。 ablaze [ə'bleiz] adj.着火的，燃烧着的；闪耀的 【记】联想记忆：a（…的）+blaze（火焰）→火焰般的→燃烧着的【例】The demonstrators set government buildings ablaze. ably ['eibli] adv.能干地，熟练地 【例】Professor Anderson was ably assisted by his team of researchers. abolish [ə'bɒliʃ] n.废除，消除v.废除，取消 【记】联想记忆：ab（相反）+olish（看作polish，抛光，优雅）→不优 雅的东西就应该废除→废除，消除 【例】Wars have not been abolished,labor troubles have not abated,and racial tensions are still with us.（1996） 【派】abolition（n.废止，废除） abominable [ə'bɒminəbl] adj.可憎的，可恶的；糟糕的，极坏的 【记】联想记忆：ab（离去）+omin（预兆）+able→运气离开的征兆→ 糟糕的 【例】Murder is considered to be the most abominable crime. abort [ə'bɒ:t] vi.流产，堕胎vt.中止，夭折，使（计划）失败 【记】联想记忆：ab（相反）+ort（看作ori，升起，开始）→还没开始 就中止了→中止，夭折 【例】The manager required us to abort the plan under operation. abound [ə'baund] vi.大量存在，充满；富有，丰富 【记】联想记忆：a（无）+bound（边界）→没有边界→大量存在 【例】①She wore a dress of blue cashmere,with small reservations of velvet here and there,and with steel buttons abounding.（2011） ②That area abounds with rain all the year round. 【用】abound常与in,with连用，表示“盛产，富于，充满”。aboveboard [ə'bʌvˌbɒ:d] adj.光明磊落的，光明正大的，率直的 【记】组合词：above（在…上）+board（会议桌）→在会议桌前谈的 →光明正大的 【例】I must assert that the deal was aboveboard and not illegal. abrasive [ə'breisiv] adj.表面磨损的，粗糙的；粗鲁的，生硬的 【记】来自abrade（v.磨损） 【例】Instead of using a washcloth,which can be abrasive,wash your face gently using your fingers. abreast [ə'brest] adv.并排，并肩 【记】联想记忆：a+breast（胸）→胸和胸并排→并排，并肩 【例】Over the first three laps,Augustine stayed abreast of the American runner. abrupt [ə'brʌpt] adj.突然的，出其不意的；陡峭的；粗鲁的，无礼的 【记】词根记忆：ab（离去）+rupt（断）→突然断掉了→突然的 【例】There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities;kinship yields to a sudden alienation,as when we hail a person across the street,only to discover from his blank response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend.（1998） 【派】abruptly（adv.突然，猛然；粗暴地） absent ['æbsənt][æb'sent] adj.缺席的；茫然的，心不在焉的 vt.使（自己）离开 【记】词根记忆：ab（离去）+sent（送）→送走→缺席的 【例】①A white senior said school attendance sheets showed 157absentstudents,115of them black.（1996） ②absent from 缺席 George was absent from the important meeting because he had a cold. 【用】absent常与from或in搭配，前者指“缺席”；后者指“去了某地，不 在此处”。 【派】absence（n.缺席；缺乏，不存在）；absent-minded（adj.心不在 焉的） absorb [əb'sɒ:b] vt.吸收（水、热、光等）；吸引（注意），使专心，使全神贯注 【记】词根记忆：ab（表加强）+sorb（吸收） →吸收 【例】Welsby's three young grandchildren were gravely absorbed in building a sandcastle. 【用】absorb常与介词in连用，构成短语be absorbed in sth.，表示“专心 于某事”。 【派】absorption（n.吸收；专注） abstain [əb'stein] vi.戒（烟酒等）；放弃（投票等），弃权 【记】词根记忆：abs（去掉）+tain（拿住）→拿不住→放弃 【例】Tony decided to abstain from wine under the advice of the doctor. 【用】abstain常与from搭配，表示“戒（酒、烟）”，也可表示“放弃（投 票等）”。 【派】abstention（n.节制；弃权） abuse [ə'bju:z][ə'bju:s] vt.辱骂；滥用；虐待 n.辱骂；滥用；虐待；弊病，恶习 【记】词根记忆：ab（相反）+use（使用）→使用不当→滥用 【例】①Pediatricians from the U.S.University have taken a look at one measure of children's well-being in Egypt,the Philippines and India—the extent to which children are subject to corporal punishment and abuse.（2012听力） ②No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet. abusive [ə'bju:siv] adj.辱骂的，咒骂的 【记】来自abuse（v.辱骂；滥用；虐待） 【例】The man's words are full of abusive language. accede [æk'si:d] vi.同意；就职 【记】词根记忆：ac（表）+ced（走）+e→走上岗位→就职 【例】We didn't accede to the absurd proposal on any account. 【用】accede常与介词to连用，表示“同意…；就职”。 accentuate [æk'sentjueit] vt.重读，强调，重音读出 【记】词根记忆：ac+cent（=cant，唱，说）+uate→不断说→强调 【例】The teacher accentuated the problem to arouse the students'attention to it. accessible [ək'sesəbl] adj.易于得到（接近、达到）的 【记】词根记忆：ac+cess（走）+ible（易…的）→可接近的→易于接近 的 【例】We can choose to make opera,and other expensive forms of culture,accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it.（1997） 【派】accession（n.就职；登基） accident ['æksidənt] n.意外，事故 【记】联想记忆：accid（看作acid，酸的）+ent→令人感到酸楚的事情 →意外 【例】①Nearly 60%of these dangerous spills will occur in or around thepatient's domicile.This isn't all bad news,however,because a few modifications could prevent a lot of accidents.（2005） ②by accident 偶然 I met my former colleagues in the mall by accident. ③ without accident 平安无事 Blair came back without accident. 【派】accidental（adj.偶然的，意外的） acclaim [ə'kleim] vt.欢呼，喝彩，称赞n.（尤指对艺术成就的）称誉，高度评价 【记】词根记忆：ac+claim（呼喊）→不断呼喊→欢呼 【例】The work was acclaimed as a masterpiece. accord [ə'kɒ:d] v.符合，与…相一致；授予n.协调，一致 【记】词根记忆：ac+cord（心）→使双方都称心 →一致 【例】①Once impotent due to Cold War rivalries,it has regained much of the authority accorded by the UN charter.（2013） ②of one's own accord 主动 The employer knew they would finally quit of their own accord. according [ə'kɒ:diŋ] adv.依照adj.相符的，一致的 【记】词根记忆：ac+cord（心）+ing（…的）→使双方都称心的→相符 的，一致的 【例】according to 根据 ①According to a recent survey by China Youth Daily,76.1percent of the respondents say that our current society provides a“bad environment”for good people doing good things.（2013） ②According to the impression the interviewee gives him,the interviewer will make a decision on whether or not he will employ the candidate. 【用】according to最常出现在阅读理解的题目中，意思是“根据…”。 【派】accordingly（adv.相应地；因此，所以） account [ə'kaunt]n.账，账目，账户；报道，记载，叙述；理由v.（~for）解释，说明； （在数量、比例上）占 【记】联想记忆：ac（表加强）+count（数）→账目需要一数再数，确 保无误→账目 【例】①Two-thirds of its members are developing countries,which account for about three-quarters of the world's population.（2013） ②The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another.（2006） ③Charles Bogan,the firm's senior partner and its iron hand,had insisted the money be wired from its source into a new account,and this made sense after some discussion.（2008） ④on account of 由于 On account of all his hard work over the autumn months that Jim has passed the exam with such a good grade. ⑤ take into account 考虑到 You must take the revolutionary enthusi-asm of the masses into full account. 【用】on account of相当于due to和because of,作“因为，由于”解。 【派】accountant（n.会计师，会计） accountable [ə'kauntəbl] adj.有责任的；有义务加以解说的 【记】联想记忆：account（n.解释）+able→有义务加以解说的 【例】Societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions. 【用】accountable常与介词for搭配使用，表示“对…有责任，对…负 责”。 accredit [ə'kredit] vt.认为（某说法等）出自某人；委派；相信 【记】联想记忆：ac+credit（信任）→十分信任→相信 【例】We accredited these abrupt remarks to the rude man. accrue [ə'kru:] v.增加，增长【记】词根记忆：ac（不断）+crue（增加）→不断增加→增加，增长 【例】All the funds has accrued from the investment in the stocks. 【用】accrue主要指自然的增加或增长，比如“利息的增长等”。 acknowledge [ək'nɒlidʒ] vt.承认；告知收到（信件、礼物等）；表示感谢 【记】联想记忆：ac+know（知道）+ledge→大家都知道了，所以不得 不承认→承认 【例】①Others who acknowledged the problem of the elderly poor believed the bill a disproportionate response.（1999） ②The authors acknowledge with great appreciation the expert technical assistance of Adam. 【派】acknowledgement〔n.承认，接受；感谢；（表示收到某物的）回 信，收条；（以微笑等）向人打招呼〕 acquiesce [ˌækwi'es] vi.默认，默许；顺从 【记】词根记忆：ac+quiesce（安静）→保持沉默→默许 【例】Jane acquiesced to her parents'wishes to marry the rich man. 【用】acquiesce常与in搭配，表示“勉强同意计划、提议等”；acquiesce 有时也与to连用，表示“顺从…”。 acquit [ə'kwit] vt.宣判（某人）无罪；表现，履行，完成 【记】联想记忆：ac+quit（放弃）→放弃追究责任→宣告（某人）无罪 【例】①The man was acquitted of the charge by reason of lacking evidence. ②Tom acquitted himself bravely in front of danger. 【用】词组acquit oneself表示“表现得…；履行（诺言等）；完成（任务 等）”；acquit sb.of是“宣判某人（无罪）”的意思。 【派】acquittal（n.无罪的判决） acrimony ['ækriməni]n.严厉；辛辣 【记】词根记忆：acri（=acr，尖，酸）+mony（名词后缀）→尖刻→严 厉；辛辣 【例】The critic always criticizes some social problems with acrimony. 【派】acrimonious〔adj.（争论等）尖刻的；讥讽的；激烈的〕 acumen [ə'kju:men] n.敏锐，聪明，洞察力 【记】词根记忆：acu（尖，锐利）+men（名词后缀）→敏锐 【例】The leader was respected by many people due to his political acumen. acute [ə'kju:t] adj.尖锐的，锐角的；激烈的，严重的；敏锐的；（疾病）急性的， （疼痛）剧烈的 【记】联想记忆：a+cut（切）+e→得了急性阑尾炎，要手术切除阑尾 →急性的 【例】①But Americans in 1909had something more:an unembarrassed appreciation for heroes and an acute sense of the way that even long-dead historical figures press in on the present and make us who we are.（2012） ②Unfortunately,Mary got the acute appendicitis. 【用】acute作“尖锐；锐利”讲时，只用于学术语中，如an acute angle。 adamant ['ædəmənt] adj.坚定不移的，强硬的 【记】联想记忆：adam（亚当）+ant（…的）→亚当是坚强的→坚定不 移的，强硬的 【例】Mason has expressed his adamant disapproval on the suggestion. adapt [ə'dæpt] v.适应，适合；改编，改写 【记】词根记忆：ad（表加强）+apt（适当的）→使适应 【例】①Some thought that the students'business experience would help them adapt better to society after graduation,while others held a negativeview,saying that running shops might occupy too much of the students'time and energy which should otherwise be devoted to their academic study. （2004） ②Some of Justin's novels were adapted for the stage and film. 【用】adapt常与介词to连用，表示“适应…”；而作“改编，改写”讲时， 与for,from连用。 【派】adaptable（adj.能适应新环境的，可改变的）；adaptation（n.改 编；适应；改编本，改制物）；adapter/adaptor（n.适配器，转接器；改 编者） addictive [ə'diktiv] adj.（使人）上瘾的，沉迷的 【记】来自addict（vt.使沉溺，使上瘾） 【例】①Coffee has caffeine which is addictive. ②Bargain-hunting can be addictive regardless of the state of the markets,and haggling is a low-risk,high-value contact sport.（2013） adept ['ædept] adj.擅长的，熟练的，精通的 【记】词根记忆：ad（表加强）+ept（能力）→有能力的→精通的 【例】①All the staff are adept at their operation after hard working. ②Some cultures are too adept at lining up:a citizen of the former Soviet Union would join a queue just so he could get to the head of that queue and see what everyone was queuing for.（2010） 【用】表示“擅长…，精通…”可以用be adept at或be adept in。 adjoin [ə'dʒɒin] vt.贴近，相接 【记】词根记忆：ad+join（结合）→结合在一起→相接 【例】It makes the children happy that the house adjoined the playing field. adjudicate [ə'dʒu:dikeit] v.裁决，判决【记】词根记忆：ad+judic（判断）+ate→进行判断→判决 【例】The suspect's guilt or innocence should be adjudicated by the court. admissible [əd'misəbl] adj.可以接受的，可加以考虑的，可容许的 【记】联想记忆：ad+miss（送，放出）+ible（可…的）→可以送出→ 可容许的 【例】The judge has not decided whether this tape is admissible as evidence. admit [əd'mit] v.允许（人或物）进入；承认；（指在一范围内）可容纳（某人或某 事） 【记】词根记忆：ad+mit（送）→能送进去→允许（人或物）进入 【例】①Since it shamed him to admit that he wasn't working,George said,“I'm reading a lot to pick up my education.”（2012） ②admit of 容许 The evidence cannot admit of doubt. 【用】admit与of构成词组，表示“容许有；有…可能；容有…的余地”。 【派】admission（n.进入许可；入会费；承认）；admittedly（adv.无可 否认地） admonish [əd'mɒniʃ] vt.提醒，劝告；警告，告诫 【记】词根记忆：ad+mon（警告）+ish（使）→告诫 【例】The policeman admonished him not to drive too fast on the freeway. 【用】表示“告诫或警告某人”可以用admonish sb.to do sth.，也可以用 admonish+that从句。 adorn [ə'dɒ:n] vt.装饰 【记】词根记忆：ad+orn（装饰）→装饰 【例】Gold was considered divine in ancient Greece and was used to adorn temples and as an offering to the gods.（1996）adroit [ə'drɒit] adj.熟练的，机巧的，灵敏的 【例】The adroit handling of the crew saved the plane from a disaster. 【用】词组be adroit at/in…表示“对…熟练，对…灵敏”。 adulterate [ə'dʌltəreit] vt.掺入（劣等或不纯的物质），掺杂 【记】联想记忆：奉承（adulate）话里都掺假（adulterate） 【例】The dealers adulterated milk with water to make exorbitant profits. advantage [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ] n.优势，益处，利益 【记】词根记忆：advant（看作advance，前进）+age（行为）→前进， 进步→优势 【例】①The biggest advantage is that you come across various characters in your work.（2000听力） ②take advantage of 利用 People who make others really feel comfortable take advantage of that parting moment to close the deal.（2004） ③ to one's advantage 对…有利 It is to your advantage to invest wisely. 【派】advantageous（adj.有利的） advent ['ædvənt] n.（重要事件等的）到来，来临 【记】词根记忆：ad（表加强）+vent（来）→到来，来临 【例】①Since the advent of television people have been prophesying the death of the book.（2000） ②Since the advent of advanced and reliable office-network systems,data storage has moved away from paper archives.（2011） adverse ['ædvə:s] adj.不利的，相反的，敌对的 【记】词根记忆：ad（相反）+vers（转）+e→转到相反的方向→相反的【例】The life is full of adverse parts to our wishes. 【派】adversity（n.逆境，厄运，苦难，灾祸） advocacy ['ædvəkəsi] n.辩护，提倡，拥护 【记】词根记忆：ad（表加强）+voc（叫喊）+acy→为某事使劲叫喊→ 提倡 【例】A subsidiary,but nevertheless important,activity of the League was advocacy of the bread made with“English stone-ground flour,yeast,milk,sea salt and raw cane-sugar”.（1999） affable ['æfəbl] adj.友善的，和蔼可亲的 【记】联想记忆：aff（=af，表加强）+able→可以接近的→友善的 【例】Nancy gave the shy boy an affable smile. affection [ə'fekʃən] n.喜爱，爱慕；慈爱；友爱；影响；疾病；倾向 【记】词根记忆：af（表加强）+fect（做）+ion（名词后缀）→反复做 产生的影响→影响 【例】①Under the category of social needs,Maslow puts our require-ments for love and affection and a sense of belonging.（2003听力） ②We look back on it,like all its exiled sons and daughters,with true affection.（2011） 【用】affection作“爱慕”讲时一般用复数affections。 【派】affectionate（adj.深情的，爱的） affiliate [ə'filieit] v.（指团体）加入（联合），（使）隶属，附属于 【记】联想记忆：af（表加强）+fili（线条）+ate（使）→成为线条的 一部分→加入 【例】Businessmen should affiliate themselves with the local organization of commerce.【用】affiliate常接oneself或用于被动语态，表示“加入，隶属”。 affinity [ə'finəti] n.构造相似，特点相近，关系；喜爱；亲和性，亲和力 【记】词根记忆：af+fin（范围）+ity→在范围内→有关系→关系 【例】①The students finally recognized the affinity between sound and light in the experiment. ②They encourage“affinity reunions”for groups of former cheerleaders,editors,fraternity members,musicians,members of military organizations on campus,and the like.（2012） afflict [ə'flikt] vt.使（身体、精神）痛苦，折磨 【记】词根记忆：af（表加强）+flict（打击）→使劲地打击→折磨 【例】The drought has afflicted some parts of the region for up to five years and other areas for as little as 10months.（1998） affront [ə'frʌnt] n./vt.侮辱，冒犯 【记】词根记忆：af+front（前面，脸面）→指着别人的脸→冒犯 【例】The comments were an affront to his pride. afoot [ə'fut] adj./adv.在酝酿中（的），在进行中（的） 【记】联想记忆：a（表加强）+foot（足）→千里之行，始于足下→在 进行中 【例】The better to do so,I went afoot,armed with a Henry rifle and carrying three days'rations in my haversack. aggravate ['ægrəveit] vt.加重（病情、负担等），使恶化 【记】词根记忆：ag（表加强）+grav（重）+ate→加重，使恶化 【例】The financial problem of this company is aggravated because of theabuse of the funds. aggrieved [ə'gri:vd] adj.受委屈的，感到痛心的；愤愤不平的 【记】词根记忆：ag+griev（重）+ed（…的）→心情沉重的→受委屈的 【例】Mary felt very aggrieved at her father's criticism. 【用】表示“对…感到痛心，由于…感到委屈”可以用be aggrieved at/over...。 agile ['ædʒail] adj.敏捷的，灵活的 【记】词根记忆：ag（做）+ile（…的）→做得好的→灵活的 【例】The robot is quite agile and able to duplicate most human motions. agitate ['ædʒiteit] v.鼓动，煽动；使焦虑，使不安 【记】词根记忆：ag（做）+itate（表示不断的动作）→不断地做→煽 动 【例】①The economist tried to agitate for tax reform through fiery speeches. ②We were agitated by the alarming news. 【派】agitation（n.鼓动，煽动；激动不安，焦虑） agonizing ['ægənaiziŋ] adj.使人痛苦的，折磨人的 【记】来自agonize（vi.使极度痛苦，折磨） 【例】The agonizing headache made me eat nothing at all. airborne ['eəbɒ:n] adj.空运的，空降的；（飞机）在空中的，飞行中的 【记】联想记忆：air（空气）+born（出生）+e→横空出世的→在空中 的 【例】①Airborne troops continue to be the subject of restructuring in theRussian armed forces. ②An airborne joint rescue operation saves 39 people trapped in heavy snow in Lesotho. airy ['eəri] adj.通风的；空洞的；快活的，无忧无虑的 【记】来自air（n.空气） 【例】①The large and airy house will be sold out easily. ②All airy theories about socioeconomic improvement were overthrown at the meeting. 【派】airily（adv.轻松地，活泼地，轻盈地） align [ə'lain] vt.使成一线，使成一行；使结盟 【记】联想记忆：a（看作at，在）+lign（看作line，线）→在一条线上 →使成一线 【例】Tony will align himself with neither party. 【用】词组align oneself with的意思是“与…联盟”。 allay [ə'lei] vt.缓和，减轻 【记】联想记忆：al（看作all，全都）+lay（放置）→负担都放下了→ 减轻 【例】The countries make efforts to allay the tension in that region through peace talk. allergic [ə'lə:dʒik] adj.过敏的；对…反感的 【记】联想记忆：aller（看作alert，警报）+gic→皮肤出现警报的→过 敏的 【例】Some people are allergic to sea food. 【用】词组be allergic to sth.表示“对…过敏”。【派】allergy（n.过敏症；敏感） alleviate [ə'li:vieit] vt.缓和，减轻（痛苦等） 【记】词根记忆：al（表加强）+lev（变轻）+iate（使）→使减轻 【例】It is vital that economic,political and social conditions which can alleviate poverty be established at national and international levels.（2004） allude [ə'lu:d] vi.暗指，间接提及 【记】词根记忆：al+lud（玩；戏剧）+e→戏剧的内涵→暗指 【例】The mayor did not allude to the scandal in his speech. 【用】allude通常和to搭配构成allude to，意思是“提到，暗指…说的”。 【派】allusion（n.暗指，间接提及） allure [ə'ljuə] v.引诱，诱惑n.诱惑力，引诱力 【记】词根记忆：al+lure（吸引力，魅力）→诱惑 【例】①The quick profits in the stock investment allured many unwary investors. ②Will their hard-won brand luster be forever cheapened,especially for items whose allure depends on their being ridiculously priced?（2013） amalgamate [ə'mælgəˌmeit] v.（指业务、公司等）合并，混合 【记】联想记忆：am+al（看作all，全部）+gam（看作game，游戏） +ate→和大家一起做游戏→合并，混合 【例】Victoria has the highest number of councils of any State and in some areas councils are being encouraged to amalgamate although there is often resistance to this.（1998） amass [ə'mæs] vt.积聚，积累【记】词根记忆：a（表加强）+mass（一团）→变成一团→积聚 【例】Nowadays we can amass an awful lot of information on the Internet. ambience ['æmbiəns] n.气氛 【记】词根记忆：ambi（在…周围）+ence→存在于四周的→气氛 【例】The candlelighting and champagne enhanced the romantic ambience of the supper. ambivalent [æm'bivələnt] adj.（对同一人或事物）抱有矛盾情绪的 【记】联想记忆：ambi（两边）+val（价值）+ent（…的）→觉得两边 都有价值的→抱有矛盾情绪的 【例】This disparity in social attitudes is reflected in the ambivalent feelings held by people. amiable ['eimjəbl] adj.亲切的，和蔼可亲的 【记】联想记忆：ami（=am，爱）+able→流露爱意的→亲切的 【例】The leader spoke in an amiable,conversational tone. amicable ['æmikəbl] adj.友好的，和睦的 【记】注意与amiable（adj.亲切的）只差一个字母c 【例】It is far more likely that some sort of amicable settlement would be reached if the recalcitrant son or daughter knows that the alternative is a public trial.（1999） an（a）esthetic [ˌænis'θetik] n.麻醉剂（药） 【记】词根记忆：ana（在旁边）+esthet（感觉）+ic→让感觉与身体分 开→麻醉剂 【例】The patient began to feel pain after an operation when the effect of theanaesthetic gradually fades away. 【用】词组local anaesthetic“局部麻醉”，general anaesthetic“全身麻醉”。 【派】an（a）esthetize（v.使麻醉，使麻木）；an（a）esthesia（n.麻 醉；麻木） anew [ə'nju:] adv.重新，再度 【记】联想记忆：a（表加强）+new（新）→重新，再度 【例】The poor girl settled in two tiny rooms in Westminster,and faced the world anew. anguish ['æŋgwiʃ] n.极度痛苦，烦恼 【记】词根记忆：angu（痛苦）+ish→极度痛苦 【例】The anguish of not knowing the truth was unbearable to me. animate ['ænimit]['æniˌmeit] adj.有生命的；有生气的 v.赋予生命，使活泼 【记】词根记忆：anim（生命）+ate（使）→使有生命→赋予生命 【例】Teaching on Internet is mainly based on computer mass media,which is composed of graphs,pictures,animated drawings,audio and video.（2001） 【派】animation（n.生气，活泼，兴奋；动画片，动画片制作） animosity [ˌæni'mɒsəti] n.仇恨，深恶痛绝 【例】Open criticism usually arouses animosity among the public. annihilate [ə'naiəleit] vt.消灭，歼灭，彻底消除 【记】词根记忆：an（表加强）+nihil（无）+ate→使成虚无→消灭 【例】After a long and bloody battle the army succeeded in anni-hilating the enemy.antagonize [æn'tægənaiz] vt.使成敌人，使对抗（对立），引起…的敌意（反感） 【记】词根记忆：ant（反对）+agon（挣扎，斗争）+ize→对着打→使 对抗 【例】The government don't want to antagonize the people by increas-ing profits tax. antipathy [æn'tipəθi] n.憎恶，憎恨；反感；引起反感的事物 【记】词根记忆：anti（相反）+pathy（感情）→相反的感情→反感 【例】There's always been a certain amount of antipathy between the two brothers. apart [ə'pɑ:t] adv.相隔，相距；离开，离去；拆开 【记】词根记忆：a（表加强）+part（分开）→拆开 【例】apart from ...撇开…不说 Apart from the economical functions,the early cities also had important non-economic functions to play.（2002） 【用】apart常与from搭配，除在句中搭配接名词表示“远离某人或某物 之外”，还可以组成词组apart from，意思是“且莫说，撇开…不说”。 apathy ['æpəθi] n.漠不关心，无动于衷，冷淡 【记】词根记忆：a（无）+path（感情）+y→没有感情→冷淡 【例】Workers'apathy remains rampant towards authoritarian manage-ment. appease [ə'pi:z] vt.使满足；平息，抚慰 【记】联想记忆：ap（表加强）+pease（看作peace，和平）→ 平息 【例】Your apologies may not be enough to appease the anger of the public. append [ə'pend] vt.添加，附加（指附于信后）【记】词根记忆：ap（表加强）+pend（悬挂）→挂在上面→附加 【例】I appended the dates and name at the end of the letter. apply [ə'plai] vt.申请，请求；应用，施用；适用 【记】词根记忆：ap（表加强）+ply（重叠）→多次重叠，反复使用→ 应用 【例】It often happens that a number of applicants with similar qualifications and background apply for the same position.（2005） 【用】apply常与for和to连用，前者表示“申请…”，后者表示“适用 于…”。 【派】applicable（adj.生效的，适用的，可应用的）；applicant（n.申请 人）；application（n.请求，申请表；应用，适用） You will never have what you like until you learn to like what you have. ——Goethe 欲得到你喜欢的东西，应先学会喜欢你已有的东西。 ——歌德Word List 2 apposite ['æpəzit] adj.适当的，适合的 【记】词根记忆：ap（表加强）+pos（放）+ite→放对位置→适当的 【例】The witness made a few brief but apposite remarks about the accident. appraise [ə'preiz] vt.评定，鉴定，评价 【记】词根记忆：ap+prais（价值）+e→给出价值→评价 【例】The coach used his unique scale to appraise athletes. 【派】appraisal（n.评定，鉴定，评价） apprehend [ˌæpri'hend] vt.逮捕；领会，理解 【记】词根记忆：ap+prehend（抓）→抓住→逮捕 【例】This power of vision permitted him to apprehend only the appearance of things,not their reality. 【派】apprehension（n.拘捕；忧虑，恐惧）approach [ə'prəutʃ] v.接近；与…打交道；探讨，处理n.靠近；探讨；态度，方法 【记】词根记忆：ap+proach（接近）→接近 【例】①It has made possible entirely new approaches to journalism,such as that practiced by WikiLeaks,which provides an anonymous way for whistleblowers to publish documents.（2013） ②Call me when you approach that supermarket. arbitrate ['ɑ:bitreit] v.仲裁，公断，裁决 【记】词根记忆：arbitr（判断，裁决）+ate→仲裁 【例】EU member governments will review the list before the EU submits it to the World Trade Organization,which arbitrates international trade disputes. （2004听力） 【派】arbiter（n.仲裁人，裁决人，公断人） archaic [ɑ:'keiik] adj.过时的，陈旧的，古代的 【记】词根记忆：archa（=archae，古）+ic（…的）→古代的 【例】The party required every woman to wear archaic dress. ardent ['ɑ:dənt] adj.热情的，炽热的 【记】词根记忆：ard（燃烧）+ent→炽热的 【例】The boy felt self-satisfied with the result of his ardent labors. ardo（u）r ['ɑ:də] n.热情，热心 【记】词根记忆：ard（燃烧）+or→内心火热→热心 【例】Nancy was unaccustomed to being kissed with such ardor. arduous ['ɑ:djuəs]adj.困难的，艰巨的，费力的 【记】词根记忆：ard（热）+uous（多…的）→很热，出汗多的→费力 的 【例】In ancient days,long-distance travel was slow and arduous. arise [ə'raiz] vi.兴起，发生，出现；站起来，起立，起身 【记】联想记忆：a（表加强）+rise（出现，上升）→升起来→出现 【例】①Many problems such as urban transportation,employment,housing,and pollution thereby arise. ②Lily was told to arise early every morning. 【用】arise常与from搭配，表示“源自于…”。 arrest [ə'rest] vt.逮捕，拘留；抓住，吸引；阻止，阻碍，抑制 【记】联想记忆：ar（表加强）+rest（休息）→强迫人休息→拘留 【例】Kennedy's assassin,Lee Harvey Oswald,lived in the former Soviet Union for several years before he returned to the United States and was arrested for killing the former President on November 22nd,1963.（2001听 力） artful ['ɑ:tful] adj.狡猾的，欺诈的；熟练的，有技巧的，巧妙的 【例】The sculpture is an artful blend of antiques and modern elements. articulate [ɑ:'tikjuleit][ɑ:'tikjulit] vi.清楚明白地说；用关节连接 adj.发音清晰的，可听懂的；口才好的；表达得清楚有力的 【记】联想记忆：arti（技巧）+cul+ate（使）→表达有技巧→清楚明白 地说 【例】Your speech must be clear and articulate,with correct grammar. （1999）ascendant [ə'sendənt] adj.权势日益增强的；上升的 【记】词根记忆：a（表加强）+scend（爬）+ant→不断向上爬→上升的 【例】The big cities are economically ascendant in compare with the small ones. ascertain [ˌæsə'tein] v.发现，查明，确定 【记】词根记忆：as（表加强）+cert（搞清）+ain→搞清楚→查明 【例】Police had ascertained that true killer who committed the mur-der. 【用】ascertain后面可以接that，whether，how等引导的从句。 ascribe [ə'skraib] vt.把…归因于，认为…是某人所做 【记】词根记忆：a+scrib（写）+e→认为是…写的→把…归因于 【例】I ascribed my success to the faith for it and hard work. 【用】词组ascribe sth.to sb./sth.表示“将某事归因于某人/某事”。 aspire [ə'spaiə] vi.渴望，追求 【记】联想记忆：a+spir（呼吸）+e→渴望呼吸清新空气→渴望 【例】These masterpieces are the touchstones for all our efforts;they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire;they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another.（1997） 【派】aspiration（n.渴望，志向，抱负） assail [ə'seil] vt.猛烈攻击，痛打 【记】联想记忆：as+sail（帆）→扬帆起航向前攻→猛烈攻击 【例】Many email providers assail the user with ads once he is logged in. 【派】assailant（n.攻击者）assent [ə'sent] n./vi.同意，赞同 【记】词根记忆：as（表加强）+sent（感觉）→同感→同意 【例】The President gave formal assent to the legislative measure approved by the two houses. assiduous [ə'sidjuəs] adj.刻苦的，勤奋的 【记】词根记忆：as+sid（坐）+uous→坐得住的→刻苦的 【例】Tom was assiduous in his duties and promoted to the manager of his department. 【派】assiduously（adv.刻苦地，勤奋地） assimilate [ə'siməleit] v.消化，吸收（食物、思想等）；同化 【记】词根记忆：as+simil（相同）+ate（使）→使相同→同化 【例】①We must assimilate the information thoroughly before we begin our plan. ②The US has assimilated people from many other countries. assorted [ə'sɒ:tid] adj.各种各样的，什锦的，混合的 【记】联想记忆：as+sort（种类）+ed→把各种东西放到一起→各种各 样的 【例】The website contains links to assorted investment sites. 【派】assortment（n.各种各样） astray [ə'strei] adj./adv.迷途（的），越轨（的），误入歧途（的） 【记】经典老片《迷途的羔羊》A Lamb Astray 【例】The boy went astray after his parents divorced. 【用】词组go astray的意思是“走错路；误入歧途”；lead（sb.）astray是“使某人堕落，把某人引入歧途”的意思。 atrocious [ə'trəuʃəs] adj.（非常）残忍的，凶暴的，极恶的 【记】词根记忆：atroc（阴沉，凶残）+ious→残忍的 【例】These atrocious soldiers killed many innocent people. 【派】atrocity（n.暴行，残忍行为；丑恶的事物） attach [ə'tætʃ] v.缚，系，贴；参加（党派）；把（重点等）放在 【记】词根记忆：at（表加强）+tach（钉；钉子）→钉在一起→贴 【例】Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait,future- mindedness:the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future;the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come.（2003） 【用】attach常与介词to搭配使用，表示“使依附；把…放在上”。 【派】attachment（n.联结；联结物；爱慕，情义；喜爱，依恋） attest [ə'test] v.证明，证实；表明 【记】词根记忆：at（表加强）+test（证明）→证明 【例】The fantastic achievements of modern technology and the speed at which scientific discoveries are translated into technological applications attest to the triumph of human endeavour.（2002） 【用】attest一般和介词to搭配构成attest to，是“证实，证明”的意思。 attribute ['ætribju:t][ə'tribju:t] n.性质，属性，物质；人（地位）的象征（标志） vt.把…归于 【记】词根记忆：at+tribut（给予）+e→把…归于 【例】Intelligence was the most valuable human attribute. 【用】词组attribute to表示“把…归于…”。attrition [ə'triʃən] n.消耗；磨损；摩擦 【记】词根记忆：at+trit（摩擦）+ion→磨损；摩擦 【例】This may be a war of attrition,or even now the unexpected may come,but to all effects and purposes Germany is beaten. audacious [ɒ:'deiʃəs] adj.大胆的；鲁莽的；愚勇的；大胆妄为的，厚颜无耻的 【例】①We decided to carry out the audacious proposal proposed by the employer. ②You must make an apology to us for your audacious behavior. audible ['ɒ:dəbl] adj.听得见的，可听到的 【记】词根记忆：aud（听）+ible（能够）→可听到的 【例】The signal is clearly audible up to 100miles away. augment [ɒ:g'ment]['ɒ:gmənt] v.增大，增加，增长，扩张 n.增加，扩大 【记】词根记忆：aug（增加）+ment→增加 【例】Diverse forms of excitement seem to augment the ability of the human body to endure cold. 【用】注意augment虽然以-ment结尾，但有动词的词性。 august [ɒ:'gʌst] adj.威严的，尊严的，威风凛凛的 【记】联想记忆：8月（August）丰收，大地金黄，金黄色是威严高贵 的帝王象征 【例】All the children are afraid of their august father. auspicious [ɒ:'spiʃəs]adj.吉利的，吉祥的 【记】来自auspice（n.前兆） 【例】The augur said seeing several eagles flying from east to west would be auspicious. austere [ɒ'stiə] adj.严厉的，严峻的；清苦的，困苦的；朴素的，简朴的 【例】①I felt tension and worry beneath his austere manner. ②The priest lived an austere life. 【派】austerity（n.严峻，严厉；严肃；简朴；[pl.]苦行） authorize ['ɒ:θəraiz] vt.授权；批准，允许 【记】联想记忆：author（作者）+ize（使）→作者给的特权→授权 【例】Unlike free pubic libraries,which open to everyone,private libraries can be used only by authorized readers.（2000） 【用】authorize常用作被动语态，be authorized to do sth.表示“被授权/允 许做某事”。 【派】authoritative（adj.具有权威性的，可信赖的）；authority（n.权， 权力；权威；[pl.]当局，官方；职权，权限） autograph ['ɒ:təgrɑ:f] n.（名人的）亲笔签名vt.（名人）亲笔签名，题名，署名于… 【记】词根记忆：auto（自己）+graph（写）→自己亲手写的→亲笔签 名 【例】The famous writer autographed his new books for readers at the bookstore. avail [ə'veil] v.利用；有益 【记】词根记忆：a+vail（价值）→有价值就有实用价值可以利用→利 用 【例】You should avail yourself of every opportunity to learn.【用】avail一般出现在词组avail yourself of sth.中，意思是“利用…；有 益于…，有利于…”。 avenge [ə'vendʒ] v.为…报仇；报仇，报复 【记】词根记忆：a（表加强）+venge（惩罚，引申为报仇）→为…报 仇 【例】①Barton avenged their brother's death by exploding that car. ②avenge oneself on 向…报仇 Bertha avenged herself on her father's killers. 【用】avenge后若直接接名字，表示“为…报仇”；若接on，如avenge oneself on则表示“向…报仇”，注意区分。 【派】avenger（n.复仇者） avert [ə'və:t] vt.防止，避免；移开（目光），避开不看 【记】词根记忆：a+vert（转）→转开→避免 【例】①The environmentalist emphasized the necessity to avert global ecological disaster. ②All the pedestrians couldn't avert their eyes from the queer man. 【用】固定搭配avert one's eyes/gaze from表示“将眼光从…上移开”。 【派】aversion（n.厌恶，嫌恶；讨厌的事物） avid ['ævid] adj.渴望的，热切的 【记】词根记忆：avi（渴望）+d→渴望的 【例】The students are avid for the praise of the teacher for their good results in the exam. awesome ['ɒ:səm] adj.令人敬畏的；可怕的 【记】词根记忆：awe（敬畏）+some（充满…的）→令人敬畏的 【例】The cop swings the baton and lands an awesome blow to suspect'shead. awkward ['ɒ:kwəd] adj.笨拙的；使用不便的；尴尬的；难应付的，难处理的 【记】发音记忆：“拗口的”→笨拙的；使用不便的 【例】①Her most characteristic feature is a head attached to a too small,spindly body.Her technique remained awkward and often cursory. （1997） ②Bright was drawing an awkward figure. 【派】awkwardly（adv.笨拙地，不熟练地） babble ['bæbl] v.含糊不清地说；唠叨 【记】与形近词bubble（n.泡沫）一起记 【例】David began to babble incoherently when he was in a high fever. backfire [ˌbæk'faiə] vi.适得其反，招致相反的效果；（指车子等）发出回火声，（指内燃机 等）逆火，回火n.（内燃机等的）逆火，回火 【记】组合词：back（后部）+fire（火）→后方失火→适得其反 【例】Buddhist teachings predict that actions motivated by greed,hatred and delusion often backfire,creating more problems than they solve. badger ['bædʒə] vt.缠着，问个没完n.獾（居于地穴中夜间活动的动物） 【记】联想记忆：bad（坏的）+ger→坏行为→一再烦扰，一再要求→ 问个没完 【例】The journalists kept badgering the actor with the rumor. baffle ['bæfl] vt.使困惑，使难倒；使受挫vi.徒作挣扎n.困惑；障碍 【记】发音记忆：“拜服了”→被难倒了，所以拜服了→使难倒 【例】Police were baffled as to the complicated clues.baleful ['beilfəl] adj.凶恶的；险恶的；有害的 【记】来自bale（n.灾难） 【例】Even some children know the baleful effects of the drugs. balk [bɒ:k] vi.犹豫不决，举棋不定n.阻碍；挫折；过失 【记】联想记忆：b（音似：不）+alk（看作walk，走）→不走→犹豫 不决 【例】The manager balked at enforcing the change which decides the future of the company. 【用】词组balk at doing sth.意思是“做某事犹豫不决”。 balmy ['bɑ:mi] adj.（气候）温和的，和煦的，宜人的 【记】来自balm（n.用以止痛的香膏；香油；芳香） 【例】The weather is balmy and the sea lies before them,peaceful and blue. banal [bə'nɑ:l] adj.陈腐的；平庸的，乏味的 【记】联想记忆：ban（禁止）+al→应该禁止的→陈腐的 【例】The magazine was full of banal stories. banish ['bæniʃ] vt.放逐，驱逐出境；忘却，不去想 【记】联想记忆：ban（禁止）+ish（使）→不让活动就要将其放逐→放 逐 【例】If we could banish all such preconception when we read,that would be an admirable beginning.（2005） bargain ['bɑ:gən] v.议价，讨价还价；用…交换n.廉价货；合同，协议；交易【记】联想记忆：bar（障碍）+gain（获得）→高价是得到物品的障 碍，所以要讨价还价→讨价还价 【例】①Hunt for bargains when booking flights and you might be able to save enough to take that extra trip anyway.（2002） ②drive a bargain 讨价还价 Collins was not so stupid but he could drive a hard bargain. barricade [ˌbæri'keid] n.路障，街垒vt.设路障，封闭，拦阻 【记】词根记忆：barric（=bar，障碍）+（c）ad（落下）+e→障碍落下 →拦阻 【例】①What should seriously concern the G8is not so much the violence,the numbers in the streets or even that they themselves look like idiots hiding behind the barricades,but that the deep roots of a genuine new version of internationalism are growing.（2004） ②Farmers have barricaded their fields to prevent others from trespassing on their land. bash [bæʃ] v.使劲打，狠打，痛殴n.重击，猛攻 【例】have a bash at 尝试一下 I am doubtful whether I could ever swim,but I'm determined to have a bash at it. bashful ['bæʃfəl] adj.害羞的，羞怯的，腼腆的 【例】Don't be bashful about telling the manager what you want. bear [beə] vt.承担，负荷；承受，忍受；结（果实），生育n.熊；粗鲁的人；笨拙 的人 【例】①I couldn't bear his lying. ②bear in mind 记住 It's perhaps more helpful to bear in mind that different people behave and negotiate in different ways and you shouldn't assume that everyone will behave in the same way that you do.（2002听力）bearing ['beəriŋ] n.举止，风度；[pl.]方位，方向感；轴承 【例】①Luke runs into an anteroom and stops to get his bearings. ②have a bearing on 与…相关 It would be difficult to deny that poverty,lack of access to safe water,poor housing,poor hygiene and unsanitary conditions all have a strong bearing on the health of the mother and child.（1999） beastly ['bi:stli] adj.令人讨厌的，极糟的，可恶的 【记】词根记忆：beast（畜生）+ly（…的）→如畜生般的→可恶的 【例】The weather forecast told that the beastly weather would last for four days. 【用】注意beastly虽然以-ly结尾，却是形容词。 beat [bi:t] v.打，敲；打败，取胜；（心）跳动n.敲击；跳动；节拍；（警察、哨 兵的）巡逻路线 【例】①beat about the bush 绕弯子 I meant to be open with Coffey but when it came to it I beat about the bush. ②beat off 击败 Our only hope,the leader said,lay in reaching his tribe which was quite strong enough in their mountain fastness to beat off any number of barbarians. 【用】与beat相关的词组还有beat up sb.（痛打某人）；beat time（打拍 子）。 beckon ['bekən] v.向（某人）示意；召唤；吸引，引诱 【记】和reckon（v.计算；猜想）一起记 【例】The woman beckoned to me to follow her. befall [bi'fɒ:l] v.发生，降临 【记】联想记忆：be（使）+fall（落下）→降临【例】Despite the economic disaster that had befallen his country in the decade he had held power,Bernard was confident of victory. befit [bi'fit] vt.适合于，对…适应 【例】To be ignored of any one of the following four or five principles does not befit a warlike prince. begrudge [bi'grʌdʒ] vt.妒忌；吝啬；吝惜；勉强允给 【记】联想记忆：be+grudge（不给予）→吝啬 【例】①Mason begrudged being subordinate to the manager who is much younger than him. ②Most people don't begrudge tipping the waiter a little extra. beguile [bi'gail] vt.使着迷，使陶醉；欺骗，诱骗 【记】联想记忆：be+guile（欺诈）→欺骗 【例】①Nancy was beguiled by his facetious talk. ②The magician beguiled the boy to go with him with pleasant stories. 【用】词组beguile sb.into doing sth.意思是“诱骗某人做某事”。 behalf [bi'hɑ:f] n.[用于惯用语]代表；利益 【记】联想记忆：be（使）+half（一半）→使两半→一变二当然生利→ 利益 【例】①on one's behalf 代表 Voting is voluntary and while it is restricted to Australian citizens and British subjects who own or occupy property,alien owners are allowed to get a qualified elector to vote on their behalf.（1998听 力） ②on behalf of 代表；维护…的利益 On behalf of the company,I am writing to invite you to train our employees this weekend.//The law must act on behalf of everyone.【用】behalf几乎不会单独使用，一般都是组成词组on one's behalf或者 on behalf of，表示“为了…的（利益）；代表…”。 belie [bi'lai] vt.掩饰；使人对…产生错觉 【记】联想记忆：be（使）+lie（谎言）→使成为谎言→掩饰 【例】Her toilette and behavior belied her years. bemoan [bi'məun] vt.悲叹，哀泣，痛哭；惋惜；抱怨 【记】词根记忆：be（使）+moan（哀悼）→悲叹 【例】Dr.Athena,sociology lecturer at Reading University,bemoans the deliberate neglect by people of their appearance.（1998） bemused [bi'mju:zd] adj.困惑不解的，茫然的 【记】词根记忆：be+mus（娱乐）+ed（…的）→莫名其妙地乐→茫然 的 【例】Jim told her to leave,but she just sat there with a bemused expression on her face. benevolent [bi'nevələnt] adj.仁慈的，慈善的 【记】词根记忆：bene（好）+vol（意志）+ent→好意的→仁慈的 【例】The benevolent fund was used to help the children in that poor area. 【派】benevolence（n.仁慈，慈悲；善行；捐款） benign [bi'nain] adj.和蔼的，慈祥的；（肿瘤等）良性的 【例】The family are reassured when they heard that the mother had a benign tumor. bequeath [bi'kwi:ð] vt.遗赠，遗留【例】In his will he bequeathed the vast property to his only child. bereaved [bi'ri:vd] adj.丧失亲人的 【例】Bereaved family members inquired more information about the plane crash. beset [bi'set] vt.困扰，使苦恼；围攻，包围 【记】词根记忆：be（使）+set（固定的）→使固定下来→包围 【例】Danish orderliness spares Danes social troubles besetting other peoples.（2000） bewitch [bi'witʃ] vt.施魔力于；使着迷 【记】联想记忆：be（使）+witch（女巫）→使成为女巫→施魔力于 【例】The audience were all bewitched by the pretty dance gesture of the dancer. bicker ['bikə] vi.（为小事）吵嘴，争吵n.争吵；口角；潺潺声 【记】联想记忆：bick（看作brick，砖头）+er→互相扔砖头→争吵 【例】The two countries reached this famous car agreement about a month ago.They are already bickering about it.（1999听力） bind [baind] vt.捆，缚，绑；包扎；装订；使受（法律、誓言等）约束 【例】①The workers in the factory are busy in binding the books. ②The law can bind everyone;no one is exceptional. 【派】binder（n.装订者，装订机；活页封面）；binding（n.书的封皮） bizarre [bi'zɑ:] adj.古怪的，怪诞的【记】发音记忆：“必杀”→这种必杀技很奇怪→怪诞的 【例】Mulder deals with those unbelievable,weird,often bizarre things and events.（2003听力） blanch [blɑ:ntʃ;blæntʃ] v.（使）变白，（使）变苍白 【记】词根记忆：blanc（白）+h→（使）变白 【例】The woman's face blanched at the news of her daughter's traffic accident. blare [bleə] v.发嘟嘟声，发出响而刺耳的声音；高声发出n.嘟嘟声；耀眼的光 【例】You could hear loudspeakers blaring speeches from the candidates outside during the election. blatant ['bleitənt] adj.公然的；露骨的 【例】The company's refusal to hire the black man was a blatant act of racial discrimination. blemish ['blemiʃ] n.污点；痕迹；瑕疵vt.玷污；损伤 【记】词根记忆：blem（弄伤）+ish（使）→把…弄伤→损伤 【例】One bad deed can blemish a good reputation. bluff [blʌf] v.以假象欺骗，愚弄；虚张声势，吓唬n.虚张声势，吓唬adj.坦率的 【例】① Our enemies were bluffed into believing we were not ready for the attack. ②Working as a trader makes me sensitive to the little bluffs people use. ③call one's bluff 接受…挑战 I'll call your bluff. 【用】词组call one's bluff还指“要求某人去做其威胁要做的事”。 blunder ['blʌndə]n.错误vi.弄错，犯大错vt.笨拙地做；把…搞得一团糟 【例】The government admitted it had blundered in its handling of the affair. blur [blə:] n.模糊不清的事物vt.使模糊，使看不清楚；弄上污迹 【记】联想记忆：海天碧蓝（blue）一色，界线模糊（blur）不清 【例】Everything becomes a blur when you travel beyond a certain speed. blurt [blə:t] v.不假思索地脱口说出 【记】联想记忆：说话不经过思考就脱口而出（blurt）容易伤人 （hurt） 【例】No one should think twice about blurting out the whole story. 【用】blurt常和out连用，表示“脱口说出…”。 boggle ['bɒgl] v.畏缩不前，犹豫；弄坏；使惊奇；吓倒；使为难 【例】If you want to make progress,you should never boggle at a difficulty. bogus ['bəugəs] adj.假的，假冒的，伪造的 【例】The government announced that it would take tough measures to deal with bogus products. boisterous ['bɒistərəs] adj.喧闹的；狂暴的 【例】A boisterous crowd poured into the bar,singing and shouting noisily. bold [bəuld] adj.大胆的，勇敢的；冒失的；醒目的，粗大的 【记】联想记忆：b+old（老的）→人虽老，但很勇敢→勇敢的 【例】①It was a bold idea to build a power station in such a deep area.②（as）bold as brass 厚颜无耻地 Defoe walked in,bold as brass,and asked me to lend him 150pounds! 【派】boldness（n.大胆，勇敢；冒失） bombard [bɒm'bɑ:d] vt.炮轰，轰击；（~with）向…连续提出问题 【记】联想记忆：bomb（炸弹）+ard→一连串的炸弹→炮击 【例】The spokesman didn't know what to say when the reporters bombarded him with questions. boost [bu:st] vt.推动，促进，激励；举，抬； 提高，增加n.增长；激励；推动 【例】①Countries exert great efforts to boost their overall national power in order not to be bullied by others.（1999） ②In the early to mid-'90s,a booming economy and improved desktop printers helped boost paper sales by 6to 7percent each year.（2011） bootleg ['bu:tleg] v.非法制造、运送、销售（酒类）n.私货（尤指私酒） 【记】联想记忆：boot（靴子）+leg（腿）→把货品塞进靴子偷偷带走 →非法运送 【例】The police closed down a clandestine shop that bootlegged record albums and tapes. booze [bu:z] vi.痛饮，狂饮酒n.酒；酒宴 【记】发音记忆：“不知”→豪饮后什么都不知道了→痛饮 【例】The man boozed until daylight because of being lovelorn. bountiful ['bauntifəl] adj.慷慨的，大方的；充足的，丰富的 【记】词根记忆：bounti（=bon，好）+ful→好的→慷慨的 【例】The farmers got bountiful harvests due to the good weather this year.brain [brein] n.脑子；脑力，智能 【例】①People often wonder how the human brain creates,for example,a beautiful painting,a sculpture or even a delicious dinner.（2012听力） ②eat/cudgel/rack one's brain 绞尽脑汁 Mr.White racked his brain trying to remember where he left the cell-phone. ③have sth.on the brain 一心想 The coach of this football team has winning on the brain. ④brain drain 人才外流 The brain drain to Europe and America has been a serious problem. brash [bræʃ] adj.粗鲁的，无礼的，莽撞的 【记】和rash（adj.匆忙的）一起记 【例】The cities were brash,corrupt,and full of organized crime. breath [breθ] n.呼吸；空气的轻微流动，微风 【例】①There was not a breath of air in the hot auditorium.（1997） ②above one's breath 高声 Ella gave a lecture above her breath in front of the whole class. ③below/under one's breath 低声 Tony always speaks below his breath. ④catch one's breath 喘息 After climbing the steep hill,the old man stopped to catch his breath. ⑤hold one's breath 屏住呼吸 The race was so close that everyone was holding his breath at the finish. ⑥out of breath 上气不接下气 When Green dashed back,he was already out of breath. ⑦waste one's breath 费口舌 They don't listen,so don't waste your breath. We must accept finite disappointment,but we must never lose infinite hope.—Martin Luther King,Jr.我们必须接受失望，因为它是有限的，但千万不可失去希 望，因为它是无穷的。 ——马丁·路德·金Word List 3 brevity ['breviti] n.简短，简洁，短暂 【记】词根记忆：brev（短）+ity（表状态）→简短 【例】Last but not the least,a speaker has to keep in mind the value of brevity.（2000） brittle ['britl] adj.易碎的，脆弱的，易损坏的 【记】联想记忆：幼小的（little）心灵是脆弱的（brittle） 【例】The building's wires was worn and brittle,causing a fire hazard. brunt [brʌnt] n.首当其冲 【例】bear the brunt of sth. 承受某事的主要压力 Retailers are in the immediate line of fire and were first to bear the brunt of cost cutting. brusque [brusk]adj.轻率的，鲁莽的 【例】In public Mason appears brusque,but in fact he is a very serious person. budge [bʌdʒ] v.（使）微微移动 【记】与budget（n.预算）一起记 【例】The car was stuck in the mud and couldn't budge an inch. buffer ['bʌfə] n.起缓冲作用的人（物），缓冲器vt.缓冲，减轻 【记】联想记忆：buff（软皮）+er→垫有软皮→缓冲 【例】The aspirin can buffer some pains,such as headache. bulge [bʌldʒ] n.突出；膨胀；激增vi.突出；膨胀 【例】①The baby boom created a bulge in school enrollment. ②Bruce's eyes bulged with surprise when he saw the striking scene. bulky ['bʌlki] adj.庞大的，巨大的；笨重的 【记】来自bulk（n.大批） 【例】The house was full of bulky old furniture. burrow ['bʌrəu;'bə:rəu] n.洞穴，藏身处v.掘洞穴；寻找，翻找 【记】与furrow（v.犁耕）一起记 【例】When the workers burrowed the long tunnel into the mountain,it collapsed. burst [bə:st] v.爆裂，炸破，冲破；突然发生，突然发作；忽然出现 【例】①burst into 突然 Maria burst into a storm of tears at the sight.②burst out 爆发 His strong sense of humor was such as to make everyone in the party burst out laughing. 【用】burst一般跟into或者out（of）连用，表示“爆发，突然发作”等 意。 bustle ['bʌsl] vi.喧扰地忙乱，匆忙，奔忙n.热闹的活动 【记】联想记忆：bust（打碎）+le→匆忙中打碎了花瓶→匆忙 【例】The workers bustled to and fro across the dock to carry the cargos. butt [bʌt] v.以头（或角）冲撞，顶撞n.嘲笑的对象，笑柄；东西的一端；烟蒂 【例】①They all leaped to avoid her butt as Fanny bustled into the house. ②Nobody wants to become the butt of other's derision. ③The man lights another cigarette off the butt of the last one. cajole [kə'dʒəul] v.（以甜言蜜语）哄骗，诱骗 【例】The trade unions are cajoled into issuing a statement. 【用】词组cajole sb.into doing sth.和cajole sb.to do sth.都表示“哄骗某人 做某事”。 calamity [kə'læmiti] n.大灾祸，灾难，极不幸的事件 【记】词根记忆：calam（不幸）+ity→大灾祸 【例】The tsunami was the worst calamity in the country's history. calculating ['kælkjuleitiŋ] adj.工于心计的，用尽心机的 【记】来自calculate（v.计算；计划） 【例】The boss is so calculating that none of his employees dare to cheat him.callous ['kæləs] adj.无同情心的，硬心肠的，冷漠的 【记】联想记忆：call（命令）+ous→命令通常是无情的→无同情心的 【例】The company showed callous disregard for the safety of their employees. callow ['kæləu] adj.年幼的，未成熟的；无经验的 【例】George was laughed by his colleagues as a callow youth. camouflage ['kæmuflɑ:ʒ] n.伪装，保护色，掩饰vt.用伪装遮掩（某人或某事物） 【例】The soldiers camouflaged themselves with leaves and branches. candid ['kændid] adj.忠实的，率直的，坦诚的 【记】词根记忆：cand（白，发光）+id→白的→坦诚的 【例】Let me be candid with you:you really did a good job and congratulations. canny ['kæni] adj.精明的，机警的，不易受骗的 【记】联想记忆：can（能）+ny→能干的→精明的 【例】George's business goes very well because he is quite canny in it. canvass ['kænvəs] v.向…游说（以争取选票或调查意见）；详细检查；讨论 【记】联想记忆：can（能）+vas（走）+s→能走来走去说话→向…游 说；讨论 【例】①The news reported that the Labor candidate will canvass the constituency next week. ②Everyone at the meeting joined in canvassing the matter.capital ['kæpitəl] n.首都；大写字母；资本adj.首位的；资本的；可处死刑的 【记】词根记忆：capit（头）+al（…的）→处在头的位置→首位的 【例】①If you want to know why Denmark is the world's leader in wind power,start with a three-hour car trip from the capital Copenhagen—mind the bicyclists—to the small town of Lem on the far west coast of Jutland. （2013） ②Everybody knows that treason is a capital crime. capitulate [kə'pitjuleit] vi.（指根据商定的条件向某人）投降 【记】词根记忆：capit（头）+ulate→低头→投降 【例】The enemy capitulated to us after several wars and we all had heavy losses. capricious [kə'priʃəs] adj.反复无常的，善变的，任性的 【例】Nancy is a capricious girl that it's hard for us to fully understand her. 【派】caprice（n.反复无常，善变） capsize [kæp'saiz] v.（使船）倾覆 【记】联想记忆：cap（帽子）+size（大小）→像帽子一样小的船容易 翻→（使船）倾覆 【例】The boat capsized in the heavy storm and caused three deaths. captivate ['kæptiveit] vt.迷惑，吸引，使着迷 【记】词根记忆：capt（抓住）+ivate→抓住别人的心→迷惑 【例】The magazine was criticized for failing to captivate readers.（2000） captivity [kæp'tiviti] n.被俘，被监禁【记】词根记忆：capt（抓住）+ivity（表动作）→被抓住→被俘 【例】The criminal was held in captivity for two years for his crime. cardinal ['kɑ:dinəl] adj.主要的，基本的；深红的n.深红色；基数；红衣主教 【记】词根记忆：cardi（心，心脏）+nal→心脏的颜色→深红色 【例】①Equality and mutual benefit are the cardinal principle of international trade. ②Cardinal in that country stuck to his political principles,which was that“kings should always avoid using the talents of thoroughly honest men”. caress [kə'res] n.爱抚，轻吻vt.爱抚，轻轻拥抱 【记】联想记忆：car（e）（关心，喜爱）+ess（表女性）→女性的关 爱→爱抚 【例】Father caressed his son's hand to instruct him some senses of life patiently. caricature ['kærikətjuə] n.漫画，讽刺画；讽刺文章vt.将…画成漫画；讽刺地描述 【记】词根记忆：caric（过分）+a+ture（表行为结果）→过分地描画→ 将…画成漫画 【例】The boy caricatured the actor ridiculously,making his family laugh.carnival ['kɑ:nivəl] n.狂欢节 【记】词根记忆：carn（肉）+ival（节日）→大鱼大肉的节日→狂欢节 【例】Police in London are lining up a huge police operation for the Notting Hill Carnival in the wake of the rioting and looting that hit the city earlier this month.（2013听力） casual ['kæʒjuəl] adj.偶然的，碰巧的；随便的；临时的 【记】联想记忆：平常的（usual）时候可以穿非正式的（casual）服装 【例】①We became best friends after a casual meeting. ②It was hot and everyone in the staffroom was in shirtsleeves but at the end of the day they criticized his casual attitude,which they had deduced from the fact that he took his jacket off in the staffroom,even though he put it back on for the interview.（1999） 【用】casual的意思很多，但大都有联系，可选择相关记忆；需要注意 的是，它的派生词casualty常会在单项听力、单项选择和阅读理解里出 现，意思是“伤亡人员”。 【派】casualty（n.意外或战争中的伤亡者）categorical [ˌkæti'gɒrikəl] adj.（言辞）无附带条件的；绝对的；直截了当的 【例】The mayor made a categorical denial to the bribery of the company. cater ['keitə] v.供应伙食，为（宴会等）供应酒菜；提供娱乐节目；迎合，投合 【记】联想记忆：cat（小猫）+er→小猫看见主人回来就迎了上去→迎 合 【例】①I did so without catering to my boss's opinions. ②I'm planning to cater a party for my mother on her birthday. 【用】cater for表示“供应伙食；迎合”。 cede [si:d] vt.（战败后）割让（土地等） 【记】联想记忆：ced（走）+e→败走的结果→割让（土地等） 【例】The country had to cede some territory to the neighboring country according to the treaty. censor ['sensə] n.（书报、电影等的）审查员，检查员vt.审查，检查 【记】词根记忆：cens（审查）+or（表人）→审查 【例】The version of the film must be censored by the expert before publishing. 【派】censorious（adj.苛求的，吹毛求疵的）；censorship（n.审查，检 查制度） censure ['senʃə] vt.严厉批评，正式责备 【记】词根记忆：cens（审查）+ure→审查就要批评人→严厉批评 【例】The congressman was censured by the public of his bribery. centralize ['sentrəlaiz]vt.使集中，使聚集在一点 【记】联想记忆：central（中心的，中央的）+ize（使）→使中心化→ 使集中 【例】People doubt that the government is becoming centralized and it needs reforming. cerebral ['seribrəl] adj.脑的，大脑的；深思的；理智的 【记】词根记忆：cerebr（脑）+al→大脑的 【例】①The patient was died of cerebral haemorrhage. ②The character of his poetry is very cerebral and it won him much fame. ceremonious [ˌseri'məunjəs] adj.讲究礼节的；拘泥于形式的 【记】来自ceremony（n.仪式） 【例】The manager made a opening for the company with a ceremonious gesture. certain ['sə:tən] adj.某，某一；确凿的，无疑的；一定的，必然的；确信的 【记】词根记忆：cert（搞清）+（t）ain（拿住）→把握搞清楚的东西 →确信的 【例】①However,creativity does seem to run in certain families.（2012听 力） ②for certain 确定 Of a truth,my father,I believe that his blood was not all Zulu,though this I cannot say for certain. ③make certain of 弄清 Make certain of your ideas before you argue with others. 【派】certainly〔adv.一定，必定；（表示同意）当然可以，没问题〕； certainty（n.确实性；确实的事） certify ['sə:tifai] vt.证明，证实【记】词根记忆：cert（搞清）+ify（使）→使清楚→证明 【例】The man was certified to be insane and sent to the mental hospital. 【派】certitude（n.确定，坚定不移） charisma [kə'rizmə] n.吸引人效忠的能力，号召力；神授的力量（才能） 【记】韩国喜剧《学校霸王花》Escaping From Charisma 【例】The politician with charisma won crazy worship among people. 【派】charismatic〔adj.有号召力的；（宗教组织）崇尚神赐天赋的〕 charitable ['tʃæritəbl] adj.慈善的；宽厚的，慷慨的 【记】联想记忆：charit（y）（慈善）+able→慈善的 【例】The charitable body tries to help the children who are deserted by their parents. chaste [tʃeist] adj.纯洁的，贞节的 【例】Many girls in the village lead a chaste,decent life. 【派】chastity（n.贞洁，贞节，纯洁） chic [ʃi:k] n./adj.别致（的），时髦（的），讲究（的） 【例】Jane specializes in clothing so she always looks very chic. chime [tʃaim] n.钟声v.发出钟声，奏出和谐的音调；符合，协调，一致 【例】①The clock of the temple chimed at midnight and we greet the new year. ②chime in with sth. 与…一致 We are glad to know that our plan chime in with yours. 【用】词组chime in with sth.是“符合某事，适合某事；与某事一致”的意 思。chivalry ['ʃivəlri] n.（中世纪）骑士制度，骑士精神；骑士风度；（男士对女性）彬彬有 礼，男士风度 【例】The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades,and there the ideals of chivalry grew up.（1996） chuck [tʃʌk] vt.抛掷，投掷；放弃，抛弃 【例】①Tom told me to chuck him the newspaper after I finished reading it. ②The man chucked in the boring job and succeeded in finding another one. circumstance ['sə:kəmstəns] n.情况，情形，环境；[pl.]境况，境遇 【记】词根记忆：circ+um（周围）+st（站）+ance（名词后缀）→环绕 在周围的→环境 【例】①It involves studying behavior in different locations and under different circumstances and conditions.（2012听力） ②under the circumstances 在那种情况下 Under the circum-stances,Sally felt unable to accept the job. ③under no circumstance 无论如何 Under no circumstances should we reveal our secret. circumstantial [ˌsə:kəm'stænʃəl] adj.（指描述）详细的；（指证据）有充分细节却无法证实的 【记】词根记忆：circum（=circ，绕圈）+stant（站，立）+ial→四周站 的全是，非常多→详细的 【例】We can't convict a man of a crime on circumstantial evidence alone. circumvent [ˌsə:kəm'vent] vt.绕过，巧妙地回避，设法回避 【记】词根记忆：circum（=circ，绕圈）+vent（来）→绕着圈过来→绕 过 【例】The driver tried to circumvent the duty after he violated the trafficlaw. claim [kleim] vt.（根据权利）要求；认领；索取；声称，主张n.（根据权利而提出 的）要求；（对某事物的）权利，所有权 【记】本身为词根：呼喊 【例】①Scientists in Brazil claim they've come up with a new way of treating burns.（2005听力） ②One in ten young people claim to have had no careers advice during their education.（2009） ③What's often missing,though,is the timeless Lincoln,the Lincoln whom all generations,our own no less than that of 1909,can lay claim to.（2012） clandestine [klæn'destin] adj.秘密的，保密的，暗中的 【记】联想记忆：clan（宗派）+destine（命中注定）→“宗派”和“命 定”都有一些“秘密”色彩→秘密的 【例】They made a clandestine marriage and it enraged their parents. clatter ['klætə] vi.发出哗啦声，发出碰撞声 【例】The rusty sky darkened over New York building,the tall street lamps were lit,innumerable trucks,street cars and elevated trains clattered by. （2005） cleanse [klenz] vt.使清洁，净化，使纯洁 【记】联想记忆：clean（干净的）+se→弄干净→清洗，清除 【例】The woman felt cleansed of her sins after confession to God. clear [kliə] adj.明确的，清楚的；清晰的，清澈的；晴朗的；畅通无阻的vt.清除， 扫清；澄清；通过；偿清（债务）；办完（手续） 【例】①keep clear of 避开 The executive kept clear of talking about hisresponsibility of the issue at the press conference. ②clear up 放晴 The sky cleared up soon after the storm. 【用】词组clear up的意思是“放晴；澄清”，make clear的意思是“表明， 讲清楚”。 【派】clearance〔n.清除，清理；许可（证），批准〕 clinch [klintʃ] vt.钉牢；解决；确定，决定；（拳击）扭住（对方），互相扭住 【例】①The manager finally clinched the argument between the attendant and the customer. ②The boxers clinched and the referee separated them. clutter ['klʌtə] vt.弄乱，把…弄得杂乱n.零乱，杂乱 【记】和clatter（v.发出哗啦声）一起记 【例】I just tidied the table,so don't clutter up it. 【用】词组in a clutter是“凌乱不堪”的意思。 coax [kəuks] vt.哄诱，劝诱；用诱哄得到，诱取【例】①Ann coaxed her friend into accompanying her to go shopping. ②The man coaxed the information of his opponent out of him. 【用】词组coax sb.into doing sth.是“劝诱…做…”的意思。 coerce [kəu'ə:s] vt.强制，胁迫 【记】发音记忆：“可扼死”→可以扼死→强制 【例】They were coerced into signing the contract because of their lower position. 【派】coercion（n.强迫，胁迫，被迫） coexist [ˌkəuig'zist] vi.共存，并存 【记】联想记忆：co（共同）+exist（存在）→共存 【例】In an Arizona desert one does not long coexist with only such creatures as these:one must have pack animals,supplies and arms. 【用】coexist多与with搭配使用，表示“与…共存”。 cognitive ['kɒgnitiv] adj.认识（力）的，认知的 【记】词根记忆：cogn（知道）+itive（表状态）→认知的 【例】Cognitive scientists are now trying to decode the human imagination,to understand how the brain visualizes,dreams and creates. （2005） coherent [kəu'hiərənt] adj.（言语、思想等）有条理的，连贯的 【记】词根记忆：co（共同）+her（粘连）+ent→粘连在一起→连贯的 【例】Writing essays forces you to select what you find interesting in books and journals and to express your understanding in a coherent form.（2002） cohesive [kəu'hi:siv] adj.凝聚的，凝结的【记】词根记忆：co+hes（黏附）+ive→黏在一起的→凝聚的 【例】The leader made the social unit cohesive and they were together to make a progress. collate [kɒ'leit] vt.（仔细）核对，对照，校勘；（书籍装订前）整理 【记】词根记忆：col（共同）+lat（放）+e→放到一起比较→核对 【例】We must collate the new edition with the earlier one and find out the differences. collude [kə'lu:d] vi.共谋，勾结，串通 【记】词根记忆：col+lud（玩）+e→一起玩阴谋→串通 【例】They colluded with each other to overthrow the government and established a new one. 【派】collusion（n.共谋，勾结） combustible [kəm'bʌstəbl] adj.易燃的，易着火的 【记】联想记忆：combust（燃烧）+ible→易燃的 【例】Smoking is prohibited in the gas station because gas is highly combustible. command [kə'mɑ:nd;kə'mænd] v.指挥，统帅；命令；控制，对…有支配权，拥有…（可供使用）；俯 瞰n.统帅（地位），指挥（权）；命令；运用能力 【记】词根记忆：com（表加强）+mand（命令）→命令 【例】①The learner can command the rate of progress in studying,which is quite different from traditional learning methodology. ②in command（of） 率领 Forster was in command of the air force. 【用】词组take command of也是“统帅，率领”的意思。 【派】commander（n.海军中校；司令官，指挥官）；commandment（n. 戒律，圣诫）commensurate [kə'menʃərət] adj.相称的，相等的，恰当的 【记】词根记忆：com+mensur（=measure，测量）+ate→测量相同→相 等的 【例】Jane's low salary is not commensurate with her high abilities. commentate ['kɒmənteit] vi.作实况报道，评述 【记】联想记忆：comment（评论，注解）+ate（做）→作实况报道 【例】Many countries commentated on the opening ceremony of the Olympic games. 【用】commentate要与on搭配使用；注意commentate一般不用于进行时 态。 commit [kə'mit] vt.犯（罪）；承诺，答应 【记】词根记忆：com+mit（送）→答应送→承诺 【例】The witness was put into prison for committing perjury. 【用】commit最常见的形式是commit crime。 【派】commitment（n.信奉；献身；承担的义务；承诺，保证）； committed（adj.忠诚的；承诺…的） communicable [kə'mju:nikəbl] adj.（思想、感觉等）易于传达的；（疾病）可传染的 【记】词根记忆：com（共同）+mun（公共的）+ic+able→在公众场合 下的→易于传达的 【例】The communicable disease caused many people to die but now nobody found the reason of the disease. communicate [kə'mju:nikeit] v.传达（意见、消息等），传播；交流；传染（疾病）；（房间）相连 【记】词根记忆：com+mun（公共）+ic+ate→大众病→传染【例】①These features,together with linguistic features of language,like grammar,or vocabulary,are all part of the way we communicate with each other in face-to-face encounters.（2010听力） ②The mouse is another source that communicates diseases. 【派】communication（n.通信，通讯；传达的信息；[pl.]通讯系统；交 通，交通工具）；communicative（adj.健谈的，爱说话的；交际的）； communion〔n.（信仰、思想、感情等的）交流，共享；圣餐〕 compare [kəm'peə] vt.比较；比作；比得上，相比 【记】词根记忆：com+par（平等）+e→看是否相等→比较 【例】①compare to 相比 Agricultural production in most poor coun-tries accounts for up to 50%of GDP,compared to only 3%in rich countries. ②compare with 和…作比较 Do you compare yourself with her? 【用】compare后接to或with，若表达“与…作比较”，两者可互换，但 compare to还表示“将…比作…”，是比喻句。 comparison [kəm'pærisən] n.比较，对照；比喻 【记】词根记忆：com+par（平等）+ison→比较相等→比较 【例】①beyond comparison无与伦比Evelina's beauty is beyond comparison. ②in comparison with 与…相比 In comparison with the total number of volcanoes all over the world,it is very small in this country. compatible [kəm'pætəbl] adj.可和谐共处的，相容的，兼容的 【记】词根记忆：com+pat（感情）+ible→有共同感情的→相容的 【例】The printer is convenient to the users that it's compatible with most personal computers. complementary [ˌkɒmpli'mentəri] adj.补充的，补足的【记】联想记忆：complement（补充物）+ary→互补的 【例】Mason's personality is complementary to his friend so they get on very well with each other. complexion [kəm'plekʃən] n.肤色，气色，面色；外观，形势 【记】词根记忆：com+plex（重叠）+ion→各类表情重叠→面色 【例】The victory is so important that it changed the complexion of the war. compose [kəm'pəuz] v.组成，构成；创作，作曲；使安定，使平静 【记】词根记忆：com+pos（放）+e→放到一起→组成，构成 【例】①The UN General Assembly,the central political forum,is composed of 193members,including virtually all the world's nation-states.（2013） ②I need to compose myself for a while. 【用】compose作“组成”讲多用于被动语态，如：be composed of（由… 组成）。 【派】composer（n.作曲家；创造者）；composition〔n.作文，作品； （大型）乐曲；写作，作曲；构成；合成物；构图〕；composure（n.镇 静，沉着，泰然自若） composite ['kɒmpəzit] adj.混合成的，综合成的n.合成物，复合材料 【记】词根记忆：com+pos（放置）+ite→放到一起的→混合成的 【例】The expert made a composite picture of the murderer and the police arrested him the next day. composure [kəm'pəuʒə] n.镇静，沉着，泰然自若 【记】词根记忆：com+pos（放）+ure（状态）→放着不动→沉着 【例】We should keep our composure in the face of dangers or difficult situations.compulsion [kəm'pʌlʃən] n.强制，强迫；难以抗拒的冲动 【记】词根记忆：com+puls（推，冲）+ion→一起推→强迫 【例】The development of the gambling compulsion can be described as being gradual.（1998听力） compunction [kəm'pʌŋkʃən] n.内疚，悔恨 【记】词根记忆：com+punct（刺）+ion→良心上的刺痛→内疚 【例】Don't commit a crime because you must suffer compunctions of conscience. con [kɒn] vt.骗，哄骗，欺诈 【记】联想记忆：把钱币（coin）骗（con）走了一个 【例】Most of the major services have received numerous complaints from users who have been conned into purchasing illegal software. 【用】词组con sb.into doing sth.是“欺骗某人做某事”的意思。 concede [kən'si:d] v.（常指勉强地）承认；让步；容许；让与【记】词根记忆：con+ced（行走）+e→往后走→让步 【例】①The suspect had to concede his crime when facing the irrefutable evidence. ②The country conceded its neighbors much valuable land after the war. 【用】词组concede to sb.是“对（某人）让步”的意思。 concern [kən'sə:n] vt.涉及，影响；使关心，使挂念，使担心 n.（利害）关系；所关切的 事；关心，挂念；商行，企业 【记】词根记忆：con（共同）+cern（搞清）→都想搞清楚→关心 【例】①And although this transformation does raise concerns,there is much to celebrate in the noisy,diverse,vociferous,argumentative and stridently alive environment of the news business in the ages of the internet.（2013） ②as far as...be concerned 关于 As far as manners are concerned,I suppose I have always been a supporter of this program. ③show concern for 关心 Eva called on the whole society to show concern for the benefits of the orphans. 【派】concerning（prep.关于） conciliate [kən'silieit] v.安抚，抚慰 【记】联想记忆：con+cil（召集）+iate→召集大家说好话→安抚 【例】Tony tried to conciliate her by putting his arm on her shoulder. concord ['kɒŋkɒ:d] n.一致，和睦 【记】词根记忆：con+cord（心，一致）→同心→和睦 【例】in concord with与…一致；与…和睦We lived in concord with our neighbors since we came here. concur [kən'kə:] vi.同意；同时发生 【记】词根记忆：con（共同）+cur（跑，引申为发生）→同时发生【例】①Most people here concurred with the speaker's opinion on the matter. ②Everything concurred to produce the desired effect. condescend [ˌkɒndi'send] vi.俯就，屈尊；自以为高人一等 【记】联想记忆：con+descend（降下，降落）→屈尊，俯就 【例】The man would not see me there;he condescended to see me at my hotel. conduct ['kɒndʌkt][kən'dʌkt] n.行为，品行；指导，引导；实行，处理，经营 v.引导；陪伴（游客等）；指导；实施，处理，经营；指挥（乐队 等）；传导，传（热、电等） 【记】词根记忆：con（表加强）+duct（引导）→引导 【例】①According to a study conducted by social psychologist Jack Sparacino,the overwhelming majority who attend reunions aren't there invidiously to compare their recent accomplishments with those of their former classmates.（2012） ②The kind man conducted me to the door of the library. ③Iron conducts electricity worse than copper does. 【用】conduct在表示某人的行为或品行时没有好坏之分。 【派】conductor〔n.（电车等的）售票员；（乐队、合唱队的）指挥； 导体，导线〕 confer [kən'fə:] vi.商讨；授予（勋衔、学位等） 【记】词根记忆：con+fer（带来）→都带来观点→商讨 【例】As any geriatric ward shows,that is not the same as to confer enduring mobility，awareness and autonomy.Extending life grows medically feasible，but it is often a life deprived of everything.（1997） confide [kən'faid]vt.吐露（秘密等）；信托，委托 【记】词根记忆：con+fid（相信）+e→值得信赖→吐露 【例】①Some people like to confide the troubles to friends. ②Tom confided his property to the bank. 【用】词组confide in是“信任；向…透露秘密”的意思，confide sth.to sb. 的意思是“向某人吐露某事；把某事交托于某人（照管）”。 configuration [kənˌfigju'reiʃən] n.构造，外形，布置，结构 【记】来自configure（v.配置，使成型） 【例】The change from the previous configuration of the villa is that there is no wall. conflate [kən'fleit] vt.合并，合成 【记】联想记忆：con+flat（吹气）+e→吹到一起→合并 【例】The urban crises and country problems conflate a number of quite different economic,political and social issues. congenial [kən'dʒi:njəl] adj.令人愉快的，适意的，意气相投的，情投意合的 【记】联想记忆：con+gen（种族）+ial→同种族的→意气相投的 【例】Within a society,social change is likely to occur in elements congenial to the culture rather than in strange elements.（1998） congenital [kən'dʒenitəl] adj.（疾病）先天的 【例】The children in this orphanage all have congenital abnormalities. Victory won’t come to me unless I go to it. ——Moore 胜利是不会向我们走来的，我必须自己走向胜利。——穆尔Word List 4 congested [kən'dʒestid] adj.堵塞的，不畅通的 【例】The accidents are likely to happen in congested areas,particularly in busy times such as rush hours. conjecture [kən'dʒektʃə] v.推测，猜测 【记】词根记忆：con+ject（扔）+ure→全部是推出来的→猜测 【例】The police conjectured that the motive of the man who killed his girlfriend was out of love. conjure ['kʌndʒə] v.变魔术，耍戏法；（用魔术般）变出，（变戏法般地）使…呈现 【记】联想记忆：con+jur（发誓）+e→发誓学会变戏法→变魔术 【例】The magician conjured a rabbit out of his hat. connote [kə'nəut] vt.意味着，暗指，暗示【记】词根记忆：con+not（标记）+e→有标记→暗指 【例】For a political leader,hesitation connotes weakness sometimes. 【派】connotation（n.含蓄；内涵） conscience ['kɒnʃəns] n.良心，天良 【记】词根记忆：con+sci（知道）+ence→知道好坏是非→良心 【例】①It's tempting to assume that Denmark is innately green,with the kind of Scandinavian good conscience that has made it such a pleasant global citizen since,oh,the whole Viking thing.（2013） ②for conscience'（s）sake 为了问心无愧 You should send it back for conscience's sake. ③have a guilty conscience 内疚 I might have a guilty conscience if I didn't tell her the truth. conscript ['kɒnskript] vt.征召服兵役n.应征入伍者 【记】词根记忆：con+script（写）→把（名字）写入名单→征召服兵 役 【例】Young men were conscripted into the army and forced to fight abroad. consensus [kən'sensəs] n.（意见等的）一致，一致同意，共识 【记】词根记忆：con（共同）+sens（感觉）+us→感觉相同→一致 【例】①Because so many meetings end in confusion and without a decision,another game is played at the end of meetings,called reaching a false consensus.（2002） ②Today there's a consensus that we need to build renewable power. （2013） conservation [ˌkɒnsə'veiʃən] n.保护；保存；守恒【记】词根记忆：conserv（即conserve，保存）+ation→保存 【例】Buffeted by the same supply shocks that hit the rest of the developed world,Denmark launched a rapid drive for energy conservation,to the point of introducing car-free Sundays and asking businesses to switch off lights during closing hours.（2013） 【用】表示“节约用水”可以用water conservation。 【派】conservative（adj.保守的） consign [kən'sain] vt.寄售（货品），托运；寄售，托付，委托 【记】联想记忆：con+sign（签名）→签完名后交托运→托运 【例】The goods were consigned to the company by air. 【派】consignment（n.寄售的货物；寄售，托付，委托） consist [kən'sist] vi.由…组成，由…构成；在于，存在于 【记】词根记忆：con+sist（站）→站在一起→由…构成 【例】①What does this thing that people cannot escape consist of these days?（2011） ②Her beauty consists largely in her kind heart. 【用】consist常与介词of和in搭配，前者表示“由…组成”，后者表示“在 于…”。 console [kən'səul]['kɒnsəul] vt.安慰，慰问 n.仪表板，控制台，键盘台 【记】联想记忆：con（共同）+sol（单独）+e→大家孤单，同病相怜→ 安慰 【例】My father tried to stop me at last.“No,”he said smiling to console me. （2005） conspire [kən'spaiə] vi.密谋，搞阴谋，图谋【记】词根记忆：con+spir（呼吸）+e→共同呼吸→搞阴谋 【例】George conspired with him against me. 【派】conspiracy（n.阴谋，秘密策划） constancy ['kɒnstənsi] n.持久不变，始终如一；忠实，忠诚 【记】词根记忆：con+stan（站立）+cy→一直站着→始终如一 【例】It will be a long and tedious process requiring patience and constancy of purpose. constituent [kən'stitjuənt] n.选民，选举人；成分，要素adj.组成的，形成的 【记】词根记忆：con+stit（站）+uent→站在一起构成→成分 【例】①Nothing annoys a national lawmaker more than a person who will not wait in line,unless that line is in front of an elevator at the U.S.Capitol,where Senators and Representatives use private elevators,lest they have to queue with their constituents.（2010） ②This part is an important constituent element of the whole book. constrain [kən'strein] vt.强迫，强制 【记】词根记忆：con+strain（拉紧）→使劲拉紧→强制 【例】Constrained by the dormitory policies,some bad habits will be discarded by the students and some new habits will develop.（1996） 【派】constraint（n.约束力，束缚；限制，克制） consult [kən'sʌlt] v.找…商议；找（医生）诊治；翻阅，查考（书籍、地图等） 【记】联想记忆：不顾侮辱（insult），不耻请教（consult） 【例】①I have lots of questions to consult my attorney. ②consult with 和…协商 I'd have to consult with my manager on this matter. 【用】consult固定搭配：①consult about（商议某事）；②consult withsb.（与某人商议）；③consult for（为…咨询）。 【派】consultant（n.顾问，专家；医院的高级顾问医师）； consultation（n.请教，咨询，磋商） consummate [kən'sʌmit] adj.完全无缺的，完美的 【记】词根记忆：con+summ（加）+ate→全都加上了→完美的 【例】Nancy is a consummate performer of piano. contemplate ['kɒntempleit] vt.沉思，仔细考虑；意欲；注视，凝视 【例】①Tom sat in the sofa contemplating what to do next. ②The two men contemplated each other,not saying a word. contend [kən'tend] v.搏斗，争斗；竞争；声称，主张 【记】词根记忆：con+tend（伸展）→你拉我夺→竞争 【例】①Once you accept students on financial grounds,one wonders whether you have to pass them as well.But this is the development in education we have to contend with.（2004听力） ②Britain took the novel strategy of contending that many of its most popular beaches were not swimming beaches at all.（2001） 【用】contend with/against/for表示“争辩；竞争，争夺”，当contend表 示“主张，声称”时，常接that从句。 contingent [kən'tindʒənt] adj.须根据某些未知条件而定的；偶然发生的，意外的n.（军队、船只 等的）分遣队，小分队；（集会中的某一）代表团 【记】词根记忆：con+ting（接触）+ent→与对方接触→代表团 【例】Whether or not we set out on time is contingent on the weather. 【用】词组contingent on/upon表示“视…情况或条件而定的”。 【派】contingency（n.偶发事件，意料不到的事情）contort [kən'tɒ:t] v.扭曲，歪曲 【记】词根记忆：con+tort（弯曲）→扭曲 【例】I turned to see her coming toward me,her face contorted in rage. contrive [kən'traiv] vt.发明，设计，设法做到 【例】Use of the press conference by public officials and private entrepreneurs help give rise to the phrase“pseudo-event”,an event contrived to create news coverage where none had been considered warranted.（2001 听力） control [kən'trəul] vt.控制，抑制n.控制，支配，调节，抑制 【例】①When an observer controls one or more conditions in a natural setting,in order to determine their effect on behavior,this procedure is called field experiment.（2012听力） ②in control 负责 Who is in control of this company now? ③out of control 失去了控制 The fire is out of control now. ④under control 掌握 Most airlines can't even get their own con-nections under control,let alone coordinate with another airline. 【用】in control的意思是“负责，管理，支配”，与in charge of相近。 controversy ['kɒntrəvə:si] n.争论；辩论；争议 【记】词根记忆：contro（相反）+vers（转）+y→意见转向相反的方向 →争论，辩论 【例】The idea touched off a firestorm of controversy.（2012） 【用】academic controversy是常用搭配，表示“学术争论”。 convene [kən'vi:n] v.召集会议【记】词根记忆：con（共同）+ven（来）+e→大家一起来开会→召集 会议 【例】Party congresses at all levels are convened by Party committees at their respective levels. converge [kən'və:dʒ] vi.聚集，集中一点，汇合 【记】词根记忆：con+verg（转）+e→转到一起→聚集 【例】Our interests seemed to converge at this point. 【用】词组converge on/at表示“（在一点上）会合，互相靠拢”。 conversant [kən'və:sənt] adj.精通的，内行的，熟知的 【记】词根记忆：con+vers（转）+ant→全方位转→精通的 【例】The police was not conversant with the facts of the case. 【用】词组conversant with表示“熟悉…”。 convertible [kən'və:təbl] adj.可改变的，可转换的；可兑换的 【记】词根记忆：con+vert（转）+ible（可…的）→可转换的 【例】The bed is easily convertible into a sofa. convoy [kən'vɒi]['kɒnvɒi] vt.护送，护卫，护航 n.护送，护卫；护送队 【记】词根记忆：con+voy（路）→一路同行→护送 【例】The warship was used to convoy merchant vessels across the Atlantic. convulse [kən'vʌls] vt.使震动，使震撼；使抽筋 【记】词根记忆：con（表加强）+vulse（收缩）→使抽筋 【例】A wave of nationalist demonstrations convulsed the country in 1919.coop [ku:p] n.（饲养小动物的）笼，栏vt.将…禁锢在狭小的空间，拘禁 【例】It isn't good for the children to be cooped up in the house all day. 【用】词组coop up/in的意思是“把…禁锢起来，拘禁…”。 corpulent ['kɒ:pjulənt] adj.肥胖的，臃肿的 【记】词根记忆：corp（躯体）+ulent（多…的）→身体赘肉多的→肥 胖的 【例】The woman was so corpulent that she could hardly move. correlate ['kɒrəleit] n.有相互关系的东西，相关物v.（使）有相互关系 【记】词根记忆：cor（共同）+relate（相关）→（使）有相互关系 【例】The economist made the financial crisis correlate with the stock prices. 【用】correlate常和with搭配使用，意思是“使…与…发生关系；把… 与…联系起来；与…有关系”。 correspond [ˌkɒri'spɒnd] vi.符合，一致；相当，相应；通信 【记】词根记忆：cor（共同）+respond（作出反应）→作出相同的反应 →一致 【例】①Several people are dreaming to find a job corresponding with their interests. ②I have been corresponding with Nina since she went to another city. 【用】表示“与…相符，一致”时，correspond可接with和to；另外 correspond with还可表示“与…通信”，correspond to则是“相当于…，等 于…”。 【派】correspondence〔n.符合，一致；相当，相应；通信（联系）〕； correspondent〔n.通信者，（新闻）通讯员，记者〕 corroborate [kə'rɒbəreit]vt.证实，支持（某种说法、信仰、理论等） 【记】词根记忆：cor（共同）+robor（力量）+ate→加强力量→支持 【例】The evidence further corroborated the witness's testimony. corrode [kə'rəud] v.（使）腐蚀，侵蚀 【记】词根记忆：cor+rod（咬）+e→全部咬掉→腐蚀 【例】Corruption has corroded our confidence in the people. 【派】corrosion（n.腐蚀） corrugate ['kɒrugeit] v.弄皱，起皱；（使）成波状 【记】词根记忆：cor+rug（皱）+ate→起皱 【例】The wind corrugated the sur-face of the sea. cost [kɒst] n.成本，价格，费用；代价vt.使花费，值（多少钱）；付出代价，使丧 失；估计…的成本 【例】①at all costs 不惜一切代价 The current spirit of competi-tiveness among students to succeed at all costs,has produced a generation who have adopted the“me first”attitude which became the predominant dispositionamong youth in the West in the 1960's.（2003） ②at the cost of 付出…的代价 At the cost of pain I tasted again the sweetness of life. 【派】costly（adj.昂贵的，价值高的，代价高的；豪华的） countenance ['kauntənəns] n.面部表情，面容；赞成，支持vt.支持，鼓励 【记】联想记忆：count（有价值）+enance→认为有价值，所以支持→ 支持 【例】①It's difficult for me to keep my countenance when I saw his exaggerated act. ②It's said that the people in this country could not countenance a woman as President. counteract [ˌkauntə'rækt] vt.抵消，中和，消解，抵制 【记】联想记忆：counter（相反）+act（动作）→做相反的动作→抵消 【例】Individual written work provides teachers with the best available guide to how you are progressing in a subject and allows them to give advice on how to develop your strengths or counteract your weaknesses.（2002听 力） counterbalance ['kauntəˌbæləns] vt.使平衡，弥补，抵消n.平衡（力），抗衡（力） 【记】联想记忆：counter（相反）+balance（平衡）→相反的两边保持 平衡→使平衡 【例】The man's calm nature counterbalanced to his excitability. counterfeit ['kauntəfit] adj.伪造的，仿造的n.伪造物，仿制品vt.伪造，仿制 【例】①Researchers have come up with a way to spot counterfeit credit cards. ②The boss worried about his signature,which is easy to counterfeit.covert ['kʌvət] adj.秘密的，隐秘的，暗地的 【记】联想记忆：cover（遮盖）+t→盖住的→秘密的 【例】We should develop our national defense system to cope with any covert foreign threats. covet ['kʌvit] vt.垂涎，觊觎，贪图 【例】Tony coveted that position for a long time,but he never holds it. cowardice ['kauədis] n.胆小，怯懦 【记】联想记忆：coward（胆小鬼，懦夫）+ice（名词后缀）→胆小， 怯懦 【例】Maybe I could never escape the everlasting stigma of cowardice. coy [kɒi] adj.害羞的，腼腆的，忸怩的 【记】联想记忆：腼腆的（coy）男孩（boy） 【例】The little girl becomes coy in front of the strangers. crackle ['krækl] vi.发轻微的爆裂声（如干柴燃烧时的响声），发噼啪声 【例】The fire was crackling in the wood stove. cramp [kræmp] n.痉挛vt.使痉挛；束缚，妨碍发育（或发展），妨碍某人充分发挥才能 【记】联想记忆：cram（填满）+p→吃得太多了胃部痉挛→痉挛 【例】①The swimmer was seized with a cramp and had to be helped out of the water. ②The governmental guidelines cramped the company's ability to adjust its own budget.cranky ['kræŋki] adj.（人、念头）古怪的；（指机器等）有毛病的；不稳的；脾气坏的 【记】来自crank（n.曲柄；古怪的人） 【例】①Scott seemed a little cranky after he came back from London.②Owing to the strength of the wind,the boat became cranky. crave [kreiv] vt.热望，渴望 【例】Some busy men craved privacy and a quiet life. craven ['kreivən] adj.怯懦的，胆小的 【记】联想记忆：crave（渴望）+n（像一扇门）→渴望躲到门里→怯 懦的 【例】The patient stood there with craven attitude waiting for the coming extraction of a bad tooth. crease [kri:s] n.折痕，皱褶；（球赛场地上划的）界线v.（使）起折痕，（使）起皱 【记】联想记忆：随着年龄的增长（increase），脸上出现了皱纹 （crease） 【例】The trousers will crease if you don't hang them up properly. credentials [kri'denʃəlz] n.资格证书，国书；（个人能力及信用的）证明书，证件 【记】词根记忆：cred（相信）+entials→让人相信的东西→证明书 【例】To qualify to study in Belgium,it is essential to meet relevant requirements in academic credentials,linguistic skills,academic objectives and financial resources.（2000） credibility [ˌkredi'biliti] n.可靠性，可信性 【记】词根记忆：cred（相信）+ibility（可…性）→可信性，可靠性【例】I guess,David,your contribution to the hit series is credibility.（2003 听力） credit ['kredit] n.信任；信用；声望；荣誉；学分；（银行）存款vt.相信，信任 【记】词根记忆：cred（相信）+it→信任 【例】①Americans adopt new technologies such as online shopping and credit cards much more quickly than people in other countries.（2005） ②be a credit to 为…增光 Grace is a credit to her family. 【派】creditor（n.债权人，债主） cringe [krindʒ] vi.畏缩，退缩；奉承，卑躬屈膝 【例】The boy cringed in terror at the sight of his strict father. critical ['kritikəl] adj.批评（性）的；评论（性）的；对…表示谴责的；紧要的，关键性 的；危害的 【记】词根记忆：crit（判断）+ical（…的）→作出判断的→评论的 【例】Don't forget to take calcium and vitamin D,two critical factors in developing strong bones.（2005） 【派】critic（n.批评家，评论家）；criticism〔n.评论（文章）；批评， 非难〕 crooked ['krukid] adj.弯曲的，扭曲的；不诚实的，行为不端的 【记】来自crook（v.弯曲） 【例】①I like to take a walk along the crooked path in the park. ②Don't earn money in a crooked way. cross-examine ['krɒsig'zæmin] vt.（用于法律）严诘，盘问（某人）；追问，详询（某人） 【例】The lawyer was allowed to examine and cross-examine witnesses.crunch ['krʌntʃ] vi.（嘎吱作响地）啃，咬，嚼；在…上嘎吱作响地走n.嘎吱声 【例】①The boy was crunching the biscuits in the kitchen. ②She hears the approach of footsteps outside,as they crunch upon the snow. crust [krʌst] n.外壳；面包皮；硬层，硬皮 【记】联想记忆：不要轻易相信（trust）她美丽的外表（crust） 【例】The growing paper crust is most noticeable,but the hidden electronic core that produces the crust is far larger—and growing more rapidly. （2011） 【用】the Earth's crust是固定用法，表示“地壳”。 crux [krʌks] n.关键，问题的症结 【记】联想记忆：在关键（crux）的地方打个叉（cross） 【例】The industry pollution is the crux of the environmental problem in many countries. cryptic ['kriptik] adj.隐藏的，隐义的，神秘的 【记】词根记忆：crypt（秘密）+ic（…的）→神秘的 【例】The lyrics are full of cryptic and obscure sentences. cuddle ['kʌdl] v.搂抱，拥抱；依偎着睡，蜷着身体睡n.拥抱，紧抱 【记】联想记忆：搂抱（cuddle）着挤成一团（huddle） 【例】①Jane fell asleep in her chair,cuddling a little teddy bear. ②The man cuddled up together under the blanket.culminate ['kʌlmineit] vi.达到顶点（或高潮）；以…告终 【记】词根记忆：culmin（顶）+ate→使到顶→达到顶点 【例】culminate in 达到了高潮 The vocal concert culminated in the appearance of the famous singer. 【用】culminate通常和in搭配构成culminate in，是“达到…高峰；以…告 终”的意思。 cumbersome ['kʌmbəsəm] adj.笨重的 【记】联想记忆：cumber（阻碍）+some→受到阻碍的→笨重的 【例】The room was dominated by an old cumbersome leather armchair. cumulative ['kju:mjulətiv] adj.累积的，渐增的 【记】词根记忆：cumul（堆积）+ative→积累的，渐增的 【例】Mr.Anderson says the cumulative effect of the bad manners— apparently trivial,but often offensive—is to make everyday life uneasy,unpredictable and unpleasant.（1998） cursory ['kə:səri]adj.粗略的，匆促的，草率的 【记】词根记忆：curs（跑）+ory→乱跑→草率的 【例】Soon the police arrived and conducted a cursory search of the scene. curt [kə:t] adj.（言词）简短的；草率无礼的 【例】Tom made a curt answer to the serious question. curtail [kə:'teil] vt.缩短，削减 【记】词根记忆：cur（短）+tail（切割）→切短→缩短，削减 【例】People consider that the social reform is the most likely means of curtailing crime. cyclic（al） ['saiklik（əl）] adj.循环的，周期的 【记】词根记忆：cycl（环）+ic→圆环的→循环的 【例】The professor explained the cyclic nature of economic activity. dab [dæb] v.轻触，轻压n.（涂上的）少量（颜色等）；轻压；能手，熟手 【例】①The coach gave his player a dab on the back to encourage him. ②（be）a dab（hand）at（sth.）能手 The workers are dab hands at installing the machines. daft [dɑ:ft;dæft] adj.傻的，愚蠢的 【例】If you don't speak out your thought all the way,that was a daft thing to do. dainty ['deinti] adj.娇美的，秀丽的；晴朗的；精致的n.美味的食物；珍品 【例】①We should understand that confidence is much more important thana dainty appearance. ②Nancy was charming tonight in a dainty red evening gown. dampen ['dæmpən] vt.使潮湿；使减弱；抑制 【例】Methods used to dampen down noise and vibrations rely on techniques that are 30 or 40 years old.（1999听力） dank [dæŋk] adj.阴湿的，湿冷的 【例】The dank wind moaned through the deserted building. dapper ['dæpə] adj.衣着整洁的 【例】Frank looked dapper in his black pin-striped suit. daunt [dɒ:nt] vt.使胆怯，使畏缩 【例】We should remember forever that we won't be daunted by the danger. 【派】dauntless（adj.无所畏惧的，勇敢的） dawdle ['dɒ:dl] vi.闲荡；耽误；偷懒 【记】发音记忆：“多得”→多得时间来闲荡→闲荡 【例】We'll never get around the city today if you dawdle like this. debase [di'beis] vt.使贬值，降低…的身份，贬低 【记】词根记忆：de（降低）+base（低级的）→使贬值 【例】To deny the truth on grounds of faith alone debases the value of science. debilitate [di'biliteit] vt.使衰弱（或虚弱）【例】The long headache debilitated me that I couldn't go on researching into the subject. debit ['debit] n.（账簿中的）收方，借方vt.把…记入借方 【例】It's the rule of the bank that people can't debit their accounts without signing the name. debut ['deibju:;dei'bju:] n.首次演出，初次露面 【记】法语词：开始→首次演出，初次露面 【例】That year,Lincoln's likeness made its debut on the penny,thanks to approval from the U.S.Secretary of the Treasury.（2012） 【用】directorial debut是常用搭配，表示“导演处女作”。 decadent ['dekədənt] adj.颓废的，衰落的，堕落的 【记】词根记忆：de（向下）+cad（落下）+ent→向下落→衰落的 【例】They spent the whole summer drinking,smoking and lying around.It must sound decadent. decelerate [ˌdi:'seləreit] vi.（使）减速，减缓 【记】词根记忆：de（减小）+celer（速度）+ate→（使）减速 【例】The economic growth decelerated due to the recession and the improper policy of the government. decency ['di:sənsi] n.得体；宽容，大方；正派，合乎礼仪，体面；[pl.]礼仪；准则 【记】来自decent（adj.正派的，端庄的） 【例】①Everyone at the party deserves to be treated with respect and decency. ②If you are going to charge people a fee,you ought to at least have thedecency to tell them in advance. 【用】decency作“礼仪，行为，准则”讲时要用复数形式，另外词组have the decency to do sth.的意思是“为了体面或礼貌而做某事”。 decimate ['desimeit] vt.大批杀死；毁掉…的大部分 【记】词根记忆：decim（十分之一）+ate→杀十分之一→大批杀死 【例】The transformation of the river must decimate the considerable fishery resources available. decipher [di'saifə] vt.破译（密码）；解开（疑团） 【记】联想记忆：de（去掉）+cipher（密码）→解开密码→破译 【例】The discovery means that scientists have deciphered the weight- control system in the body. declaim [di'kleim] v.高声朗诵，慷慨陈词，大声辩说 【记】词根记忆：de（表加强）+claim（呼喊）→大声呼喊→大声辩说 【例】They can declaim the familiar lines from William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. declare [di'kleə] vt.宣告，公告；表明，断言；申报（纳税品等） 【记】词根记忆：de（表加强）+clar（清楚的，明白的）+e→说清楚→ 表明 【例】①The US declared that the US-Chinese Agreement on Co-operation on the Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy,which had been dormant for 13years,could now come into effect.（2001） ②Some enterprisers do not declare all they have earned. 【派】declaration（n.宣告，宣言，布告） decompose [ˌdi:kəm'pəuz]v.（使）变坏，腐烂；分解 【记】联想记忆：de（离开）+compose（组成）→把组合在一起的东西 分开→分解 【例】①A dead fish in the aquarium will decompose rapidly,fouling the water badly. ②Hydrogen and oxygen are produced when pure water is decomposed by the electric current. decorous ['dekərəs] adj.得体的，适宜的 【记】词根记忆：decor（可接受的）+ous→可以接受→得体的 【例】Be decorous in all your actions because you represent our country. 【派】decorum（n.礼节，得体，稳重） decoy ['di:kɒi][di'kɒi] n.用作诱饵的人（或物） v.用诱饵诱骗，使落入圈套 【例】Our army decoyed enemy troops into the place and annihilated them. decry [di'krai] vt.责难，（公开）谴责 【记】联想记忆：de（否定）+cry（喊）→说否定的话→责难 【例】①Business and real estate are booming.Some say a new renaissance is under way.Others decry what they see as outside forces running roughshod over the old Harlem.（2003） ②There's a chance that eventually we'll return all this kindness with the extravagant spending that was once decried but now everyone is hoping will restart the economy.（2013） deem [di:m] vt.认为，相信；视为 【例】The issues the Republicans deem worthy of constitutional protection are a motley lot of special-interest pleadings.deface [di'feis] vt.损坏…的表面（或外观），磨损 【记】联想记忆：de（毁）+face（脸面）→把脸面弄坏→损坏…的表面 【例】On Friday morning,a vandal or vandals used green spray paint to deface the valuable mural. defame [di'feim] vt.诽谤，中伤 【记】联想记忆：de（毁）+fame（名声）→毁坏名声→诽谤 【例】①Saul insisted he never meant to defame the former president. ②They are decisively against all attempts to defame the work of the sect commissioner. default [di'fɒ:lt] n.违约，缺席，拖欠；（电脑的）预设，预置（值）vi.不履行，不到 场；未付（债等） 【记】联想记忆：de（表加强）+fault（错误）→错了又错→违约 【例】①Loans are often refused to poorer borrowers because the risk of default is greater. ②Fortunately,Gibbon became the winner by his opponent's default. 【用】default有两个常用搭配句型：①by default（不出场；由于疏 忽）；②in default of（因为没有…，因缺乏…）。 defect ['di:fekt][di'fekt] n.缺点，瑕疵 vi.背叛，变节 【记】词根记忆：de（相反）+fect（做）→反着做→背叛 【例】①The workers at the local factory were searching for possible defects on the machines. ②Your record would be reasonable enough to defect from our party. 【用】defect常与to和from搭配使用，但二者有所区别，defect to是“背叛 到…”，而defect from意为“背叛了…”。defer [di'fə:] vt.延缓，拖延；听从 【记】词根记忆：de（离开）+fer（带来）→带走→拖延 【例】defer to听从We will defer to your advice out of respect. 【用】注意词组defer to中的to是介词。 defile [di'fail] vt.使肮脏；亵渎（神明）n.山中的狭道 【例】Although the abusive behavior starts in the heart of one person,eventually the whole system is defiled.Word List 5 definitive [di'finitiv] adj.确定的；有权威的；决定性的 【记】词根记忆：de（表加强）+fin（结束）+itive（…的）→最终的→ 决定性的 【例】The book provides a definitive guide to the tour in this city. deflate [di'fleit] v.放掉（轮胎等）的气；缩小；泄气；（通货）紧缩 【记】词根记忆：de（去掉）+flat（吹）+e→吹走→泄气 【例】The naughty boy deflated the tyre of the car. defoliate [ˌdi:'fəulieit] vt.毁掉（树木、花草的）叶，使落叶 【记】词根记忆：de+foli（叶）+ate→使落叶 【例】The worst year was 1990,when twelve million acres of forests were defoliated. deform [di'fɒ:m]v.毁坏…的外形；（使）成畸形 【记】词根记忆：de（毁）+form（形状）→毁掉形状→使成畸形 【例】The child's body had been deformed by the disease. defraud [di'frɒ:d] vt.诈取，诈骗 【记】词根记忆：de（使）+fraud（欺骗）→欺骗 【例】The main purpose of the Exchequer is to prevent the Crown from being defrauded by its own officials. 【用】词组defraud sb.of sth.表示“诈骗某人某物”。 deft [deft] adj.灵巧的，熟练的，机敏的 【记】联想记忆：专家证实，用左（left）手写字的人更加灵巧（deft） 【例】The company wanted to hire the quick and deft workman. defuse [ˌdi:'fju:z] vt.拆除（炸弹等的）信管；缓和，平息，消除危险 【记】联想记忆：de（去掉）+fuse（保险丝）→拆除（炸弹等的）信管 【例】①The police succeeded in defusing the bomb that was hidden in the basement. ②Mason always uses his sense of humor to defuse a stressful situation. degenerate [di'dʒenərit][di'dʒenəreit] adj.退步的，退化的，堕落的n.堕落者，腐化者 vi.退化，衰败，堕落 【记】词根记忆：de（毁）+gener（产生）+ate→毁掉产生的东西→退 化的 【例】①The degenerate lifestyle caused the man to die of AIDS. ②We had to admit that our relationship has degenerated over the years. degrade [di'greid]vt.使降级，降低；有辱…的人格；使丢脸 【记】联想记忆：de（去掉）+grade（级别）→去掉级别→使降级 【例】①Don't degrade yourself by telling lies to make mischief. ②The Maldives has been at the forefront of the global movement to act against man's actions that degrade the environment. 【用】固定搭配degrade oneself（by doing sth.）表示“（做某事）降低身 份”。 dehydrate [ˌdi:'haidreit] v.（使）脱水，除去…的水分 【记】词根记忆：de（去掉）+hydr（水）+ate→去掉水分→脱水 【例】If you're thirsty,you've already started to dehydrate. deify ['di:ifai] vt.把…神化，把…奉若神明 【记】词根记忆：de（神）+ify（…化）→把…神化 【例】The political and religious organization holds the belief which deifies the various forces of nature. deliberate [di'libəreit] vi.仔细考虑，商议 【记】词根记忆：de（表加强）+liber（考虑）+ate→仔细考虑 【例】The judges deliberated for half an hour and achieved a unanimous decision. 【派】deliberation（n.考虑；商议；审慎，沉着） delicacy ['delikəsi] n.精致，优美，细微；美味，佳肴；微妙；棘手 【记】词根记忆：de（表加强）+lic（引诱）+acy→非常诱人的东西→ 佳肴 【例】①Jenny was nice from natural delicacy. ②Jack still cannot understand the delicacy of the situation.delimit [di'limit] vt.确定…的范围（或界限） 【记】联想记忆：de（使）+limit（界限）→（使）有界限→确定…的 范围 【例】In order to reduce the length of this file,I've used a bar to delimit the pages. delineate [di'linieit] vt.描绘，描述，勾画…的轮廓 【记】词根记忆：de（表加强）+line（线条）+ate→加强线条→描绘 【例】The words have delineated very prettily a graceful hero. delirious [di'liriəs] adj.精神错乱的，胡言乱语的，极度兴奋的 【例】For the past week Jack was in a delirious condition,then began to recover. delude [di'lu:d] vt.误导，欺骗，哄骗 【记】词根记忆：de+lud（玩）+e→玩弄别人→欺骗【例】It's very silly to delude yourself into thinking that the things will be all right without doing anything. 【用】搭配delude sb./yourself into doing sth.的意思是“欺骗…做某事”。 deluge ['delju:dʒ] n.大雨，暴雨，洪水vt.淹没；涌现 【例】Tom was deluged with phone calls from friends and colleagues to congratulate him after they heard that he would get married. deluxe [də'luks] adj.华美的，豪华的，高级的 【例】The man frequently checks into deluxe hotels when on business. delve [delv] vi.搜寻，翻查；探索，钻研 【记】联想记忆：整天埋在书架（shelves）里钻研（delve） 【例】Travel medicine delves into everything from seasickness,jet lag to malaria and plague.（1996） 【用】delve常常和into搭配使用，是“钻研，深入研究”的意思。 demean [di'mi:n] vt.使丢脸；贬低自己，降低…的身份；贬损 【记】词根记忆：de（降低）+mean（低下）→使低下→贬低自己，降 低…的身份 【例】Rachel Trickett,honorary fellow and former principal of St.Hugh's College,Oxford,says that the notion of a“lady”protects women rather than demeaning them.（1998） democratic [ˌdemə'krætik] adj.民主的，有民主精神（或作风）的 【例】Once the most democratic of institutions,lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers（people who still believe in and practice waiting in lines）.（2010） 【用】democratic rights表示“民主权利”。【派】democratically（adv.民主地） demonstrable ['demənstrəbl] adj.可表明的，可证实的 【记】来自demonstrate（v.证明，论证） 【例】There is a demonstrable link between smoking and lung cancer. demoralize [di'mɒrəlaiz] vt.使士气低落，使泄气，使失去斗志 【记】联想记忆：de（去掉）+moral（=morale，士气）+ize→去掉士气 →使士气低落 【例】The staff admitted that the inconsistent policy demoralized them and made them lose confidence in the company. denominate [di'nɒmineit] vt.给…命名；表明 【记】词根记忆：de+nomin（名称）+ate→给予名称→给…命名 【例】Banks denominated loans to poorer countries in more stable currencies like the dollar. depart [di'pɑ:t] v.启程，离开；辞世 【例】①This bus departs at 10am,returning at around 2:30pm. ②depart from 背弃 Never had Brian departed from his belief. 【用】depart常与from组成固定搭配，表示“背离，违反，离开”；注 意“depart for+地名”表示“动身去…”，“depart from+地名”表示“从…动 身”。 【派】departure（n.离开，启程，开始；背离） deplete [di'pli:t] vt.大量削减数量（能力、价值），消耗 【记】词根记忆：de（去掉）+plet（满）+e→从满的中去掉→消耗 【例】Farmers found that the area's rich plant had been severely depleted bythe cows grazing the land. deplore [di'plɒ:] vt.哀叹，悲叹，对…深表遗憾 【记】词根记忆：de（表加强）+plor（哭喊）+e→使劲哭喊→悲叹 【例】The United Nations issued a statement deploring the continued fighting between the two countries. deposit [di'pɒzit] vt.放下，放置；使…沉淀；存放；寄存；（预付）定金n.沉淀物；寄存 物，存款；保证金，押金；订金人 【记】词根记忆：de+posit（放）→把财物妥善保管→存放 【例】①The cheque was only deposited two days ago,so I don't know whether it has been cleared. ②Keats refused to hand over the door key to the landlady until he got back his deposit. 【派】deposition（n.免职，废黜；沉淀物，沉积；作证） deprecate ['deprikeit] vt.反对，对…表示不赞成 【例】Dealers have felt a need to deprecate their own firms'values,to disassociate themselves from them. depreciate [di'pri:ʃieit] v.（货币）贬值，降价；轻视，贬低 【记】词根记忆：de（降低）+preci（价值）+ate→降低价值→贬值 【例】For years,the country has deliberately tried to depreciate the currency by about 5%each year to keep its exports competitive. depress [di'pres] vt.使消沉，使抑郁，使萧条；压下，按下；削弱，降低 【记】联想记忆：de（向下）+press（挤压）→向下压→使消沉 【例】①International trade was depressed by the rise in oil prices.②The new trade policy will depress this country. 【用】Great Depression特指20世纪30年代的经济大萧条。 【派】depressed（adj.抑郁的，沮丧的；萧条的；凹陷的）； depressing（adj.令人沮丧的，压抑的；使降低的）；depression〔n.沮 丧，抑郁；萧条（期）；洼地；低压（区）〕 deride [di'raid] vt.嘲笑，愚弄 【例】Those who deride the proposal for opening up the courts to family lawsuits miss the point.Only in extreme cases would any parent take his child to court.（1999） 【派】derision（n.嘲笑，愚弄） derogatory [di'rɒgətəri] adj.贬义的；诽谤的 【例】The actor shrugged off public's derogatory comments. desiccate ['desikeit] v.（使）变干燥，（使）干涸 【记】词根记忆：de（表加强）+sicc（干）+ate→（使）干涸 【例】With field peas,the correct time to desiccate is when 70%of the pods have changed from green to tan. despicable ['despikəbl] adj.可鄙的，卑劣的 【记】词根记忆：de+spic（看）+able→不值得看的→卑劣的 【例】The government must prevent such despicable actions of the terrorists. despoil [di'spɒil] vt.抢劫，掠夺 【例】The beach despoiled its scenic beauty by unchecked develop-ment. destitute ['destitju:t]adj.贫困的，赤贫的；缺少的，毫无…的 【记】词根记忆：de（毁）+stitut（建立）+e→毁掉建好的→缺少的 【例】①The Advisory Council have several options:get a job and work until they die;apply for public assistance that you have to be destitute to or starve quietly.（1999） ②The food was destitute of flavor and nutrition. 【用】词组be destitute of表示“缺乏…”。 detail ['di:teil;di'teil] n.细节，详述；分配，（人员的）选派；选派的人（小组、分队等）vt. 详细说明 【例】①go into detail 具体 Julia would leave this company two days later but didn't go into detail about why. ②in detail 详细地 The dormitory policies may prescribe in detail when the room members should study,when they should have rest and recreation,and who will take turns to clean the room every day.（1996） deterrent [di'terənt] n.阻碍物，制止物adj.威慑的；遏制的 【记】词根记忆：de+terr（恐吓）+ent→威慑物；威慑的 【例】The deterrent influence of law on the drunk man is too absurd to merit consideration. detest [di'test] vt.厌恶，憎恶，讨厌 【例】Many people detest spending long time every day traveling to work and back. 【用】“讨厌做某事”要用detest doing sth.表示。 detonate ['detəneit] vi.引爆，起爆，爆炸 【例】The bomb for demolishing the building will detonate in two minutes. detour ['di:tuə]n.弯路，兜圈子；离题v.绕道，绕过；使离题 【记】词根记忆：de+tour（旅行，走）→绕着走→绕道 【例】The manager couldn't allow anything that detours the company from the goal. detract [di'trækt] vi.贬低，诋毁，减损 【记】词根记忆：de（向下）+tract（拉）→向下拉→贬低，诋毁 【例】One mistake didn't detract from the influence and stir of the play. 【用】detract通常和from连用，表示“贬低，诋毁”。 devastate ['devəsteit] vt.摧毁，破坏，毁灭 【记】词根记忆：de（毁）+vast（大量）+ate→大量弄坏→破坏 【例】A long war devastated the city and the citizens lived in agony. deviate ['di:vieit] vi.背离，偏离，越轨 【记】词根记忆：de（离开）+vi（道路）+ate→偏离道路的→越轨 【例】The press is forbidden to deviate from the facts to report the current affairs. 【用】deviate常常和from搭配使用。 【派】deviant（adj.偏离正道的，不正常的，越轨的）；deviation（n.背 离，偏离，偏差） devious ['di:viəs] adj.迂回的，曲折的；不坦率的，不太老实的 【记】词根记忆：de（离开）+vi（道路）+ous→离正道的→迂回的 【例】①They took the devious route home to avoid the crowds in the main roads. ②The man got rich by devious ways and eventually he owned nothing.devoid [di'vɒid] adj.缺少…的，没有…的 【记】词根记忆：de（减少）+void（空）→减少到空→没有…的 【例】I told my mother that the food she cooked was completely devoid of taste. 【用】devoid一般与of连用，表示“缺少…的，没有…的”。 devolve [di'vɒlv] v.把（权力、职责等）移交给 【记】词根记忆：de（离开）+volv（转）+e→工作转出去→把（权 力、职责等）移交给 【例】The government has decided to devolve power from the center to the regions. devour [di'vauə] vt.吞噬，耗尽；狼吞虎咽地吃（光）；贪婪地看（听、读等）；占据… 的全部注意力 【记】词根记忆：de+vour（=vor，吃）→吞噬 【例】①Kelvin devoured his lunch in the twinkling of an eye. ②Lucia was devoured by a terror that gnawed her body as well as her soul.【用】固定搭配be devoured by表示“充满（好奇、愤怒等）”。 devout [di'vaut] adj.虔诚的；诚挚的，衷心的 【例】①Mary had a devout faith in Catholicism for life. ②I'd like to present all my devout hearts to you. dexterity [dek'sterəti] n.灵巧，熟练，机敏 【例】The work depends on the worker's good eyesight,manual dexterity and patience. dictate [dik'teit] v.口述，（使）听写；命令，强行规定；支配，驱使 【记】词根记忆：dict（说，断言）+ate→说出→口述 【例】①The teacher dictated the famous novel to us. ②They are often denied education as customs dictate they marry early and have children.（2004） 【派】dictation（n.口授，听写；命令）；dictator〔n.独裁者，专制者； 口授者；（左右风尚、时装等的）权威〕；dictatorship（n.独裁，独裁 国家，专政） didactic [di'dæktik] adj.教诲的，说教的 【例】The punishment to the students was of no didactic value. differentiate [ˌdifə'renʃieit] v.辨别，区分；（使）不同，构成…间的差别 【记】联想记忆：different（不同的）+iate→辨别，区别 【例】As journalists,we must differentiate between facts and opinions. 【用】differentiate常与between搭配，意思是“…与…之间的差别”。 diffident ['difidənt]adj.缺乏自信的，胆怯的，羞怯的 【记】词根记忆：dif（不）+fid（相信）+ent→不相信自己→缺乏自信 的 【例】The diffident student kept his eyes on his manuscript when he was speaking. 【派】diffidence（n.缺乏自信，胆怯，羞怯） digress [dai'gres] vi.离题 【记】词根记忆：di（离开）+gress（走）→走开了→离题 【例】During the lecture,the professor often digressed to give the history behind each theory. dilapidated [di'læpideitid] adj.倒塌的，荒废的，破旧的 【记】词根记忆：di（离开）+lapid（石头）+ated→石头掉了→倒塌的 【例】Those children stayed in an old,dilapidated house with a leaky roof. dilate [dai'leit] v.张大，扩大 【记】联想记忆：di（两，二）+lat（放）+e→放大两倍→扩大 【例】Several factors can cause your pupils to dilate,including darkness or dim light,and stress or excitement. disadvantage [ˌdisəd'vɑ:ntidʒ] n.不利地位，不利；弊端，损害，（名誉、信用等方面的）损失vt.使处 于不利地位；损害，损失 【记】联想记忆：dis（不）+advantage（优势）→失去优势→不利 【例】①Access to education facilities is inadequate in sub Saharan Africa.And women and girls there face greater disadvantages.（2004） ②at a disadvantage 不利地位 Admitting weaknesses may put you at a disadvantage.（1999） ③to the disadvantage of sb./to one's disadvantage 吃亏 It would be to yourdisadvantage to buy that stock now,because it might be much cheaper a few hours later. 【派】disadvantaged（adj.处于不利地位的；下层社会的；贫困的）； disadvantageous（adj.不利的；蔑视的） disavow [ˌdisə'vau] vt.否认，不承认 【记】联想记忆：dis（不）+avow（承认）→不承认，否认 【例】The union has disavowed any involvement in the violence in the public. discernible [di'sə:nəbl] adj.依稀可辨的 【记】词根记忆：dis（不）+cern（搞清）+ible→不太能搞清的→依稀 可辨的 【例】There was a slow,discernible car coming through the thick fog. discerning [di'sə:niŋ] adj.识别力强的，有洞察力的，有鉴赏力的 【记】词根记忆：dis（表加强）+cern（搞清）+ing→能搞清楚的→有 洞察力的 【例】Today's consumers are discerning and demand quality products with real taste. discharge [dis'tʃɑ:dʒ] n./vt.解雇，释放；开除；发射，击发；放出，发泄；卸（货），下 （客）；完成，履行 【记】联想记忆：dis（除去）+charge（装满）→变得不满→卸（货） 【例】①Meanwhile,Blackpool continued to discharge raw sewage straight into the sea.（2001） ②Matthew was knocked down by an immense electrical discharge. 【用】discharge意义较多，可分条记忆。 disclaim [dis'kleim]vt.否认，拒绝承认；放弃 【记】联想记忆：dis（不）+claim（呼喊）→大声喊不→否认 【例】The group has disclaimed all responsibility for the attack though the group did it in deed. disconcert [ˌdiskən'sə:t] vt.使仓皇失措，使窘迫；挫败，打乱 【记】词根记忆：dis（不）+concert（一致）→和别人不一致→使窘迫 【例】①We were all disconcerted by the sudden earthquake and stayed still in terror. ②The soldiers disconcerted the enemy's plans by a sudden offensive. discount ['diskaunt] vt.认为…不可能是真的；认为…是不重要的；为…打折扣n.折扣 【记】联想记忆：dis（没有）+count（计算）→没有计算在内→折扣 【例】①When I called my husband to ask him to check some specs online,the salesman offered a pre-emptive discount,lest the surfing turn up the same model cheaper in another store.（2013） ②Lots of people have discounted the possibility of an earthquake in the area. ③at a discount 折扣价 Many stores have seasonal sales where the products are sold at a discount. 【用】“打折”的固定说法：①at 15%discount（打八五折）；②discount of 30%（七折）。 discredit [dis'kredit] vt.使不可置信；使丢脸，败坏…的名声n.丧失名誉，丧失信誉 【记】联想记忆：dis（不）+credit（信任）→不信任→使不可置信 【例】①The magazine discredited the famous actor by suggestive references to his personal life. ②The man used evidence to discredit the investigation. discreet [dis'kri:t] adj.（言行）谨慎的，慎重的，不显眼的【例】The reporter wrote about the woman's death in a discreet manner. （2000） discrete [dis'kri:t] adj.个别的，分离的，不连续的 【记】词根记忆：dis（分离）+cre（生产）+te→分离的 【例】The situation is different for native speakers of the language who automatically perceive the speech as being chopped up into discrete units. discretion [dis'kreʃən] n.谨慎；自由裁夺，酌处权 【记】词根记忆：dis+cret（搞清；区别）+ion→搞清楚→谨慎 【例】①The court would have the discretion to refuse to make an order if it is unjust.（1999） ②at discretion 随意 Margaret chose a blouse from two same ones at discretion. ③at the discretion of 听凭处置 A supplementary grant may be awarded at the discretion of firm. ④with discretion 慎重地 Please make your decision with discretion. 【用】at the discretion of的意思是“听凭处置”，但在句子中应看上下文 来翻译或理解。 disenchant [ˌdisin'tʃɑ:nt] vt.使不再着迷，不抱幻想 【例】The continuous failure has disenchanted the team members towards victory. disentangle [ˌdisin'tæŋgl] vt.解开…的结，清理出 【记】联想记忆：dis（不）+entangle（纠缠）→摆脱纠缠→解开…的结 【例】This skein of wool got tangled up and couldn't be disentangled. dishono（u）r [dis'ɒnə]n.不名誉，丢脸（的人、事）vt.使受耻辱，使丢脸；拒绝承兑（支票） 【例】①You've become a dishonor to your family by causing so much trouble. ②Our company was dishonored by the manager's fraudulent actions towards the customers. disinterested [dis'intristid] adj.无私的，公正的 【记】联想记忆：dis（不）+interest（利益）+ed→不只关心自己的利益 →无私的 【例】The financial consultant should offer completely independent and disinterested advice. disjointed [dis'dʒɒintid] adj.不连贯的，支离破碎的 【记】词根记忆：dis（不）+joint（连接）+ed→不连接的→支离破碎的 【例】The country made a series of intermittent and disjointed efforts to remedy the affairs. dislocate ['disləukeit] vt.使脱位，使脱臼；扰乱，使混乱 【记】词根记忆：dis（不）+loc（地方）+ate→不在正确的地方→使脱 位；扰乱 【例】①The big storm temporarily dislocated railway and airway services. ②My shoulder was dislocated when I was playing basketball. dislodge [dis'lɒdʒ] vt.逐出，用力移出 【记】词根记忆：dis（不）+lodge（寄宿）→不让寄宿→逐出 【例】Our aim of the attack is to dislodge the enemy from their fortifications. dismantle [dis'mæntl]vt.拆开，拆卸 【记】词根记忆：dis（去掉）+mantle（覆盖）→拆卸 【例】As a result of the agreement,the two countries'arsenals are to be dismantled partly later this year.（1998） disparate ['dispərit] adj.无从比较的，根本不同的，异类的 【记】词根记忆：dis（不）+par（平等）+ate→不等的→根本不同的 【例】They have unified some disparate government organizations to fight against terrorist attacks. disparity [dis'pæriti] n.不等，差异，悬殊 【记】词根记忆：dis（不）+par（平等）+ity→不等 【例】It is hard to explain the disparity that exists between the salaries of men and women. dispensable [dis'pensəbl] adj.不必要的，不重要的 【记】词根记忆：dis（不）+pens（称银子）+able→不值得称的→不重 要的 【例】Some people consider that literature,being a form of art,unlike language,is dispensable. dispirited [dis'piritid] adj.气馁的，垂头丧气的 【例】We feel dispirited when we heard that our team was defeated by the opponent. disposal [di'spəuzəl] n.清除，销毁，丢掉；处置，处理；布置 【记】词根记忆：dis+pos（放）+al→分开放→布置 【例】①Waste water is one of the biggest problems in liquid disposal of thisfactory. ②at/in one's disposal 任…支配 This room is at your disposal from now on. 【派】disposable〔adj.可（任意）处理的，可自由支配的；一次性使用 的〕 dispose [di'spəuz] vt.排列；配置；清除，销毁；安排，处理；使倾向于 【记】词根记忆：dis+pos（放）+e→分开放→安排 【例】①As for water pollution,the industrial waste water disposed by many industrial enterprises,and the wastewater coming from people's individual daily use,are directly discharged into rivers without purification,which contaminates the natural water.（1998） ②dispose of 处理 They are not adequately treated and disposed of,but are dumped or stored simply in order to save money.（1998） 【用】搭配dispose of表示“丢掉，卖掉；赠送；处理，解决”。 【派】disposed（adj.愿意的；有…倾向的）；disposition（n.性格，性 情） disprove [dis'pru:v] vt.证明…不能成立，反证 【例】The author can disprove the idea that we sleep in order to rest our muscles. disseminate [di'semineit] vt.散布，传播 【记】词根记忆：dis（分开）+semin（种子）+ate→散布（种子）→散 布，传播 【例】The Health Education Council is the central agency for disseminating information about disease prevention. dissension [di'senʃən] n.分歧，争论，争吵 【记】词根记忆：dis（不）+sens（感觉）+ion→感觉不一致→分歧【例】The most dissension came from competing rivals for higher office. disservice [dis'sə:vis] n.损害，伤害，危害 【记】词根记忆：dis（不）+serv（服务）+ice→不好好服务→损害 【例】Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition,which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another.（1996） dissociate [di'səuʃieit] vt.把…分开，使…分离 【记】词根记忆：dis（不）+soci（同伴，引申为社会）+ate→不合群的 →把…分开 【例】It is difficult to dissociate the lady from her mysterious past. dissolve [di'zɒlv] v.使溶解，使液化；解散，中止；（使）衰弱，减退；解决；澄清 【记】词根记忆：dis+solv（松开）+e→松开分散→使溶解 【例】①At the same time,the acid rain attacks the leaves and dissolve their waxy coating.（1997） ②The party didn't dissolve until midnight. 【用】dissolve常跟away,in,into搭配，分别表示“溶解掉”、“溶解 入…”、“溶解到…，溶解成…”。 【派】dissolution（n.解散，解除；分解；溶解，液化） dissuade [di'sweid] vt.劝阻，阻止 【例】George dissuaded his friend from pursuing such a rash scheme. 【用】词组dissuade sb.from（doing）sth.表示“劝阻某人不要做某事”。 distraught [dis'trɒ:t] adj.心烦意乱的，极其烦恼的，心神狂乱的 【例】The distraught parents of the missing baby have made a public appealfor help. dither ['diðə] vi.犹豫不决，迟疑不决 【例】I advised him to stop dithering and make up his mind at once. diverge [dai'və:dʒ] vi.分叉，分开；分歧，偏离 【记】词根记忆：di（离开）+verg（转）+e→转开→分歧 【例】The judge warned the witness must tell the accident without diverging from the truth. 【派】divergent（adj.分叉的；有分歧的，不同的，偏离的） divulge [dai'vʌldʒ] vt.泄露（秘密等） 【记】词根记忆：di（分开）+vulg（人群）+e→消息在人群中散开→泄 露 【例】For reasons of the hostage's security,the police can't divulge the identity of the mobster. docile ['dəusail] adj.驯服的，易控制的，易教的 【记】词根记忆：doc（教，观点）+ile（能…的）→能教的→驯服的 【例】A docile man usually has no ideas and is willing to be led by another. dole [dəul] n.救济，救济金（物）；一小份v.施舍，少量分发 【例】①on the dole 接受失业救济金 If they lose their jobs,instead of going on the dole they have to leave the country. ②The charitable woman often doled food out among the beggars. 【用】dole out是固定搭配，意思是“发放，发给”。 The longest day has an end.——Howell 最难过的日子也有尽头。 ——贺韦尔Word List 6 domesticate [dəu'mestikeit] vt.使（某人）习惯于（喜爱）家务（家庭生活）；驯养（动物） 【记】联想记忆：domestic（家庭的）+ate（使）→使成为家养的→驯 养 【例】The question remains:must we conform?Or can we,somehow,resist the powers that conspire to domesticate us?（2001） 【派】domesticity（n.家庭生活） domineer [ˌdɒmi'niə] vi.霸道，专横，作威作福vt.盛气凌人地对待；专横地统治 【记】词根记忆：domin（主人）+eer（表人）→成为主人→作威作福 【例】①The manager always domineers over his inferiors. ②The people refused to be domineered by the king. 【用】domineer常与over搭配使用，意思是“对…专横，对…作威作 福”。 【派】domineering（adj.盛气凌人的，专横的，作威作福的）doodle ['du:dl] v.（心不在焉地）乱涂 【例】Some people have the habit of doodling while talking on the phone. doom [du:m] n.命运；厄运；判决vt.注定；使…的失败（毁灭等）成为必然；判决 【记】联想记忆：情绪（mood）决定命运（doom） 【例】①We no longer regard natural phenomena as omens of doom but we may not be any more sensible. ②This project was doomed to failure with so little preparation. 【用】doom作动词常用在被动句式中，sth.be doomed to failure/defeat表 示“某事注定失败”；还常用be doomed to do的形式，表示“注定要如 何”。 dormant ['dɒ:mənt] adj.睡着的，休眠的，蛰伏的；暂停的；潜伏的，潜在的 【记】词根记忆：dorm（睡）+ant→睡着的 【例】①The US declared that the US-Chinese Agreement on Co-operation on the Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy,which had been dormant for 13years,could now come into effect.（2001） ②Many great talents lay dormant in him. dote [dəut] vi.溺爱；（因年老）智力衰退，昏聩 【例】I had been much doted on by my parents who did everything according to my will before I was ill. 【用】dote常与on/upon连用，表示“溺爱…”。 doubt [daut] v.不能肯定，认为…不大可能；怀疑，不信任n.疑惑；[常pl.]怀疑 【例】①no doubt 毫无疑问 There seems to be no doubt that people find maths more difficult as they grow older.（2005听力）②in doubt 值得怀疑 Their future success is in doubt. ③beyond doubt 无疑 As a diligent and talented girl,Louisa's success is beyond doubt. 【派】doubtful〔adj.疑惑的，（可）怀疑的；含糊不清的，有问题 的〕；doubtless（adv.无疑地；很可能地，公认地） downhearted ['daun'hɑ:tid] adj.情绪低落的，消沉的 【记】词根记忆：down（沮丧的）+hearted（呈…心情的）→情绪低落 的，消沉的 【例】When no response came after many interviews,I began to become downhearted. downhill ['daun'hil] adj.下山的，下坡的adv.向山下 【例】go downhill 每况愈下 Life seems to have gone downhill since I lost the job. downright ['daunrait] adj.清楚的，明确的；直率的，老实的；十足的，彻头彻尾的adv.彻底 地；完全地；真正地；相当；明确地 【例】①We know that certain kinds of English invite irritation or downright condemnation.（2000） ②Many are downright unhappy with it. downstream ['daun'stri:m] adj./adv.顺流的（地），下游的（地） 【记】组合词：down（向下的）+stream（溪，流）→顺流而下→下游 的 【例】From its headwaters at San Ygnacio,Texas,to its giant hydroelectric dam 50miles downstream,Falcon Lake covers some 87,000acres along the Rio Grande and the U.S.-Mexican border.（1998） drench [drentʃ]vt.使湿透，浸湿n.浸透 【例】We were caught in the storm and drenched ourselves. drone [drəun] vi.发出嗡嗡声；以（低沉、单调的声调）谈（唱、说）vt.懒散地度（时 光）n.嗡嗡声，沉闷单调的谈话；雄蜂；懒汉 【例】①The professor droned on for hours in his lecture. ②All is quiet except for the drone of cicadas and the tapping of light rain. 【用】词组drone on是“唠唠叨叨地说”之意。 drowse [drauz] n./v.假寐，半醒半睡，打瞌睡 【记】和browse（v.浏览，吃草）一起记 【例】Many people like to drowse in the warm sunlight on the beach. dull [dʌl] adj.不鲜明的，隐约的；钝的；愚钝的；麻木的；单调乏味的，阴郁 的；不活跃的，呆滞的 【记】联想记忆：和充实的（full）相反的是乏味的（dull） 【例】It assures your audience that you won't be speaking in a dull monotone that will put them to sleep,especially if you're talking after a heavy meal.（2000听力） 【用】（as）dull as ditch-water是固定搭配，意思为“非常沉闷乏味”。 dum（b）found [dʌm'faund] vt.使受惊而说不出话来，使惊讶 【记】组合词：dumb（哑）+found（被发现）→惊讶得说不出话来 【例】We were completely dumbfounded by the rude words of Henry. dupe [dju:p] vt.欺骗，愚弄n.受骗的人，上当者 【例】The passion that wakened in me was anger,for I found that she had duped me.【用】dupe sb.into doing sth.表示“欺骗…做…”。 dwell [dwel] vi.居住，生活于，栖息 【记】联想记忆：d+well（好）→住在这里很开心→居住 【例】dwell on停留Almost everyone finds that his eyes are dwelling on Mary's beautiful face. 【用】dwell一般跟in和at搭配，表示“居住，停留于…”，而dwell on则表 示“老想着，详述；凝视，持续”。 【派】dwelling（n.住处，居所） eager ['i:gə] adj.热切的，热衷的，渴望的 【例】be eager to do sth. 渴望 The Meiji depato were soon perceived by Japanese customers as glamorous places to shop because of their Western imports,which the Japanese were eager to see and buy.（1999） 【用】eager的常见搭配和句式有：①be eager for/about/after（渴望，渴 求，争取）；②be eager to do（急欲，渴望做）。 【派】eagerness（n.热切，渴望） ease [i:z] n.舒适，悠闲，自在；容易，不费力v.减轻（痛苦、负担等），缓和， 使舒适；放松，调节，使安心；小心缓慢地移动 【例】①Schools do very little to ease the anxiety about falling behind expressed by many of the children interviewed.（1999） ②at ease 轻松自在 we've talked about four ways to make people feel at ease in conversations.（2004听力） ③ill at ease 不自在 He realized that she was dead,that she had ceased to exist,that she had become a memory.He began to feel ill at ease.（2000） eavesdrop ['i:vzdrɒp] vi.偷听（私人谈话） 【记】组合词：eaves（屋檐）+drop（滴水）→在屋檐下听滴水→偷听【例】The detectives have right to eavesdrop on telephone calls in the course of their investigations into serious crimes. 【派】eavesdropper（n.偷听者） ebb [eb] n./vi.退潮，落潮 【例】①at a low ebb 处于低潮期 People's favor for classics is at a low ebb. ②the ebb and flow 潮水涨落 The ebb and flow of tides could be a mystery in ancient times. ③on the ebb 每况愈下 My luck is on the ebb these days. eclectic [e'klektik] adj.折中的，兼收并蓄的，综合的 【记】词根记忆：ec（出）+lect（选）+ic→选出来双方都满意的→折中 的 【例】Ricci seems to be pursuing his own eclectic vision without giving a moment's thought to such established competitors as Connosisseur and Horizon.（1999） ecstasy ['ekstəsi] n.狂喜，入迷【记】《万世千秋》The Agony and the Ecstasy 【例】The woman's feelings about Tibet can be best described as ecstasy. （2001听力） 【派】ecstatic（adj.使人狂喜的，欣喜若狂的） edgy ['edʒi] adj.紧张的，急躁的；刀口锐利的，尖锐的 【例】①The performers were very edgy as they waited for the show to begin. ②Parents must insure that the edgy knives are kept away from their children. eerie ['iəri] adj.怪异可怕的 【例】Stone crosses in a once submerged old cemetery rise like eerie sentinels to the drought near the town of Benevides.（1998） efface [i'feis] vt.擦掉，抹去，消除 【记】词根记忆：ef+fac（脸，面）+e→去掉表面→擦掉 【例】It takes many years to efface the unpleasant memories of a war. effect [i'fekt] n.效果，效力，作用；结果 【记】词根记忆：ef（出）+fect（做）→做出效果→效果 【例】①be of no effect 无用 Any effort cannot be of no effect. ②bring/carry into effect 实施 It is a little difficult to bring your plans into effect. ③come/go into effect 实施 The new measure has come into effect all over the country. ④have an effect on sth. 有…影响 Stock and sales revenue have significant effects on investments. ⑤in effect 实际上 Cherry's testimony in effect contradicted her earlier statement.⑥take effect 生效 If funded by the National Science Foundation,the new structure would take effect on October 1st.（1999） ⑦to the effect that ...大意是 I have received his letter to the effect that he would come back on Spring Festival. 【派】effective（adj.有效的，生效的；给人深刻印象的；真正的，实际 的） efficacy ['efikəsi] n.功效，效力，效能 【记】词根记忆：ef（出）+fic（做）+acy→做出了成绩→功效 【例】The efficacy of the beetle as a medicinal agent has stood the test of ages of practice. efficiency [i'fiʃənsi] n.效率，效能，功效 【记】词根记忆：ef（出）+fic（做）+ency→效率，效能，功效 【例】Beyond wind,the country（pop.5.5million）is a world leader in energy efficiency,getting more GDP per watt than any other member of the E.U.（2013） 【用】economic efficiency是固定搭配，表示“经济效益”。 【派】efficient（adj.有效率的） egocentric [ˌi:gəu'sentrik] adj.以自我为中心的，自私自利的 【记】词根记忆：ego（自我）+centr（中心）+ic→以自我为中心的 【例】The children learned to accommodate to others,and egocentric thought began to give way to social pressure. 【派】egoism（n.自我主义，自私自利）；egoist（n.利己主义者，自私 自利的人）；egotism（n.自我中心，自负，自大） ejaculate [i'dʒækjuleit] v.呼喊，突然而简短地说 【例】The pain in his leg caused him to ejaculate suddenly.eject [i'dʒekt] v.驱逐，逐出；喷出，投出，弹出 【记】词根记忆：e（出）+ject（扔）→被扔出来→逐出，驱逐 【例】①The manager threatened to have them ejected if there was any more trouble. ②The pilot ejected as the plane cartwheels into the sea and explodes. electrify [i'lektrifai] vt.使充电，使电气化；使激动，使兴奋 【记】词根记忆：electri（=electric，电气）+ify→使电气化 【例】①The barbed wire fence on the wall of the prison is electrified. ②The powerful performance electrified the audience. electrocute [i'lektrəkju:t] vt.电死，以电刑处死 【记】词根记忆：electro（电的）+cut（杀死）+e→以电刑处死 【例】The inhumane king decided to hang,electrocute,or lynch anyone who will risk against him. element ['elimənt] n.要素，成分；自然环境，适宜的环境；[pl.]（学科的）基本原则，原 理，基础 【记】电影《第五元素》The Fifth Element 【例】①Lindsay was not so much in favor of some elements of Calvinism. ②in one's element 擅长所在 Morton is in his element when singing. ③out of one's element 局促不安、很不适应 Minnie feels out of her element to speak in front of so many people. 【派】elementary（adj.基本的，基础的，初级的；容易的，简易的） elemental [ˌeli'mentəl] adj.强劲的，似自然力的；基本的 【例】①Elemental composition can vary within the same copper-ore lode.②Human beings can do nothing in front of elemental violence such as tsunami and tornado. elicit [i'lisit] vt.诱出，探出（事实、反应等） 【记】词根记忆：e（出）+lic（引诱）+it→诱出 【例】The lawyer used his wit to elicit the truth from the witness. eligible ['elidʒəbl] adj.有资格的，合适的，合格的 【记】词根记忆：e+lig（选择）+ible→能被选择出来的→合格的 【例】Voting in council elections is voluntary and everyone,including those who are not Australians,is eligible to vote.（1998） elucidate [i'lju:sideit] vt.阐明，说明 【记】词根记忆：e+lucid（清晰）+ate→弄清晰→阐明 【例】The media has the right to elucidate the issues in a free and professional way. elude [i'lju:d] vt.逃避，避开 【记】联想记忆：e（出）+lud（玩）+e→游山玩水，逃避世事→逃避 【例】The sly suspect managed to elude the police but was captured eventually. 【派】elusive（adj.躲避的；难以捉摸的，易被忘记的） emaciated [i'meisieitid] adj.瘦弱的，憔悴的 【例】The patients looked emaciated,with cheeks hollow and eyes sunken towards the end of his life. embellish [im'beliʃ] vt.装饰，布置；给…添加情节；修饰，润饰【记】词根记忆：em（使）+bell（美）+ish→使…美→装饰 【例】①The gardener embellished the walk in the garden with the fence and the bush. ②Jane has embellished the story and made everyone moved. 【用】表示“用…装饰…”可以用embellish sth.with sth.。 embezzle [im'bezl] v.盗用，挪用（公款），侵吞（财物） 【例】The manager embezzled large amounts of money to finance his gambling and was arrested at present. 【派】embezzlement（n.盗用，侵占，挪用） emblem ['embləm] n.象征，标志，徽章 【例】People usually think that the gun is an emblem of a hunter. embody [im'bɒdi] vt.体现，使具体化 【记】词根记忆：em（使）+body（形体）→有形→使具体化 【例】Paintings and music can vividly embody the spirits and character of a society. embrace [im'breis] vt.抱，环绕；包含；接受；信奉n.拥抱，怀抱；包围；信奉 【记】词根记忆：em（进入）+brace（臂膀）→进入臂膀中→怀抱 【例】Without seeing her boyfriend for a long time,now Cinderella has a strong impulse to embrace him. embroil [im'brɒil] vt.使卷入 【记】词根记忆：em+broil（争吵）→进入争吵→使卷入 【例】Maybe those who are embroiled in divorce don't think of the influence on their children.emend [i'mend] vt.校订，修改（文摘） 【记】词根记忆：e+mend（改正）→改出来→校订 【例】No matter what happened,the raw data had to be emended under such circumstances. empathy ['empəθi] n.同情，同感，共鸣；感情移入 【记】词根记忆：em（进入）+path（感情）+y→进入感情→同感 【例】①Dick stares at her,the person he sees has no feelings and no empathy for anyone. ②When you listen with empathy to another person,you will give that person psychological air. emphasis ['emfəsis] n.强调，重点，重要性 【例】lay/put/place emphasis on sth. 把重点放在… Connected with industrial economics,traditional education puts too much emphasis on the commonness of the students and curbs the normal development of students'individuality and creativity.（2000） 【用】emphasis的常见搭配为①give emphasis to（着重，强调）；②lay emphasis on/upon〔表注重，着重于，强调；加强（语气），重读〕。 empower [im'pauə] vt.授权于 【记】词根记忆：em（使）+power（权力）→使有权力→授权于 【例】In Africa,women till the land and produce the bulk of the food,yet they have no understanding about marketing.Agriculture is another area where we can empower women.（2004） 【用】词组empower sb.to do sth.表示“授权某人做某事”。 emulate ['emjuleit] vt.赶超，与…竞争；效法【记】词根记忆：emul（平等）+ate→使两者平等一样→效法 【例】It's unwise that developing countries often try to emulate experiences of developed countries. encompass [in'kʌmpəs] vt.包含，包括；涉及 【记】词根记忆：en（进入）+compass（包围）→进入包围→包含 【例】Today,globalization encompasses the whole world and deals with it as an integral unit.（2002） encounter [in'kauntə] vt.偶遇，邂逅；遭到，突遇n.遭遇，遇到；意外的相遇 【记】联想记忆：en（使）+counter（相反）→使从两个相反方面来→ 遭遇 【例】By surfing the Web,Europeans who had previously encountered English only in school and in pop songs were now coming into contact with it daily.（2002） 【用】encounter指战斗时一般是两军不期而遇所发生的战斗，也即“遭 遇战”。 encroach [in'krəutʃ] vi.侵占，侵犯，侵害 【记】词根记忆：en（进入）+croach（钩）→钩进去→侵占 【例】Many wild animals died because humans encroached on the places where they lived. encumber [in'kʌmbə] vt.塞满，堆满；妨碍某人（某物）自由活动；拖累 【记】词根记忆：en（使）+cumber（阻碍）→阻碍，妨碍 【例】①These young boys will be in custody for five days for their encumbering police work. ②The economy is encumbered with inefficient state-owned factories.endorse [in'dɒ:s] vt.赞同，认可；背书，（在票据等）背面签字，在（驾驶执照上）记录 违章事项；在…背面写评论，批注（公文） 【记】词根记忆：en+dors（背）+e→在背面写字→背书 【例】①The President's position was endorsed by a small majority of the Senate. ②The financial manager had to endorse the check at last. endow [in'dau] vt.赋予，授予；资助，捐赠 【例】be endowed with 被赐予 The Future is endowed with such a life,that it lives to us even in anticipation.（2005） energize ['enədʒaiz] vt.供给…能量，使通电；激励，激发，使有活力 【记】词根记忆：en（进入）+erg（能量）+ize→能量进入→供给…能 量 【例】Harlem's powerful political electricity seems unplugged—although the streets are still energized,especially by West African immigrants. （2003）enfeeble [in'fi:bl] vt.使衰弱，使无力 【例】It is a truth that we'd better to strengthen ourselves than to enfeeble the foe. engender [in'dʒendə] vt.产生，造成，引起 【例】Their success in the stock market has engendered jealousy among their neighbors. engross [in'grəus] vt.使全神贯注，使埋首于 【记】联想记忆：en（进入）+gross（总的）→全身心进入一种状态→ 使全神贯注 【例】The murder trial had engrossed the small town for weeks. enhance [in'hɑ:ns;in'hæns] vt.增加，提高，增强 【例】①By cooperation they enhance individuals'own superiority and make up for any inferiority.（1999） ②In an effort to enhance this common identity,larger colleges and universities frequently build their class reunions on participation in smaller units,such as departments or schools.（2012） enigmatic [ˌenig'mætik] adj.难以理解的，神秘的 【例】Sometimes George said things that were enigmatic,and we was puzzled. enliven [in'laivən] vt.使活泼，使有生气 【记】词根记忆：en（使）+liv（生命）+en→使活泼，使有生气 【例】They found Kate an interesting companion,and she did much toenliven their journey. enrage [in'reidʒ] vt.激怒，使狂怒 【记】词根记忆：en（使）+rage（疯狂）→使发疯→激怒 【例】Your words will but enrage him the more and make our sufferings the worse. ensconce [in'skɒns] vt.安置；隐藏 【记】联想记忆：en（进入）+sconce（小堡垒）→进入小堡垒→安置 【例】Nick was comfortably ensconced himself in front of the TV set. ensue [in'sju:] vi.接着发生，随之而来 【例】The scandal would do us enormous harm,apart from the terrible financial panic which would ensue. entail [in'teil] vt.使成为必要，需要 【例】The prospect is disturbing,but trying to stop it might entail even more hard choices. entangle [in'tæŋgl] vt.缠住，使牵连，使复杂 【记】词根记忆：en（使）+tangle（纠缠）→使…纠缠→缠住 【例】At first sight the scheme seemed to entangle us but it was really a logistic one. enthral（l） [in'θrɒ:l] vt.使迷住，吸引住 【例】Gold has enthralled man since the dawn of civilization.For centuries he braved arctic cold,tropic heat and inhuman privations to wrest gold from the earth.（1996）enthrone [in'θrəun] vt.使（国王等）登位，立…为国王 【例】They enthroned him as a sovereign emperor but continued to run his regime. entice [in'tais] vt.引诱，怂恿，教唆 【记】联想记忆：整个的（entire）被引诱（entice）了 【例】The man adopts romantic methods to entice a young girl's affections. entitle [in'taitl] vt.定标题，定名称，称呼；给权利，给…资格 【记】词根记忆：en（使）+title（题目，标题）→使有标题→定标题 【例】Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenship,and you shouldn't feel bad for taking what you're entitled to.You're as good as anyone else. （2000） 【用】常用句式为be entitled to（do）sth.,意思是“对…享有权利，值 得；有（做某事）的资格/权利”。 entity ['entəti] n.独立存在体，实体 【例】Simon,we all find you a fascinating and wonderful entity. entreat [in'tri:t] vt.恳求，哀求，请求 【记】联想记忆：en+treat（处理）→请求给予处理→恳求 【例】I entreated my father to quiet his mind and listened to my explanation. entrust [in'trʌst] vt.委托，交托 【记】联想记忆：en+trust（信任）→十分信任才会委托→委托 【例】The manager showed respect for employees by entrusting them with important decisions.【用】entrust常与with搭配使用表示“委托…做…”。 entwine [in'twain] v.盘绕，（使）缠绕，（使）交错 【例】①As they become entwined with each other politically and economically,Europeans need a way to talk to one another and to the rest of the world.（2002） ②The patronage,entwined with the ordinary deference,was not plain to them.And yet,as they returned to their coach,they showed in their faces a sense of escape.（2011） enumerate [i'nju:məreit] vt.列举，枚举 【记】词根记忆：e（出）+numer（数字）+ate→列出数字→列举，枚 举 【例】It would take a dozen pages to enumerate all the reproaches to the incident the historian addressed in his speech. enviable ['enviəbl] adj.令人羡慕的 【例】Peggy was in the enviable position of not having to work for a living. ephemeral [i'femərəl] adj.短暂的，短命的，朝生暮死的 【记】词根记忆：e+phem（讲话）+eral→就一句话的功夫→短暂的 【例】Beauty is ephemeral;it is the soul and the spirit that last forever. epitome [i'pitəmi] n.缩影，梗概；典型，摘要 【记】词根记忆：epi（在…上）+tom（切割）+e→从上切一块→梗概 【例】①This town was the epitome of depressed areas throughout the whole country. ②This building is considered the epitome of abstract art style.【派】epitomize〔v.作为…的典型（缩影）〕 equable ['ekwəbl] adj.稳定的，均匀的；平和的 【记】词根记忆：equ（平等）+able→能够平等的→稳定的 【例】Simon,who had in no way been distinguished at school,was of a quiet and equable disposition. equitable ['ekwitəbl] adj.公平合理的，公正的 【例】It is an equitable assignment which can not be impeached by both sides. 【派】equate（vt.等同，使相等） equivocal [i'kwivəkəl] adj.有歧义的，模棱两可的，含糊的 【记】词根记忆：equi（平等）+voc（声音）+al→声音平平的→含糊的 【例】We heard that the results of the police enquiry were equivocal. errant ['erənt] adj.误入歧途的，离开正途的 【例】The aim of the organization is to lead the errant youngsters to right ways. 【用】注意errant只能用作定语修饰名词，如an errant sheep。 erratic [i'rætik] adj.反复无常的，不规则的，古怪的 【记】词根记忆：err（漫游）+atic→漫游的→不规则的 【例】The company's erratic performance is a cause for some concern among people. erudite ['eru:dait] adj.博学的【记】词根记忆：e（出）+rud（天然的）+ite→走出天然状态的→博学 的 【例】The famous professor gave us an erudite lecture. erupt [i'rʌpt] v.喷出（熔岩、水、气体、泥浆等）；爆发，突然发生 【记】词根记忆：e（出）+rupt（突发）→爆发 【例】Communities and civic associations in every corner of the country erupted in parades,concerts,balls,lectures,and military displays.（2012） 【派】eruption（n.爆发） escalate ['eskəleit] v.（使）逐步升级，（使）更紧张，（使）越发严重 【例】Gas prices are expected to continue to escalate in the short term. 【用】escalate主要指“（战争等）逐步升级迅速上涨，（物价工资等） 飞快增加”。 eschew [is'tʃu:] vt.避开，远离 【例】A wise person eschews bad company.聪明人远避恶友。 esoteric [ˌesəu'terik] adj.只有内行才懂的；难懂的 【例】The esoteric nature of the knowledge of alchemists contributed to secrecy of the early chemical science. espouse [i'spauz] vt.支持，拥护 【记】联想记忆：e+spouse（配偶）→配偶之间相互扶持→支持，拥护 【例】Recently women are together to struggle to espouse their rights and interests in the work. essence ['esəns] n.本质，实质，要素；精髓，精华；香精，香料【例】①The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.（1996） ②In essence,Morris does a part-time job in our company. 【用】in essence是固定搭配，表示“本质上；大体上；其实”的意思。 estimable ['estiməbl] adj.值得尊敬的 【记】来自esteem（v.尊敬） 【例】The estimable old professor received warm welcome when he arrived in the university. estrange [i'streindʒ] v.使疏远，离间 【例】They estranged due to their distrust with each other. ethereal [i'θiəriəl] adj.轻飘飘的，缥缈的；精致的，微妙的 【例】The girl's speech was melodious,but too ethereal to be heard. Our greatest glory consists not in never falling but in rising every time we fall. ——Goldsmith 我们最值得自豪的不在于从不跌倒，而在于每次跌倒之后都 爬起来。 ——戈德史密斯Word List 7 ethic ['eθik] n.伦理，道德 【例】The medical ethics forbid a doctor to have a love affair with a patient. 【派】ethical（adj.伦理的；合乎道德的）；ethics（n.伦理学；道德准 则） evacuate [i'vækjueit] vt.使撤退，撤离，疏散 【记】词根记忆：e+vacu（空）+ate→使变空→撤离 【例】The citizens had been evacuated to other places before the earthquake happened. evade [i'veid] vt.逃避，规避，避开 【记】词根记忆：e+vad（走）+e→走出去→避开 【例】The suspect evaded all the questions asked by the policemen. 【派】evasive（adj.躲避的，推诿的；不坦率的，转弯抹角的） evanescent [ˌi:və'nesənt] adj.迅速消失的，不久就淡忘的【记】词根记忆：e+van（空）+escent（开始…的）→刚开始就空了→ 迅速消失的 【例】We all know that talks is evanescent but writing leaves footprints. event [i'vent] n.事情；事件，大事；（运动会等的）比赛项目 【例】①Indeed,reunions have increasingly become formal events that are organized on a regular basis and,in the process,they have also become big business.（2012） ②at all events/in any event 无论如何 You should go there on Saturday at all events. ③in the event 到头来 In the event,Newman learned the major that he did not like very much. ④in the event of 万一； 如果 The government should take some actions in the event of war. 【派】eventful（adj.多事的；重大的） evermore [ˌevə'mɒ:] adv.永久，永远 【记】组合词：ever（曾经）+more（更）→永久，永远 【例】When we are falling in love,we usually swore to love each other for evermore. 【用】for evermore是固定搭配，表示“永远”。 evict [i'vikt] vt.（依法）驱逐（房客），赶出，撵走 【记】词根记忆：e+vict（征服）→把…征服出去→驱逐 【例】They were evicted from the house for not paying the rent. 【派】eviction〔n.（租地、租房等的）收回；（租户等的）驱逐〕evince [i'vins] vt.表现出，表明，显示 【记】词根记忆：e+vinc（征服）+e→用（事实）征服→表明 【例】The expert said that the behavior of the boy evinced great intelligence. evoke [i'vəuk] vt.引起，唤起，引发 【记】词根记忆：e（出）+vok（叫喊）+e→喊出来→唤起 【例】The old song in the concert evoked our memories of our childhood. 【派】evocative（adj.引起回忆的，唤起感情的） evolve [i'vɒlv] v.（使）发展，进化，演化；设计；使逐步形成；引申出，推论 【记】词根记忆：e（出）+volv（卷，转）+e→转出来→发展，进化 【例】Let's take a look at how it evolved over the years,its features,its present status,etc.（1998听力） 【用】evolve后可接介词from和into，前者表示“由…进化而来”，后者表 示“进化为…”。exacerbate [ek'sæsəbeit] vt.使加剧，使恶化 【例】Government's interference exacerbated the difficult in the situation of the economy. exalt [ig'zɒ:lt] vt.使升高；提高…的地位（荣誉等）；赞扬，吹捧；（使）喜悦 【记】词根记忆：ex（出）+alt（高）→给出高评价→赞扬 【例】①All the staff were happy to hear that Jack was exalted to the position of general manager. ②His poems were highly exalted by critics. 【派】exaltation（n.兴高采烈）；exalted（adj.高贵；崇高的；得意洋洋 的） exasperate [ig'zɑ:spəreit] vt.激怒，使气恼 【记】词根记忆：ex+asper（粗糙）+ate→人品“粗糙”，让人气恼→激 怒 【例】Our refusal to cooperate exasperated the opponent and they definitely take actions to resist us. excavate ['ekskəveit] v.挖（洞），开凿；发掘，使（古物）出土 【记】词根记忆：ex+cav（洞）+ate→挖出洞→发掘 【例】Although the buried city was excavated,it was partly destroyed. excise ['eksaiz][ik'saiz] n.（国产）货物税，消费税 vt.切除，删除 【记】词根记忆：ex+cis（切）+e→切出去→切除 【例】The film censor insisted on excising the violent scenes from the film. execrable ['eksikrəbl]adj.极坏的，恶劣的 【例】We have suffered the execrable weather for five days and it delayed our progress. exemplary [ig'zempləri] adj.可作楷模的，典范的 【例】His behavior can be regarded as exemplary one and he received our respect. exemplify [ig'zemplifai] vt.是…的榜样；举例说明 【记】来自example（n.榜样） 【例】The professor tried to exemplify the problems involved in simple words. exhilarate [ig'ziləreit] vt.使高兴，使兴奋 【记】词根记忆：ex+hilar（高兴）+ate→使高兴 【例】We felt exhilarated by our walking along the beach at dusk. 【用】exhilarate通常用于被动语态中。 【派】exhilarating（adj.使人兴奋的，令人高兴的） exhort [ig'zɒ:t] vt.劝告，规劝，告诫 【记】词根记忆：ex+hort（鼓励）→一些好的鼓励→劝告 【例】The teacher exhorted the students to work harder during the end of the term. 【用】exhort sb.to do sth.表示“劝告某人做某事”。 existence [ig'zistəns] n.存在，生存；生活方式；发生 【记】联想记忆：exist（存在）+ence→存在；生活（方式） 【例】①The very existence of paper copy has been brought into questiononce more.（2000） ②come into existence 产生 When did this theory come into existence? 【派】existent（adj.存在的，目前的，现行的） exonerate [ig'zɒnəreit] vt.使免受责备（或指控） 【记】词根记忆：ex+oner（负担）+ate→走出负担→使免受责备 【例】The judge announced that the man was exonerated from all responsibility for the accident. exotic [ig'zɒtik] adj.珍奇的，奇异的，外国产的 【例】People who choose to go on exotic,far-flung holidays deserve free health advice before they travel.（1996） expansive [ik'spænsiv] adj.友善的，健谈的，豪爽的；可扩大（或伸展）的 【记】来自expand（v.扩大，膨胀） 【例】Some people tend to be in an expansive mood after a few drinks. expedient [ik'spi:diənt] adj.方便的，适当的；（行动）有用的，有利的，可取的n.权宜之计， 应急办法 【记】联想记忆：ex（出）+ped（脚）+ient→暂时不涉足→权宜之计 【例】①In such urgent situation it's better to take actions that are expedient rather than principled. ②We should resort to various expedients to raise funds. expedite ['ekspidait] vt.使（计划等）加快实施，加速（行动等），促进 【记】词根记忆：ex（加强）+ped（脚）+ite→加快脚步→加速 【例】Today,cooperation still plays a very important role in our competitive world.We all know that predominance will expedite social and economicdevelopment.（1999） explicable ['eksplikəbl] adj.可解释的，可理解的 【记】词根记忆：ex+plic（重叠）+able→去除重叠的→可解释的 【例】After deep investigation the experts maintained that the crop failure wasn't explicable. expound [ik'spaund] v.详述，阐述，解释 【记】词根记忆：ex+pound（放）→放出道理→解释 【例】Tim expounded his views on the reform to his manager at great length. express [ik'spres] vt.表达，表示，表白n.快车adj.明白的，确切的；快速的 【记】联想记忆：ex+press（挤压）→挤出心里话来→表白 【例】①The person speaking isn't always the one whose intentions are being expressed.（2004听力） ②Art can express the essential qualities of a time and a place,and the study of it clearly offers us a deeper understanding than can be found in most history books and enables us to learn more things about human society and civilization.（2007听力） ③In addition to convey meanings with tone of voice,we can also express our intentions through the ways in which we use our bodies.（2010听力） 【用】express oneself表示“表达自己的思想、感情等”。 【派】expression〔n.表示，表达（方式），词语；表情；表露，体 现〕；expressive（adj.富于表情的，富于表现力的）；expressly（adv.明 确地；特别地，专程地） expropriate [eks'prəuprieit] vt.征用，没收 【记】词根记忆：ex+propr（拥有）+iate→不再拥有→没收【例】The government decided to expropriate the large area for military use. expunge [ik'spʌndʒ] vt.删去，除去 【例】I corrected some factual slips and expunged some repetitions in my composition. extent [ik'stent] n.范围，广度，长度；程度，限度 【记】词根记忆：ex（出）+tent（伸展）→伸展出的距离→范围 【例】to some extent 从某种程度上来说 There would be so many people spending so much of their time on other activities,including other forms of useful work,that the primacy of employment would be bound to be called into question,at least to some extent.（1998） exterminate [ik'stə:mineit] vt.彻底毁灭，根除，灭绝 【记】词根记忆：ex+termin（范围，结束）+ate→从范围中出去→灭绝 【例】Relevant departments announced that they must exterminate rats to prevent the spread of disease. extol（l） [ik'stəul] vt.颂扬，赞美 【例】We should extol the high virtues and the greatness of our nation. extort [ik'stɒ:t] vt.强索，勒索，敲诈 【记】联想记忆：ex+tort（扭曲）→思想扭曲想要勒索→勒索 【例】The terrorist groups extorted millions of dollars from the hostages. 【派】extortionate〔adj.勒索的，（要求、价格等）很高的，过分的〕 extract [ik'strækt]['ekstrækt] vt.拔出；设法得到；榨取，提取，吸取 n.提取物【记】词根记忆：ex（出）+tract（拉）→拉出→拔出 【例】The police questioned the criminal for several hours,but couldn't extract any further information. 【派】extraction（n.取出，强索；拔牙；血统，出身）；extractor（n.榨 取者；榨汁机；榨油机） extradite ['ekstrədait] vt.引渡（罪犯） 【例】The government offered a promise not to extradite traffickers who surrender and confess. extraneous [ek'streinjəs] adj.非直接关联的，与正题无关的；外来的 【例】The biologists consider the substance is extraneous after studying it. extrapolate [ek'stræpəleit] v.推断，推知，推测 【记】词根记忆：extra（以外）+pol（放）+ate→放出想法→推测 【例】It is impossible to extrapolate future developments of economy from current trends. extremity [ik'streməti] n.极端；末端；极限；尽头 【例】①They stood together at the other extremity of the library and talked loudly. ②In this extremity of grief and sorrow,she fell into a high fever. extricate ['ekstrikeit] vt.解救，使摆脱，释放 【记】词根记忆：ex+tric（复杂，迷惑）+ate→摆脱复杂事物→解救 【例】It took firemen an hour to extricate the driver from the wrecked car. exuberant [ig'zju:bərənt] adj.生气勃勃的；兴高采烈的【记】词根记忆：ex（出）+uber（果实）+ant→出果实的→生气勃勃的 【例】The children were exuberant,singing and dancing at the party. exude [ig'zju:d] v.（使）渗出，缓慢流出；分泌出 【例】The tree exudes a gum that can be used for making a tyre. fabricate ['fæbrikeit] vt.捏造，编造，虚构 【记】词根记忆：fabr（制作）+icate→制作出来→捏造 【例】The person who fabricates the facts will get fired in the newspaper office. facet ['fæsit] n.（宝石等的）琢面；（事物等的）一面，方面 【记】词根记忆：fac（脸，面）+et→方面 【例】①Each facet of the diamond is elaborately cut. ②We have studied every facet of your missions. facile ['fæsail] adj.过分简易的，肤浅的 【记】词根记忆：fac（做）+ile（能…的）→能做的→过分简易的 【例】The government only proposed a facile solution to the complex problem. factitious [fæk'tiʃəs] adj.不自然的，人为的 【记】词根记忆：fact（做）+it+ious→它是做出来的→人为的 【例】The relevant department must find some ways to deal with the factitious prosperity in the stock market. failing ['feiliŋ] n.弱点，缺点prep.如果没有，若无…【例】①One obvious failing in this city is that the gap between the rich and the poor is becoming bigger. ②Failing specific instructions,we can use our own judgment and make a decision. 【用】注意failing有介词“如果没有，若无…”的意思。 faint [feint] adj.虚弱的，眩晕的；无力的，懦弱的，微弱的；模糊的；微小的，渺 茫的vi.昏厥，晕倒 【记】网上聊天常说的FT，就是faint的缩写，意为“晕倒”。 【例】She walked abstractedly about on the edge of the wood,with wide,vivid dark eyes,and a faint flush in her cheeks.（2004） fainthearted [ˌfeint'hɑ:tid] adj.怯懦的，胆怯的 【例】Fainthearted self-indulgence will never lead us to the success. fallacious [fə'leiʃəs] adj.谬误的；靠不住的，虚妄的 【记】词根记忆：fall（错误）+acious（多…的）→错误多的→靠不住 的 【例】If we are to retort this fallacious conclusion we shall have to find out the reason. 【派】fallacy（n.谬论，谬误推理） fallible ['fæləbl] adj.会犯错误的，易出错的 【记】词根记忆：fall（错误）+ible→易出错的 【例】The laws and regulations are fallible because they're created by men. fallow ['fæləu] adj.休耕的，荒芜的；淡棕色的 【例】We all agreed that fallow or underused land is of no help to theeconomic development. falsify ['fɒ:lsifai] vt.篡改，伪造 【记】词根记忆：fals（欺骗）+ify→欺骗别人→伪造 【例】The whole team was punished for falsifying official government records. falsity ['fɒ:lsəti] n.虚假，虚伪 【例】The truth or falsity of a statement depends on facts and not on any power. familiar [fə'miljə] adj.熟悉的，通晓的；无拘束的，随便的，亲近的 【例】①be familiar with 熟悉 What is writing a research paper like?We may start comparing it to an ordinary essay,a form of writing you are very familiar with.（2002听力） ②be familiar to 了解 It was spoken by the merchant classes of London in the 14th century and would have been familiar to students attending the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in the Middle Ages.（1998听力） 【用】注意familiar to与familiar with的区别：前者指因见得多了或听得 多了而对某事、某人很熟悉；后者是对某事物熟悉而精通的意思。 【派】familiarity（n.熟悉，知晓）；familiarize/familiarise（v.使熟悉， 使通晓） fanciful ['fænsiful] adj.爱空想的，富幻想的，非理性的 【例】The conclusion is destined to be fail because it is usually based on fanciful judgment. 【派】fantasise/fantasize（v.想象，幻想）faraway ['fɑ:rəˌwei] adj.遥远的；（神情）恍惚的，心不在焉的 【记】来自词组far away（遥远） 【例】Something must be happened—Jack kept a faraway look all day long. far-fetched [fɑ:'fetʃt] adj.难以置信的，牵强的 【例】Well,government conspiracies I think are a little far-fetched because,I mean,it's very hard for me to keep a secret with a friend of mine.（2003听 力） farsighted [ˌfɑ:'saitid] adj.有远见的，深谋远虑的，目光远大的 【记】联想记忆：far（远）+sight（视阈，眼界）+ed→看得远→有远见 的 【例】We need large goals that required farsighted policies if want to make a great career. fastidious [fæ'stidiəs] adj.吹毛求疵的，爱挑剔的，难以取悦的【记】联想记忆：fast（绝食）+idious（=tedious，乏味的）→因乏味而 绝食→挑剔的 【例】The manager is so fastidious with both employees and their behavior. fatuous ['fætjuəs] adj.愚蠢的，荒谬的，愚昧的 【例】George may be the most fatuous person,but he must be the loyal man. favo（u）r ['feivə] n.好感，喜爱；赞同，支持；偏袒，偏爱；恩惠，善意的行为，优惠vt. 喜爱，偏袒；赐予，给以；支持，鼓励，赞成；有利于，有助于 【例】①in favor of 支持 You are in favor of this idea and have therefore decided to write to your university campus radio a passage.（1996） ②in sb.'s favor 占据…的优势 Adolph had his height and weight in his favor during the fight. 【用】favor还有out of favor with“失宠（于），不受欢迎”和do sb.a favor“帮某人一个忙”这两个词组。 【派】favo（u）rable（adj.有利的；称赞的；讨人喜欢的）；favo（u） rite〔adj.特别喜爱的n.特别喜爱的人（物），宠儿；最有希望的获胜 者〕 faze [feiz] vt.使惊慌失措，使震惊得说不出话来 【例】The girl was fazed by the news that her mother would desert her. 【用】faze一般用于被动语态中。 feature ['fi:tʃə] n.面貌的一部分，脸形；特征，特点，特色；（电影）正片，故事片 （报纸等的）特写v.是…的特色，以…为特色 【例】①This future-mindedness explains many modern features of American life.（2005） ②Measuring 1.4meters wide,two meters in length and 2.3meters in height,Sleepbox's star feature is a two-meter-long bed made of polymer foam and pulp tissue that changes bed linen automatically.（2013听力）feckless ['feklis] adj.无用的，不负责任的 【例】Perhaps the lad was a feckless man judged from his words and behavior. fecund ['fi:kənd] adj.肥沃的，丰饶的 【记】发音记忆：“翻垦”→可翻垦的土地→肥沃的 【例】The large and fecund fish thrived in the lake. feign [fein] vt.假装，佯作，冒充 【例】The silence I feigned did not mean that I agreed with your opinion. feint [feint] n./v.佯攻，虚晃 【例】The fighter feinted with his right hand and struck his adversary with his left. fend [fend] v.照顾自己，自谋生路 【例】Although young animals are certainly at risk,sometimes for weeks or even months after birth,compared with the human infant they very quickly grow the capacity to fend for themselves.（1998） 【用】fend常与for连用构成fend for oneself，表示“照顾自己”的意思。 ferocity [fə'rɒsəti] n.凶恶，残暴 【例】The policemen were shocked by the ferocity of the attack when they went to the scene. fervent ['fə:vənt] adj.热情的，热烈的，热诚的【记】词根记忆：ferv（沸腾，发热）+ent→热烈的 【例】Tony looked at the friends around him and spoke in a fervent voice. fervo（u）r ['fə:və] n.热情，热诚 【记】词根记忆：ferv（沸腾，发热）+our→热诚 【例】It's said that the man was cold and no fervor could infect him. fester ['festə] vi.（伤口）化脓，溃烂 【例】A dirty wound will probably fester and cause a fever. fetid ['fetid] adj.恶臭的 【例】I went across the street where,after the fetid air of the sewers,I breathed in the fresh air gratefully. fetter ['fetə] n.脚镣，桎梏，束缚vt.束缚，拘束 【例】①The businessman sighed over the family as fetter on career. ②We need to ensure that the obligations do not fetter the company'spowers. feud [fju:d] n./vi.宿怨，世仇，长期不和 【例】You can hear plenty about bitter family feuds and the sorrows of alcoholism and about perfectly sensible people who went off one day and killed themselves.（2000） feverish ['fi:vəriʃ] adj.发热的，发烧的，狂热的 【记】联想记忆：fever（发烧）+ish→发烧的 【例】The football fans passed a restless and feverish night after the win of the game.fiasco [fi'æskəu] n.完全失败，惨败 【记】联想记忆：敦煌的壁画（fresco）被外国人掠夺，对我们来说是 一个惨败（fiasco） 【例】The attack was a complete fiasco,and the fighting was soon all over. fickle ['fikl] adj.易变的，无常的，不专的 【例】We could never rely on the person who is a fickle man. fictitious [fik'tiʃəs] adj.非真实的，虚构的，杜撰的 【记】词根记忆：fict（做）+it+ious→做出来的→虚构的 【例】The fact is that all these superstitions are altogether on a fictitious basis. fiddling ['fidliŋ] adj.微小的，微不足道的，无足轻重的 【例】People are unlikely to pay much more attention to his fiddling decisions.fiddly ['fidli] adj.难弄的，费事的，不便使用的 【例】I managed to fix the television,but it was a time-consuming and fiddly job. fidget ['fidʒit] vi.坐立不安，烦躁n.坐立不安的人 【记】和budget（n.预算）一起记，花钱超过了预算（budget），所以很 烦躁（fidget） 【例】Jane fidgeted in her chair,waiting for the result of the check-up. fiendish ['fi:ndiʃ] adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极坏的；巧妙而复杂的 【例】①There is an expression of fiendish cunning in his face. ②All the students are puzzled by some fiendish exam questions. filial ['filiəl] adj.子女（应做）的；孝顺的 【记】词根记忆：fil（儿子）+ial→儿子的→子女的 【例】The law cannot legislate filial responsibility any more than it can legislate love.（1999） fingertip ['fiŋgətip] n.指端，指尖 【记】组合词：finger（手指）+tip（尖端）→指尖，指端 【例】have sth.at one's fingertips了如指掌We have all the facts and figures of the election at our fingertips. 【用】词组to one's fingertips表示“各方面；完全，彻底”。 finicky ['finiki] adj.苛求的，过分讲究的 【记】finical（adj.讲究的）的变体【例】A finicky eater usually has thin body and lacks nutrition. fiscal ['fiskəl] adj.财务的，财政的，会计的 【记】词根记忆：fisc（钱包，引申为国库）+al→财政的 【例】Advising and upgrading the qualifications of personnel working in the fiscal system can lead to increased tax revenues which could be allocated for anti-poverty measures.（2004） fitful ['fitful] adj.一阵阵的；不规则的；不安定的 【例】I thought of God as a strangely emotional being.He was powerful;He was forgiving yet obdurate,full of warmth and affection.Both his warmth and affection were fitful.（1996） flabby ['flæbi] adj.（肌肉）松软的，软弱无力的 【例】The huge man is a little too flabby to be a real athlete. flagrant ['fleigrənt] adj.穷凶极恶的，骇人听闻的，明目张胆的 【例】The use of poison gas was a flagrant violation of international law. flail [fleil] v.猛挥，挥舞，乱舞 【例】It caused much dispute that the policemen flailed with their sticks on the criminals. flair [fleə] n.天赋，本领，才华 【例】A good salesman requires skill,flair,and a good knowledge of your product. flamboyant [flæm'bɒiənt] adj.华丽的，鲜艳的；炫耀的，浮华的【例】The man is a flamboyant entrepreneur and one of France's fastest rising political stars.（1996） flatten ['flætən] v.（使）变平；彻底打败（某人） 【记】来自flat（adj.平坦的） 【例】But now,the growth rate of paper sales in the United States is flattening by about half a percent each year.（2011） 【用】flatten out表示“（使）变平”。 flaunt [flɒ:nt] vt.炫耀，夸示 【例】Tina's very rich,but she doesn't like to flaunt her wealth or waste money.Word List 8 flavo（u）r ['fleivə] n.味，味道，风味；风韵；特色，特点 【例】Diners at this top restaurant always enjoy the flavour of a seafood dish. flawless ['flɒ:lis] adj.无瑕的，完美的 【例】The sky with a few cirrus clouds looks like a flawless blue canvas. fleet [fli:t] n.舰队adj.快速的 【记】和flee（逃跑）一起记；舰队（fleet）遇到问题赶紧逃跑（flee） 【例】Among the great cities of the world,Kolkata（formerly spelt as Calcutta）,the capital of India's West Bengal,and the home of nearly 15million people,is often mentioned as the only one that still has a large fleet of hand-pulled rickshaws.（2010） 【用】combined fleet是常用搭配，表示“联合舰队”。 fleeting ['fli:tiŋ] adj.短暂的，稍纵即逝的 【例】Happiness and sorrow always both seemed fleeting to me.flex [fleks] n.皮线，花线vt.弯曲，伸展 【例】The country held a sham battle to flex his muscles in military affairs. flicker ['flikə] n./vi.（火焰）闪烁，摇曳；摆动，晃动 【记】联想记忆：flick（弹）+er→弹指神通的功夫让灯光闪烁→闪烁； 摇曳 【例】In the dark we saw a torch was flickering and moving towards us. flighty ['flaiti] adj.善变的，难捉摸的；突发奇想的 【例】The lady had always been a bit flighty in her taste on clothes. flimsy ['flimzi] adj.轻而薄的，脆弱的，易损坏的 【记】联想记忆：film（胶卷）的变体flim+sy→薄薄的胶卷→脆弱的 【例】It was impossible to sleep under a single flimsy blanket on such a cold night. flinch [flintʃ] vi.退缩，畏缩 【记】联想记忆：fl（看作fly，飞）+inch（寸）→一寸一寸向后飞→退 缩 【例】The strange man went to hug the children but they both flinched. flippant ['flipənt] adj.轻浮的，轻率的 【例】I hate his flippant tone of speaking and flippant attitude. flirt [flə:t] vi.调情n.调情者 【例】flirt with 调情 The waitress flirted with some of the customers at thebar. 【用】词组flirt with还有“不认真地考虑或对待；举动轻率”的意思。 flog [flɒg] vt.重打，鞭打 【例】The argument that poverty breeds crime is again being flogged by some people. floppy ['flɒpi] adj.松软的，下垂的 【记】过去电脑中的软盘floppy disk 【例】Nick shoved the floppy disk into the slot on his computer. florid ['flɒrid] adj.过分华丽的，过分装饰的；（脸色）红润的 【记】词根记忆：flor（花）+id→像花一样的→过分华丽的 【例】①The book written in a very florid style sells very well. ②The man had a florid complexion. flounder ['flaundə] vi.（在水中）挣扎，肢体乱动；错乱地说话（或行动） 【记】联想记忆：flo（看作flow，流）+under（在…下面）→在下面流 动→挣扎 【例】①The lifeguard saw some kids floundering in the shallow water. ②If the economy is floundering and confidence has faltered,the govern-ment must take measures to deal with it.flout [flaut] vt.蔑视；违抗 【记】联想记忆：fl（=fly）+out（出去）→飞出去→不再服从命令→违 抗 【例】①Thousands of people are killed on the roads every year,but many drivers flout speed limits. ②The handicapped flouted at fate and won a gold medal in the race. flunk [flʌŋk] v.通不过（考试等）；评定（某人）不及格 【例】Though Jane studied very hard for the exam,she still flunked. flurry ['flʌri]['flə:ri] n.骤雨，阵雨（风、雪等）；激动，慌张；爆发，骚动 vt.使迷乱，使慌张 【记】联想记忆：风雨（flurry）中行人匆匆（hurry） 【例】①The weather forecast reported that colder temperatures and snow flurries are expected tonight. ②The actor was flurried by the noise in the audience so that he forgot his lines.flush [flʌʃ] v.冲洗，清除；脸红，发红，发亮；涌流；（使）兴奋，激动n.红晕， 潮红；急流，冲洗；兴奋，一阵感情adj.富裕的，充足的；和…齐平 【记】和blush（v.脸红）一起记 【例】①New public toilets in this city will flush using rainwater collected in underground tanks. ②Bell fumbles with the flush handle of the toilet,depressing it. foil ['fɒil] vt.阻挠；（使）挫败n.花剑 【记】和形近词soil（n.土壤）一起记 【例】His wish to become a pilot was foiled by an eye-sight deficiency. foist [fɒist] vt.把…强加于 【例】Some critics attempted to foist such insulting words upon him. 【用】“把…强加于某人身上”要用foist sth.on/upon sb.。 follow ['fɒləu] v.跟随，接着，沿着…行进；领会，听懂；遵循，听从；是…的必然结 果，因…而起；密切注意，注视，倾听；追求，支持，以…为业n.跟 随，追随 【例】①People in a low-context culture would be much more upset with lateness because they feel that everyone should follow the same time;there shouldn't be all this flexibility with time and they expect punctuality.（2011 听力） ②as follows 如下 There are a multitude of reasons for this slippery slope of increased self-centeredness and lack of sympathy for the welfare of others,but I am convinced that the main ones are as follows.（2003） 【派】follower（n.追随者，拥护者，信徒）；following（n.一批追随者 adj.下一个的，其次的；下列的，下述的prep.在…以后） forage ['fɒridʒ]n.饲料，粮草vi.搜寻，翻寻；觅（食） 【例】The animals teach their children to forage and survive in the wild. forbear [fɒ:'beə] vi.忍住，控制，抑制n.祖先，祖宗 【记】联想记忆：for+bear（忍受）→忍住，抑制 【例】Parents should try to forbear their wrath in front of children. 【用】forbear作名词当“祖先，祖宗”讲的时候通常用复数表示。 forbidding [fə'bidiŋ] adj.样子冷淡的，严峻的；令人生畏的 【例】The forbidding countenance of father deeply impressed in the memory of the boy. forcible ['fɒ:səbl] adj.用暴力的，强行的；有说服力的，强有力的 【例】①The law permits that the police has the right to make a forcible entry into any houses. ②The forcible salesman has high endowment in selling. forebode [fɒ:'bəud] vt.预示（尤指坏事） 【记】组合词：fore（提前）+bode（预示）→预示 【例】I have a bad feeling that forebodes the happening of the some disasters. 【派】foreboding（n.不祥的预感） forego [fɒ:'gəu] vt.放弃，弃绝；在…之前 【记】词根记忆：fore（在…之前）+go→在…之前 【例】The biggest cost of being in school is foregoing income from a job that is primarily a factor in graduate and professional-school tuition. （2005）foreshadow [fɒ:'ʃædəu] vt.预示，是…的预兆 【例】The outcome is foreshadowed that the government will devote more attention to tax relief than deficit reduction. forestall [fɒ:'stɒ:l] vt.先发制人，预先阻止 【记】词根记忆：fore（在…前）+stall（停止）→在前面使其停止→预 先阻止 【例】The police decided to take some measures to forestall further attacks. forfeit ['fɒ:fit] vt.被没收；丧失，失去n.罚金，没收物 【例】A team without showing up with enough players means that they forfeit the game. forge [fɒ:dʒ] vt.稳步前进；伪造；锤炼，打制，使形成 【记】发音记忆：“仿制”→伪造，假冒 【例】①A good employee should forge his own career paths and prove his worth every single day. ②The secretary forged her manager's signature on the cheque. 【派】forgery〔n.（文件、签字等的）伪造；伪造罪；伪造品〕 forlorn [fə'lɒ:n] adj.孤独而凄凉的，无人照顾的，被离弃的 【记】词根记忆：for（出去）+lorn（被弃的）→抛弃→无人照顾的 【例】The kids without parents are quite forlorn and they need the care of the society. formative ['fɒ:mətiv] adj.形成的；成长的 【例】There are some experiences in one's formative years that areunforgettable. formulate ['fɒ:mjuleit] vt.使公式化；确切地表述；构想；制订 【记】词根记忆：form（形状）+ulate→定下形状→使公式化 【例】The Electronic Government is an integral part of Hong Kong's Digital Strategy formulated in 1998to make Hong Kong both a regional and worldwide Internet centre.（2002听力） 【派】formulation（n.公式化） forsake [fə'seik] vt.遗弃，抛弃；离开 【记】联想记忆：for（出去）+sake（缘故）→为了某种缘故而抛出去 →遗弃 【例】Sam was forsaken by his companions when he was in danger. forthright ['fɒ:θrait] adj.直率的，直言不讳的，言行坦诚的 【记】联想记忆：forth（向外）+right（公正）→对外、对内都是公正 的→言行坦诚的 【例】The man's forthright comments angered the boss and he was fired consequently. fortify ['fɒ:tifai] vt.防卫，筑防御工事；支持；增强、增加（食物的）营养价值 【记】词根记忆：fort（力量）+ify→使有力量→增强 【例】At the fast-food Africa Hut,weary shoppers fortify themselves with oxtail stew and pap,a maize-based starch.（1998） fortuitous [fɒ:'tju:itəs] adj.偶然的，偶然发生的 【记】词根记忆：fortu（=fort，运气）+it+ous（…的）→运气的→偶然 发生的【例】A fortuitous fire destroyed many houses and caused 10people to die. fractious ['frækʃəs] adj.暴躁的，易怒的，脾气坏的 【记】词根记忆：fract（打破）+ious→动不动就摔东西→暴躁的 【例】Dwight Eisenhower had led a fractious alliance—you didn't tell Winston Churchill what to do—in a massive,chaotic war.（2003） fracture ['fræktʃə] n.骨折；折断，破裂v.（使）破裂，（使）折断，破碎 【记】词根记忆：fract（碎裂）+ure→骨头碎了→骨折 【例】When former President Ronald Reagan fell and broke his hip at the age of 89,he joined a group of more than 350,000elderly Americans who fracture their hips each year.（2005） frantic ['fræntik] adj.（因恐惧、焦急、喜悦等）发狂（似）的，发疯的；狂乱的；令人 绝望的；不顾一切的 【例】There was frantic blame-shifting when everything in Asia seemed to be going wrong:now there is a race to claim credit when some things have started to go right.（2001） fraternal [frə'tə:nəl] adj.兄弟（般）的；友好的 【记】词根记忆：fratern（兄弟）+al→兄弟的 【例】Little fraternal love existed between the two governments. fraudulent ['frɒ:djulənt] adj.欺骗的，不诚实的，骗人的 【例】The international financial markets are ready to expose and discipline fraudulent dealings. fraught [frɒ:t] adj.充满的；烦恼的，担心的，令人忧虑的；难以应付的【例】①The agreement contracted by the two government was fraught with danger. ②The mother looked at her feverish child with a fraught expression. 【用】词组be fraught with sth.表示“充满…”。 fray [frei] v.磨损，磨破；使变得令人紧张（急躁）n.打斗，争吵；斗争 【记】和pray（v.祈求）一起记 【例】①Her fair feet were bruised and frayed by the high-heel shoes. ②Our tempers tend to begin to fray in the hot weather. freehand ['fri:hænd] adj./adv.徒手的（地） 【例】Even a freehand sketch of this famous painter is very valuable. frenetic [frə'netik] adj.极度激动的，狂热的，狂乱的 【记】词根记忆：fren（=phren，心灵）+etic→心灵不受控制了→狂乱 的 【例】The frenetic behavior means she gets bored easily in every thing she does. frenzied ['frenzid] adj.狂乱的，狂躁的，发狂的 【例】Future-mindedness contributes to the disorder in American life,the obliviousness to history,the high rates of family breakdown,the frenzied waste of natural resources.（2005） 【派】frenzy（n.极度的激动，狂热，狂乱） fret [fret] v.（使）烦恼，（使）发愁；侵蚀，（使）磨损n.苦恼，烦躁；担忧 【记】联想记忆：心灵不自由（free），所以不愉快→烦躁（fret） 【例】They fret that the system might not provide enough help in times ofthe economic crisis. 【派】fretful（adj.苦恼的，烦躁的） frisk [frisk] vt.搜身，搜查 【记】和risk（v.冒险）一起记 【例】Visitors to the ceremony were frisked and asked to walk through metal detectors. fritter ['fritə] vt.浪费，挥霍 【例】The playboy frittered all his money away on beer and skittles. frivolous ['frivələs] adj.轻浮的，妄为的；漫不经心的，轻率的；无聊的，浪费的 【例】①His frivolous decision might cause severe consequence. ②Work time is too valuable to waste on frivolous games. 【派】frivolity〔adj.轻浮的（言语、举止），轻薄；轻松的娱乐〕 frolic ['frɒlik] vi.嬉戏，雀跃 【例】It's dangerous for the children to frolic in the street. 【用】frolic的过去式和过去分词是frolicked，现在分词是frolicking。 froth [frɒθ] n.（液体表面上的）泡，泡沫；空谈；浅薄空洞的想法vi.起泡沫，冒泡 【记】联想记忆：青蛙（frog）爱吐泡沫状唾液（froth） 【例】①The book has too much froth and groundless deduction. ②Beer and cola beverages froth when they are poured out. fudge [fʌdʒ] n.软糖v.拼凑，粗制滥造，捏造；规避，逃避，敷衍 【例】①We all consider that every time he flutters his eyes he is fudging onthe truth. ②Tim tried to fudge his responsibility of the accident. fugitive ['fju:dʒitiv] n.逃亡者，逃犯adj.逃跑的，逃亡的；短暂的，瞬间的 【记】词根记忆：fug（逃）+itive→逃跑的 【例】We should cherish time because the fugitive hours are gone and would never return. fumble ['fʌmbl] v.瞎摸，摸索；笨手笨脚地做n.摸索；乱摸；笨拙地处理 【例】①The worker fumbled with his tool pouch,and took out a pair of pliers. ②The drunk man fumbled at the knob and entered the room. fundamental [ˌfʌndə'mentəl] adj.根本的，基础的n.基本原则；基本部分 【记】来自fundament（基础）+al（…的）→基础的，根本的 【例】The last characteristic which I think is the most fundamental one is to accept much of the responsibility for learning.（2013听力） 【用】fundamental law是常用搭配，表示“基本定律”。 funky ['fʌnki] adj.新式的，时髦的；（爵士乐等）有独特节奏和表现力的 【例】There are many people wearing funky fur coats in winter in Harbin. furl [fə:l] v.卷紧，收拢，收叠 【例】The shirt doesn't furl neatly so it has many pleats. furtive ['fə:tiv] adj.偷偷摸摸的，鬼鬼祟祟的，躲躲闪闪的 【记】联想记忆：fur（毛皮）＋tive→偷偷把名贵毛皮卷走了→鬼鬼祟祟的 【例】The two girls exchanged furtive glances and giggled. futility [fju:'tiləti] n.无效，无用；无益 【记】和utility（n.效用）一起记 【例】The discussion without evidence and truth is of futility. fuzzy ['fʌzi] adj.绒毛般的，毛茸茸的；模糊的，不清楚的 【例】①A fuzzy gray rabbit was knocked to death by a car when it flashed across the road. ②The patient who bruised his head only had a fuzzy recollection of past events. 【派】fuzz（n.细毛，绒毛，轻柔的物） gabble ['gæbl] v.急促而含混地说（话）n.急促不清的话 【记】来自gab（闲聊，唠叨）+ble→急促而含混地说 【例】It's hard to understand when someone is gabbling. gaiety ['geiəti] n.欢乐，高兴 【例】We all immersed in the gaiety of the holiday. gallant ['gælənt] adj.英勇的，豪侠的；（向女人）献殷勤的 【例】Albert made a gallant attempt to save his career. gallantry ['gæləntri] n.勇敢；殷勤 【例】His defenders said he could not help living with the 1930s values he had acquired and somewhat dubiously went on to cite“gallantry”as chiefamong them.（2000） galvanize ['gælvənaiz] vt.给（金属）镀锌；刺激（某人）；使兴奋，激励 【例】①Tom was told that all the water pipes in his house needed galvanizing. ②That threat of losing his job galvanized Adam into action. 【用】搭配galvanize sb.into sth./doing sth.表示“刺激/激励某人做某事”。 gape [geip] vi.目瞪口呆地凝视；张开，裂开 【例】Caroline gaped at the old man,not believing that he was her lover who disappeared 20years ago. 【用】词组gape at是“目瞪口呆地凝视”。 gauge [geidʒ] n.量具；规格，标准，尺度vt.量，测量；估计，判定 【例】①What is the significance of life?Is there any gauge available to measure it? ②We can gauge a person's ability through his actual performance. 【用】作“标准”讲时，gauge与standard的意义相同。 gaunt [gɒ:nt] adj.憔悴的，骨瘦如柴的；荒凉的，不毛的 【记】联想记忆：因被嘲弄（taunt），所以憔悴（gaunt） 【例】①Jane's dry pallid face often looked gaunt. ②Bray was found on a gaunt hillside.generate ['dʒenəreit] vt.使发生，引起，生成 【记】词根记忆：gener（产生）+ate→生成 【例】That does not mean it hasn't generated discussion.（1999） 【派】generative（adj.生成的；生殖的） generic [dʒi'nerik] adj.一般的，普通的，共有的 【记】词根记忆：gener（种族）+ic→所有种族的→共有的 【例】Do you know the generic term for this kind of drink? 【用】generic一般表示属于全部的或对全部有影响的，强调整体。 genial ['dʒi:njəl] adj.友好的，亲切的，和蔼可亲的 【记】词根记忆：gen（产生）+ial→产生好感的→友好的 【例】Students like staying with this professor because of his genial character. 【用】genial除指人性格好之外，还可指气候宜人。 genteel [dʒen'ti:l]adj.（做作或过分显示）文雅的；有礼貌的，有教养的；上流社会的 【记】和gentle（adj.文雅的）一起记 【例】I will never forget the genteel,urbane,salon-like atmosphere. 【用】genteel强调做作的文雅，如咬文嚼字等，有时略带贬义。 gentility [dʒen'tiləti] n.文雅；彬彬有礼；高贵的身份 【记】词根记忆：gent（le）（温和的，文雅的）+ility→文雅，有教养 【例】The decline of civility and good manners may be worrying people more than crime,according to Gentility Recalled,edited by Digby Anderson,which laments the breakdown of traditional codes that once regulated social conduct.（1998） germinate ['dʒə:mineit] v.（使）发芽 【记】词根记忆：germ（种子）+inate→让种子生长→（使）发芽 【例】When the seed starts to germinate,the first thing to come out is the main root. 【用】germinate既可指种子等植物的发芽，也可指想法等抽象物体的产 生、萌发。 gesticulate [dʒe'stikjuleit] vi.做手势（表示示意或强调） 【例】Mr.Brown was gesticulating wildly at me,but I could not understand what he was trying to tell me. ghastly ['gɑ:stli;'gæstli] adj.极坏的，糟透的；恐怖的；面色苍白的，面带病容的 【例】①You cannot deny that the castle is a ghastly place indeed. ②You have a ghastly pallor.Are you OK? 【用】ghastly多指由于联想到鬼魂或死亡而引起的恐惧。 giddy ['gidi]adj.眩晕的，头晕的；令人头晕的 【例】Bryan was afraid of looking down from such a giddy height because of his acrophobia. glare [gleə] vi.瞪眼，怒视；闪耀n.令人目眩的光，强烈的阳光；瞪眼，怒视 【例】You don't have to stare or glare at them.Simply looking attentive will make most people think that you think they're fascinating.（2004） glaze [gleiz] n.釉料v.给…上釉（上光）；给…装配玻璃；（眼睛）变呆滞 【例】①The glaze of the bookshelf was scratched. ②Buckle's eyes glazed over after drinking so many wines. glean [gli:n] vt.（点滴地）搜集（情况等） 【例】The information you have gleaned is of great use. glee [gli:] n.欢喜，高兴 【例】①Ella cries out with feigned sorrow to conceal her glee. ②The children cried out with glee when their father said he would take them to the park. gloat [gləut] vt.洋洋自得，幸灾乐祸 【记】和float（v.漂浮）一起记 【例】International Trade and Industry Minister Rafidah Aziz has been told not to gloat over the amount of foreign direct investments（FDI）flowing into the country. 【用】gloat通常指带有恶意或得意的愉悦和自我满足 gloss [glɒs] n.光泽，光亮；亮光漆；虚饰；注释，评注vt.作注释（或评注）【例】The professor has put a totally different gloss on the subject. 【用】gloss除表达“作注解”之外，还可指“给出错误的解释”，即“曲 解”。 glum [glʌm] adj.阴郁的，闷闷不乐的 【例】①In many ways their personalities could not have been more different—Kate was ebullient when Andrew was glum. ②Football provides a perfect opportunity for proponents of the dismal science to shed their glum reputation and indulge in some light-hearted research. 【用】glum指沮丧或悲伤等情感引起的沉闷。 gnarled [nɑ:ld] adj.粗糙而扭曲的；多节的 【记】联想记忆：gnarl（节）+ed→多节的 【例】①The gnarled hand gives a glass of water to Maria. ②We're asking people to look out for and record trees which are particularly old,fat and gnarled. gobble ['gɒbl] v.狼吞虎咽，囫囵吞食 【例】Arnold was so hungry that he gobbled down a whole pizza by himself. 【用】gobble常与介词up搭配，表示“占去，花去；收集”的意思。 goggle ['gɒgl] vi.瞪视，瞪大眼睛看 【例】Faces goggle at her from every direction. 【用】与大多数表示“看”的动词一样，goggle后也接at。 gorge [gɒ:dʒ] vt.吞吃，填饱【例】If you want to lose weight,you should not gorge yourself constantly with enormous desserts. 【用】常用搭配为gorge oneself with sth.,表示“用…塞饱，大吃…”。 gossip ['gɒsip] n.闲谈，聊天，流言蜚浯；喜欢拨弄是非的人vi.传播流言蜚语；说长道 短 【记】联想记忆：go（进行）+s+sip（吸吮）→流言蜚语能吸干人的精 力→流言蜚语 【例】Conversations may be devoted to gossip,business transactions or scientific matters,but they're all characterized by the free exchange of terms among the two participants.（2004听力） 【用】词组have a gossip with sb.表示“与…闲聊”。 grace [greis] n.优美，雅致；恩惠，恩赐；风度，魅力 【例】①Every code of etiquette has contained three elements;basic moral duties;practical rules which promote efficiency;and artificial,optional graces such as formal compliments to,say,women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.（1996） ②with（a）bad grace 很不情愿地 The receptionist welcomed her with a bad grace. ③with（a）good grace 痛快地 Bloomer lent me his car with a good grace. 【用】词组in the bad graces of和in the good graces of分别表示“为人所厌 恶”、“为人所喜爱”。 【派】graceful（adj.优美的，雅致的）；gracious（adj.宽厚的，仁慈 的，和蔼的；优美的，雅致的） graft [gra:ft] n.嫁接枝条；移植物（皮肤或骨）；以权谋私，贪污受贿；艰巨的工作 vt.嫁接；移植 【例】①Have you ever thought about grafting the apple tree into the pear tree?②New skin had to be grafted on from his back. 【用】常用搭配take graft表“贪污”；还常与介词in,into,on,upon等连用， 意思是“嫁接，移植到…”。 grandiose ['grændiəus] adj.浮夸的，夸大的；铺张的 【例】Jasper made a number of grandiose promises about their marriage. 【用】grandiose暗含贬义，特指不必要的巨大或浮夸。 grant [grɑ:nt;grænt] vt.同意，准予（补助等），授予（权利等）n.同意，授予 【例】take sth.for granted理所当然地认为The reporter should not take for granted that because of position or experience,the news source who should know,does know and can provide information.（2001听力） granular ['grænjulə] adj.颗粒的，由颗粒构成的 【记】词根记忆：gran（颗粒）+ular→颗粒的 【例】A granular material is a conglomeration of discrete solid,macroscopic particles characterized by a loss of energy whenever the particles interact. grapple ['græpl] vi.与…扭打，搏斗 【记】联想记忆：gra（看作grab，抢夺）+pple（看作apple，苹果）→ 抢苹果→搏斗 【例】They grapple like primordial beasts. 【用】grapple常与介词with连用，表示“与…搏斗”。Word List 9 gratify ['grætifai] vt.（使）高兴，（使）满意；满足 【记】词根记忆：grat（高兴）+ify→使高兴 【例】①It's really difficult to gratify one's vanity. ②What we should do is to gratify and satisfy our guests. 【用】常见句型：be gratified with sth./sb.或者be gratified to do sth.。 gratuitous [grə'tju:itəs;grə'tu:itəs] adj.无缘无故的；不必要的；无偿的，免费的 【记】联想记忆：grat（高兴）+uitous→让人高兴的→免费的 【例】①Jackson's assumption is quite gratuitous. ②We should accept other's gratuitous advice. 【用】gratuitous最常用的“无根据的”这个意思，可着重记忆。 gravitate ['græviteit] vi.（逐渐地、不由自主地）移向某人（某事物）；受某人（某事物）吸 引【记】联想记忆：grav（重）+itate→重心移向→吸引 【例】①Landon gravitated towards Helen since seeing her at the first time. ②Do you agree with the statement that politicians naturally gravitate towards the stronger party? 【用】gravitate后接to/towards,表示“被…吸引”。 【派】gravitation（n.重力，地心引力） gregarious [gri'geəriəs] adj.爱交际的；（指动物、鸟等）群居的，共生的 【记】词根记忆：greg（群体）+arious→群体的→群居的 【例】①Kitty was naturally gregarious and enjoyed at clubs. ②No birds of prey are gregarious. grievous ['gri:vəs] adj.令人悲痛的；剧烈的，严重的 【记】词根记忆：griev（重）+ous→心情沉重的→令人悲痛的 【例】①The tsunami was a very grievous thing. ②Luke got a grievous loss during this economic crisis. grip [grip] n.紧握，紧咬；支配，控制vt.握（咬，夹）牢；掌握，支配，控制 【例】Officials of the World Food Program（WFP）said they are receiving information that famine has gripped parts of Central Afghanistan.（2000听 力） gripe [graip] vi.不停地抱怨，发牢骚 【记】联想记忆：g+ripe（成熟的）→成年人容易抱怨→发牢骚 【例】Jack always gripes about the weather. grisly ['grizli] adj.骇人听闻的，可怕的【例】The grisly family is of an ancient and noble blood from the darkest heart of Eastern Europe,but they suffer from a terrible curse. grotesque [grəu'tesk] adj.怪诞的，奇形怪状的；奇异风格的 【记】来自grotto（岩洞）+picturesque（图画的），原意为“岩洞里的图 画”→（绘画、雕刻等）怪诞的 【例】①Marion's mouth froze in a grotesque grin. ②I've heard a grotesque song. grovel ['grɒvəl] vi.匍匐，趴；奴颜婢膝 【例】I've already apologized,but now he wants me to grovel. 【用】固定搭配grovel in the dust表“匍匐在地”。 gruesome ['gru:səm] adj.令人震惊的；令人厌恶的 【记】词根记忆：grue（可怕）+some（…的）→可怕的→令人震惊的 【例】①Dinner party guest makes gruesome discovery. ②Several of the gruesome wolves are giving him a very unfriendly glare. gruff [grʌf] adj.粗鲁的；草率的；板着脸孔的 【例】Beneath her gruff exterior,Nora's really very warm-hearted.grumpy ['grʌmpi] adj.脾气坏的 【记】联想记忆：grump（发脾气，生气）+y→坏脾气的 【例】When the boss's grumpy,the life's hard. gurgle ['gə:gl] n./vi.（作）咯咯声，（发）汩汩声 【例】Water is gurgling from a bottle. 【用】gurgle既可作水声，也可作人的笑声。 gush [gʌʃ] vi.喷，涌，涌出；使喷出，使涌出n.喷，涌流 【例】①In a gush of blood,the brave soldier fell,his gun still in his hand. ②Oil stocks gush to new highs. hackle ['hækl] n.颈羽，鞍羽；[pl.]脾气，怒气 【例】make one's hackles rise/raise one's hackles激怒Moulton always makes others'hackles rise by such rude words.hackneyed ['hæknid] adj.陈腐的，老生常谈的，陈年旧套的 【记】联想记忆：hackney（用旧，使变陈腐）+ed→陈腐的 【例】Hackneyed!I remember watching this when I was 10years old. haggard ['hægəd] adj.憔悴的，形容枯槁的 【例】Sophia looked very beautiful,but terribly haggard. 【用】haggard常指由于心里受到折磨而变得憔悴和疲惫。 haggle ['hægl] vi.争论；讨价还价 【例】①Norton and Pansy continue to haggle about doing or not doing. ②Holly was always overcharged because she did not haggle. 【用】haggle后可以接about,over,for,with等介词，表示“就…而讨价还 价；就…而争论”。 hale [heil] adj.（老年人）健壮的，矍铄的 【例】Although Lily's grandpa is over seventy,he looks hale and healthy. 【用】hale特指老人健壮、不虚弱。 hallucinate [hə'lu:sineit] vi.产生幻觉 【例】I want to hallucinate,which probably isn't the best idea considering I suffer from depression and borderline schizophrenia. 【派】hallucination（n.幻觉） halt [hɒ:lt] n.暂停前进；中止，停止vi.停止前进；停止，停住 【例】①Coastal and river ice brought a halt to shipping in northern Europe. （1996）②bring to a halt 停顿下来 Work was brought to a halt when the director came on Monday. ③call a halt 暂停 Let's call a halt to the contest and continue next week. hammer ['hæmə] n.锤，槌，榔头v.用锤敲打，（反复）敲打；彻底击败 【例】①under the hammer 被拍卖 A pretty villa has come under the hammer at an auction today. ②hammer out 达成 After many meeting the negotiators hammered out a compromise settlement. 【用】词组up to the hammer是“第一流的，极好的”的意思。 hamper ['hæmpə] vt.阻碍，妨碍 【例】Our progress was hampered by the sudden rain. 【用】hamper通常指限制行动上的自由。 hamstring ['hæmstriŋ] n.腿筋，肌腱vt.使瘫痪；使无能为力 【例】①Quiller was hamstrung by an exploded shell during the civil war. ②A hamstring strain is an excessive stretch or tearing of muscle fibers and related tissues. handle ['hændl] n.柄，把手vt.触，摸；运用，操纵；处理，对待；经营，买卖 【记】联想记忆：hand（手）+le→方便手操作的东西→柄，把手 【例】①There are a remarkable number of sites republishing texts online— an extensive virtual library of materials that used to be handled primarily by publishing companies.（2000） ②By skill,I mean the tools to handle the studying and learning demands placed on you,like how to read with purpose,when and where to get assistance if you are having difficulty.（2013听力） 【用】固定搭配get a handle on或have a handle on表示“理解，明白”。hangover ['hæŋˌəuvə] n.宿醉（饮酒过量后的不适）；遗留物，后遗症，残余的影响 【记】联想记忆：hang（悬挂）+over（在…上）→挂在树上的→遗留 物 【例】①You know you have a hangover when you have a headache,nausea,intestinal upset,and perhaps diarrhea,aches in the muscles and joints,and fatigue. ②This system is a hangover from before. hanker ['hæŋkə] vi.渴望，渴求 【例】I hankered for a good cup of juice. 【用】hanker后面常接for或after,表示“追求，渴望…”。 haphazard [ˌhæp'hæzəd] adj.无计划的，随意的，杂乱无章的 【记】联想记忆：hap（运气）+hazard（冒险）→靠运气冒险→无计划 的 【例】There are books piled on shelves in a haphazard fashion. 【用】固定搭配为at/by haphazard,表示“偶然地,碰巧地”。 hapless ['hæplis] adj.不幸的，不走运的 【记】词根记忆：hap（运气）+less→没有运气的→不走运的 【例】But it is a fallacy to assume this means“higher ticket prices or higher taxes”for the“hapless Asian air traveller”if he travels on JAL.（1999） 【用】与unfortunate意思相同。 harangue [hə'ræŋ] n.慷慨激昂的演说；长篇大论的讲话（文章），演讲 vt.向…作慷慨激昂的演说；大声训斥 【记】联想记忆：har（看作hard）+angue（看作argue，辩论）→强硬的辩论→慷慨激昂的演说 【例】①Children are always tired of the parents'harangue. ②The chairman delivered his usual harangue. 【用】harangue是及物动词，在表示“向…作演说”的时候，后面直接跟 名词，如harangue the troops。 harass ['hærəs] vt.烦扰，骚扰 【例】The need for a university for women is more acute in Africa,where women are the poorest and most disadvantaged.When they do have access to education they often must endure sexual harassment.（2004） 【派】harassment（n.折磨；骚扰） harbinger ['hɑ:bindʒə] n.前兆；预告者；先驱 【例】The cuckoo is a harbinger of spring. 【用】harbinger常接of sth.,表示“…的先驱”。 hard-boiled [ˌhɑ:d'bɒild] adj.（蛋）煮老的；无情的，强硬的，无动于衷的 【例】After a baby is born,parents may hold a“red egg and ginger party”,where they serve round hard-boiled eggs to announce the birth. harebrained ['heəbreind] adj.不切实际的；愚蠢的；浮躁的 【记】组合词：hare（傻瓜）+brain（脑子）+ed→愚蠢的 【例】I think my harebrained mechanic must have topped off my radiator with coke and drunk a quart of antifreeze. harmonize ['ha:mənaiz] v.（使）协调，（使）一致，融洽；用和声唱（演奏） 【记】词根记忆：harmon（=harm，适合）+ize→彼此适合→融洽 【例】①Color and pattern harmonize in the bedroom.②One of the most powerful ways you can spice up your tunes whether you're recording or playing live is to harmonize your leads and melodies. 【用】常用搭配是harmonize sth.with sth.,表“将…与…协调”。 harness ['hɑ:nis] n.马具，挽具；挽具状带子vt.给…上马具，套马；扣上带子；利用（自 然界的力量）以产生电能等 【例】①The horses were harnessed and hooked to the wagon. ②We need a new look at the harnessing of scientific discoveries,to maximize their positive effects for the promotion of humanity as a whole and to minimize their negative effects.（2002） 【用】常说的“将马套在车上”表达法为harness a horse to a carriage。 harp [hɑ:p] n.竖琴vi.反复诉说，不停诉苦，唠叨 【例】My grandmother always harps on her past. 【用】harp on是固定搭配，表示“反复唠叨”的意思。 harrow ['hærəu] n.耙vt.耙（地）；（使）极其痛苦 【例】Peter could not find his harrow last morning. harrowing ['hærəuiŋ] adj.使人痛苦的，折磨人的 【例】Philip can't forget the harrow-ing experience in that small town.hash [hæʃ] n.回锅肉丁；混杂（物），大杂烩，再次使用的材料vt.弄得乱七八糟 【例】①Her appearance hashed up my arrangements. ②make a hash of sth. 把…搞得一团糟 What you have just done made a hash of the project. 【用】make a hash of sth.是常用句型，意思是“把…弄糟，把…搞乱”； 词组hash up表示“把…搞糟/弄乱”。 hassle ['hæsl] n.麻烦，困难，斗争；争吵，争辩vt.争辩；不断打扰，烦扰，搅扰 【例】①Don't keep hassling me with those silly questions! ②Waiters are not supposed to hassle with their customers. 【用】hassle后接with,表示“与…争吵”。 haste [heist] n.急速，紧迫，仓促；草率，急迫 【记】和hate（v.讨厌）一起记 【例】①in haste 匆忙 I left home in haste and forgot my wallet. ②make haste 快点 You'd better make haste,or you'll miss the train.③Haste makes waste;more haste，less speed. 【派】hasten〔v.催促，（使）赶快；加快〕；hasty（adj.仓促的，匆忙 的；轻率的，鲁莽的，性急的）；hastily（adv.急速地，慌忙地，草率 地） havoc ['hævək] n.大破坏，大毁坏 【记】联想记忆：hav（看作have）+oc（看作occur，发生）→有事发生 →大破坏 【例】①play havoc with 对…造成破坏 Climate change,by disrupting current weather patterns,could play ever greater havoc with oil prices,such as the price plunge seen in early January,market analysts say. ②wreak havoc on 对…造成破坏 Depression and anxiety may wreak havoc on memory. 【用】havoc还有几个固定搭配，如：play/raise...havoc with/among,意思 都为“对…造成严重破坏；使…陷入大混乱”。 haywire ['heiwaiə] n.捆干草用的铁丝adj.失去控制的，乱了套的 【记】组合词：hay（干草）+wire（电线）→电线短路烧着干草，失去 控制→失去控制的 【例】①go haywire 发生故障 The machine just went haywire. ②Since Jim came here,everything has gone completely haywire. 【用】go haywire是固定搭配，表示“计划等变得混乱不堪，发生故 障”。 headstrong ['hedstrɒŋ] adj.刚愎自用的，固执任性的，难以驾驭的 【记】组合词：head（头）+strong（强壮的）→思想难以被改变→固执 任性的 【例】Even her parents cannot tolerate Rebecca's headstrong actions. headway ['hedwei]n.（在困难条件下取得）进步；进展 【记】组合词：head（头）+way（道路）→一头向前→进步 【例】①I thought Raman was making headway. ②Development of Shenzhou VI makes headway. 【用】make headway是常用搭配，意思为“取得进展”。 heady ['hedi] adj.易使人醉的，烈性的；使人兴奋的；激动得忘乎所以的 【例】①This kind of drink has the qualities or taste of wine,heady. ②Don't be heady with success. hearten ['hɑ:tən] vt.鼓励，（使）振作 【例】①Chinese people are very heartened by the excellent perfor-mance of our team in Olympics. ②New surgical methods hearten patients. 【用】hearten后可接介词up。 heartrending ['hɑ:tˌrendiŋ] adj.令人心碎的，令人悲痛的 【例】We have not seen such heartrending scenes before. heartwarming ['hɑ:tˌwɒ:miŋ] adj.暖人心房的，感人的 【记】组合词：heart（心脏）+warming（暖和的）→暖人心房的 【例】I read a heartwarming novel last night. heckle ['hekl] v.诘问，诘难 【记】联想记忆：he（他）+ckle（看作buckle，扣上）→他把别人扣住 不放→诘问 【例】The candidate was heckled by his rival's questions from time to time.hectic ['hektik] adj.兴奋的；繁忙的，忙乱的 【例】Travelling on business usually means a hectic schedule,but in Hong Kong you can easily enjoy a world of sightseeing wonders in a compact,diverse city that combines the heritage of old with modern-day splendour. hector ['hektə] v.威吓；欺凌 【记】Hector本来是Troy最优秀、最英勇的战士，后来他的名字被用来 指横行霸道的人，而hector也就有了“威吓”的意思。 【例】The spoliator hectored Rosa into taking out all her money. 【用】hector的常见句式为to hector a person into/out of doing sth.,表示“威 吓某人做/不做某事”。 heed [hi:d] vt.注意到，留意到n.注意，留心 【例】Richard,heed the storm warning on motorways! 【用】heed的常用搭配为：pay heed to…表示“注意…，把…放在心 上”；take heed“当心”；后面还可接介词of。 hefty ['hefti] adj.高大健壮的，有力的；相当大的 【例】①I can help you carry that hefty box. ②Hefty funds were injected into the joint venture in October where Changhong takes up 80percent of the stake and 20percent for Irico. heinous ['heinəs] adj.极其可恶的；邪恶的，十恶不赦的 【记】词根记忆：hein（可恨的）+ous→邪恶的 【例】I will never see that heinous person again. henpecked ['henpekt]adj.惧内的，畏妻的，怕老婆的 【记】联想记忆：hen（母鸡）+peck（啄）+ed→母鸡啄公鸡→惧内的 【例】Invariably,Shanghai men are depicted as henpecked husbands who willingly subject themselves to a life of servitude at the beck and call of their wives. hereafter [ˌhiər'ɑ:ftə] adv.此后 【例】①Many criminals hope to win salvation hereafter. ②the hereafter 来世 Do you believe in the hereafter,Cherry? heredity [hi'redəti] n.遗传，遗传的特征 【例】①Which has a stronger influence,heredity or environment? ②Some diseases are indeed present by heredity. herein [ˌhiə'rin] adv.于此处 【例】Herein lies the keys to the questions and you should find them by yourself. hereof [ˌhiə'rɒv] adv.关于此点 【例】In confirmation hereof I attach an educational certificate. heresy ['herəsi] n.（宗教方面）异端，持异端邪说 【例】In Europe their persecution by the gadje began quickly,with the church seeing heresy in their fortune-telling and the state seeing anti-social behaviour in their nomadism.（2003） 【用】常用搭配：fall into heresy（陷入旁门左道） 【派】heretic（n.犯异端罪者，持异端邪说者）；heretical（adj.异端 的，持异端观点的）heretofore [ˌhiətu'fɒ:] adv.直到此时，在此之前 【例】Heretofore,there exist an area about 300square kilometres occurring to land subsidence at different degree. hermetic [hə:'metik] adj.不透气的，密封的 【记】联想记忆：her（黏附）+metic→紧紧黏在一起→不透气的 【例】Don't eat the food if its her-metic seal has been opened. 【用】hermetic除了表形式上的密封之外，还可指“与世隔绝的”。 heterodox ['hetərədɒks] adj.异端的；非正统的 【记】词根记忆：hetero（异种）+dox（思想）→异端的 【例】Heterodox art and aesthetics usually cannot be accepted by the public easily. heterogeneous [ˌhetərəu'dʒi:njəs] adj.由不同种类组成的，成分混杂的 【记】词根记忆：hetero（异）+gene（产生）+ous→产生相异的→成分混杂的 【例】①In those days the pre-industrial city in America functioned as a complex and varied organizing element in American life,not as a simple,heterogeneous and sturdy union.（2002听力） ②Social change is more likely to occur in heterogeneous societies than in homogeneous ones,simply because there are more diverse points of view available in the former.（1998） hew [hju:] v.砍，劈 【例】We had to hew a path through the jungle. 【用】hew后接down,表“砍倒”；接to,表“坚持,遵守”。 hibernate ['haibəneit] vi.冬眠，蛰伏 【记】词根记忆：hibern（冬天）+ate→冬眠 【例】Several animals wake for spring,summer,and fall and hibernate for the winter. 【派】hibernator（n.冬眠的动物） hiccup ['hikʌp] n./vi.打嗝，打呃 （hiccough）【记】联想记忆：hic（打嗝声）+cough（发出像咳嗽般的 声音）→打嗝 【例】Roland hiccupped for several hours and couldn't stop. 【用】固定搭配hiccup out sth.表“边打嗝边说”。 hidebound ['haidbaund] adj.守旧的；思想褊狭的 【记】组合词：hide（隐藏）+bound（范围）→始终藏在一个地方→守 旧的 【例】①A poet poor in invention is said to have a hidebound muse. ②a hidebound philosophyhierarchy ['haiəˌrɑ:ki] n.等级制度 【记】词根记忆：hier（神圣）+archy（统治）→僧侣统治→等级制度 【例】①In this hierarchy of needs,at the most basic level are physiological needs.（2003听力） ②Roy is high up in the management hierarchy. 【派】hierarchical（adj.等级制的，按等级划分的） highbrow ['haibrau] n./adj.风雅之士（的），（自诩）博学多才（的） 【记】组合词：high（高）+brow（额头，眉毛）→眉毛挑得很高的人 →（自诩）博学多才（的） 【例】①A highbrow is the kind of person who looks at a sausage and thinks of Picasso. ②They only attend highbrow events such as the opera. highhanded [ˌhai'hændid] adj.专横的，高压的 【记】联想记忆：high（高的）+hand（手）+ed→手高举指使他人做→ 专横的 【例】Some parents are too highhanded and rigid. hilarious [hi'leəriəs] adj.十分有趣的；非常滑稽的；欢闹的 【记】词根记忆：hilar（高兴）+ious→高兴的→欢闹的 【例】Our teacher told us hilarious stories this afternoon. hinge [hindʒ] n.铰链，枢纽；关键，转折点vt.装上铰链，用铰链接合 【记】发音记忆：“很紧”→铰链很紧，转不动→铰链 【例】①It is a common sense that a door turns on its hinge. ②hinge on/upon 取决于 The final result hinged upon a team effort.histrionic [ˌhistri'ɒnik] adj.做作的，不自然的；表演的，戏剧的 【例】Histrionic personality disorder（HPD）is a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention- seeking,including an excessive need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness,usually beginning in early adulthood. hoary ['hɒ:ri] adj.（毛发）年老变灰（白）的；古老的，陈旧的 【例】①I met a strange man with hoary hair on my way home. ②Tony likes visiting hoary ruins.托尼喜欢参观古迹。 hoax [həuks] n./vt.恶作剧，戏弄 【记】和coax（v.哄骗）一起记 【例】①Mr.Green realized that it was completely a hoax. ②The politicians hoaxed the people into believing this war would bring them peace. hobble ['hɒbl] n./vi.跛行，蹒跚 【例】The old man hobbled along with the help of his daughter. 【用】hobble后可接along或about,表“蹒跚而行”。 hobnob ['hɒbnɒb] vi.对酌，共饮；（亲切）交谈 【例】Simon has been hobnobbing with his colleagues at the party. 【用】hobnob后接with,表示“跟…对酌；跟…亲切交谈”。 holocaust ['hɒləkɒ:st] n.大规模的毁坏；大批的人死亡 【记】词根记忆：holo（全部）+caust（烧）→全部烧掉→大规模的毁 坏【例】In more recent times the Gypsies were caught up in Nazi ethnic hysteria,and perhaps half a million perished in the Holocaust.（2003） homogeneous [ˌhɒməu'dʒi:niəs] adj.同种类的；同性质的；相似的 【记】词根记忆：homo（同类的）+gene（产生）+ous→同种类的 【例】①In a quite homogeneous society,there are fewer occasions for people to perceive the need or the opportunity for change,because everything seems to be the same and,if not satisfactory,at least customary and undisputed.（1998） ②At one time,the U.S.was called“a melting pot”,you know,which means that people of many different religions,cultures and races could shed their traditional cultural identities and blend into one homogeneous nation.（2010 听力） 【派】homogeneity（n.同种，同质）；homogenize（v.使均质，使均 匀） hono（u）r ['ɒnə] n.荣誉，信誉；正义感；崇敬，敬意vt.使感到荣誉；尊敬，对…表示敬 意；信守，兑现 【例】①These needs can be fulfilled by achievement,promotion,honours,etc.（2003听力） ②do honor to 增了光 Carl did honor to his country due to his behavior in the Olympics. 【用】honor的相关词组较多，如in honor of表示“对…的敬意，为庆 祝，为纪念”；on one's word of honor或on one's honor都是“以名誉担 保”的意思；with honors则表示“以优异的成绩…”。 【派】honorary（adj.名誉的，义务的）；hono（u）rable〔adj.荣誉的， 增光的；（表示）尊敬的〕 hoodwink ['hudwiŋk] vt.欺骗，蒙混，哄某人上当 【记】联想记忆：hood（帽兜）+wink（眨眼）→藏在帽兜里偷偷眨眼 →欺骗【例】I was hoodwinked into buying a fake painting. 【用】常见句型为：hoodwink sb.into doing sth.,表“欺骗某人做某事”。 horrendous [hɒ'rendəs] adj.可怕的，令人惊惧的 【记】词根记忆：horr（害怕）+end+ous→让人害怕的→可怕的 【例】I'm shocked at this horrendous scene I've seen. horrid ['hɒrid] adj.恐怖的，可怕的；令人讨厌的 【记】词根记忆：horr（害怕）+id→可怕的 【例】①This was really a horrid place with dead people all around. ②Yule is a horrid little boy.尤尔是个让人讨厌的小男孩。 horrific [hɒ'rifik] adj.令人恐惧的，可怕的；过分的 【记】词根记忆：horr（害怕）+ific→可怕的 【例】①The horrific case came to limelight after one laborer was beaten to death by the guards and the newspaper exposed it. ②John's behavior became even more horrific than it was a short while ago. horseplay ['hɒ:splei] n.喧闹的娱乐；胡闹 【记】组合词：horse（马）+play（玩）→骑马玩耍→喧闹的娱乐 【例】Horseplay among students at a university left one fraternity brother dead and another charged with involuntary manslaughter. hot-blooded [hɒt'blʌdid] adj.易怒的，易激动的；热情的，热烈的 【例】①I submit that this was not a hot-blooded crime of passion. ②I am quite sure there would be many hot-blooded romantics out there who would imagine themselves to be the characters in the show.hubbub ['hʌbʌb] n.喧哗，嘈杂；骚乱，混乱 【记】联想记忆：hub（活动中心）+bub→活动中心里人声鼎沸→喧 哗，嘈杂 【例】The manager entered the meeting room,loud with the unusual hubbub of voices. huddle ['hʌdl] n.杂乱的一群v.聚在—起，挤作一团 【例】Wilson was cold so he huddled up against the radiator. 【用】常见句型为go into a huddle with sb.,意为“与某人秘密商议”；还可 与into,up,together连用，表“使成一团”。 huff [hʌf] n./v.脾气暴躁；发怒 【例】①Those two customers walked off in a huff. ② Mother began to huff when read my school reports. 【用】常见搭配有in a huff生气的（地）；put sb.into a huff触犯某人， 使某人生气；take huff见怪；生气。 hulking ['hʌlkiŋ]adj.大而笨的，笨重的 【记】来自hulk（n.笨重的大船） 【例】A hulking beast joins the dogfight. humanitarian [hju:ˌmæni'teəriən] adj.人道主义的n.人道主义者，慈善家 【记】词根记忆：humanit（即humanity，人道）+arian→人道主义者 【例】The editor of the editorial pages of Kolkata's Telegraph—Rudrangshu Mukherjee,a former academic who still writes history books—told me,for instance,that he sees humanitarian considerations as coming down on the side of keeping hand-pulled rickshaws on the road.（2010） 【用】humanitarian assistance表示“人道主义援助”。 humbug ['hʌmbʌg] n.骗人的鬼话，花招，骗子；薄荷硬糖vt.欺诈，哄骗 【记】联想记忆：hum（嗡嗡叫）+bug（臭虫）→如同臭虫般哼哼叫→ 骗人的鬼话 【例】Don't you want to take the humbug out of this world? 【用】常用句式：humbug a person into doing sth.,意思是“骗人做某事”。 humdrum ['hʌmdrʌm] adj.平淡的，乏味的，平凡的 【记】组合词：hum（嗡嗡声）+drum（鼓声）→一直鼓声嗡嗡→乏味 的 【例】①It's not quite right to say that our dullness and our humdrum lives are the outcome of the educational system. ②I cannot live in this humdrum world without you. humility [hju:'miləti] n.谦虚的态度，谦逊 【记】词根记忆：hum（土地，引申为谦逊的）+ility→谦逊、谦虚的态 度 【例】As for prison programs intended to make violent convicts feel betterabout themselves,“perhaps it would be better to try instilling modesty and humility,”the researchers write.（1998） One swallow does not make a summer. ——Taverner 一燕不成夏。 ——泰维纳Word List 10 hump [hʌmp] n.圆形隆起物，小丘；驼峰；烦心vt.使隆起；背，搬运 【例】①The dog humped its back and got ready for the battle. ②I have got the hump over what he did. 【用】over the hump是常用短语，表示“渡过难关”。 hurdle ['hə:dl] n.赛跑用的跳栏，障碍，困难v.进行跨栏赛 【例】①Perhaps the greatest hurdle to your company's success is your terrible customer service. ②The horse hurdled the fence with ease. hurtle ['hə:tl] vi.猛冲，飞驰 【例】An ambulance hurtled round the corner. 【用】hurtle后接介词at,表示“向…猛冲过去”。 husky ['hʌski]adj.喉咙发干的，沙哑的 【例】Shaw is still a bit husky because he caught a cold before. hype [haip] n.天花乱坠的宣传报道vt.言过其实地宣传 【记】电影《白色大骗局》The Great White Hype 【例】①Whatever your opinion,there's no escaping airline alliances:the marketing hype is unrelenting,with each of the two mega- groupings,Oneworld and Star Alliance,promoting itself as the best choice for all travelers.（2002） ②By winter,many of the new restaurants have worked out their kinks and,once the hype has died down,it is possible to see which restaurants are actually good and which are merely noisy and crowded.（2013） hyperactive [ˌhaipə'ræktiv] adj.活跃得反常的，多动的 【记】词根记忆：hyper（过度）+active（活跃的）→过度活跃的→多 动的 【例】Consumption of sugary items does not cause hyperactive behaviour. hypercritical [ˌhaipə'kritikəl] adj.批评苛刻的，吹毛求疵的 【记】词根记忆：hyper（过度）+critical（挑剔的）→吹毛求疵的 【例】You may simply have to monitor the situation and intervene when the older sibling is being hypercritical. hypocrisy [hi'pɒkrəsi] n.伪善（行为），虚伪，矫饰 【记】词根记忆：hypo（下）+cris（判断）+y→在背后评论别人→伪善 【例】The politicians'hypocrisy will be exposed one day. 【派】hypocrite（n.伪善者，伪君子）；hypocritical（adj.伪善的，矫饰 的） hypothesis [hai'pɒθisis]n.假设，假定，假说 【记】词根记忆：hypo（下）+thesis（论点）→非真正论点→假说 【例】This is only a sort of scientific hypothesis which has not been proved by experiments. identify [ai'dentifai] vt.认明，识别；鉴定；认同 【记】词根记忆：ident（相同）+ify→认为相同→认同 【例】In our next lecture,we'll concentrate on how to identify the audience,how to work out an outline,and how to edit the draft.（2005听力） 【用】identify常和介词with连用，表示“认为…等同于”。 【派】identification（n.认明，确认；身份证明） idiosyncrasy [ˌidiə'siŋkrəsi] n.（个人独有的）习性，癖好，气质 【记】词根记忆：idio（个人，独特）+syn（共同）+crasy（混合）→混 合了个人特性的独特行为→癖好 【例】Petty,I guess that your idiosyncrasy is long-windedness. 【用】idiosyncrasy强调癖好、性质的特殊性，与他人不同。 idolize ['aidəlaiz] vt.将…当作偶像崇拜，极度喜爱（仰慕） 【记】联想记忆：idol（偶像）+ize→将…当作偶像崇拜 【例】Would you still idolize someone when you know what they had for breakfast this morning? idyllic [i'dilik] adj.田园风光的，质朴宜人的 【记】联想记忆：idyll（田园诗）+ic→田园诗般的→质朴宜人的 【例】I'd love to live an idyllic life with my lover. ignite [ig'nait] v.（使）燃烧，点燃【记】词根记忆：ign（点燃）+ite→点燃 【例】Terry dropped a match in the liquid and ignited it. 【用】ignite还可用作“点燃某人的怒火”或“使某人激动”。 ignoble [ig'nəubl] adj.不光荣的，可耻的；卑鄙的 【记】词根记忆：ig（不）+noble（高贵）→不高贵的→不光荣的 【例】①Pullman bribed lots of people to achieve his ignoble goals. ②I can't believe Ralph is such an ignoble man. 【用】ignoble多指道德不高尚。 ignominy ['ignəmini] n.耻辱，可耻的行为 【记】词根记忆：ig（不）+nomin（名声）+y→名声不好→耻辱 【例】“Their generals have been received with honor after their defeat;yours with ignominy after conquest”,Addison said. 【用】ignominy含有公众鄙视的意思。 illicit [i'lisit] adj.违禁的，违法的，不正当的【记】词根记忆：il（不）+licit（合法的）→不合法的→违法的 【例】It is an important measure of boosting education equality and building a harmonious society to eradicate illicit charges in urban compulsory education. 【用】illicit后常直接接名词，表“非法的…”，如illicit trade（非法买 卖）。 illustrious [i'lʌstriəs] adj.著名的，杰出的，显赫的 【记】词根记忆：il（进入）+lustr（光）+ious→进入光芒中→著名的 【例】Philip was given the name in honor of his illustrious forebear. imbibe [im'baib] v.喝，饮；吸收（知识、空气等） 【记】词根记忆：im（进入）+bibe（=drink，喝）→喝入→吸收 【例】①The man has imbibed a lot before driving. ②You seem to have imbibed foreign principles after two years'life in abroad. imbue [im'bju:] vt.灌输；使充满 【例】①The magical properties we imbue into our goods are amplified greatly by the presence of citrine. ②be imbued with 受…影响；充满… Raleign is imbued with hatred. immaculate [i'mækjulit] adj.整洁的，无瑕的，无误的，一尘不染的 【记】词根记忆：im（不）+macul（斑点）+ate→无斑点的→无瑕的 【例】①They are planning an immaculate performance. ②Catherine kept an immaculate record during her college life. immaterial [ˌimə'tiəriəl] adj.不重要的，不相干的；非物质的，非实体的，无形的 【记】联想记忆：im（不，无）+material（物质的）→非物质的【例】①Earlier ideas about the immaterial and the incorporeal go back to Plato,Augustine,Plotinus,and many other ancient and medieval philosophers. ②The body is material but the soul is immaterial. 【用】不要忘记immaterial还可延伸指“无关紧要的”。 immerse [i'mə:s] vt.浸入，沉浸于 【记】词根记忆：im（进入）+mers（沉）+e→浸入 【例】immerse oneself in使沉浸在，使专心于I immersed myself in work and completely lost track of time. immobile [i'məubail] adj.固定的，不动的，不能移动的 【记】词根记忆：im（不）+mob（动）+ile→固定的 【例】The techniques using immobile elements can precisely identify altered volcanic rock precursors and measure material changes. immunize ['imju:naiz] vt.使免疫 【记】词根记忆：im（不）+mun（公共的）+ize→不得公众病→使免疫 【例】Most children were immunized against influenza in order to avoid being infected. 【用】immunize后常接against,表示“对…免疫/免除”。 【派】immunization（n.免疫作用）；immune（adj.有免疫力的，不受影 响的；获豁免的）；immunity（n.免疫性） impair [im'peə] vt.损害，削弱 【记】联想记忆：im（不）+pair（一对）→使不成一对→损害 【例】Activation after partial hepatectomy does not impair hepatocyte proliferation. impale [im'peil]vt.刺穿；钉住 【记】联想记忆：im+pale（苍白的）→脸色苍白，因为身体被刺中了 →刺穿 【例】If your food was impaled on lots of little spikes,it would be kind of difficult to get it off once cooked. 【用】impale sb.on a dilemma是固定搭配，表示“使某人陷入进退两难的 境地”。 impart [im'pɑ:t] vt.传授，灌输，给予；告知，通知 【记】词根记忆：im（进入）+part（部分）→进入成为一部分→给予 【例】These words reflect the dual nature of Japanese department stores.Words written in ideographs can impart an aura of antiquity and tradition.（1999） 【用】impart后多接to,表示“将…传授/告知…”。 impartial [im'pɑ:ʃəl] adj.公平的，不偏不倚的 【记】词根记忆：im（不）+part（部分）+ial→不是部分的→公平的 【例】Is the Council of Europe really impartial on religion? impasse [im'pɑ:s] n.绝境，僵局；停顿 【记】联想记忆：im（不）+pass（通过）+e→此路不通→绝境 【例】If there can be no agreement,we will be at an impasse. 【用】常用搭配为reach an impasse,表示“陷入僵局”。 impassioned [im'pæʃənd] adj.充满激情的，热烈的 【记】词根记忆：im（进入）+pass（感情）+ion+ed→感情投入→充满 激情的 【例】Over the years,we have come to know him as a thoughtful,impassioned journalist who has developed a voice and visionuniquely his own. impassive [im'pæsiv] adj.无动于衷的，无表情的，不动声色的；冷漠的，麻木的 【记】词根记忆：im（无）+pass（感情）+ive→无感情的→无动于衷的 【例】①Tina stood there and stared at her boyfriend's impassive face. ②Even when his father died Pullan gave an impassive response and walked out tearless. impeccable [im'pekəbl] adj.无瑕疵的，没有缺点的 【记】词根记忆：im（无）+pecc（斑点）+able→无瑕疵的 【例】The dancer's performance is impeccable. impede [im'pi:d] vt.阻碍，妨碍 【记】词根记忆：im（无）+ped（脚）+e→脚没了→阻碍 【例】Our progress was impeded by the tall wet grass and dripping boughs. 【派】impediment〔n.妨碍（物），障碍〕 impel [im'pel]vt.推动，激励，驱使 【记】词根记忆：im（使）+pel（推）→推动 【例】I needn't tell you what impelled me to do these actions. 【用】常用句型为：impel sb.to do sth.;be impelled by sth.to do sth.。 impending [im'pendiŋ] adj.（坏事）即将发生的，临近的 【记】词根记忆：im+pend（悬挂）+ing→悬着的→即将发生的 【例】Vietnam may be willing to help America mainly because of the impending visit by a senior US military officer.（1996听力） impenetrable [im'penitrəbl] adj.不能通过（贯穿）的，刺不进的；不可理解的 【记】联想记忆：im（不）+penetrable（可刺穿的）→刺不进的 【例】①With the natural shielding,our army are impenetrable. ②Pitman was confronted with an impenetrable difficulty. imperceptible [ˌimpə'septəbl] adj.（因细小、轻微等）觉察不出的 【记】词根记忆：im（没有）+per+cept（抓住）+ible→不可被抓住→觉 察不出的 【例】If you open your mind as widely as possible,then signs and hints of almost imperceptible finesse,from the twist and turn of the first sentences,will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other.（2005） imperil [im'peril] vt.危及，使陷于危险 【记】词根记忆：im（使）+per（尝试）+il→冒险尝试→使陷于危险 【例】A glitch could imperil the$100billion orbiting laboratory if it is not corrected. imperious [im'piəriəs] adj.傲慢的，专横的，跋扈的【记】词根记忆：im（不）+per（通过）+ious→不让通过→专横的 【例】Her imperious eyes have never fallen on me by chance. impersonate [im'pə:səneit] vt.扮演，模仿 【记】联想记忆：im（进入）+person（人，角色）+ate→进入角色→扮 演 【例】①Jessie successfully impersonated many well-known beauties. ②That criminal was caught when trying to impersonate a police officer to escape. impertinent [im'pə:tinənt] adj.无礼的，粗鲁的 【例】Clearly offended,Susan refused to answer an impertinent question about her marriage. impetuous [im'petjuəs] adj.轻率的，鲁莽的，冲动的 【记】词根记忆：im（使）+pet（追求）+uous→使…追求的→冲动的 【例】Overconfidence always causes him to make impetuous decisions. impetus ['impitəs] n.推动（力），刺激，促进 【记】词根记忆：im+pet（追求）+us→追求→推动力 【例】Sometimes scandals can give an impetus to social reforms. 【用】常见句型搭配为：give an impetus to sth.表示“推动/促进某事物”。 impinge [im'pindʒ] vi.对…产生作用，影响 【记】词根记忆：im（使）+ping（系紧）+e→使系紧→对…产生作用 【例】Why is travel medicine so unloved?Partly there's an identity problem.Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers,this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across thetraditional disciplines.（1996） 【用】impinge常跟on,upon,against连用，表示“对…产生影响、冲击”。 impious ['imˌpaiəs] adj.不敬（神）的，不恭的，不虔诚的 【例】In 1700,Newton was pronounced“impious and heretical”by a large school of philosophers for declaring universal gravitation. implacable [im'plækəbl] adj.不能变动的；难以平息或安抚的 【记】词根记忆：im（不）+plac（放置）+able→不可被放置→不能变 动的 【例】①John has been consistently criticized as an implacable enemy of this small village. ②Implacable hostility arises after separation or divorce and denotes the attitude shown by one parent to another in denying access to,or contact with,their children. 【用】搭配have an implacable hatred for...表示“对…深恶痛绝”。 implant [im'plɑ:nt;im'plænt] vt.注入，灌输；植入 【记】联想记忆：im（进入）+plant（种植）→种植到内部→注入，灌 输 【例】①They tried to implant religious beliefs in young children. ②It is always best to have one dental implant replace one missing tooth. implicit [im'plisit] adj.含蓄的，不明确的，不直接表明的；绝对的，无疑问的 【记】词根记忆：im（进入）+plic（重叠）+it→（意义）叠在里面→ 含蓄的 【例】My mother gave me an implicit warning to study harder. 【用】implicit in是固定搭配，表示“内含的，固有的”。implore [im'plɒ:] v.恳求，哀求，央求 【记】词根记忆：im（使）+plor（喊）+e→使喊叫→恳求 【例】Peter implored his girlfriend to stop asking his past. 【用】搭配implore sb.to do sth.是“恳求某人做某事”的意思。 impotent ['impətənt] adj.无能的，无力量的 【记】词根记忆：im（不）+pot（力量）+ent→无力量的，无能的 【例】For centuries,medicine was impotent and hence unproblematic.From the Greeks to the Great War,its job was simple:to struggle with lethal diseases and gross disabilities,to ensure live births,and to manage pain. （1997） 【派】impotence（n.无能为力；虚弱） impound [im'paund] vt.扣押，没收，充公 【记】词根记忆：im（不）+pound（放置）→不让放家里→没收 【例】With the police's help they impounded several of boats full of turtles and launched an investigation. impoverish [im'pɒvəriʃ] vt.使穷困，使贫困 【例】The government is impoverishing the people with improper policy. impregnable [im'pregnəbl] adj.牢不可破的，难以攻陷的 【记】词根记忆：im（不）+pregn（拿住）+able→拿不住的→难以攻陷 的 【例】The old castle was an impregnable stronghold. impregnate ['impregneit] vt.使浸透，使充满；使怀孕【记】词根记忆：im+pregn（拿住）+ate（使）→使拿住孩子→使怀孕 【例】The painting is impregnated with the painter's personality. 【用】常用作被动形式：be impregnated with,表示“充满…”。 impressionable [im'preʃənəbl] adj.易受影响的 【例】I've always wanted to do martial arts—maybe I saw too many Jackie Chan movies at an impressionable age. imprint [im'print] n.印痕，痕迹，深刻的印象；版本说明vt.（压）印，盖（邮戳等）于； 铭刻，牢记 【例】①I can recognize the unique imprint on this animal. ②I have imprinted your words on my memory. 【用】“将…铭记于心”表达方式为imprint sth.on one's memory/mind。 impromptu [im'prɒmptju:] adj./adv.即席的（地），即兴的（地） 【记】联想记忆：im（使）+prompt（即时的）+u→即时演说→即席的 【例】When Morris is suddenly asked to speak impromptu,his nerves begin to flutter. improvise ['imprəvaiz] v.（即兴、即席地）创作（演奏、讲话） 【记】词根记忆：im（不）+pro（前）+vis（看）+e→没有预先看过→ 即席创作 【例】Joy achieved local fame for improvising a solo. 【派】improviser〔n.即兴诗人,即席演奏（演唱）者〕 imprudent [im'pru:dənt] adj.不明智的；不谨慎的；轻率的 【例】①Anderson was imprudent to resign his present job without being offered another one.②It would be imprudent for a non-economist to talk about the details of economic policy. inadvertent [ˌinəd'və:tənt] adj.非故意的，无意的 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+ad（表加强）+vert（转）+ent→随便转→无 意的 【例】Mike got an inadvertent extra during his holiday in Paris. inanimate [in'ænimit] adj.无生命的 【记】词根记忆：in（无）+anim（生命）+ate→无生命的 【例】In a fiction,the inanimate objects can talk and think like humans. inarticulate [ˌinɑ:'tikjulit] adj.不善表达的，非言语表达的；含糊其辞的，口齿不清的 【记】联想记忆：in（不）+articulate（发音清晰的）→口齿不清的 【例】Albert becomes inarticulate when he is angry. inborn ['inbɒ:n] adj.天生的，天赋的，与生俱来的 【例】Some people maintain that characteristics are inborn. incapacitate [ˌinkə'pæsiteit] vt.使无能力，使失去能力 【记】词根记忆：in（无）+capac（=cap，握住）+itate→无力握住→使 无能力 【例】This kind of weapons can incapacitate crowds of people. incarnate ['inkɑ:neit] adj.人体化的，化身的；具有形体的，拟人化的，具体化的 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+carn（肉）+ate→变成肉体化身→人体化 的【例】Adela is a villain who is evil incarnate. 【派】incarnation（n.化身；具体化） incendiary [in'sendjəri] adj.放火的，纵火的；煽动性的 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+cend（发光）+iary→燃烧发光→放火的 【例】①They fired more incendiary bombs,setting the whole village on fire. ②a hip-hop album with incendiary lyrics incense ['insens][in'sens] n.香，香味 vt.向…敬香，焚香；激怒 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+cens（发光）+e→使大为光火→激怒 【例】①Neville lights a candle and incense and silently prays. ②Amelia was incensed by what Peter said. 【派】incensed（adj.盛怒的，十分愤怒的） incessant [in'sesənt] adj.不停的，连续的，不断的 【记】词根记忆：in（表加强）+cess（行走）+ant→一直走→连续的 【例】Every day,constructional sites blast out an incessant roar of machines and the harsh clang of pile-drivers.（1998） incipient [in'sipiənt] adj.初期的，早期的 【记】词根记忆：in+cipi（头）+ent→只有个头→初期的 【例】A runny nose is one sign of an incipient cold. incise [in'saiz] vt.切，切开 【记】词根记忆：in+cis（切）+e→切开 【例】Andrew was so crazy that he incised the desk with chisels.incisive [in'saisiv] adj.尖锐的，一针见血的，单刀直入的 【记】词根记忆：in+cis（切）+ive→一刀切开→单刀直入的 【例】I could not answer the keen and incisive questions which he put to me. incite [in'sait] vt.煽动，激起 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+cit（激起）+e→激起，煽动 【例】Anthony incited his friends to the party. 【用】常用搭配incite sb.to sth./to do sth.表示“煽动某人做某事”。 incoherent [ˌinkəu'hiərənt] adj.不连贯的；无条理的，语无伦次的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+co+her（黏附）+ent→粘不在一起→不连贯 的 【例】①Hearing that sudden news,Rose was incoherent with grief. ②There are many incoherent sentences in your composition. incoming ['inˌkʌmiŋ] adj.正来临的；新选的，新来的，继任的 【例】The following information is a list of FAQs for the convenience of incoming students from mainland China. 【用】注意incoming后接-s是“收益，收入”的意思。 incompatible [ˌinkəm'pætəbl] adj.合不来的，不能和谐相处的；不相符的，不相容的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+com+pat（感情）+ible→感情不一致→合不 来的 【例】①Tradition and fashion are incompatible at times. ②Water is incompatible with fire. 【用】incompatible后接with,表示“…与…互不相容”。inconceivable [ˌinkən'si:vəbl] adj.不能想象的，不可思议的 【记】词根记忆：in+con+ceiv（抓）+able→思想抓不住的→不可思议 的 【例】The future achievements in science and technology will bring about inconceivable dramatic changes. incontrovertible [ˌinkɒntrə'və:təbl] adj.不容置疑的，无可辩驳的 【记】词根记忆：in+contro（反对）+vert（转）+ible→不能反转的→无 可辩驳的 【例】The police discovered an incontrovertible proof of the defendant's guilt. incredulous [in'kredjuləs] adj.不轻信的；怀疑的，不相信的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+cred（相信）+ul+ous（…的）→不相信的 【例】①Bell is never incredulous of hearsay. ②Carter looked at me with an incredulous expression. 【用】incredulous后常接of或about,表示“不轻信…，怀疑…”。 incriminate [in'krimineit] vt.牵连；控告 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+crimin（罪行）+ate→参与犯罪→牵连 【例】①You should keep silent and never say anything to incriminate yourself in the Police. ②Donne has got information that could incriminate his boss. incubate ['inkjubeit] v.孵化，孵（卵）；培养（细菌等），使繁殖 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+cub（躺）+ate→躺进去→孵卵 【例】When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild,the temperature andhumidity of the nest are controlled naturally. 【派】incubation〔n.孵化，孵（卵）；（疾病的）潜伏期〕； incubator（n.孵化器；恒温育婴箱） inculcate [in'kʌlkeit] vt.反复灌输，谆谆教诲 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+culc（=cult，培养，种植）+ate→种进去 →反复灌输 【例】I will inculcate the directions if people are unsure of them. 【用】常用句型为inculcate sb.with sth.。 incumbent [in'kʌmbənt] n.现任者adj.有责任的，义不容辞的；现任的，在职的 【记】词根记忆：in+cumb（躺）+ent→躺在（职位）上的人→现任者 【例】①Members of the congress should be incumbent to stand for most people. ②The incumbent,in politics,is the current holder of a political office. incur [in'kə:] vt.遭受，蒙受；招致 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+cur（跑；发生）→使发生→招致 【例】The insurance will compensate for any loss you may incur. incursion [in'kə:ʃən] n.侵入，侵犯；流入 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+curs（跑）+ion→跑进来→侵入 【例】①The villagers left their homes damaged by the incursion of floodwater. ②The incursion was confirmed by a spokesman for the Israeli military.indelible [in'deləbl] adj.洗擦不掉的；不可磨灭的 【记】词根记忆：in+del（=delete，擦掉）+ible→洗擦不掉的 【例】The miserable scene seems to have made an indelible impression on Sally's heart. indemnify [in'demnifai] vt.偿付，赔偿 【记】词根记忆：in（无）+demn（伤害）+ify→取消伤害→赔偿 【例】The supplier should indemnify the customers for the loss incurred. 【用】indemnify后常接against或者from,常见搭配有：①indemnify sb.from/against harm（保证某人不受损害）；②indemnify sb.for the loss incurred（赔偿某人所受的损失）。 【派】indemnity（n.保障，保险，赔偿；赔偿物） indent [in'dent] n.订货单vt.缩格书写，缩排；使有凹陷 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+dent（牙齿）→使成齿状→使有凹陷 【例】Many teacher asked students to indent the first line of a new paragraph when writing.【用】常用搭配indent on/upon sb.for sth.表示“向某人订购某物”。 in-depth [in'depθ] adj.深入的，彻底的 【例】This newspaper has in-depth coverage and analysis of world news and current affairs. indeterminate [ˌindi'tə:minit] adj.未确定的，模糊的，未限定的 【记】词根记忆：in+de+term（界限）+inate→没有界限→未确定的 【例】A mathematical expression can also be said to be indeterminate if it is not definitively or precisely determined. indict [in'dait] vt.控告，起诉，指控 【记】词根记忆：in+dict（说）→（在法庭上）把…说出来→控告 【例】They believe there is sufficient evidence to indict George. 【用】常用句型结构为indict sb.for sth.,表示“起诉某人做某事/犯某罪”。 indigenous [in'didʒinəs] adj.本地的，土产的，土生土长的 【记】联想记忆：indigen（e）（土著）+ous→本地的，土产的 【例】Indigenous and environmental groups,including Greenpeace,say that many parts of the Andes will suffer if they become over-developed.（1997） indigestion [ˌindi'dʒestʃən] n.消化不良；不理解，不吸收 【记】词根记忆：in+di+gest（带来）+ion→带不来营养→消化不良 【例】Indigestion is a condition that is frequently caused by eating too fast,especially by eating high-fat foods quickly. indiscreet [ˌindis'kri:t] adj.不谨慎的，鲁莽的，轻率的；不稳重的，无礼的【例】①I was so afraid to dishonour my friends and family by my indiscreet actions. ②Don't tell her what I said today;she's quite indiscreet. indiscriminate [ˌindis'kriminit] adj.任意的；不加分析的，不加鉴别的 【记】联想记忆：in+discriminate（区别）→不加区别的→不加鉴别的 【例】①The terroristic actions are often indiscriminate and happen in many of the residential areas. ②Dictionaries should not be indiscriminate collections of word information. indisposed [ˌindis'pəuzd] adj.身体不适的，微恙的；不愿做的，无意做的 【记】词根记忆：in+dis（表加强）+pos（放置）+ed→放错位置→身体 不适的 【例】①Teddy was indisposed on Thursday and had to rest in his house for quite some time. ②Monica seems indisposed to visit her cousin. 【用】be indisposed to do sth.是常用句型，表示“不愿做…”。 indisputable [ˌindis'pju:təbl] adj.不可争辩的，不容置疑的，无可否认的 【记】词根记忆：in+dis+put（思考）+able→不用再思考→不容置疑的 【例】She loves him for himself not his money,which is indisputable. Not ignorance,but the ignorance of ignorance,is the death of knowledge. ——Whitehead 不是无知本身，而是对无知的无知，才是知识的死亡。 ——怀特海德Word List 11 indistinguishable [ˌindis'tiŋgwiʃəbl] adj.不能区别的，（实际上）完全相同的 【例】A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues,irrespective of fluctuations in income;and increasingly the outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of business firms.（2005） indoctrinate [in'dɒktrineit] vt.向…灌输；教导 【记】联想记忆：in（进入）+doctrin（e）（教条，思想）+ate→使思 想进入→向…灌输 【例】①The parents always want to indoctrinate the children with the idea which they consider correct. ②Fresh and bitterly funny,this book proves that some universities,far from being places for open discussion,are really dungeons of the mind that indoctrinate students to become socialists,atheists,race-baiters,and narcissists. 【用】indoctrinate的常见句式为indoctrinate sb.with...,表示“灌输（某种思 想或信仰）给某人”。indolent ['indələnt] adj.懒惰的，不活动的，不活跃的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+dol（悲痛）+ent→无大悲大喜→不活跃的 【例】His descendants were indolent and spent money like water. indubitable [in'dju:bitəbl] adj.不容置疑的，确实的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+dub（双）+it+able→没有两种可能→确实的 【例】The debater produced indubitable evidence and bore down his opponents. induct [in'dʌkt] vt.使正式就职；吸收会员 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+duct（引导）→引进→吸收会员 【例】Gunther refused to be inducted into the army. 【用】induct后常接介词to,into,as，表示“使…正式就职；接纳…为成 员”。 【派】induction（n.就职；接纳会员；诱导，催产；归纳法） ineffectual [ˌini'fektʃuəl] adj.无效的，徒劳无功的；不能干的 【记】词根记忆：in+ef（表加强）+fect（做）+ual→做不出东西→无效 的 【例】The psychologist was really ineffectual in helping me deal with my problems. ineluctable [ˌini'lʌktəbl] adj.不可避免的，难免的 【例】Hamlet seems trapped by an ineluctable fact. inept [i'nept] adj.不熟练的，不擅长的；无能的；不合适的，不策略的【记】词根记忆：in（无）+ept（能干的）→无能的 【例】①Hobson seems to be an inept leader. ②What an inept remark James made on such a formal occasion. inescapable [ˌini'skeipəbl] adj.无法逃避的，不可避免的 【记】联想记忆：in（不）+escap（e）（逃避，避免）+able（可… 的）→无法逃避的 【例】All projections,of course,must be viewed with a healthy dose of skepticism.Nonetheless,the urge to make sense of what lies ahead is inescapable.（2001） inestimable [in'estiməbl] adj.无法评估的；无价的，非常贵重的 【记】联想记忆：in（不）+estima（te）（估计）+ble→无法评估的 【例】The drought is predicted to cause to Texas agribusiness an inestimable loss.（1998） inexhaustible [ˌinig'zɒ:stəbl] adj.无穷尽的，用不完的 【记】联想记忆：in（不）+exhaust（耗尽）+ible→耗不尽的→无穷尽 的 【例】Physicists persevere in quest for inexhaustible energy source. inexorable [in'eksərəbl] adj.无法改变的；不可阻挡的；不为所动的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+ex（出）+or（说）+able→说不出→无法改 变的 【例】Like many other developed nations,Singapore faces the problems of an increasing proportion of people over 60years of age.Demography is inexorable.（1999） inexplicable [ˌinik'splikəbl] adj.无法解释的，不可思议的，莫名其妙的【记】词根记忆：in（不）+ex+plic（折叠）+able→折叠得无法展开→ 无法解释的 【例】The inexplicable disappearance of Jimmy worried everyone. infallible [in'fæləbl] adj.不会犯错误的，无过失的；极精确的，万无一失的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+fall（错误）+ible→不会错的→不会犯错误 的 【例】①No man is infallible. ②The professor provided us with many infallible proofs for his research. infantile ['infəntail] adj.婴儿（期）的；孩子气的，幼稚的 【记】联想记忆：infant（婴儿）+ile→婴儿的 【例】Infantile diarrhea was divided into four types of wind cold,damp heat,food injury and spleen deficiency on differentiation of symptoms and signs. infatuated [in'fætjueitid] adj.迷恋的，沉溺的，痴情的 【例】The infatuated fan stalked the celebrity. 【派】infatuation（n.热恋，痴情，迷恋）infernal [in'fə:nəl] adj.阴间的，地狱（似）的，魔鬼般的；可恶的，讨厌的 【记】电影《无间道》Infernal Affairs 【例】The infernal doorbell hasn't stopped ringing all day. infest [in'fest] vt.（害虫等）大批出没；遍布；侵扰 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+fest（仇恨）→使充满仇恨→侵扰 【例】①Lots of rats infest here recently. ②This is a sea infested with pirates. 【用】常见句型搭配为be infested with...。 infiltrate ['infiltreit] v.渗透；（使）渗入，潜入 【例】①The thick smoke has infiltrated into my room. ②The mother tried to infiltrate her ideas into her child's mind. 【用】infiltrate...into...表示“把…渗透到…里”。 infirm [in'fə:m]adj.体弱的，虚弱的；意志薄弱的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+firm（坚定）→不坚强的→虚弱的 【例】You should not consider Jane as a poor,infirm,and helpless widow. infirmity [in'fə:miti] n.体弱，虚弱；缺点 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+firm（坚定）+ity→不坚强→虚弱 【例】①Ivan had a spirit of infirmity seventeen years. ②I admit that bad temper is my worst infirmity. inflame [in'fleim] vt.使愤怒，使激动 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+flam（火焰）+e→使怒火中烧→使愤怒 【例】The discussion is likely to inflame tensions between the two. 【派】inflamed（adj.发炎的，红肿的；愤怒的，激动的） inflammable [in'flæməbl] adj.易燃的；易激动的，易激怒的 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+flamm（=flam，火焰）+able→易燃的 【例】①Be careful!The material was inflammable. ②Why are you so inflammable before him? 【派】inflammation（n.燃烧；激动；发炎，炎症）；inflammatory（adj. 易燃的；煽动性的） inflexible [in'fleksəbl] adj.不能弯曲的，不能改变的；坚定不移的，不受影响的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+flex（弯曲）+ible→不能弯曲的 【例】①Sometimes it's annoying,because I feel like I am dealing with robots who are so inflexible and can only work according to how they are programmed. ②Don't climb mountains without inflexible will.inflict [in'flikt] vt.予以（打击），使遭受，强加于；施（刑），处（罚） 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+flict（打击）→使…遭受打击→予以（打 击） 【例】Some of the longest speeches ever inflicted on the American public have been the inaugural addresses of our presidents.（2000听力） 【用】常见搭配：inflict on/upon〔使…受痛苦；给…以（打击或惩 罚）〕；inflict oneself upon sb.（使人受累；打扰某人）。 inflow ['infləu] n.注入，涌入，流入（物、量） 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+flow（流）→流进的东西→流入量 【例】To develop our business,we are in great need of the inflow of capital. infringe [in'frindʒ] vt.违反，违背；干涉，侵犯，干扰 【记】联想记忆：in（不）+fringe（界限，边缘）→不在界限之内→违 反 【例】①Don't infringe my order. ②No one has the right to infringe on other's privacy. 【用】常用搭配infringe on/upon...表示“侵犯…”。 infuriate [in'fjuərieit] vt.使大怒，激怒 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+furi（=fury，狂怒）+ate→使大怒 【例】Jonah's taunts infuriate people. infuse [in'fju:z] vt.灌输，注入；泡（茶等），被浸泡 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+fus（流）+e→流进去→灌输 【例】①The young man infused fresh vigor into our company. ②The biggest problem with using the tea balls to infuse tea is that their smallchamber doesn't allow for thorough tea-water circulation. ingenuous [in'dʒenjuəs] adj.纯朴的，坦率的；天真无邪的 【记】联想记忆：in（使）+gen（出生）+uous→使刚出生→天真无邪 的 【例】①This is the most candid and ingenuous expressions of feeling I have ever heard. ②Jessie was too ingenuous in believing what others say. inglorious [in'glɒ:riəs] adj.可耻的，不光彩的；不出名的 【记】词根记忆：in（无）+glor（荣誉）+ious→不光彩的 【例】①Napoleon has an inglorious end eventually. ②This novel was written by an inglorious young writer. ingrained [in'greind] adj.根深蒂固的，一成不变的，积深难除的 【例】The country is shaking off thousands of years of deeply ingrained traditions and cultural isolationism. ingratiate [in'greiʃieit] vt.设法讨好，迎合，取悦 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+grati（令人高兴的）+ate→使别人高兴→取 悦 【例】Sophia quickly sought to ingratiate herself with her new boss. 【用】ingratiate的常用句型为ingratiate oneself into one's favour和 ingratiate oneself with sb.,都表示“讨好某人，巴结/奉承某人”。 【派】ingratiating（adj.讨好的，迎合的，奉承的） inhibit [in'hibit] vt.抑制；阻碍，约束 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+hibit（拿）→让拿住不动→抑制【例】①The tight bindings do not inhibit Rita's fury at all. ②Shyness inhibited John from speaking. 【用】常用句型搭配inhibit sb.from doing sth.表“阻止某人做某事”。 injunction [in'dʒʌŋkʃən] n.命令，指令；（法院的）禁止令 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+junct（连接）+ion→和（法令）相连接→ 命令 【例】The company has received an injunction from the court. 【用】lay a strict injunction on sb.to do sth.表示“勒令某人做某事”。 inmost ['inməust] adj.最内的，最深的，最秘密的 【记】组合词：in（内部的）+most（最）→在…内部→最秘密的 【例】The leader should listen to the inmost thoughts of the mass. innate [i'neit] adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+nat（出生）+e→一出生便进入→天生的 【例】I had an innate dislike of conventionalities. innocent ['inəsənt] adj.清白的，无罪的；单纯的，率真的；无知的；无害的 【记】词根记忆：in（无）+noc（伤害）+ent（…的）→无害的；无罪 的 【例】No one must be allowed to kill innocent people and not to be severely punished.（1996听力） 【派】innocence（n.无罪，清白；天真，单纯，简单） inoculate [i'nɒkjuleit] vt.接种，打预防针 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+ocul（萌芽；眼睛）+ate→在萌芽时进入 →打预防针【例】Every child should be inoculated. 【用】inoculate sb.against...表示“给…注射预防…的疫苗”。 inoffensive [ˌinə'fensiv] adj.不触犯人的，不招人讨厌的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+of+fens（打击）+ive→不打击别人→不触犯 人的 【例】Some boys have stoned an inoffensive man to death,and that although a large crowd witnessed the shameful deed,no one interfered. inordinate [i'nɒ:dinit] adj.无节制的，过度的，放纵的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+ordin（命令，秩序）+ate→无命令的→放纵 的 【例】Martin is an inordinate eater,sometimes eating eight hamburgers at a meal. inquire [in'kwaiə] v.询问；查究，调查 【记】词根记忆：in+quir（寻求）+e→询问；调查 【例】①inquire about 打听 Clarissa kept inquiring about prices of the bargains. ②inquire into 调查 The police inquired into the extent of the employee's corruption of the company. 【派】inquiring（adj.好问的，爱打听的）；inquiry（n.询问；调查；探 究） inquisition [ˌinkwi'ziʃən] n.严密审讯，审查，查究 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+quis（寻求）+ition→去寻求结果→审查 【例】As to that murder case,the police are focusing on following two lines of inquisition. inquisitive [in'kwizətiv]adj.好奇的；求知欲强的；好查根究底的 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+quis（寻求）+itive→不断寻求的→好查根 究底的 【例】①Those orphans are all peering at us with inquisitive expressions. ②Isabel was very inquisitive about other people's privacy. insanity [in'sæniti] n.疯狂，精神错乱 【记】词根记忆：in（无）+san（健康的）+ity→精神不健康的→精神 错乱 【例】Genius is but one remove from insanity. insidious [in'sidiəs] adj.阴险的；隐伏的，潜在的 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+sid（坐）+ious→危机坐在里面→隐伏的 【例】Noise is an even more insidious kind of pollution which invades our daily lives. insinuate [in'sinjueit] vt.暗示，含沙射影地说；悄然潜入；施计取得宠信 【记】词根记忆：in+sinu（弯曲）+ate→说话拐弯抹角→含沙射影地说【例】①Jasper once insinuated that he would marry Julia. ②The American software company tries to insinuate itself into the hardware market. 【用】当insinuate作“悄然潜入”讲时，后面一般接into。 insipid [in'sipid] adj.无味道的；乏味的，无生气的，无特色的 【例】When you are hungry,the bran tastes as sweet as honey;when you are full,even the honey tastes insipid.（2004） insist [in'sist] v.坚持，坚决认为；坚决要求，强调 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+sist（站）→使始终站立→坚持 【例】I was frantic,and almost in tears.I insisted on keeping up my desperate yells.But at last my father persuaded me to leave with him.（2005） 【用】insist作及物动词时后面可直接加that从句，从句使用虚拟语 气“should+动词原形”，作不及物动词时接on或upon。 【派】insistent（adj.坚持的，持续的） insolent ['insələnt] adj.粗鲁的，无礼的；傲慢的 【记】联想记忆：in+sol（单独）+ent→将别人单独扔下→粗鲁的 【例】①Kelvin was an insolent old miser. ②Julius pretended to be an insolent master. install [in'stɒ:l] vt.安装，设置；安顿，安置；正式任命，任用 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+stall（放）→放进去→安装，安置 【例】①Because many seniors suffer from poor balance,it also helps to install grab bars and handrails in bathrooms and along hallways.（2005） ②I've installed gray-water systems to reuse the wastewater from my laundry machine and bathtub and reroute it to my landscape-systems that save,on average,50gallons of water per day.（2012）【派】installation（n.安装；设备；任职） instantaneous [ˌinstən'teinjəs] adj.瞬间发生的，立即的，即时的 【记】联想记忆：instant（立即的）+aneous→立即的 【例】①We lie in an age when information is pretty much instantane-ous. ②The speedometer of a car reveals information about the instantane-ous speed of your car. instigate ['instigeit] vt.怂恿，唆使，煽动 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+stig（=sting，刺激）+ate→使刺激起来→煽 动 【例】Your speech could instigate other students to cheat in the examination. 【用】常见句式instigate sb.to commit a crime表示“教唆某人犯罪”。 instil（l） [in'stil] vt.逐步灌输，注入 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+still（小水滴）→像水滴一样进入→注入 【例】The instructors only instill certain notions into the students'minds. insular ['insjulə;'insələ] adj.岛屿的，海岛的；心胸狭窄的，褊狭的 【记】词根记忆：insul（岛）+ar→岛屿的 【例】Americans do swing from aggressive over-phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate,imitative deference.But then,the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals.（1998） insulate ['insjuleit;'insəleit] vt.隔离，使孤立；使绝缘，使隔绝（热、声音等） 【记】词根记忆：insul（岛）+ate（使）→成为孤岛→隔离 【例】The ceiling is the most important place to insulate because up to45percent of the heat loss from an uninsulated house is lost through the ceiling. insuperable [in'sju:pərəbl;in'su:pərəbl] adj.难以克服的，无法解决的，难以超越的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+super（超越）+able→难以超越的 【例】Our difference of age must be an insuperable objection. insurgent [in'sə:dʒənt] n.叛乱士兵adj.起义的，叛乱的，造反的 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+surg（升起）+ent→升起不满情绪→造反的 【例】①The government sent orders to quell the insurgents and stop the rising in blood. ②Jenny's soul was insurgent. insurmountable [ˌinsə'mauntəbl] adj.无法超越的，不能克服的 【记】联想记忆：in（不）+surmount（克服，超越）+able→不能克服 的 【例】None of these difficulties is insurmountable. intangible [in'tændʒəbl] adj.触摸不到的，无形的；感受不到的，难以捉摸的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+tang（触摸）+ible→不可触摸的→触摸不到 的 【例】It is perhaps true to say,therefore,that the real purpose of an interview is not to assess the assessable aspects of each candidate but to make a logical guess at the more intangible things,such as personality,character and sociability and employeeship.（2005） intelligible [in'telidʒəbl] adj.可理解的，易于明白的 【例】When you are a teacher,you'd better make your words more intelligible,so that students could get your idea easier.intent [in'tent] n.意图，目的；意义，含义adj.（目光等）不转移的，集中的，热切 的；专心致志的；坚决的 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+tent（伸展）→伸进→专心致志的 【例】①Proximity refers to the physical distance between speakers.This can indicate a number of things and can also be used to consciously send messages about intent.（2010听力） ②to all intents and purposes 实际上 The program is,to all intents and purposes,finished. intercession [ˌintə'seʃən] n.（代为）求情，调解，斡旋 【记】词根记忆：inter（在…之间）+cess（走）+ion→在二者之间走→ 调解 【例】Grace insisted that she did not need intercession about her marriage. interface ['intəfeis] n.界面，分界面；（两个系统互相交接和影响的）接合部位，边缘区 域，交接处vi.互相作用 【记】词根记忆：inter（相互）+fac（脸）+e→面对的脸→界面 【例】The interface for questions on the Internet is similar to a chat- room,where the learner can input his questions and then receive a prompt reply from the professional teacher. interfere [ˌintə'fiə] vi.干涉，干预，介入；妨碍，打扰 【记】词根记忆：inter（在…之间）+fer（带来）+e→来到中间→介入 【例】①The only practical service of social science is to warn man not to interfere with the course of nature（or society）. ②interfere in 干涉 No country should interfere in the affairs of other countries. 【用】interfere与in搭配表示“干预，干涉”，而与with搭配表示“妨碍， 打扰”。【派】interference（n.干涉，干扰，阻碍） interject [ˌintə'dʒekt] v.突然插入，插话，打断（别人的话） 【记】词根记忆：inter（在…之间）+ject（扔）→谈话间扔句话→突然 插入 【例】Grey quickly interjected that there was a new problem. 【派】interjection（n.感叹词） interlock [ˌintə'lɒk] v.（使）连锁，（使）互相扣住，（使）连接 【记】词根记忆：inter（相互）+lock（锁）→互相锁→连锁 【例】The lovers extended their hands and interlocked their fingers. interlude ['intəlu:d] n.（演出、活动间的）暂休，间歇；插曲 【记】词根记忆：inter（在…之间）+lud（戏剧）+e→戏剧之间→暂休 【例】①There will now be a 35-minute interlude. ②It is just a comic interlude. interminable [in'tə:minəbl] adj.冗长乏味的，无休止的，没完没了的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+termin（结束）+able→不会结束的→无休止 的 【例】I hate the interminable waiting. intermingle [ˌintə'miŋgl] v.（使）混合 【记】联想记忆：inter+mingle（混合）→混合 【例】If early humans hadn't moved and intermingled as much as they did,they probably would have continued to evolve into different species. （2001） 【用】intermingle后接with,表示“与…混合”。intermittent [ˌintə'mitənt] adj.断续的，间歇的 【记】联想记忆：intermit（暂停，中断）+tent→间歇的 【例】They are overjoyed to see the intermittent flashes from a lighthouse. intern [in'tə:n] n.住院见习医生；实习生vt.（尤指战时）拘禁，扣押 【例】①Many insurrectionists have been interned. ②I heard one of my classmates work as an intern in that famous corporation. interplay ['intəplei] n.相互作用，相互影响，互相合作 【记】联想记忆：inter（在…之间）+play（起作用）→相互作用 【例】Would you please analyze the interplay between credit card market and legal-regulations for us to explain how the innovations in the credit card industry have induced government to reform. interpose [ˌintə'pəuz] vt.介入；插入，打断谈话 【记】词根记忆：inter（在…之间）+pos（放）+e→放入中间→介入 【例】①Henry tried to interpose himself between them to stop them fighting. ②“Her mind wanders,sir.”I interposed. interrogate [in'terəugeit] vt.讯问；审问，盘问 【记】词根记忆：inter（相互）+rog（问）+ate→相互问→讯问 【例】①Barton has given up trying to interrogate his girlfriend. ②There is no approval for the police in this country to interrogate terror suspect. intersperse [ˌintə'spə:s]vt.散置，散布，点缀 【记】词根记忆：inter（在…之间）+spers（散开）+e→在中间散布→ 点缀 【例】①Flowers were interspersed among bushes. ②The newspaper section is interspersed with advertisements. 【用】intersperse among表示“使散布于…”；intersperse with表示“用…点 缀；夹杂着…”。 interval ['intəvəl] n.间隔，空隙，间歇；幕间休息 【记】词根记忆：inter（在…之间）+val→之间的距离→间隔 【例】at intervals间或They drank at intervals from their huge pint tumblers,and smoked,spitting often on the floor and sometimes dragging the sawdust over their heavy boots.（2000） 【用】注意interval常出现在词组中，如at long intervals表示“间或”，at short intervals表示“常常”，它们都来自于at intervals。 intimacy ['intiməsi] n.亲密，亲切，关系密切 【记】词根记忆：intim（内心的）+acy→心贴心→亲密 【例】①At the end of the story,there seems to be a sense of intimacy between March and the fox.（2004） ②Closeness,for example,indicates intimacy or threat to many speakers. （2010听力） intimidate [in'timideit] vt.恫吓，恐吓，威胁 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+timid（害怕）+ate→使人害怕→恐吓，威胁 【例】The best way to intimidate someone who doesn't know you from a hole in the wall is by being as mysterious as possible. 【用】常用句型为intimidate sb.into doing sth.,表示“胁迫某人做某事”。 intoxicate [in'tɒksikeit]vt.使喝醉；使陶醉，使狂喜；使中毒 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+toxic（有毒的）+ate→使中毒 【例】①Mike was fined for driving while intoxicated. ②The prospect of success intoxicates me. 【用】常见搭配为be intoxicated by/with，表示“因…而陶醉”。 intractable [in'træktəbl] adj.倔强的，难对付的，难驾驭的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+tract（拉）+able→拉不动的→倔强的 【例】Charles made significant progress on the most intractable financial issue in his company. intransigent [in'trænsidʒənt] adj.固执己见的，不愿合作的，不妥协的 【记】词根记忆：in+trans（转移）+igent→思想不转移的→固执己见的 【例】①This country adopted a very intransigent attitude to the question of sovereignty. ②An intransigent conservative opposed to every liberal tendency. intrepid [in'trepid] adj.无畏的，勇敢的，刚毅的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+trepid（颤抖的）→不颤抖的→勇敢的，无 畏的 【例】A group of intrepid adventurers are trying to make an unassisted hike to the South Pole. intricacy ['intrikəsi] n.错综复杂；错综复杂的事物 【记】词根记忆：in+tric（复杂）+acy→错综复杂 【例】①Mary was too tired to explore the intricacy of human relationships in the works. ②This paper argues that the Beowulf poet develops an intricacy in his poemthat is unusual to Old English literature. intrigue [in'tri:g] vt.耍阴谋诡计，密谋；激起…的兴趣（或好奇心）n.密谋，诡计 【例】①The opposition are intriguing against the president. ②I was intrigued by the things Austin did. ③Carl's mind is full of intrigues. 【用】intrigue后接against，表示“密谋陷害…”；接with表示“与…勾 结”。 【派】intriguing（adj.迷人的，引人入胜的） intrinsic [in'trinsik] adj.固有的，内在的，本质的 【例】The intrinsic value of gold,perhaps enhanced by its mystique,made it a medium of exchange in many parts of the world.（1996） introspection [ˌintrəu'spekʃən] n.反省，内省 【记】词根记忆：intro（向内）+spect（看）+ion→看自己的内心→内 省 【例】Introspection is the process by which someone comes to form beliefs about her own mental states. intrusive [in'tru:siv] adj.入侵的，闯入的，打扰的；内凸的 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+trus（推，冲）+ive→推进去→入侵的 【例】There are many different types of intrusive igneous rocks but granite is the most common type. intuitive [in'tju:itiv] adj.直觉的，来自直觉的，有直觉力的 【记】联想记忆：in+tuit（保护）+ive→自我保护是种下意识→直觉的 【例】①Women are often more intuitive than men.②I just have an intuitive feel for what songs will suitable for me to sing. 【派】intuition（n.直觉，直观） inundate ['inʌndeit] vt.泛滥，淹没，充满 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+und（溢出）+ate→使溢出→泛滥 【例】An avalanche,combined with mud,ash and volcanic debris inundated the surrounding villages and farmland. 【用】被动语态be inundated with表示“使充满…”。 invalidate [in'vælideit] vt.使无效，使作废 【记】联想记忆：in（不，无）+validate（使生效，使有效）→使无效 【例】①My passport will be invalidated at the end of this month. ②The high EQ person will never invalidate another person's feelings,especially not the feelings of a sensitive child. inveterate [in'vetərit] adj.根深蒂固的，由来已久的；成瘾的 【记】词根记忆：in（进入）+veter（老）+ate→一直到老都有→由来已 久的 【例】Cooper is an inveterate smoker and cannot break the habit. invidious [in'vidiəs] adj.易招怨恨的，引起不满的，惹人反感的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+vid（看）+ious→不看的→惹人反感的 【例】①You have put me in an invidious position,and I am tempted to refuse. ②Don't speak of those invidious remarks. invigorate [in'vigəreit] vt.使充满活力，使健壮，使振奋精神，鼓舞 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+vigor（活力）+ate→使充满活力，鼓舞【例】①The music in the air can really invigorate the mind and body. ②We need to amend and invigorate it so that it becomes an effective tool for the making of a just,vibrant and advancing society. invincible [in'vinsibl] adj.难以征服的，不可战胜的，不能克服的 【记】词根记忆：in（不）+vinc（征服）+ible（能…的）→不能征服的 【例】I don't think there are invincible difficulties in the world. invoice ['invɒis] n./vt.（开）发票，（开列）货品清单 【例】Don't forget to ask the manufacturer to invoice you for the goods. 【用】invoice sb.for sth.表示“给某人开某物的发票”。 invoke [in'vəuk] vt.求助于，恳求，乞求；用法术招魂；诉诸，行使；引起，造成 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+vok（叫喊）+e→使叫喊→恳求 【例】Those of us who pushed for the bill will consider ourselves most successful if it acts as an incentive not to have it invoked in the first place. （1999） Living without an aim is like sailing without a com- pass. ——J.Ruskin 生活无目标，犹如航海无指南针。 ——鲁斯金Word List 12 involuntary [in'vɒləntəri] adj.无意的；不由自主的，不自觉的 【记】词根记忆：in（使）+volunt（意志）+ary→无意的 【例】①Daniel takes an involuntary step forward. ②Nina gave an involuntary smile. invulnerable [in'vʌlnərəbl] adj.无法伤害的，攻不破的，无懈可击的 【记】联想记忆：in（不）+vulnerable（易受攻击的）→无法伤害的 【例】They no longer feel invulnerable to attack. 【用】invulnerable常与介词to搭配，表示“不受…的伤害、影响等”。 irascible [i'ræsibl] adj.易怒的，暴躁的 【记】词根记忆：i+ras（摩擦）+cible→易产生摩擦→易怒的 【例】Philip Merrill is an irascible,charming publisher whose Washingtonian magazine became an example of how successful a city magazine could be.irk [ə:k] vt.使苦恼，使厌烦 【例】It irks me to see her smile to that man. 【用】常用句型为it irks sb.to do sth.,表示“某人讨厌做某事”。 【派】irksome（adj.令人厌烦的，令人不快的） irradiate [i'reidieit] vt.照耀，照射；用辐射处理 【记】词根记忆：ir（表加强）+radi（光线）+ate→使发光→照射，照 耀 【例】The orange light irradiates the exterior glass walls of the building. irreconcilable [i'rekənsailəbl] adj.不能和解的，不能调和的 【例】Any sort of difference between the two parties that either cannot be changed or the individual does not want to change can be considered irreconcilable differences. 【用】irreconcilable后接with或to，表示“与…势不两立；与…不可调 和”。 irreducible [ˌiri'dju:səbl] adj.不能缩减的，不能缩小的；不可简化的 【记】词根记忆：ir（不）+re（相反）+duc（带来）+ible→不能往反向 带走→不能缩减的 【例】Daily expenditure has been cut to an irreducible minimum. irreparable [i'repərəbl] adj.无法修复的，不能挽回的，不能弥补的 【记】词根记忆：ir（不）+re+par（平等）+able→不能和之前一样→无 法修复的 【例】I'd like to see the lawyers explain how it is likely to cause“irreparable injury”.irrepressible [ˌiri'presibl] adj.不能抑制的，不能控制的 【记】词根记忆：ir（不）+re+press（挤压）+able→无法被压下去→不 能抑制的 【例】It is an irrepressible conflict between opposing and enduring forces,and it means that the United States will,sooner or later,become either entirely a slaveholding nation,or entirely a free-labor nation. irrespective [ˌiri'spektiv] adv.不考虑，不顾及 【记】词根记忆：ir（不）+re+spect（看）+ive→不重新看→不考虑 【例】irrespective of 无论 The term“formal learning”is used in this paper to refer to all learning that takes place in the classroom,irrespective of whether such learning is informed by conservative or progressive ideologies. （2004） irretrievable [ˌiri'tri:vəbl] adj.不能复得的，无法挽救的，无法弥补的 【记】联想记忆：ir（不）+retriev（e）（补救，挽回）+able→无法挽 救的 【例】Evans was afraid of committing himself to an irretrievable blunder. irreverent [i'revərənt] adj.（对神圣之物）不敬的，不虔诚的；无礼的 【记】联想记忆：ir（不）+re+ver（真实）+ent→在神面前说假话→不 虔诚的 【例】①I frequently heard the irreverent comment on teachers. ②I cannot accept his irreverent reply.irreversible [ˌiri'və:səbl] adj.不能反转的，不能撤销的，不能更改的 【记】联想记忆：ir（不）+re+vers（转）+ible→不能反转的 【例】While the social forces that have transformed family life are probably irreversible,some measures,Winn suggests,can be taken to keep children from learning too much too soon.（1998） irrevocable [i'revəkəbl] adj.不能改变的，不能取消的，不可挽回的 【记】词根记忆：ir（不）+re+voc（叫喊）+able→不能再叫喊→不可挽 回的 【例】Now the issue of nuclear armaments is beyond choice and has become an irrevocable fate. irritant ['iritənt] n.刺激物adj.有刺激性的，刺激的 【例】① My skin is in contact with an irritant. ②The irritant chemicals can cause itching. issue ['iʃju:]n.发行物，（报刊）期号；问题，议题，争论点；（水、血等）流出， 放出；河口，出口vt.（报刊等）发行，发布；排出，（使）流出；分配 【例】①Even though he reads widely and can intelligently discuss a variety of issues,he does little school work and rarely studies.（2013听力） ②A survey in America last month by Ernst&Young found that“although corporate America foresees a significant workforce shortage as boomers retire,it is not dealing with the issue.”（2009） itch [itʃ] n.痒；渴望v.感到痒，发痒 【例】①be itching to do sth. 渴望 I've been itching to go to ski all winter long. ②be itching for sth. 渴望 Felton is itching for money. ③They make my eyes itch. 【用】常见短语有：①have an itch/be itching for sth.（渴望得到某物，非 常想做某事，手痒）；②itch for（渴望）。 itemize ['aitəmaiz] vt.逐项列出（记载） 【记】联想记忆：item（条款，项目）+ize（使…化）→逐项列出 【例】The report itemizes 23different faults. iterate ['itəreit] vt.反复说，一再提出 【记】词根记忆：iter（=again，再）+ate→再来一次→反复说 【例】You don't need to iterate a warning to him. itinerant [i'tinərənt] adj.巡回的；流动的 【记】词根记忆：itiner（旅行，巡游）+ant→巡回的 【例】Itinerant photographers took the pictures as they tramped up and down country roads.jab [dʒæb] n./v.戳，刺；猛击 【例】①The dog received a jab. ②Steve jabbed his umbrella into my side. jeer [dʒiə] n./v.嘲笑，嘲弄 【例】①The jeer of Ford's classmates hurt him greatly. ②The crowd jeered at those who had failed in the performance. 【用】jeer与at搭配表示“嘲笑…”。 jeopardize ['dʒepədaiz] vt.危及，危害 【例】I will never do anything to jeopardize my friendship with you. jerky ['dʒə:ki] adj.忽动忽停的；结结巴巴的；颠簸不稳的 【例】That old man moved forward with quick jerky steps. jest [dʒest] n./vi.（开）玩笑 【例】①I tried to tell him the truth in jest. ②I jest to Tony and make him smile. 【用】jest后接at表“嘲笑某人”，接with表“和某人开玩笑”，另外in jest 是“开玩笑地；不认真地”的意思。 jocular ['dʒɒkjulə] adj.滑稽的，诙谐的，爱开玩笑的 【记】词根记忆：joc（笑话）+ular→滑稽的 【例】The jocular star made a joke to avoid answering our question directly. jolt [dʒəult]v.摇动，晃动 【例】All the crew jolted as the shock wave hit the plane. jostle ['dʒɒsl] v.推，挤（某人）；争抢 【例】①They jostled an old lady on the pavement. ②ATM users in the UK are robbed by newspaper distributors who jostle their victims during transactions. jubilant ['dʒu:bilənt] adj.欢欣的，欢腾的 【记】词根记忆：jubil（大叫）+ant→高兴得大叫→欢欣的 【例】The whole nation is jubilant for the successful launch of the space craft. judicious [dʒu:'diʃəs] adj.明智的；有见识的 【记】词根记忆：judic（判断）+ious→判断力强的→明智的；有见识 的 【例】Pundits who want to sound judicious are fond of warning against generalizing.（2001） juggle ['dʒʌgl] v.耍花招，欺骗；耍把戏，玩杂耍n.花招，骗局；杂耍 【例】①Sam went to prison for juggling with his firm's accounts. ②Harold learned to juggle with balls when he worked in the circus. jumble ['dʒʌmbl] n.杂乱一团（东西或想法），混乱vt.使混乱 【例】①The papers in the office were all in a jumble. ②My books,toys and shoes were all jumbled up together in the bedroom. jumbo ['dʒʌmbəu]adj.特大的，巨型的 【记】老影片《江湖女》Billy Rose's Jumbo 【例】Between November and January,eight jumbo jets will fly 8million copies of a sample 16-page edition of FMR across the Atlantic.（1999） juncture ['dʒʌŋktʃə] n.关键时刻；连接，结合点 【记】词根记忆：junct（连接）+ure→连接 【例】At this juncture此刻At this juncture in our nation's affairs,we need firm leadership. 【用】at this juncture表示“此刻，在这个当口，在这个节骨眼上”。 juvenile ['dʒu:vənail] adj.青少年的；适合青少年的；青少年特有的 【记】词根记忆：juven（年轻）+ile（…的）→青少年的 【例】Parents spend less time with their children,who may be left alone at home for longer.Is it just a coincidence that juvenile crime is on the rise? （2004） juxtapose [ˌdʒʌkstə'pəuz] vt.将（人或事物）并列或并置 【记】词根记忆：juxta（=join，连接）+pos（放）+e→放在一起→将 （人或事物）并置 【例】Pain has been juxtaposed to pleasure as a form of emotion. keel [ki:l] n.（船的）龙骨vi.（船）翻转，倾覆 【例】①The ship's keel juts up like a huge dorsal fin. ②Our ship finally keeled over in the storm. 【用】keel over表示“（船）倾覆，翻身”。 knack [næk] n.特殊技能【例】Isabel had a knack for making friends with children. 【用】常用句型搭配：①have one's own knack in（对…有独到之处）； ②have a knack of doing sth.（有做…的本事；惯于做…）。 knead [ni:d] vt.揉（面团、黏土等）；按摩；捏制 【例】Jerry bared his arms and kneaded sour-dough. knock [nɒk] n.一击，敲门（声）v.打，击，敲；相撞 【例】①Precisely at two-thirty someone knocked on the door. ②knock down 撞倒 The driver had to swerve to avoid knocking the little girl down in the middle of the road. 【用】重点记忆：knock down〔击倒，撞倒，击落；降低（价格 等）〕；knock off（把…敲掉，击倒；停止工作）；knock out（敲空； 击倒，打昏）。 knowhow ['nəuhau] n.实践知识（或技术），本事，技能 【记】组合词：know（知道）+how（如何）→知道如何做→本事 【例】The company has identified and achieved energy saving by applying its knowhow to a variety of different areas of industrial process and manufacturing plant. laborious [lə'bɒ:riəs] adj.费力的，艰难的；勤勉的 【记】联想记忆：labor（劳动）+ious→需要劳动的→艰难的 【例】We cannot overlook learning ability,since successful learning not only involves laborious work but also wit. lack [læk] n.缺乏，不足；缺少的东西vt.缺乏，没有 【例】①The celebrants in 1909had a few inspirations we lack today. （2012）②for lack of 由于缺乏 Mr.Black's project failed for lack of fund. 【用】lack常常出现在词组中，如for lack of，by lack of，from lack of,都 表“因缺乏…”的意思；be lacking是“不足，缺乏”的意思。 lament [lə'ment] n.哀歌，挽歌v.为…悲痛，痛惜 【记】电影《沙河悲歌》Lament of The Sand River 【例】When people lament the disintegration of law and order,he argues,what they generally mean is order,as manifested by courteous forms of social contact.（1998） languid ['læŋgwid] adj.倦怠的；（天气）阴沉的；（市场）不景气 【记】词根记忆：langu（疲倦）+id→倦怠的 【例】Jenny's looks and movements were very languid. languish ['læŋgwiʃ] vi.长期受苦；变得衰弱无力 【记】词根记忆：langu（疲倦）+ish（使）→使虚弱→变得衰弱无力 【例】①The orphan languished in poverty from the moment she was born. ②Jacob soon began to languish in the heat. lapse [læps] n.失误，小过失；（时间的）流逝vi.（时间）流逝；逐步陷入，进入 （某种状态）；（商业合同等）终止 【记】词根记忆：laps（滑）+e→滑走→流逝；失误 【例】①I'm not allowed to have any lapse during the security check. ②Time lapsed,and everyone finished lunch and Rita was figuring out the bill. lateral ['lætərəl] adj.侧面的，横向的，旁支的 【记】词根记忆：later（侧面）+al→侧面的 【例】Through another affiliate,the Multi-lateral Investment GuaranteeAgency,offered insurance against non-commercial risk to encourage foreign investment in poor countries.（1999） lavish ['læviʃ] vt.慷慨地施与；浪费，乱花adj.挥霍的；无节制的 【记】词根记忆：lav（冲洗）+ish（使）→花钱如流水→浪费 【例】To realize this vision,Ricci is mounting one of the most lavish,enterprising—and expensive-promotional campaigns in magazine— publishing history. lax [læks] adj.马虎的，懒散的 【例】Margaret was looked down upon by lots of people due to her lax morals. lay [lei] vt.放；设置，布置；铺，砌；生（蛋），产（卵）adj.世俗的；外行的 【例】①You couldn't lay down a handkerchief on this beach.It was that crowded. ②lay down 制定 The leader must lay down a rule about the matter as soon as possible. 【用】重点记忆：lay down〔献出（生命）；制定，规定；放下；铺 设〕；lay off〔（暂时）解雇；放弃，戒掉〕；lay out（安排，布置， 设计；摆开，展示）。 lean [li:n] v.倾斜；（使）倚靠adj.瘦的，无脂肪的；贫乏的，收益少的 【例】①All the time he was reading the paper,his wife,a fat woman with a white face,leaned out of the window,gazing into the street,her thick white arms folded under her loose breast,on the window ledge.（2012） ②It was here at Namche that one man broke rank and leaned north,slowly and arduously climbing the steep walls of the natural amphitheater behind the scatter of stone huts,then past Kunde and Khumjong.（2009） ③lean on/upon 依靠 The unemployed man had to lean upon the allowance ofthe government to live. leave [li:v] n.假期；同意，许可vi.离开vt.留下，把…留在；委托，把…交给 【例】leave alone不要打扰You'd better leave me alone during the whole experiment. 【用】常见搭配：leave alone（不打扰）；on leave（休假）；take French leave（不告而别，擅自行动）。 legalize ['li:gəlaiz] vt.使…合法化 【记】联想记忆：legal（法律的，合法的）+ize→使…合法化 【例】The intent to pass a law to legalize gambling was firmly opposed. legendary ['ledʒəndəri] adj.传说中的，传奇的 【记】联想记忆：legend（传奇，传说）+ary→传奇的 【例】For a while the population of Athens,that city of legendary enlightenment was as much as 35percent slaves.（2001） legible ['ledʒəbl] adj.清楚易读的，容易辨认的 【记】词根记忆：leg（读）+ible→清楚易读的 【例】①The interpreter translated the Old English works into legible Chinese. ②The handwriting was no longer legible because much of the lettering had worn away. 【派】legibly（adv.易读地，可辨认地）；legibility（n.易读性，易辨 认） legislate ['ledʒisleit] v.立法，制定法律 【记】词根记忆：legisl（=legis，法律）+ate（使）→使成法律→制定法律 【例】The law cannot legislate filial responsibility any more than it can legislate love.（1999） legitimize [li'dʒitimaiz] vt.使合法；使可接受；给（孩子）合法地位 【记】词根记忆：leg（法律）+itim+ize（使）→使被法律认可→使合法 【例】Maggie attempts to legitimize her bastard with a wedding. leniency ['li:niənsi] n.宽大，宽厚；怜悯 （lenience）【记】词根记忆：leni（软）+ency→心肠软→宽厚 【例】Today's lawlessness is how you repay my leniency. lenient ['li:njənt] adj.宽容的，宽大的 【记】词根记忆：leni（软）+ent→心肠软的→宽容的 【例】①The teacher was lenient in his criticism to students who offended the rules. ②Buying a handgun or rifle is relatively easy in Virginia,but the state's gun control laws are not the most lenient in the United States. let [let] vt.让，允许；出租 【例】①let alone 更别提 If your topic is“The American Revolution”,you'll scarcely have time to make a list of books on your subject,let alone read and analyze them.（2005听力） ②let off 燃放 We planned a grand display of fireworks,to be let off exactly at midnight. lethal ['li:θəl] adj.致命的 【记】联想记忆：leth（遗忘）+al→爱遗忘可是个致命的缺点→致命的【例】Quite a small dose of the drug might be lethal to human beings. levity ['leviti] n.轻浮，轻率 【记】词根记忆：lev（升起）+ity→升起状态→轻浮 【例】Anne reproached me bitterly for my levity and neglect. liberty ['libəti] n.自由；解放；冒昧；[pl.]特权，特殊待遇 【记】词根记忆：liber（自由）+ty→自由 【例】at liberty 自由 Students and teachers should have the right to borrow the books in the library at liberty. 【用】take the liberty to do sth.意思是“冒昧地做某事”；at liberty意思 是“自由的；可随意的；有空，闲着”；另外，liberty在表示“特权，特殊 待遇”时常用复数形式。 light [lait] n.光线；灯火；（眼中的）闪光；眼光，见解vt.点燃，开始燃烧；照亮 adj.轻的；少量的；轻快的，轻松的；光线充足的，明亮的；浅色的 【例】①Invariably,a light comment or joke is made and my friend's easy laughter appears like sunshine in the conversation. ②in the light of 鉴于 The board of directors must make decision immediately in the light of the situation. ③throw light on 阐明 Professor Lee threw light on the complicated question on the class. 【用】make light of意思是“轻视，视…为微不足道的”。 【派】lighter（n.打火机）；lightning（n.闪电adj.闪电式的） lighten ['laitən] vt.使明亮；减轻…负担；使愉快（轻松起来） 【例】①A match lightened the darkness of the room. ②The solution of the knotty problem lightened his mood.limit ['limit] n.界限，限制；[pl.]边界，范围vt.限制，限定 【记】词根记忆：lim（限制）+it→限制 【例】①The bailouts continue,but their effect in holstering investor confidence is limited because the markets are rattled by his skepticism. （2003） ②off limits 禁止进入 People under 18are off limits to the bar in this country. 【用】off limits后面常常接介词to；另外within limits表示“适度地，在合 理的范围内”的意思。 【派】limitation〔n.限制，限定；限制因素（或条件）〕；limited（adj. 有限的） liquidate ['likwideit] v.消灭，杀戮；清理债务 【记】词根记忆：liqu（离开）+id+ate→使离开→消灭 【例】①Blake tried to liquidate his enemies within one year. ②The shareholders had voted to liquidate the company completely by the end of 2007. literal ['litərəl] adj.逐字的；字面的，原义的；如实的，不夸张的 【记】词根记忆：liter（文字）+al→按照字面意思的→字面的 【例】①To most people,such a home base,in the literal sense,needs more than one person for sustenance and in generational extension.（1999） ②They had never asked,they'd just assumed that 70million sheets would be bought per year as a literal function of economic growth.（2011） literally ['litərəli] adv.逐字地；确实地；[用以加强语气]简直，毫不夸张地 【记】词根记忆：liter（字母）+al+ly→逐字地 【例】①The societal pursuit of high self-esteem for everyone may literally end up doing considerable harm.（1998）②This summer Philadelphia mayor John Street waited outside an AT&T store from 3:30a.m.to 11:30a.m.before a stand-in from his office literally stood in for the mayor while he conducted official business.（2010） literate ['litərit] adj.有读写能力的；有文化的，有学识的 【记】词根记忆：liter（文字）+ate→有读写能力的；有文化的 【例】In this country,only 10percent of the people were not literate. livid ['livid] adj.青灰色的；极生气的 【例】①I saw two red eyes staring at me and a livid white face through the fog. ②Bessie was livid when she found out that her boyfriend Bowen had been two-timing her. loathe [ləuð] vt.憎恨，厌恶 【例】Charles and Queenie loathe each other with constantly increas-ing strength. 【用】常用句型为loathe doing sth.，表示“厌恶做…”。 loiter ['lɒitə] vi.闲逛 【例】It is not rare to see young couples loitering on street corners or in the park. 【用】loiter（one's time）away表示“虚度光阴”。 loll [lɒl] vi.懒洋洋地呆着、坐着或站着 【例】The tigers loll at ease near the entrance of their cave. loot [lu:t] n.掠夺物，赃物v.掠夺，抢劫【例】①The thief was so stupid to hide the loot in his own house. ②The refugees had no other ways to make a living but to loot. lop [lɒp] vt.剪去，砍掉（树枝等） 【例】There is no need to lop branches off every day. lucid ['lju:sid] adj.头脑清醒的；明白易懂的 【记】词根记忆：luc（光）+id→带来光明→明白易懂的 【例】①John has been given a lot of drugs and is not lucid enough now. ②The professor was dissatisfied with my not very lucid explanation to the question. lucrative ['lju:krətiv] adj.生利的，赚钱的 【记】词根记忆：lucr（=lucre，钱财）+ative→赚钱的 【例】The Net had two big impacts.One was that it was an exciting,potentially lucrative new industry that had its roots in the U.S.,so if you wanted to get in on it,you had to speak some English.（2002） ludicrous ['lju:dikrəs] adj.可笑的，愚蠢的 【记】词根记忆：lud（玩）+icrous→闹着玩的→可笑的 【例】As one environmentalist put it to me:“You had the ludicrous situation in which Luxembourg had more listed public bathing beaches than the whole of the United Kingdom.It was preposterous.”（2001） lukewarm ['lu:kwɒ:m;ˌlu:k'wɒ:m] adj.（液体）微温的；不热心的 【记】词根记忆：luke（=tepid，微温）+warm（温）→微温的 【例】①Help yourself for a cup of coffee;it's lukewarm now. ②They began the artificial propagation of Colossoma brachypomum inlukewarm water pond. lull [lʌl] vt.哄（婴儿）入睡；使（风暴、波浪等）平息；使（感情等）平息 【例】①I really don't know how to lull the baby to sleep. ②The music in the shop was designed to lull a shopper's brain. luminous ['lu:minəs] adj.发光的，光亮的；清楚的，明白易懂的 【记】词根记忆：lumin（光）+ous→发光的 【例】①Daisy's eyes were moist and luminous at sight of the moving scene. ②The improvement of luminous efficiency is one of the important issues in current research. lunge [lʌndʒ] vi.猛向前冲；刺，戳 【例】Daniel lunged wildly at his opponent without any weapons. lurch [lə:tʃ] n.蹒跚的步态vi.蹒跚而行；突然倾斜 【例】①The wino lurched out of the pub and across the street. ②leave sb.in the lurch 弃之不顾 The police caught the thief,and his partner left him in the lurch. 【用】leave sb.in the lurch表示“弃之不顾，弃某人于危难之中”。 lure [ljuə] n.引诱物；诱惑力vt.引诱，诱惑 【例】The parks already attract specialist visitors,including mount- aineers,who come to climb the technically difficult peaks,and fishermen,lured by the salmon and trout in the region's rivers.（1997） 【用】bring sb.to the lure表示“引某人上钩”。 lurk [lə:k]vi.潜伏，暗藏 【例】Be wise!Malefactors may lurk in every guise. 【用】固定搭配on the lurk表示“暗中窥视，偷偷侦察”。 luscious ['lʌʃəs] adj.美味的；芬芳的；性感的 【记】可能是lush（鲜美多汁的）和delicious（美味的）的缩略变体 【例】①The grapevines are full of luscious grapes. ②Dorothy walks to Nick and gives him a luscious kiss. lush [lʌʃ] adj.（植物）繁茂的，葱翠的 【例】The lush jungles are filled with wild animals and different kinds of plants. luxuriant [lʌg'zjuəriənt] adj.繁密的，茂盛的 【记】词根记忆：luxur（丰富，精美）+iant→茂盛的 【例】①The botanists found the luxuriant plants of the tropics last year. ②Captain Cook named the place Botany Bay because of the luxuriant jungle vegetation surrounding it. magnanimous [mæg'næniməs] adj.宽宏大量的；高尚的 【记】词根记忆：magn（大）+anim（生命；精神）+ous→心胸宽大的 →宽宏大量的 【例】Many people think that the officer is magnanimous towards his political enemies. magnitude ['mægnitju:d;'mægnitu:d] n.巨大，庞大；重要性，重大；大小；亮度；震级 【记】词根记忆：magn（大）+itude（表状态）→大的状态→重大 【例】①It was a discovery of the first magnitude in history.②Although each earthquake has a unique magnitude,its effects will vary greatly according to distance,ground conditions,construction standards,and other factors. maim [meim] vt.使残废，使负重伤 【例】Italy,a major producer of landmines,has joined the campaign to ban the weapons which kill and maim many thousands of people every year. majestic [mə'dʒestik] adj.壮丽的，威严的 【记】词根记忆：maj（大）+estic→大的→壮丽的 【例】I've been looking forward to seeing such a majestic ocean. makeshift ['meikʃift] n.临时替代品；权宜之计adj.临时的，代用的 【记】组合词：make（做）+shift（转移，改变）→权宜之计 【例】①The boss was not satisfied with the makeshift for the problem. ②Engineers planned to build some makeshift houses. maladjusted [ˌmælə'dʒʌstid] adj.不能适应环境的，失调的 【记】词根记忆：mal（坏）+adjust（调整）+ed→失调的 【例】Experts studied a unique therapy for maladjusted children. malign [mə'lain] adj.（疾病）恶性的；恶意的；有害的 【记】词根记忆：mal（坏）+ign→有害的 【例】①A malign tumor was found in Mike's brain. ②Tim said so with no malign intent.He just wanted to help you. It never will rain roses.When we want to have more roses we must plant trees.——G.Eliot 天上永远不会掉下玫瑰来，如果想要更多的玫瑰，必须自己 种植。 ——艾略特Word List 13 malignant [mə'lignənt] adj.（疾病）恶性的，致命的；有恶意的 【记】联想记忆：malign（恶性的）+ant→恶性的 【例】①There was a malignant smile on the old woman's face. ②Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the bowel and the eye. 【派】malignancy〔n.（疾病）恶性；恶意，敌意；怨恨〕 malpractice [mæl'præktis] n.玩忽职守，渎职 【记】联想记忆：mal（坏）+practice（实践）→玩忽职守 【例】That law firm has just settled a malpractice lawsuit. manageable ['mænidʒəbl] adj.易支配的，易管理的 【记】联想记忆：manage（管理）+able→易管理的【例】Can you cut the topic down to a manageable size?（2005听力） mandate ['mændeit] n.授权，命令；委托统治权vt.将（某地）委托某国管理；命令（某人） 做某事 【记】词根记忆：mand（命令）+ate→命令 【例】①After protracted consideration the national government had decided to ask a mandate from the people. ②The workers are mandated by the union to proceed with strike action. mandatory ['mændətəri;'mændəˌtɒ:ri] adj.强制性的，义务性的 【记】联想记忆：mandat（e）（命令，训令）+ory→命令的→强制性 的 【例】He was married,and that was mandatory.The firm had never hired an unmarried lawyer,and it frowned heavily on divorce,as well as womanizing and drinking.（2003） mania ['meiniə] n.狂躁症；狂热，癖好 【例】“Youth market”is a market in which enterprising businesses cater to the demands of teenagers and older youths in all their rock mania and pop-art forms.（1997） maniac ['meiniæk] n.躁狂者，疯子adj.狂躁的，疯狂的，狂热的 【记】词根记忆：mani（=many，许多）+ac→对某事表现出过多热情 的人→躁狂者，疯子 【例】Dewey looked like a raving maniac after drinking. manifestation [ˌmænife'steiʃən] n.表明，证明；表现形式；现象 【记】联想记忆：mani（手）+fest（仇恨）+ation→用手打人，仇恨表 现得够明显→表明【例】Some manifestations of the market,chiefly sociological,have been recorded,but it is only just beginning to be the subject of organized consumer research and promotion.（1997） manifesto [ˌmæni'festəu] n.宣言，声明 【记】来自manifest（v.表明） 【例】Recently,the government made a manifesto about the financial issue. manoeuvre [mə'nu:və] n.部署，巧妙的调动；策略，花招v.（敏捷地）操纵，（灵巧地）移动 【例】Edmund presented the manoeuvre plans for the remainder of the mission at the daily 9a.m.meeting on Monday morning. mar [mɑ:] vt.破坏，毁坏，糟蹋掉 【例】Fowler's handling of this unexpected accident could make or mar his performing career. margin ['mɑ:dʒin] n.页边的空白处；余额，富裕；边界，边缘地区；利润，赚头；差数， 幅度 【例】It is already the second largest art magazine in the world,with a circulation of 65,000and a profit margin of US$500,000.（1999） marginal ['mɑ:dʒinəl] adj.页边的，栏外的；微小的，少量的，微不足道的；边缘的 【记】来自margin（n.边缘） 【例】Falls in marginal tax rates in America since the 1970s have made it all the more profitable to work longer.（2004） martial ['mɑ:ʃəl] adj.战争的，军事的；尚武的 【例】①The sound of martial drums awakened all the soldiers.②Shaolin martial art is the pearl of Chinese wisdom,which was handed down by numerous generations of China's top martial artists. mash [mæʃ] vt.捣烂，压碎n.土豆泥 【例】The naughty children mashed the bananas up. 【用】固定搭配be mashed on表示“爱上（某人）”。 masquerade [ˌmæskə'reid] vi.假装，冒充n.化装舞会；假装，伪装 【记】词根记忆：masque（=mask，面具）+rade→戴着面具→伪装 【例】①The stowaway masqueraded as a crew member to escape the check. ②Alice's show of sorrow was a mere masquerade. massive ['mæsiv] adj.巨大的；大量的 【记】来自mass（许多）+ive→巨大的 【例】The work is both gross and fine;employees weld together massive curved sheets of steel to make central shafts as tall as a 14-story building,and assemble engine housings that hold some 18,000separate parts.（2013）【用】massive data是固定搭配，表示“海量数据”。 mastermind ['mɑ:stəmaind；'mæstəmaind] vt.（巧妙地）策划n.聪明人，智多星 【记】组合词：master（控制）+mind（头脑，智力）→聪明人 【例】①Arnold changed from an ordinary man into a mastermind. ②It was Mark who masterminded this new marketing policy. materialize [mə'tiəriəlaiz] v.（使）具体化；（使）实现 【记】来自material（n.材料，物质） 【例】①You must materialize ideas in words and actions. ②That perfect plan did not materialize due to certain secret reasons. matriculate [mə'trikjuleit] v.录取入大学 【记】联想记忆：matri（母亲）+cul+ate→进入母校→录取入大学 【例】More than 1,300students are matriculated in the university. matrix ['meitriks] n.发源地，策源地；矩阵 【记】词根记忆：matri（母亲）+x→发源地 联想记忆：好莱坞大片《黑客帝国》的英文名就是Matrix 【例】①The world of today regards the East as the matrix of civilization. ②I cannot understand such a complicated matrix. maul [mɒ:l] vt.抓伤，拉伤；粗暴地对待 【例】①The wolves mauled people and ate my sheep. ②How can you maul me about like this! meager ['mi:gə]adj.（人）瘦的；（土地）贫瘠的；少量的 【例】Medicine performed these uncontroversial tasks by and large with meager success.（1997） meander [mi'ændə] vi.漫游，闲荡；蜿蜒而流 【记】来自the Meander（米安德河），该河以其蜿蜒曲折而著名 【例】①After the single meeting,a few of us meandered over to the KTV. ②From the lake,a flat river meanders down to the sea. 【用】meander后接along表示“漂泊”，接through表示“从…中蜿蜒流 过”。 means [mi:nz] n.方式，方法，手段；工具；收入，财富 【例】①by means of 通过…方式 The first-generation museums in the world are museums of natural history,which introduces to visitors the evolutionary history of the earth and various kinds of living species by means of fossils and specimens.（2000） ②by no means 决不 Today,we've talked about four ways to make people feel at ease in conversations.These skills are important in keeping conversations going and in forming friendships later on.Of course,these skills are by no means the only ones we can use.（2004听力） 【用】词组by all means是“尽全力”的意思，在口语中还有“当然”的意 思。 meddle ['medl] vi.干预，干涉，插手 【记】词根记忆：med（中间）+dle→来到中间→干涉 【例】You'd better not meddle with what you don't understand. 【用】固定搭配有：①meddle in（干预，管闲事）； ②meddle with〔乱 动（他人之物）〕。 mediate ['mi:dieit]v.调停，斡旋 【记】词根记忆：medi（中间）+ate→在中间说话→调停 【例】Until now,if a person asked family elders,clergymen or the Ministry of Community Development to help get financial support from his children,the most they could do was to mediate.（1999） mediocre [ˌmi:di'əukə] adj.平庸的；低劣的 【记】词根记忆：medio（=medi，中间）+cre→中间状态→平庸的 【例】What set apart the mediocre from the excellent leaders? meditate ['mediteit] v.沉思，冥想；仔细计划，策划 【记】词根记忆：medit（思考）+ate→沉思 【例】①She has meditated for three days before giving him answer. ②We must meditate a change in the company system. 【用】meditate后面常接on,upon,表示“沉思…”。 meek [mi:k] adj.温顺的，逆来顺受的 【例】Jim expected that his wife was as meek as a lamb. mellow ['meləu] v.（使）成熟；（使）圆润，（使）柔和adj.（水果）甜熟的，甘美 的；（颜色）柔和的 【记】词根记忆：mell（蜜）+ow→如蜜一般的→甜熟的 【例】①As soon as they had let the fowls out,in the early summer mornings,they had to take their guns and keep guard;and then again as soon as evening began to mellow,they must go once more.（2004） ②We would come to gather fruit when it was sweet and mellow. menial ['mi:niəl] adj.（工作）低贱的；枯燥的，琐碎的n.做粗重工作的人，仆人【记】联想记忆：men（人）+ial→给别人做事的人→仆人 【例】①Don't always complain.We should know that menial work teaches us humility. ②Which menial cleaned the study this morning? mercantile ['mə:kəntail] adj.贸易的，商业的 【记】词根记忆：merc（贸易，商业）+ant+ile→贸易的，商业的 【例】Boswell was born into a wealthy mercantile family. mercenary ['mə:sinəri] adj.图利的，为金钱的 【记】词根记忆：merc（商业）+enary→只为商业目的的→图利的 【例】I should be sorry to think our friend mercenary. mercy ['mə:si] n.宽大，仁慈，怜悯 【记】联想记忆：merc（商业，交易）+y→做生意不能有仁慈之心→仁 慈，怜悯 【例】at the mercy of 受到…的支配 The arrangements leave invest-ors at the mercy of the Royal Mail and a seller will not know in advance how much a sale will produce.（1997） 【用】词组have mercy on/upon是“对…有怜悯心”的意思。 【派】merciful（adj.仁慈的，宽大的）；merciless（adj.残忍的，冷酷无 情的） mesh [meʃ] n.网状物；网眼，筛孔vi.啮合；协调，配合 【例】The mesh structure is particularly obvious on the Internet.（2002） mesmerize ['mezməraiz] vt.对…催眠；使…着迷 【例】Cooper looked up,totally mesmerized by the sight of that sexy lady.methodical [mi'θɒdikəl] adj.办事有条不紊的，讲究方法的；有条理的，有秩序的 【记】来自method（n.方法） 【例】The archaeologists completed their methodical analysis of the stones. meticulous [mi'tikjuləs] adj.极细致的，一丝不苟的 【例】①Only this meticulous scientist was qualified to write such a book. ②Everyone will make foibles once in a while no matter how meticulous they are tending to be. militant ['militənt] adj.好战的，富有战斗精神的；激进的n.好斗的人，富有战斗精神的 人；激进分子 【记】词根记忆：milit（战斗）+ant→好战的 【例】①Scott,You're not a militant type. ②Thousands of soldiers battled militant forces for more than 13hours in the heart of Pakistan's normally sedate capital. mimic ['mimik] vt.（尤指为逗笑而）模仿n.模仿他人言行者adj.假装的；模仿的，模拟 的 【例】①Jack was a great ventriloquist who could mimic the voice of many people. ②The coach came to comfort the players with mimic gaiety after losing the match. mind [maind] n.思想，精神；智力，头脑；心情；看法； 有才智的人v.介意；注意， 小心；专心于 【例】①bear in mind 牢记 Well,it's perhaps more helpful to bear in mind that different people behave and negotiate in different ways and you shouldn't assume that everyone will behave in the same way that you do.（2002听力） ②Tom doesn't mind a bit if you bring your friends in for a drink. 【用】与mind相关的词组：keep in mind（牢记）；change one's mind（改变主意）；make up one's mind（下定决心）；speak one's mind（直言不讳）；to my mind（依我看）。 miniature ['miniətʃə] n.缩样；微型画像adj.微小的 【记】词根记忆：mini（小）+ature→小画像→微型画像 【例】To live in a tiny town with all the organization of a state,with Viceroy（总督）,Premier,Parliament,Press and Pentagon,all in miniature,all within arm's reach,is an intensive course in civics.（2011） 【用】固定搭配in miniature表示“小规模”。 mirage ['mirɑ:ʒ] n.海市蜃楼，幻象 【记】词根记忆：mir（惊奇）+age→让人惊奇→海市蜃楼 【例】A mirage is a naturally-occurring optical phenomenon,in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. misapprehend [ˌmisæpri'hend]vt.误解，误会 【记】联想记忆：mis（错误）+apprehend（理解）→误解，误会 【例】Emma knew that her husband mis-apprehended her meaning,but she didn't want to explain again. misappropriate [ˌmisə'prəuprieit] vt.盗用，侵吞；滥用 【记】联想记忆：mis（错误）+appropriate（挪用）→错误地挪用→侵 吞 【例】The accountant was put into prison because he misappropriated the public funds. misbehave [ˌmisbi'heiv] v.行为不检，举止无理 【记】联想记忆：mis（错误）+behave（举止；行为）→举止无理 【例】Experts provide insight into why children misbehave and offer strategies parents can use to prevent misbehavior. miscarriage [mis'kæridʒ] n.（案件等）处理失当；失败，失策；（邮件等）误送，未送到；小 产，流产 【记】联想记忆：mis（错误）+carriage（运输）→未送到 【例】①By a miscarriage of justice the innocent man was condemned. ②If there is threat of miscarriage,you may be told to avoid or restrict some forms of exercise or you may need complete bed rest. miscellaneous [ˌmisə'leiniəs] adj.各式各样的，混杂的，多方面的 【记】来自miscellanea（n.杂记，杂录） 【例】①Frank cannot make any decision with miscellaneous ideas in his mind. ②The shop carries coats,shirts,dresses and miscellaneous accessories.misconduct [mis'kɒndʌkt] n.品行不良，行为不检；不贞 【记】联想记忆：mis（错误）+conduct（行为）→行为不检 【例】①Grace is prepared to accept the obloquy that flows from her misconduct. ②Scientific misconduct has become a social issue that should not be overlooked. misgiving [mis'giviŋ] n.疑虑，担忧 【记】词根记忆：mis（错误）+giving（礼物）→送礼送错了→担忧， 疑虑 【例】①The student had misgivings that he might fail in the exam. ②Tom's arrival drove over all my misgivings. 【用】常用句型是have（some）misgivings that...。 mitigate ['mitigeit] vt.减轻…的严重性，缓和 【记】词根记忆：miti（小，轻）+gate（=ag，做）→减轻…的严重性 【例】①My classmate's words somewhat mitigated my excitement. ②The government should take certain measures to mitigate the effects of inflation. mobilize ['məubilaiz] v.动员，调动，集合 【记】来自mobile（adj.活动的） 【例】It is essential that the poor's productive capabilities be mobilized and the conditions for developing these human resources be improved. modify ['mɒdifai] vt.（略微）修改，变更；减轻，缓和；【语】修饰 【记】词根记忆：mod（方式）+ify→使改变方式→修改【例】①Humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live. ②In a conversation,you know immediately how effectively you are expressing a viewpoint and can modify what you are saying in response to people's reactions.（2002） moisturize ['mɒistʃəraiz] v.给…增加水分，（使）湿润 【记】来自moisture（n.潮湿，湿气） 【例】Isabel uses a mask to moisturize and soften the skin. molest [mə'lest] vt.骚扰，干扰；调戏（女性），猥亵（小孩） 【记】词根记忆：mol（磨）+est→摩擦→干扰 【例】①The star lived in a secluded place so that he might not be molested by the paparazzi. ②Scientific research does not provide any evidence that gay men or lesbians are any more likely than heterosexuals to molest children. mollify ['mɒlifai] vt.抚慰，平息 【记】词根记忆：moll（软）+ify→心软下来→抚慰 【例】The government designed some steps to mollify critics of reform. momentary ['məuməntəri] adj.瞬息间的，短暂的 【记】来自moment（n.瞬间） 【例】①After a momentary pause,the meeting went on. ②Kelvin thinks about continuing the discussion,but the thought is momentary. momentous [məu'mentəs] adj.重要的，重大的【例】Your speech would have momentous and far-reaching consequences. momentum [məu'mentəm] n.动力；冲力，势头；动量 【例】The democratic and legal systems maintained a strong momentum of development in this country. monumental [ˌmɒnju'mentəl] adj.纪念性的；不朽的 【记】联想记忆：monument（纪念碑）+al→纪念性的 【例】①It was gratifying that no monumental mural painting was destroyed in the bombardment. ②Locke was awarded a monumental brass medal. mope [məup] vi.闷闷不乐，顾影自怜 【例】①Don't mope;everything will be better. ②mope around 无精打采地徘徊 Prolonged period of sadness or not feeling“up to it”,people who are always feeling not in the mood,who'd rather mope around the house and feel sorry for oneself is the best example for this symptom of depression. morbid ['mɒ:bid] adj.病态的，不正常的；疾病的；病理的 【记】词根记忆：morb（病）+id→病态的 【例】I've read me some morbid crime stories on the magazine. mortality [mɒ:'tæliti] n.必死的命运；死亡人数，死亡率 【记】词根记忆：mort（死亡）+ality（表性质）→死亡率 【例】①The infant mortality rate has risen by more than 700%compared with before the Gulf War.（1998听力） ②In less than 10 years,we expect that 5countries will be experiencingnegative population growth because of AIDS mortality,including South Africa,Mozambique,Lesotho,Botswana and Swaziland.（2004听力） motley ['mɒtli] adj.混杂的；杂色的 【例】①A motley group of men stood there silently. ②A motley collection of old clothes was sent to disaster areas. mount [maunt] vt.上升，增加；登上，骑上；准备，发动n.山（峰） 【例】①The old lady slowly mounted the steps to the top of the hill. ②The army plans to mount a rebellion against the country. muck [mʌk] n.污物，污泥，粪肥vi.闲逛，鬼混vt.把…弄脏 【例】①I fell down and came back with my clothes all mucked up. ②Stop mucking about and begin to deal with this issue! 【用】动词搭配：muck about（鬼混；懒散地打发时间，闲逛）；muck up（弄脏；打乱，破坏）。 muddle ['mʌdl] n.混乱vt.搞乱，弄糟；使糊涂，使头脑混乱 【记】联想记忆：mud（泥）+dle→把泥弄得到处是→搞乱 【例】①Bess muddled her father's papers so she was criticized. ②Lucy and Lily look so much alike that it's easy to muddle them up. 【用】常用短语：muddle through（混过去，应付过去）；muddle up/together（搞乱，搞错）；in a muddle（杂乱无章，一塌糊涂）。 multilateral [ˌmʌlti'lætərəl] adj.多边的；涉及多个国家的；涉及多方面的 【记】词根记忆：multi（很多）+later（侧面）+al（…的）→多边的 【例】①The WTO is a multilateral trading organization.②Created in 1998,the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency（MIGA） is the newest member of the World Bank Group and underwrote its first guarantee in 1998. multiply ['mʌltiplai] v.使相乘；增多；繁殖，增殖 【记】词根记忆：multi（多）+ply（重叠）→增多 【例】①Friendships can multiply joys and divide grief. ②The discovery of a molecule that allows stem cells to multiply without limit could lead to many new treatments. multitude ['mʌltitju:d；'mʌltitu:d] n.众多，大量；大群（人），大众 【记】词根记忆：multi（多）+tude→多的状态→众多 【例】There are a multitude of reasons for this slippery slope of increased self-centeredness and lack of sympathy for the welfare of others.（2003） mumble ['mʌmbl] v.含糊地说，咕哝n.含糊的话，咕哝 【例】①When the teacher criticized the boy,he mumbled something. ②Keats pretended to work hard,speaking in a kind of mumble. mundane ['mʌndein] adj.世俗的；平凡的 【例】①What would you like me to see?These were only a few mundane photos with nothing special. ②This is my personal blog—sort of a personal diary chronicling things that happen in my personal life.Someone may say it's all mundane. municipal [mju:ˈnisipəl] adj.市政的；地区的；内政的 【记】联想记忆：muni（服务）+cip（看作city，城市）+al→提供城市 公共服务的→市政的【例】One day a city official handed me a report from the municipal government laying out options for how rickshaw pullers might be rehabilitated.（2010） 【用】municipal government是固定搭配，表示“市政府”。 muse [mju:z] vi.沉思，冥想 【例】Anyway,you'd better muse upon his advice;it may be helpful for you. 【用】muse后接on/upon表示“沉思，考虑”，接over表示“仔细回忆；品 味”。 muster ['mʌstə] vt.集合，召集 【例】A strong will becomes stronger each time it succeeds.If you've successfully mustered the willpower to kick a bad habit or leave a dead-end job,you gain confidence to confront other challenges.（1997） 【用】常用搭配muster up表示“集合，聚集；鼓起（勇气等），振作”。 mutilate ['mju:tileit] vt.肢解，使残废；使支离破碎 【记】词根记忆：mutil（砍掉）+ate→砍掉肢体→肢解 【例】He was mutilated in the accident and now has only one leg. myriad ['miriəd] n./adj.无数（的），极大数量（的） 【记】一部老影片：《万劫情鸳》Lovers in a Myriad Perils 【例】There were a myriad of complicated machines in the huge lab. nab [næb] vt.抓住，逮捕；获取 【例】Black was nabbed by the police for housebreaking. nag [næg] v.不停地唠叨，不断地责骂；困扰，烦扰n.爱唠叨的人（尤指妇女）【例】①The children are always nagging me for new toys. ②I forgot to take my key,so I had to nag Danny into coming back to unlock the door. naturalize ['netʃərəlaiz] vt.使（外国人）归化，入籍；将…移植 【记】来自natural（adj.自然的） 【例】Once a group of flower bulbs has become successfully naturalized,attention should be paid to the grass in which they are growing.Inevitably,if all is well,grass will provide considerable competition for the bulbs. nautical ['nɒ:tikəl] adj.航海的；船舶的；海员的 【记】词根记忆：naut（船）+ical→船舶的 【例】①The nautical term was originated in the British navy. ②The nautical charts are in five different scales according to their coverage and usage. nebulous ['nebjuləs] adj.星云的，星云状的；模糊的，朦胧的 【记】词根记忆：nebul（云）+ous→星云状的 【例】①The professor mixed these materials to produce a nebulous liquid. ②It is a corner of Europe associated with death and alarming yet nebulous stories of genetic mutation,a post-nuclear badland that shows what happens when mankind gets atomic energy wrong. necessitate [ni'sesiteit] vt.需要，使成为必须 【记】词根记忆：necessit（需要）+ate→需要，使成为必须 【例】①That issue may necessitate some lifestyle changes. ②The president joked by saying that“Friendly meetings between presidents necessitate global warming.”negate [ni'geit] vt.否定，否认；取消，使无效 【记】词根记忆：neg（否认）+ate→否认 【例】①When does the ego acquire the ability to negate? ②The government was trying to negate the negative influence of the new policy. negative ['negətiv] adj.否定的；消极的；（电）负极的n.否定词，否定语；底片 【记】词根记忆：neg（否认）+a+tive（…的）→否定的 【例】①We should leave all negative thoughts at the door. ②The verdict—no surprise—was negative:Lincoln was labeled everything from a racist totalitarian to a teller of dirty jokes.（2012） negligent ['neglidʒənt] adj.疏忽的，粗心大意的 【记】词根记忆：neg+lig（选择）+ent→不选择的→疏忽的 【例】①Elva has often been negligent,slighting her friends'advice. ②To effectively turn the tide on highway deaths,the nation must view traffic safety within the context of negligent driving. negligible ['neglidʒəbl] adj.微不足道的，可以忽略的 【记】词根记忆：neg+lig（选择）+ible→不用选择的→微不足道的 【例】①Don't waste time on such negligible questions. ②Its impact over the next century could plausibly range from negligible to severe. negotiable [ni'gəuʃiəbl] adj.可谈判的，可协商的 【记】来自negotiate（v.谈判） 【例】The law applies to all transaction activities in negotiable instrumentswithin the territory of the People's Republic of China. nestle ['nesl] v.安居；偎依 【记】联想记忆：nest（鸟窝）+le→睡在安稳的鸟巢里→安居 【例】I dream some day Linda will cling to me,and nestle to me. 【用】固定短语：nestle down（舒适而温暖地安顿下来，舒服地躺 下）；nestle up（依偎，紧靠着）。 neural ['njuərəl] adj.神经的，神经系统的 【记】词根记忆：neur（神经）+al（…的）→神经的 【例】That book contains a collection of tutorials on basic neural functions. neurological [ˌnjuərə'lɒdʒikəl] adj.神经病学的 【记】词根记忆：neur+ological（…学的）→神经病学的 【例】Because many seniors suffer from poor balance（whether from neurological deficits or from the inner-ear problems that increase naturally with aging）,it also helps to install grab bars and handrails in bathrooms and along hallways.（2005） neurosis [njuə'rəusis] n.神经（机能）病，神经官能症 【记】词根记忆：neur（神经）+osis（病）→神经病 【例】Depression is a form of neurosis and can have many causes. neurotic [njuə'rɒtik] adj.神经（机能）病的；神经过敏的 【记】词根记忆：neur（神经）+otic→神经病的 【例】Brown is a bit neurotic,but his girlfriend is a very stable person. 【派】neurotically（adv.神经过敏地）neutralize ['nju:trəlaiz] vt.使中立化；使无效；中和 【记】词根记忆：neutral（中立的）+ize（使）→使中立化 【例】When the drug is injected into your bloodstream,it will neutralize the virus. nibble ['nibl] v.啃，一点一点地咬n.啃，轻咬 【记】词根记忆：nib（小）+ble→小口咬→一点点地咬 【例】①Conan pulled a piece of toast from his pocket and started to nibble. ②The mice have nibbled a hole in the bread. nimble ['nimbl] adj.敏捷的，迅速的；机智的，反应快的 【记】联想记忆：nim（偷窃）+ble→偷窃需要手脚灵活→敏捷的 【例】①The little boy is almost as nimble as a squirrel. ②Jane knitted a shawl for me with her nimble fingers. 【用】固定搭配as nimble as a squirrel表示“身手灵活，动作敏捷”。 【派】nimbly（adv.敏捷地，机敏地）nip [nip] v.夹，钳，掐；阻碍，阻止n.夹，钳；霜寒，严寒 【例】①I nipped my foot in the door. ②Ellis wanted to be a painter,but his father soon nipped that idea in the bud. nomadic [nəu'mædik] adj.游牧的，流浪的 【记】词根记忆：nom（牧场）+adic→走动寻找牧场的→游牧的 【例】①Many city dwellers relive their nomadic past in the countryside. ②Those modern tools may soon make the lives of nomadic families a little more stable. Have no fear of perfection—you’ll never reach it. ——S.Dali 不要为十全十美担心——你永远也做不到十全十美。 ——达里Word List 14 nominal ['nɒminəl] adj.名义上的；极小的，微薄的；名词（性）的 【记】词根记忆：nomin（名称）+al→名义上的 【例】Nominal corporate tax rates are,in fact,very high and it is these rates that potential investors primarily look at.（2001） nonchalant ['nɒnʃələnt] adj.冷淡的，漠不关心的 【记】词根记忆：non（没有）+chal（关心）+ant→不关心的→冷淡的 【例】The attitude held by these people towards the matter is nonch-alant. 【派】nonchalantly（adv.冷淡地，漠不关心地） nostalgia [nɒ'stældʒiə] n.怀旧，留恋往事，乡愁 【记】词根记忆：nost（家）+alg（痛）+ia→想到家就心痛→乡愁 【例】When the author recalls Harlem in the old days,he has a feeling of nostalgia.（2003） 【派】nostalgic（adj.怀旧的，留恋过去的，乡愁的） notion ['nəuʃən]n.概念，观念；想法，见解；打算，意图 【记】词根记忆：not（知道）+ion（名词后缀）→了解的东西→观念 【例】①The law will reaffirm the notion that it is each individual's—not society's—responsibility to look after his parents.（1999） ②Since 1945Britain has received large numbers of immigrants who do not fit easily into existing notions of class and may have their own pyramids to scramble up.（2011） notoriety [ˌnəutə'raiəti] n.臭名昭著，声名狼藉 【记】词根记忆：not（知道）+oriety（多）→坏事人所共知→臭名昭著 【例】The famous star became a person of notoriety for drug abuse. novelty ['nɒvəlti] n.新颖；新颖的事物；新颖而价廉的小物件 【记】词根记忆：nov（新的）+elty→新颖的事物 【例】①The painter seems to strain after novelty. ②We should introduce many novelties in the performance in order to attract the audience. nuance [nju:'ɑ:ns] n.（色彩、意义、感情等的）细微差别 【例】I paid much attention to the nuance of the two books and found something interesting. nudge [nʌdʒ] n./v.用肘轻推；推动，推进 【例】①I nudged her in order to stop her impolitic remarks. ②The diplomats continue to nudge the sides closer towards fully implementing the deal. 【用】nudge的引申义还有“推动”。 numb [nʌm]adj.失去知觉的，麻木的；惊呆的，发愣的vt.使麻木；使惊呆，使发愣 【例】①I back up against a window,numb and weary. ② We numb the body and the mind. 【用】numb若与with连用，表示“冻僵”的意思。 nurture ['nə:tʃə] vt.养育，教育；培育，培植 【记】词根记忆：nur（营养）+ture→提供营养→培育 【例】Formal learning is decontextualised from daily life and may actually promote ways of learning and thinking which often run counter to those nurtured in practical daily life.（2004） nutrient ['nju:triənt] adj.营养的，滋养的n.营养物品，养分 【记】词根记忆：nutri（营养）+ent→营养物品 【例】Experiments are under way growing vegetables in sterilized sand,irrigated with nutrient pack drips. obese [əu'bi:s] adj.肥大的，过度肥胖的 【记】词根记忆：obes（肥胖）+e→肥大的 【例】People become obese when their calorie intake is too much. obesity [əu'bi:siti] n.过度肥胖 【记】词根记忆：obes（肥胖）+ity→过度肥胖 【例】They experience no obesity,and no middle-aged spread,little dental decay,no high blood pressure,no heart disease,and their blood cholesterol level are very low.（1999） obligatory [ɒ'bligətəri] adj.（法律或道义上）应尽的，强制性的；必修的 【记】来自oblige（v.强迫）【例】It is an obligatory rite among some African tribes to lose two or more of their front teeth. obliterate [ə'blitəreit] vt.擦掉，消去，去掉…的痕迹；忘掉，忘却 【记】词根记忆：ob（逆）+liter（文字）+ate→使文字消失→擦掉 【例】①The detective found the fingerprints which the murderer failed to obliterate. ②Amnesia mercifully obliterated his memory of the accident. oblivion [ə'bliviən] n.忘记，遗忘 【记】词根记忆：ob（否定）+liv（生命）+ion→没了生命，就被忘却 →忘记，遗忘 【例】①Sleep became to him oblivion and each day when he awoke,he awoke with regret. ②The pain made me long for oblivion. obscene [əb'si:n] adj.猥亵的；淫乱的 【记】联想记忆：ob（逆）+scene（场面）→违反伦理的场面→猥亵的 【例】①The hoodlums in the street corner whistled and made obscene gestures to those two beautiful girls. ②A gladiator's nudity becomes obscene when there is nothing for him to fight against and no longer need for his strength and courage. obscenity [əb'senəti] n.猥亵的活动（或行为） 【记】联想记忆：ob（逆）+scen（e）（场面）+ity→违反伦理的场面 →猥亵的活动（或行为） 【例】FCC staff will review each complaint to determine whether it contains sufficient information to suggest that there has been a violation of the obscenity,indecency,or profanity laws.obscurity [əb'skjuəriti] n.晦涩，费解；不引人注目 【记】来自obscure（adj.朦胧的，模糊的） 【例】There is a good deal of truth in what some people say:we certainly do create a great number of obscurities when we omit them.（2000） observant [əb'zə:vənt] adj.机警的，善于观察的；严格遵守的 【记】来自observe（v.观察；遵守） 【例】An observant bank worker had remembered exactly what the man took at that time. obsess [əb'ses] vt.使着迷；萦绕；使困扰 【记】词根记忆：ob（表加强）+sess（坐）→坐着不走→使着迷 【例】Modern people are obsessed by the fear of unemployment. 【用】常用句型为be obsessed by/with,表示“被…附上（缠住、迷住心 窍）”。 obsessive [əb'sesiv] adj.妄想的n.有妄想的人 【记】词根记忆：ob（表加强）+sess（坐）+ive→就是坐着不走→妄想 的 【例】Her ideas seem common sense but nevertheless require you to be at least slightly obsessive.（2001） obsolete ['ɒbsəli:t] adj.已废弃的，过时的 【记】词根记忆：ob（不）+solete（使用）→不再使用→过时的 【例】The importance of willpower in promoting weight loss is becoming an obsolete notion.occur [ə'kə:] vi.发生，出现 【记】联想记忆：oc+cur（跑）→跑出来→发生，出现 【例】Social change is more likely to occur in heterogeneous societies than in homogeneous ones,simply because there are more diverse points of view available in the former. 【用】occur常与介词to连用构成occur to,表示“（念头）出现（在某人的 脑子里），想到”。 【派】occurrence（n.事件，发生的事情；发生，出现） odds [ɒdz] n.可能性，机会；差异；投注赔率 【记】电影《危情》Against All Odds 【例】①You're going to tell me that an entire government is going to come together and hide the aliens from us?I find that hard to believe.In terms of aliens,I think that the odds are,there must be.（2003） ②at odds 意见不一 Buck's always at odds with his father over certain issues. offensive [ə'fensiv] adj.冒犯的；进攻性的；极讨厌的【记】词根记忆：of+fens（打击）+ive→打击别人→冒犯的 【例】Mr.Anderson says the cumulative effect of these—apparently trivial,but often offensive—is to make everyday life uneasy,unpredictable and unpleasant.（1998） offhand ['ɒ:f'hænd] adj.即席的；草率的，随便的adv.即席地，没准备地 【记】组合词：off（离开）+hand（手）→随便出手→草率的 【例】①Your offhand report was so ridiculous and it made the teacher very angry. ②I can't offhand fall in love with somebody. ominous ['ɒminəs] adj.预兆的；不祥的 【记】词根记忆：omin（征兆）+ous（…的）→预兆的 【例】①An ominous voice echoes across the empty hall. ②People always consider black clouds to be a bit ominous. omniscient [ɒm'nisiənt] adj.无所不知的 【记】词根记忆：omni（全部）+sci（知道）+ent→全知道的→无所不 知的 【例】The omniscient narrator told us the whole story. oncoming ['ɒnˌkʌmiŋ] adj.即将到来的；迎面而来的n.接近，来临 【例】①Steve gets out of the jeep to try to flag down the oncoming car. ②The citizens were forewarned of the oncoming of the typhoon and went back home earlier. ongoing ['ɒnˌgəuiŋ] adj.持续的，继续的 【记】组合词：on+going（进行中的）→持续的【例】This ongoing process benefits not only the individuals but also the society. ooze [u:z] v.渗出，慢慢地渗出；（希望、勇气等）逐渐消失；泄漏n.污泥，混浊 的液体 【例】①I felt that blood was oozing from the wound on my leg. ②People lay on the beaches and blanketed themselves with black ooze. 【用】ooze后加out表示“泄漏”，加away表示“渐渐消失”。 opaque [əu'peik] adj.不透明的；意义不明确的，晦涩的 【记】联想记忆：opa（cus）（遮蔽阳光的）+que→不透明的 【例】①The economic system in this country is opaque. ②It displays opaque materials by shining a bright lamp onto the object from above. operational [ˌɒpə'reiʃənəl] adj.可操作的，可使用的；操作上的 【记】词根记忆：oper（工作）+ation+al→工作用的→可操作的 【例】NCSA,one of the four operational federal supercomputer centres in the country,is awaiting a decision from the Foundation's board late this month on a competition for US$16million in continued annual federal funding. （1999） operative ['ɒpərətiv] adj.有效的，起作用的；操作的；运行着的 【记】词根记忆：oper（工作）+ative→可以工作的→起作用的 【例】①We hope the new system will be operative in February. ②the operative word 最关键的词 The operative word in that adv-ertisement is“low-fat”. opt [ɒpt]vi.选择，抉择 【记】本身为词根：选择 【例】The fact that he opted to renounce his British passport in 1941—just when his country needed all the wartime help it could get—is hardly a matter for congratulation.（2000） optimize ['ɒptimaiz] vt.使最优化 【记】词根记忆：optim（最好）+ize→使最优化 【例】These methods of optimizing your design may seem simple,but in most cases they are overlooked. optimum ['ɒptiməm] adj.最适宜的，最佳的 【记】词根记忆：optim（最好）+um→最佳的 【例】①The research shows the optimum distance to watch the animal is about 20meters. ②Organization carried out researches into optimum population size in relation to environmental sustainability,particularly in the UK. opulent ['ɒpjulənt] adj.富裕的；富饶的，充足的 【记】词根记忆：opul（财富）+ent→富裕的 【例】I enjoyed an opulent dinner at my foreign teacher's house. orchestrate ['ɒ:kistreit] vt.编管弦乐曲；筹划，精心安排 【记】来自orchestra（n.交响乐团） 【例】①The composer orchestrated a set of piano pieces. ②Every procedure of the murder has been fully orchestrated. ordain [ɒ:'dein] vt.任命（某人）任圣职；命令；制定，规定；（神、命运等）注定【记】词根记忆：or（嘴，说）+dain→说出命令→命令 【例】The general secretary of the Church Missionary Society who was ordained in Karachi in 1976and holds dual Pakistani and British citizenship,has written several books on Islamic-Christian relations.（1996） ornate [ɒ:'neit] adj.装饰华丽的，华丽的 【记】词根记忆：orn（装饰）+ate→装饰华丽的 【例】I turned and inserted a key in the ornate iron door and swung it open. orthodoxy ['ɒ:θədɒksi] n.正统，正统的观念（或做法） 【记】词根记忆：ortho（正）+dox（观点）+y→正统的观念 【例】The so-called orthodoxy without compassion is surely the ugliest thing in the world. ostentatious [ˌɒsten'teiʃəs] adj.炫耀的，招摇的，卖弄的 【例】I got ostentatious but I hated myself,and anyone who behaved the same way.oust [aust] vt.驱逐，赶走 【例】The people ousted the notorious dictator from power. 【用】词组oust sb.from office表示“把某人撤职”。 outcast ['autkɑ:st；'autkæst] n.被逐出家门的人，被社会遗弃者adj.被遗弃的，无家可归的 【记】来自词组cast out（驱逐） 【例】①The outcast baby was taken away by a kindhearted old lady. ②I am deeply sorry that not only did my unique experience not help me,but it hindered me to develop,causing me to become an outcast in society. outgoing ['autˌgəuiŋ] adj.即将离去的，即将离职的；外向的，善于交际的 【记】组合词：out（出外）+going→外向的 【例】①The outgoing mayor worried about the future of the city. ②Many companies are willing to recruit sales persons with outgoing personality. outlandish [aut'lændiʃ] adj.奇异的，古怪的 【记】联想记忆：out（出）+land（国家）+ish→从外国来的→奇异的 【例】The schooner gets ready to go off to some outlandish places to look for buried treasure. outlay ['autlei] n.开支，支出，费用 【记】组合词：out（外面）+lay（放）→往外放钱→支出，费用 【例】①His total personal outlay is over 20,000yuan a year. ②They decided to stop this campaign because they could not afford the outlay for advertisement.outrageous [aut'reidʒəs] adj.蛮横无理的；无道德的；惊人的；不寻常的 【记】联想记忆：outrage（暴行）+ous→粗暴的 【例】My clothes'outrageous water footprint just reinforced it for me. （2012） 【派】outrageously（adv.凶残地，残暴地；令人无法容忍地） outreach [ˌaut'ri:tʃ] vt.超过；比…到达更远 【例】I had to outreach all my opponents to win the speaking contest. outright ['autrait] adv.彻底地，全部地；直率地；立刻adj.彻底的；直率的 【例】①If any robber of the bank refused to surrender,the police might kill him outright. ②The journalists received outright refusal of the foreign movie star. outspoken [ˌaut'spəukən] adj.直言的，坦率的 【记】组合词：out（出）+spoken（口头的，说的）→说出来的→直言 的 【例】Molly urged the timid girl to be a little more outspoken about her desires. outweigh [ˌaut'wei] vt.比…更重要，在（价值、影响等）超过 【记】词根记忆：out（超过）+weigh（称重）→比…更重要 【例】①The positive value of this book outweighs those negatives. ②Two new U.S.studies say the nutritional benefits of eating fish outweigh the potential hazards from environmental contaminants. overlook [ˌəuvə'luk] vt.眺望，俯瞰；忽略，没注意到；宽容，不追究【记】来自词组look over（从…上面看） 【例】①The villa on the hill overlooks the village. ②We cannot overlook learning ability,since successful learning not only involves laborious work but also wit. override [ˌəuvə'raid] vt.优先，胜过；推翻，使无效 【记】组合词：over（在…之上）+ride（骑）→骑在…之上→胜过 【例】①Solidarity overrides all other things in our team. ②We can see this situation at times:The President vetoed the bill,but congress overrode his veto. overshadow [ˌəuvə'ʃædəu] vt.给…投上阴影；使暗淡，使黯然失色 【记】组合词：over（在…上）+shadow（阴影）→使黯然失色 【例】Currently,university students have to face many challenges when they are seeking jobs in our competitive society.How does one overshadow others and achieve success in his future work?（2002） overstate [ˌəuvə'steit] vt.言过其实 【记】组合词：over（过分）+state（陈述）→言过其实 【例】Don't overstate your case at interview or no one will believe you. overt ['əuvə:t] adj.公开的；明显的 【记】词根记忆：o（出）+vert（转）→转出来→公开的 【例】We should moderately develop our national defence system to cope with any overt or covert foreign threats. overtake [ˌəuvə'teik] v.超（车），超过；（不愉快的事）突然发生 【记】词根记忆：over（在…之上）+take（获得）→获得的速度在别人之上→超过 【例】①In England,drivers usually overtake on the right of a car. ②Phillip Reeker urged the Palestinian authority to do all it can to put an end to such incidents,which he said,threaten to overtake the latest peace efforts. （2003听力） overwhelm [ˌəuvə'hwelm] vt.战胜，克服；（指感情）压倒，控制 【记】组合词：over（在…上）+whelm（淹没，压倒）→压倒 【例】①The Bush administration is warning that continuing Mid-east violence threatens to overwhelm US efforts to revise Israeli-Palestinian peace talks.（2003听力） ②We are all overwhelmed by the feeling of homesickness. 【派】overwhelming（adj.压倒一切的，无法抗拒的） pace [peis] n.步伐，速度；一步，步距v.踱步（于）；为…定速度 【例】①The work progressed at a slow pace due to the worse plan. ②The monitor paces the whole class in English study. pacify ['pæsifai] vt.抚慰，使…镇静；平息，平定，绥靖 【例】①His wife can easily pacify Tony,even though he storms. ②Caroline pushes to fix system and pacify passengers. pageant ['pædʒənt] n.庆典，华丽的展览，壮观的游行 【例】The director planned to make a movie about the pageant. painstaking ['peinzˌteikiŋ] n.刻苦的，费力的，艰苦的；仔细的 【记】组合词：pains（痛苦）+taking（花费…的）→费力的 【例】Nowadays some people are painstaking with their work day and night.palatable ['pælətəbl] adj.美味的，可口的；愉快的，宜人的 【记】来自palate（n.味觉） 【例】①I love Cantonese style cakes,for they are sweet and palatable. ②We could amend the regulation to make it more palatable to the students. palpable ['pælpəbl] adj.可触知的；明显的，明白的 【记】词根记忆：palp（摸）+able→摸得到的→可触知的 【例】Joanna pretends to be happy,but her sense of loneliness is palpable. pamper ['pæmpə] vt.纵容；娇养 【例】Don't pamper your son or else you'll spoil him. panacea [ˌpænə'siə] n.万灵药；（社会弊端等的）补救方法 【记】词根记忆：pan（全部）+acea→包治百病→万灵药 【例】IMF policy recommendations were far from a panacea in all cases. （2001） panoramic [ˌpænə'ræmik] n.全景的，全貌的 【记】词根记忆：pan（全部）+ora（嘴）+mic→全部的描述→全貌的 【例】The panoramic shot reveals a magnificent vista of storming fury.pant [pænt] n./v.喘气，喘息 【例】①Clare begins to pant in rapid breaths. ②Donne was so exhausted that his breathing was only a series of quick pants. 【用】pant后接out/forth表示“气喘吁吁地说出”；接for/after表示“渴 望…”。 paradoxical [ˌpærə'dɒksikəl] adj.自相矛盾的 【记】词根记忆：para（超）+dox（观点）+ical→超出正常观点→自相 矛盾的 【例】It is paradoxical that such a rich country should have so many poor people living in it. 【派】paradoxically（adv.相矛盾地；诡辩地） paralysis [pə'rælisis] n.麻痹，瘫痪，中风；无能，无力 【记】词根记忆：para（半）+lys（分开）+is→身体裂成两半→瘫痪， 中风【例】①There was a sudden apoplexy causing Dewey paralysis. ②This famous doctor developed an effective treatment for paralysis caused by spinal cord injury and other central nervous system disorders. paralytic [ˌpærə'litik] adj.瘫痪的，麻痹的，中风的；烂醉的 【记】词根记忆：para（半）+lyt（分开）+ic→身体裂开的→瘫痪的 【例】①Paralytic shellfish poison is an illness caused by eating contaminated shellfish. ②Elizabeth got completely paralytic last night. paramount ['pærəmaunt] adj.至高无上的；首要的；胜过…的，卓越的 【记】词根记忆：para（超）+mount（登上）→超过登上巅峰的→至高 无上的 【例】Man is a rebel.He is committed by his biology not to conform,and herein lies the paramount reason for the awful tension he experiences today in relation to society.（2001） 【用】固定搭配（be）paramount to表示“高过，优于”。 paranoid ['pærənɒid] adj.过分猜疑的，患妄想狂的，患偏执狂的 【记】来自paranoia（n.偏执狂） 【例】The woman sitting there was a paranoid psychotic. parliament ['pɑ:ləmənt] n.国会，议会 【记】联想记忆：parlia（看作parle，谈话）+ment→谈论政务的地方→ 议会 【例】The Danish parliament raised taxes on energy to encourage conservation and established subsidies and standards to support more efficient buildings.（2013） 【用】表达“国会议员”可以用member of parliament。parody ['pærədi] n.滑稽的模仿诗文（乐曲）；拙劣的模仿vt.滑稽地模仿 【例】The actor was scolded by the public for his obscene parody. parole [pə'rəul] n./vt.假释，有条件的释放 【例】A Chinese activist who fought forced evictions and was jailed for two years for disturbing court order has died hours after he was released on medical parole. parry ['pæri] v.闪开，避开 【例】Marry didn't know how to parry her friends'question about her marriage. partake [pɑ:'teik] vi.参与，参加；分享，分担 【记】联想记忆：part（部分）+（t）ake（拿）→一人拿一部分→分担 【例】Terry told the official a flat-out NO that he partook in no political organization. 【用】partake后既可接in,也可接of,都表示“参与；分享”。 partiality [ˌpɑ:ʃi'æliti] n.偏袒，偏心；偏爱 【记】词根记忆：part（部分）+ial+ity→只看部分→偏心 【例】Your partiality for Dorothy is no secret to your friends. 【用】固定搭配为partiality to/toward sb.和partiality for sth.,注意对物和对 人所用的介词不一样。 participate [pɑ:'tisipeit] vi.参与，参加 【例】Many husbands can't tolerate their wives'not participating in household chores.【用】participate常常与in连用，表示“参与到…中”。 【派】participant（n.参与者，参加者） particular [pə'tikjulə] adj.特别的，特殊的；挑剔的；详细的n.一项；细节 【记】联想记忆：part（部分）+icular（属于…的）→只属于部分的→ 特别的 【例】①in particular特别，尤其Being a motorcyclist,I own an unusually large amount of leather-boots and jackets in particular.（2012） ②My brother likes eating very much,but he is very particular about the food he eats. ③IBM uses its network to recruit retired people for particular projects. （2009） 【用】词组be particular about表示“对…挑剔”的意思。 【派】particularly（adv.特别，尤其） passive ['pæsiv] adj.被动的，消极的 【记】联想记忆：pass（经过）+ive（…的）→经过却没感觉的→被动 的，消极的 【例】In order to define active learning,I'll look at the differences between active learning and passive learning by examining six characteristics of active learners and contrasting them with those of passive learners.（2013听力） 【用】常用搭配为passive smoking，意思是“吸二手烟”。 【派】passively（adv.被动地） pastoral ['pɑ:stərəl；'pæstərəl] adj.田园生活的，乡村的；牧师的 【记】联想记忆：pastor（牧人）+al→田园生活的，乡村的 【例】Often they may be concerned with pastoral matters.It makes sense to know their priorities and let them hear the things about you that they want to hear.（1999）patchy ['pætʃi] adj.斑驳的；不完整的，有补丁的 【记】来自patch（n.补丁） 【例】To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy,travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best.In most cases we just don't know how many Britons contract diseases when abroad.（1996） pathologic（al） [ˌpæθə'lɒdʒik（əl）] adj.病理学的，病理上的；病态的 【记】词根记忆：path（病）+ologic（…学的）→病理学的 【例】①During the course of illness,some pathological products are formed;they can in turn act directly or indirectly on certain tissue or organs,and cause new pathological conditions. ② Douglas has a deep,almost pathological desire to marry you. 【派】pathology（n.病理学） patronage ['pætrənidʒ] n.赞助，资助；顾客的光顾；官职任命权 【记】联想记忆：patron（赞助人）+age→赞助 【例】①Construction of this stadium was under the patronage of the government. ②The new branch of the restaurant was expected to have a heavy patronage. 【用】常用搭配：take sb.under one's patronage（使某人受…的庇护）； under the patronage of（在…保护下；承…栽培）。 patronize ['pætrənaiz] vt.保护；赞助；对…以恩人自居；惠顾 【记】联想记忆：patron（赞助人）+ize→惠顾 【例】①The school decided to patronize this drama show in English Department. ②I won't patronize the restaurant any more if the waiters or waitresses are rude.pave [peiv] vt.筑（路），铺（路） 【例】pave the way for为…铺平道路A long history of success may pave the way for further development. 【派】pavement（n.人行道） peculiar [pi'kju:liə] adj.奇怪的，怪癖的；独特的，特有的 【例】①The man has capricious and peculiar behavior. ②These food is peculiar to the northern provinces. 【用】表示“是…所特有的”要用peculiar to，注意to是介词。 【派】peculiarity（n.特色，特性；怪癖；特殊的东西） pedantic [pi'dæntik] adj.学究式的，卖弄学问的 【记】词根记忆：ped（儿童，引申为教育）+antic→天天学习→学究式 的 【例】Vanity has given Jane a pedantic and conceited manner. peek [pi:k] n./vi.（从缝隙或隐蔽处）偷看，窥视，一瞥 【例】The mother peeked over the fence to see if her son was back. 【用】常用搭配：peek in/out through a hole〔从小孔里向内（外）偷 看〕；get/take a peek at（偷看一下）。 penalize ['pi:nəlaiz] vt.处罚；使不利；对…不公平 【记】词根记忆：pen（惩罚）+al+ize→处罚 【例】①The football player was penalized for his foul. ②Ugandan lawmakers are drafting a bill that would penalize people who knowingly transmit HIV.pending ['pendiŋ] adj.悬而未决的；即将发生的，迫近的prep.直至；在…期间 【记】词根记忆：pend（悬挂）+ing→挂着的→悬而未决的 【例】①The pending war caused a panic among the people. ②No one is allowed to chat pending the classes.Word List 15 perceptible [pə'septəbl] adj.可感知的，看得出的；可理解的；相当的 【记】词根记忆：per（表加强）+cept（抓住）+ible→思想可以抓住→ 可理解的 【例】①Irving answered my question with a scarcely perceptible hesitation. ②Hugh was asked to write an analysis of the effect in increasing perceptible rate of hypertensive patients by concentrated recom-mendation. 【派】perceptibly（adv.可察觉地，可感觉地） perception [pə'sepʃən] n.感觉，知觉；观念，看法；洞察力，理解力 【记】词根记忆：per（表加强）+cept（抓住）+ion→抓住思想→感觉 【例】This is an entirely new situation that promises to change many of the perceptions governing life on the planet.（2002） perceptive [pə'septiv] adj.感觉灵敏的；有洞察力的；有理解力的 【记】词根记忆：per+cept（抓住）+ive→思想能够抓住的→有理解力的 【例】①This soldier is perceptive.He can realize the potential danger of his situation. ②The researcher wrote a good perceptive article. perfunctory [pə'fʌŋktəri] adj.敷衍的，马虎的 【记】词根记忆：per（坏）+funct（活动）+ory→带来坏处的活动→敷 衍的 【例】The girl will not improve unless she changes her perfunctory attitude. 【派】perfunctorily（adv.马虎地，敷衍地） perilous ['periləs] adj.多险的，危险的 【记】来自peril（n.危险） 【例】Such an exchange of views would be unlikely to produce instant solutions,but it might help the Russian and American governments to read each other's minds and seek methods of backing away from the perilous trial of strength in that part of the world.（1996） periodic [ˌpiəri'ɒdik] adj.周期的，定期的 【记】来自period（n.周期） 【例】This may be accomplished by periodic formal physical therapy sessions backed up by daily exercises. peripheral [pə'rifərəl] adj.非本质的；外围的，周边的 【记】词根记忆：peri（周围的）+pher（带来）+al→外围的 【例】Like static on a telephone line,peripheral nerve disorders distort or interrupt the messages between the brain and the rest of the body. periphery [pə'rifəri]n.外围，周界，边缘 【记】词根记忆：peri（周围的）+pher（带来）+y→带到周围→外围 【例】The industry developed quickly on the periphery of the city. perish ['periʃ] v.枯萎，腐烂；死去 【记】词根记忆：per（坏）+ish（使）→使变坏→腐烂 【例】In more recent times the Gypsies were caught up in Nazi ethnic hysteria,and perhaps half a million perished in the Holocaust.（2003） perk [pə:k] n.额外津贴v.竖起，翘起；活跃，（使）振奋 【例】①About 40 percent of company cars are perks rather than necessities for the job,even though the average company car driver with a 1500cc engine is paying more than three times as much in tax compared to a decade ago. （1997） ②perk up 振奋起来 Chinese share prices perk up this week after two weeks'falling. permeate ['pə:mieit] v.渗入，透过；弥漫，充满 【记】联想记忆：per（贯穿）+meat（肉）+e→穿进肉里→渗入 【例】①Concepts of heaven and hell permeate nearly all of us. ②A happy and joyful atmosphere permeates the place. 【用】permeate后可接in,through,among等介词表示“充满，弥漫”。 permissible [pə'misəbl] adj.容许的，可准许的 【记】词根记忆：per（全部）+miss（送）+ible→全部送出的→容许的 【例】The authorities now consider their request permissible and acceptable. pernicious [pə'niʃəs] adj.有害的；有毒的【记】词根记忆：per（表加强）+nic（毒，死）+ious→有毒的 【例】①Most adults believe that child pornography is a very pernicious problem. ②Pernicious anemia is loosely used to mean a state of anemia due to vitamin B12deficiency. perpetrate ['pə:pitreit] vt.犯（罪），作（恶） 【例】Only an insane person could perpetrate such a horrible crime. 【用】perpetrate a crime相当于commit a crime,表示“犯罪”。 【派】perpetrator（n.犯罪者，作恶者） perpetuate [pə'petjueit] vt.使永久存在，使不朽 【记】词根记忆：per（贯穿）+pet（追求）+uate→始终追求，热心永 在→使不朽 【例】The people decided to perpetuate the memory of their leader by erecting a statue. persecute ['pə:sikju:t] vt.（宗教方面）迫害；困扰，不断麻烦 【记】词根记忆：per（自始至终）+secu（跟随）+te→一直跟踪→不断 麻烦 【例】Once the affair became public,the actress was persecuted by the press. persist [pə'sist] v.坚持；持续 【记】词根记忆：per+sist（站立）→始终站立→坚持 【例】①If you persist in your own way you must go away. ②On the top of very high mountains snow persists throughout the year. 【用】persist通常和in搭配使用，意思是“坚持做某事”。 【派】persistence/persistency（n.坚持；持续存在）personify [pə:'sɒnifai] vt.是…的典型；表现；拟人，使人格化 【记】联想记忆：person（人）+ify（使…化）→使人格化 【例】The animals and plants are often personified in fables. pertain [pə:'tein] vi.与…有关联；依附于，从属于；适合，相配 【记】词根记忆：per（表加强）+tain（拿住）→被拿住→依附于 【例】①Your remark did not pertain to the question. ②These solutions only pertain to the potential problems in this country. 【用】pertain后一般接介词to。 pertinent ['pə:tinənt] adj.恰当的，中肯的；与…有关的，关于…的 【记】词根记忆：per+tin（拿住）+ent→拿住有用的→与…有关的 【例】①Don't talk with me before you make the pertinent considerations. ②I don't use the notebook,for all the pertinent information has been in my mind. 【用】词组be pertinent to表示“与…有关”。 perturb [pə'tə:b] vt.使不安，扰乱 【记】词根记忆：per+turb（扰乱）→扰乱 【例】I am afraid this news will perturb him and cause him grief. pervade [pə:'veid] vt.弥漫，遍及，充满；渗透 【记】词根记忆：per（贯穿）+vad（走）+e→走过去→遍及 【例】①A terrible stench of rotten food pervaded the kitchen. ②Most of this author's novels are pervaded by nostalgia for a past age.pervert ['pə:və:t][pə'və:t] n.堕落者，性变态者 vt.使反常；颠倒；误用，滥用；使入邪路，堕落 【记】联想记忆：per（表加强）+vert（转）→转到（邪路上）→使堕 落 【例】①The clever criminal perverts his talents. ②Do you really think these books pervert those who read them? pester ['pestə] v.麻烦，纠缠 【记】联想记忆：pest（害虫）+er→像害虫一样骚扰→纠缠 【例】House pestered the executives until finally they gave him a job as a correspondent. 【用】常用句型为pester sb.with/for sth.或pester sb.to do sth.，表示“烦扰 某人做某事”。 phenomenal [fi'nɒminəl] adj.现象的；异常的，非凡的 【记】词根记忆：phen（显示）+omen（征兆）+al→显示出征兆→现象 的【例】It is predicted that this phenomenal growth will have great impact on our society and economy.（2001） philanthropic [ˌfilən'θrɒpik] adj.博爱的，慈善的 【记】词根记忆：phil（爱）+anthrop（人）+ic→爱人的→博爱的 【例】The philanthropic foundation couldn't run any more for lack of funds. pinch [pintʃ] v.捏，掐；夹痛；勒索n.捏，掐；夹痛；少量；匮乏；紧要时刻 【例】①Larry loves pinching the baby's cheek playfully. ②pinch off 掐掉 Pinch off old flowers and keep watering. ③at a pinch 必要时 We can get ten people in this small room at a pinch. pinpoint ['pinpɒint] n.针尖vt.精确地找出（或描述出）；强调；刺破，刺穿 【记】组合词：pin（钉，针）+point（点，尖端）→针尖 【例】Three engineers were sent to pinpoint the cause of the trouble. pious ['paiəs] adj.虔诚的，笃信的；假虔诚的，虚伪的 【例】The pious woman goes to church regularly. plea [pli:] n.恳求，请求；（法庭上的）辩解 【例】Mediators have no teeth,and a child could simply ignore their pleas. （1999） 【用】常见句型make a plea for表示“主张，请求”。 plead [pli:d] v.恳求，祈求；（法庭上）辩护；以…为理由（或借口） 【记】来自plea（n.恳求，辩护） 【例】①Charlotte pleaded guilty to conspiracy to defraud the governmentsince the criminal threatened her with her children. ②I pleaded with my mother to allow me to go to cinema on Saturday. 【用】固定搭配plead against意为“反驳；劝人不要…”；plead with意 为“向…恳求”。 plight [plait] n.困境 【记】联想记忆：p（音似：不）+light（光亮）→失去光亮→困境 【例】The newspaper pictures brought home to us all the plight of the refugees. plumb [plʌm] n.铅锤，垂球vt.用铅锤测量；探测，了解；使垂直 【例】Human beings are fond of plumbing the mysteries of the universe. plummet ['plʌmit] vi.垂直（或突然）落下 【例】Profits of this company have plummeted this year. poach [pəutʃ] v.偷猎，捕杀；水煮 【例】①The hunter would like to poach some wild animals for dinner tonight. ②The best eggs for poaching are the freshest eggs you can find.If eggs are more than a week old,the whites thin out. poignant ['pɒinjənt] adj.辛辣的；伤人感情的 【记】词根记忆：poign（刺）+ant→刺的，尖锐的→伤人感情的 【例】Connie made a poignant criticism on this book. pompous ['pɒmpəs] adj.浮夸的，自负的【记】词根记忆：pomp（炫耀）+ous→炫耀的→自负的 【例】Students dislike being spouted at by pompous teachers. ponder ['pɒndə] v.仔细考虑，沉思 【记】联想记忆：pon（放置）+der→放在心里的事情需要好好考虑→ 仔细考虑，沉思 【例】It's necessary for us to ponder on the meaning of life. 【用】ponder常常和介词on连用，表示“对某事进行沉思或思考”。 popularize ['pɒpjuləraiz] vt.使受欢迎；普及 【记】来自popular（adj.通俗的，流行的，受欢迎的） 【例】If this technic is proved to be efficient,we will popularize it in the next month. pore [pɒ:] vi.深思熟虑；细心研读 【例】pore over 仔细翻阅 In order to do that research,I had spent several hours in the library poring over those musty documents. pornography [pɒ:'nɒgrəfi] n.色情描写；色情作品（书刊、影片等） 【记】词根记忆：porno（妓女）+graph（写，图）+y→色情描写，色 情作品 【例】Paris is like pornography.（2013） 【派】pornographic（adj.色情的） pose [pəuz] vi.摆姿势；装腔作势vt.提出（问题）；引起，造成 【记】词根记忆：pos（放置）+e→故意那样摆放→摆姿势 【例】①pose as 摆出…的样子 Jack posed as an expert when he spoke to the public.②If the learner meets with some difficulties he can pose questions at any time. positive ['pɒzətiv] adj.确定的，确信的；积极的；有效的；正极的，阳性的 【记】联想记忆：pos（放置）+it+ive→就那么放→确定的 【例】①These two generations of museums play positive roles in spreading scientific knowledge,but they both put visitors in the position of passive observers.（2000） ②“Denmark has proven that acting on climate can be a positive experience,not just painful,”says NRDC's Schmidt.（2013） possess [pə'zes] vt.拥有；（感情或思想等）控制（某人）；掌握（技能） 【例】①A university student must possess a lot of qualities,such as confidence,diligence,perseverance,etc. ②One should possess his temper when in anger. 【派】possession（n.拥有，所有权；所有物；自制） postulate ['pɒstjuleit；'pɒstʃəleit] vt.假定 【记】词根记忆：postul（要求）+ate→没有依据就要求结果→假定 【例】The expert postulated that a cure for the disease would been found by the year 2030. posture ['pɒstʃə] n.姿势；态度v.故作姿态；摆出…样子 【记】词根记忆：pos（放）+ture→放出来的样子→姿势 【例】Stand up straight.I don't mean that you have to assume a parade ground posture,but stand in a comfortable,natural way rather than hunching over the lectern.（2000） 【用】固定搭配in the present posture of表示“在目前…的情况下”； posture后还可接as表“装作…的样子”。potency ['pəutənsi] n.权势；效力；潜能 【记】词根记忆：pot（力量）+ency→效力 【例】“Fundamental among man's inner powers is the tremendous unrealized potency of man's own will,”wrote Italian psychologist Roberto Assagioli 25years ago.（1997） potent ['pəutənt] adj.有影响力的，有效力的；有说服力的 【记】词根记忆：pot（力量）+ent→有力量的→有效力的 【例】Marijuana use is climbing back towards levels not seen since the late 1970s.And today,marijuana is up to ten times more potent than in the past. （1998听力） pounce [pauns] vi.猛扑；忽然攫住 【例】①The wolf pounced on the hunter. ②pounce on 抓住 If you make a single mistake,Lydia will pounce on you and try her best to replace you. pragmatic [præg'mætik] adj.重实效的，实用主义的 【记】词根记忆：pragm（行为）+atic→注重行为效应→重实效的 【例】One reason for the striking upsurge of social psychology in the United States lies in the pragmatic tradition of this country.（1996） precarious [pri'keəriəs] adj.不稳定的；根据不足的 【记】联想记忆：pre（前）+car（汽车）+ious→坐在汽车前面→不稳 定的 【例】That supermarket is on this real precarious perch right now. precipitate [pri'sipiteit]v.使突然发生；加速；促使；猛然抛下；沉淀 【记】词根记忆：pre+cip（拿住）+itate→在前面一下子拿住→使突然 发生 【例】①The latest crisis may precipitate a solution to the region's flood problem. ②The bridge broke and precipitated several cars and people into the river. 【用】词组precipitate sth./sb.into表示“使某人或某物陷入（某状态）”。 precipitous [pri'sipitəs] adj.陡峭的；匆忙的，仓促的 【例】①Climbers are usually in danger,owing to the precipitous nature of the mountain. ②It was a deliberate and not a precipitous plan. preclude [pri'klu:d] vt.阻止；排除 【记】词根记忆：pre（前）+clud（关闭）+e→在面前关闭→排除 【例】John's motion to preclude certain testimony from an infringe-ment expert was granted in part and denied in part. 【用】preclude sb.from sth.意思是“阻止某人做某事”。 predicament [pri'dikəmənt] n.困境，穷途 【记】词根记忆：pre（预先）+dica（=dic，断言）+ment→提前断言悲 惨命运→困境 【例】I am grateful to you for helping me out of this predicament. preferential [ˌprefə'renʃəl] adj.优先的，优待的，优惠的 【记】联想记忆：preferen（ce）（优先选择）+tial→优先的 【例】The system of preferential voting is relatively exclusive to the Australian political system.premature [ˌpremə'tjuə；ˌpri:mə'tjuə] adj.过早的，提前的；不成熟的；仓促的 【记】词根记忆：pre（预先）+mature（成熟的）→比预期时间早的→ 提前的 【例】①How can governments help people conserve their health and avoid premature death?（2001） ②I made several premature attempts,and all were failures. premiere [pri'miə] n./v.初次演出（或放映） 【例】Bright was just calling to ask if we want to attend the world premiere of his new film. premium ['pri:miəm] n.保险费；额外费用 【例】①The bigger the risk an insurance company takes,the higher the premium you will have to pay. ②put/set/place a premium on 鼓励 States put a high premium on writing skills,for it is considered an even more important job require-ment. premonition [ˌpri:mə'niʃən] n.预感，预警；前兆 【记】词根记忆：pre（预先）+monit（警告）+ion→预感 【例】Mike opened the red box with a premonition of disaster. preoccupied [pri:'ɒkjupaid] adj.全神贯注的；心事重重的 【记】联想记忆：preoccup（y）（占据）+ied→心事重重的 【例】George is so preoccupied with his work that he hasn't yet noticed that someone is coming into the room. prerequisite [pri:'rekwizit] n.先决条件，前提【记】词根记忆：pre（预先）+requisite（必不可少的）→先决条件 【例】We stress that stability is the prerequisite,development is the key,and reform is the motive power. 【用】prerequisite后一般接to/for,表示“…的前提”。 prescribe [pri'skraib] vt.处（方），开（药）；命令，指示，规定 【记】词根记忆：pre（预先）+scrib（写）+e→预先写好→规定 【例】①Doctors must diagnose before they prescribe a drug. ②The government did not prescribe remedies upon the inefficient system. 【派】prescription（n.处方；指示，规定） present [pri'zent] vt.给予；造成；呈递；上演；介绍；展示；陈述 【例】①In Paris,there are various cocktail parties and buffet receptions which provide a good opportunity for people to make friends of all kinds.If strangers from Asia meet on such occasions,they will usually present their name-cards to each other with two hands,and in all sincerity,before starting a conversation,which seems an overwhelming routine.（1996） ②Little did the English people owe him for his services,and heavily did they pay for his adventures.He was in England only twice for a few short months in his ten years'reign;yet his memory has always English hearts,and seems to present throughout the centuries the pattern of the fighting man.（2007） ③This helps to explain the long string of recent books in which writers have presented a Lincoln made after their own image.（2012） 【派】presentation（n.赠送；介绍；呈现，提出；演出） presume [pri'zju:m；pri'zu:m] vt.（没有根据地）相信；假设；擅自；敢于 【记】词根记忆：pre（预先）+sum（拿）+e→提前拿走→擅自 【例】①Mary presumed the death of her husband who disappeared during the war. ②I don't wish to presume,Linda,but don't you think you look better in blue?presumption [pri'zʌmpʃən] n.假定，推测；冒昧做某事，放肆，擅作主张 【记】词根记忆：pre（预先）+sumpt（拿）+ion→提前拿走→擅作主张 【例】Presumption of innocence is a legal right that the accused in criminal trials has in many modern nations. presuppose [ˌpri:sə'pəuz] vt.预先假定，预料；以…为前提 【记】词根记忆：pre（预先）+suppose（假定）→预先假定 【例】①The end of an era presupposes the coming of another. ②Sound sleep presupposes a mind at ease. pretentious [pri'tenʃəs] adj.自负的，自命不凡的；矫饰的，做作的 【记】联想记忆：pre+tent（伸展）+ious→在人前伸展肢体→做作的 【例】Artists are often seen as impractical and sometimes pretentious. prevalent ['prevələnt] adj.普遍的，流行的，盛行的 【记】词根记忆：pre（前）+val（力量）+ent→游走在前面的力量→流 行的 【例】In the United States,working longer hours is prevalent in all sectors of society.（2004） prevent [pri'vent] vt.阻止，防止 【记】词根记忆：pre（预先）+vent（来）→提前来挡住别人→阻止 【例】The main interest of travel companies dealing with travel medicine is to prevent people from falling ill.（1996） 【用】prevent sb.from doing sth.意思是“阻止某人做某事”。 【派】prevention（n.阻止，防止，预防）principle ['prinsəpl] n.原则，主义；行动准则，道义；原理 【记】联想记忆：prin（第一）+cip（取）+le→取得第一就是我们的原 则→原则 【例】in principle从原则上The thought,in principle,is very reasonable. pristine ['pristain] adj.纯洁的；原始状态的 【例】I have a secret desire in my deep heart to roll back the unhappy years to be reborn to my pristine innocence. privilege ['privilidʒ] n.特权；特别给予的好处或待遇；优惠v.给予优惠 【记】词根记忆：privi（个人，私人）+lege（法律）→为个人而设定的 规定→特权 【例】For sleeping privileges in a dera,pullers pay 100rupees（about$2.50）a month,which sounds like a pretty good deal until you've visited a dera.（2010） 【用】special privilege是常用搭配，表示“特权，特殊许可”。 problematic（al） [ˌprɒblə'mætik（əl）] adj.有疑问的；未解决的，未定的 【记】联想记忆：problem（问题）+atic→成问题的→有疑问的 【例】The policeman pulls out his gun,eyeing the problematic man. procedural [prə'si:dʒərəl] adj.程序上的，程序性的 【记】词根记忆：pro（在前）+ced（走）+ural→走在前面→程序上的 【例】The preparation of contract was delayed by procedural difficulties. proceed [prə'si:d] vi.开始，着手；前进；继续进行 【记】词根记忆：pro（向前）+ceed（前进）→前进【例】①Business couldn't proceed as usual after the recession. ②The results proceeded from lots of serious investigation. 【派】procedure（n.程序；手续，步骤，工序）；procession〔n.（人或 车的）行列〕 proceeding [prə'si:diŋ] n.[常pl.]诉讼（程序）；过程，议程；会议记录，（文献）汇编 【记】词根记忆：pro（在前）+ceed（走）+ing→走在前面→过程 【例】Investigations are held to gather information on the need for future legislation,to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualification and performance of members and officials of the other branches,and on rare occasions,to lay the groundwork for impeachment proceedings.（2004） procure [prə'kjuə] vt.取得，获得 【记】联想记忆：pro+cur（跑）+e→跑在前面才能得到→获得 【例】The teacher procured many cards and presents in Teachers'Day. prod [prɒd] v.刺，戳；激励，刺激 【例】①Dunbar prodded at the snake with his toe to make sure it was dead. ②I have to prod Tony into paying me what he owes. 【用】词组prod sb.into（doing）sth.表示“劝说/提醒…做…”。 prodigal ['prɒdigəl] adj.铺张的，挥霍的；慷慨的 【记】词根记忆：prodig（巨大，浪费）+al→挥霍的 【例】①Many people think that the prodigal housekeeping came back. ②I never believe Edith can be a prodigal girl. 【用】the prodigal的意思是“回头的浪子”。 prodigy ['prɒdidʒi]n.奇才，天才；奇观，奇迹 【例】①We cannot deny that inheritance plays an important role in the making of a prodigy. ②Even today,people still can't fully understand some of the prodigies of nature. profess [prə'fes] vt.公开表示，声称；自称；表明信仰 【记】联想记忆：pro（在前）+fess（做）→在人前做讲话→公开表示 【例】A knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration,and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds,though he would never come physically close to her.（1996） profiteer [ˌprɒfi'tiə] n.暴发户，发横财的人，投机商v.牟取暴利，投机倒把 【记】联想记忆：profit（利润）+eer（表人）→只顾利益之人→投机商 【例】①The profiteer intermingled the middlings with the quality ones to gain more profits. ②The government has taken some measures to prevent profiteering. progress ['prəugres;'prɒgres][prə'gres] n.进步，进展；前进，进行 v.进步；前进 【记】词根记忆：pro+gress（行走）→往前走了很多→前进；进步 【例】①I consider that the learner can progress through making mistakes. ②Work on the new project progressed at a rapid rate. 【用】词组in progress是“在进行中”的意思。 【派】progressive（adj.不断前进的；先进的；【语】进行时的n.进步人 士） proliferation [prəˌlifə'reiʃən] n.激增，扩散，增值【记】联想记忆：proliferat（e）（增生）+ion→增值 【例】The 1990s has seen a proliferation of much smaller,service-oriented schemes,most of which supporting economic reform. prolific [prə'lifik] adj.多产的 【记】联想记忆：pro（许多）+lif（看作life，生命）+ic→产生许多生 命→多产的 【例】While this kind of circumstance made Americans one of the most prolific and self-conscious city-building peoples of their time,it did not retard the steadily urbanizing society in the sense that decade by decade an ever larger proportion of the people lived in cities.（2002） prominence ['prɒminəns] n.显著，杰出；凸出部分，凸出物 【记】词根记忆：pro（向前）+min（突出）+ence→向前突出→凸出部 分 【例】The articles in the front of the magazine,which once flowed into one another,now stand on their own,to gain prominence. prone [prəun] adj.易于…的，有…倾向的；俯卧的 【例】be prone to有…倾向American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly,mistaking prominence for uniqueness.（1998） propagate ['prɒpəgeit] v.传播，宣传；（使）繁殖 【记】词根记忆：pro+pag（砍，切）+ate→繁殖；原意是把树的旁枝剪 掉使主干成长，引申为繁殖 【例】①It is necessary to propagate scientific knowledge. ②Dandelions propagate themselves by the little“parachutes”. propel [prə'pel]vt.推进 【记】词根记忆：pro（向前）+pel（推）→推进 【例】Perhaps clever marketing has ensured that“basic needs”—for a shower with built-in TV for a rocket-propelled car—expand con-tinuously. （2004） prophesy ['prɒfisai] v.预言，预示 【例】Since the advent of television people have been prophesying the death of the book.（2000） proportion [prə'pɒ:ʃən] n.比例，比率；相称，平衡；份儿，部分 【记】词根记忆：pro+port（部分）+ion→部分 【例】①Enron matched a certain proportion of each employee's 401（k） contribution with company stock,so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio;but that could be regarded as a freebie,since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all.（2007） ②Manual workers have shrunk along with farming and heavy industry as a proportion of the workforce,while the number of people in white-collar jobs has surged.（2011） ③in proportion 成比例 In Uncle Geoff's view,the greatness of England had risen and waned over the centuries in direct proportion to the use of natural manure in fertilizing the soil.（1999） 【用】in proportion的意思是“成比例”，out of proportion指“不成比例”。 【派】proportional（adj.成比例的；相称的） proposition [ˌprɒpə'ziʃən] n.提议，建议；主张；命题 【记】联想记忆：propos（e）（建议，提议）+ition→建议；主张 【例】The proposition appeals to political leaders and scholars as well. （2000） 【用】常用句型为make sb.a proposition或make a proposition to sb.，表示“向…提出一个建议”。 prospective [prə'spektiv] adj.预期的，可能的，未来的 【记】词根记忆：pro（向前）+spect（看）+ive→看向前方→未来的 【例】①Interview is frequently used by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees.（2005） ②On Craigslist,prospective iPhone purchasers offered to pay“waiters”or“placeholders”to wait in line for them outside Apple stores. （2010） protocol ['prəutəkɒl] n.礼仪，礼节；草案，议定书 【记】电影《核战风云》The Fourth Protocol 【例】①The diplomat wrote a book about protocol of visits. ②NNTP specifies a protocol for the distribution,inquiry,retrieval,and posting of news articles using a reliable transmission of news. prototype ['prəutəutaip] n.原型，典型 【记】词根记忆：proto（首先）+type（形状）→首先的形状→原型 【例】A proposed joint project would develop a prototype or demonstration model for the“21st century national information infrastructure”in line with an initiative announced by President Bill Clinton last October.（1999） protracted [prə'træktid] adj.延长的，拖延的 【记】词根记忆：pro（向前）+tract（拉伸）+ed→前向拉伸→延长的 【例】①A protracted investigation of this incident might cause embarrassment for the government. ②It can be assumed that this protracted war will pass through three stages. protrude [prə'tru:d]vi.突出，伸出 【记】词根记忆：pro（向前）+trud（伸出）+e→向前伸→伸出 【例】The old man lifted his shaggy eyebrows,protruded his thick nether lip,and made a face. provident ['prɒvidənt] adj.有先见之明的；节俭的 【记】词根记忆：pro（向前）+vid（看）+ent→向前看的→有先见之明 的 【例】This provident forecast has been verified by time. Goals determine what you are going to be. ——Julius Erving 目标决定你将成为什么样的人。 ——欧文Word List 16 provisional [prə'viʒənəl] adj.暂时的，临时的 【记】词根记忆：pro+vis（看）+ional→看了一下→暂时的 【例】Everything is fleeting and provisional. prowess ['prauis] n.英勇；杰出的才能 【记】联想记忆：prow（英勇的）+ess→杰出的才能 【例】①The story described the hero's prowess in battle. ②I believe you can utilize all your intellectual and technical prowess to solve the problem. proximity [prɒk'simiti] n.接近，邻近 【记】词根记忆：proxim（接近）+ity→接近 【例】The prairie wolf howled now and then,and occasionally the lowing of cattle gave me hope of human proximity. prudent ['pru:dənt]adj.谨慎的，精明的 【记】词根记忆：prud（小心的）+ent→谨慎的 【例】Before starting on a sea voyage,the prudent navigator prepared a specific sea chart. pseudo ['sju:dəu] adj.假的，伪的，冒充的 【记】本身是一个前缀，表示“假” 【例】Use of the press conference by public officials and private entrepreneurs help give rise to the phrase“pseudo-event”,an event contrived to create news coverage where none had been considered warranted.（2001 听力） pungent ['pʌndʒənt] adj.（气味等）浓烈的 【记】词根记忆：pung（刺）+ent→刺激的气味→（气味等）浓烈的 【例】The incense gradually filled the room with a thin smoke and a mildly pungent odor. punitive ['pju:nitiv] adj.惩罚的，刑罚的；严厉的 【记】词根记忆：pun（惩罚）+itive→刑罚的 【例】Punitive damages are intended to punish the defendant and to discourage the conduct of the type the defendant engaged in. purge [pə:dʒ] n.（政治上）清洗，整肃；洗涤，涤除；泻药vt.清洗，整肃 【记】词根记忆：pur（=pure，纯洁）+ge→弄干净→清洗 【例】①Several weight reducing medicines are unhealthy,containing some kind of purge. ②The politician wanted to purge himself of the ignoble. 【用】purge sb./oneself of a charge意为“洗清某人/自己的罪名”。quadruple ['kwɒdrupl] adj.由四个（部分、个体、群体）组成的adv.四倍地n.四倍，四倍的数 （量）v.变成四倍 【记】词根记忆：quadru（=quadri，四）+ple→四倍 【例】①Their shop has an annual turnover quadruple that of ours this year. ②The world's second-biggest oil company plans to invest“many million dollars”to quadruple the current capacity of its solar energy joint venture in Xi'an. quail [kweil] n.鹌鹑（肉）vi.畏惧，颤抖 【例】I will never quail at the fear of failure. 【用】quail常与at搭配使用，表示“因…而颤抖”。 quaint [kweint] adj.古雅的，古色古香的；离奇有趣的 【记】本身是词根：知道 【例】The small basement shop was located on a quaint commercial block. qualify ['kwɒlifai]v.（使）合适，（使）具有资格；授予…权利；限制；使减轻 【记】联想记忆：qual（看作quality，质量）+ify（使）→质量过关 →（使）具有资格 【例】To qualify to study in Belgium,it is essential to meet relevant requirements in academic credentials,linguistic skills,academic objectives and financial resources.（2000） 【用】词组：qualify as〔取得…资格；把（某人）说成〕；qualify for（有…资格；应得；使合格，使能担任）；qualify to do sth.（使有资 格做某事）。 【派】qualification（n.限制；批准；资格；[pl.]考试合格证明书）； qualified（adj.有资格的，胜任的；有条件的） qualm [kwɑ:lm] n.疑惧，紧张不安，疑虑 【例】With a frightful qualm,I turned,and I saw that I had grasped the antenna of another monster crab that stood just behind me. quarantine ['kwɒrənti:n] n.隔离（期间）vt.对…进行检疫隔离 【记】词根记忆：quarant（四十）+ine→原意指隔开40天→隔离 【例】①Birds in a swannery in Dorset are placed into quarantine in case bird flu comes to the area. ②The wild fish can carry diseases and should be quarantined before you introduce them into your community tank. quash [kwɒʃ] vt.拒绝接受，取消；镇压，平息 【记】联想记忆：qu+ash（灰烬）→化成灰烬→取消；镇压 【例】Anti-whaling nations quash Japanese overtures as an annual whaling conference opens in Alaska. quaver ['kweivə] v.用颤声说（唱、演奏），颤抖n.颤音【例】In his voice was an quaver which was not habitual and there was agitation in every line of his words. quell [kwel] vt.击败；制止，镇压 【例】By the time of the Industrial Revolution,temporary peace officers were deployed to quell riots and social disturbance. quench [kwentʃ] vt.扑灭；解（渴）；终止 【例】Bruce felt inclined to quench a little thirst,and to break off for himself a cluster of grapes. quibble ['kwibl] vi.（在小问题上）争论，争辩n.诡辩；吹毛求疵 【记】联想记忆：quib（嘲讽）+ble→吹毛求疵 【例】①Why quibble over whose turn it is to buy lunch?Split it,and forget about it. ②The criminal used a quibble to avoid answering the question directly. 【用】quibble本身是不及物动词，常与about/over搭配，表示“为了…争 辩”。 quiver ['kwivə] n./vi.颤抖，抖动 【例】To his great surprise he could say no more,for tears came to his eyes and his lower jaw began to quiver rapidly. quizzical ['kwizikəl] adj.（笑容、表情）探询的，疑问的；知情的 【记】来自quiz（v.盘问） 【例】“I don't know whether I like you or not.”replied Edna,gazing down at the little woman with a quizzical look. rabid ['ræbid]adj.患狂犬病的；狂热的；极端的 【记】来自rabies（n.狂犬病） 【例】①The movie star saw all the rabid fans swarming around his car. ②Carl seemed to be in rabid fear of the water. rack [ræk] n.（放置物件的）架子vt.使痛苦，折磨 【例】rack one's brains 绞尽脑汁 In virtue of competition,individuals rack their brains to improve their personality and their ability to solve all kinds of problems to achieve success.（1999） radiant ['reidiənt] adj.光芒四射的，光辉灿烂的；容光焕发的，喜形于色的；发出辐射热 或能的 【记】词根记忆：radi（光线）+ant→光芒四射的 【例】①Everything looked radiant in the morning sun. ②Your grandfather still looked radiant at age of 80. 【派】radiance（n.发光，灿烂；容光焕发） radiantly ['reidiəntli] adv.光芒四射地 【例】Secretly drawing the curtain apart,I saw such a bustling and thrilling scene out there.I noticed all my brothers,sisters and cousins among the adults,all beaming radiantly with joy.（2003） raft [rɑ:ft] n.筏，筏子；大量，许多v.用筏子载运；乘筏子过河 【例】①I hate work of any kind,and making a raft is hard work. ②a raft of 众多 The company has launched a whole raft of new software products. rake [reik] n.耙子v.（用耙子）耙拢，耙松，耙平；扫视，掠过【例】①rake in 赚了一大笔钱 Mary has raked in the shekels in her new job. ②rake out 找 I'll try and rake out something for you to wear. ③rake up 又拿…说事 It upsets Dad when that story is raked up again. 【用】rake up这个词组就是“翻旧账”的意思。 ramble ['ræmbl] vi.漫步，漫游；（植物）蔓生，丛生n.漫步 【例】①My parents like rambling around in the country. ②ramble on 喋喋不休地说 Mother rambled on,but Anastasia was not listening at all. 【派】rambler（n.漫步者；蔓生植物） rampage ['ræmpeidʒ] vi.狂暴地行动n.狂暴行径 【记】联想记忆：ramp（狂跳乱蹦）+age→狂暴地行动 【例】①The armed robbers rampaged through the city,destroying property. ②on the rampage 闹事 A gang of teenagers who went on the rampage smashing several cars in Leith are caught by police. rampant ['ræmpənt] adj.（疾病、罪恶等）猖獗的，遏制不住的；（指植物）过于繁茂的 【记】联想记忆：ramp（蔓延）+ant→过于繁茂的；猖獗的 【例】A rich soil soon becomes home to rampant weeds which smother less competitive,more attractive plants. range [reindʒ] n.排，行，系列；射程，距离；山脉；范围，幅度vi.排列，安置；（在 一定范围内）变化；漫游，徘徊；延伸 【记】本身为词根：行，列 【例】①A more participatory and social news environment,with a remarkable diversity and range of news sources,is a good thing.（2013）②Participants of the activity ranged from 20 years old to 60 years old. ③We use gesture to indicate a wide range of meanings.（2010听力） 【用】词组in/within range表示“在射程内”。 rap [ræp] n.（轻快的）敲击声；唠叨v.（轻而快地）敲击；责备或训斥（某 人）；唠叨 【记】近几年流行的说唱乐Rap 【例】①beat the rap 开脱罪名 Bernal was charged with arson,but his lawyer helped him beat the rap. ②take the rap 背黑锅 What you hope he will do is to remain silent and let Arthur make decisions and take the rap for unpopular choices. rapt [ræpt] adj.全神贯注的，入迷的 【例】As Father read,Tom awoke,yawned,and began to listen with rapt attention. 【派】rapture（n.着迷，狂喜） rationalize ['ræʃənəlaiz] v.据理说明；使（制度等）合理化 【记】来自rational（adj.理性的，合理的） 【例】The woman rationalized her decision to abandon her baby by saying she could not afford to keep it. 【派】rationale（n.基本原理，理论基础） rattle ['rætl] v.（使）发出格格声；咔嚓咔嚓地行进；使不安，紧张n.格格声，吵闹 声 【例】①The source of this paradox is electronic anti-noise which creates sound waves to cancel out unwanted noise,such as rattles,blare,etc.（1999） ②rattle off 一口气背出 Brown could rattle off a page of the telephone directory if you asked him.【用】与rattle相关的词组还有：rattle on/away（喋喋不休地说；急促地 说）；rattle through（匆忙地做）。 ravish ['ræviʃ] vt.使着迷，使心醉；抢夺 【记】词根记忆：rav（夺）+ish→抢夺 【例】They had come home during the height of the disturbances to discover their teenage daughter being ravished by a young police officer. reason ['ri:zən] n.理由；理性，判断力；道理vt.推理；思考；论证，辩论，劝说 【例】①The company had to give up the plan by reason of lacking funds. ②The policeman reasoned carefully to find out the criminal. 【用】reason作名词的时候常出现在词组中：by reason of/that（由 于…，因为…）；with reason（正当地，合理地）。 【派】reasoning（n.推理，论证） rebound [ri'baund]['ri:baund] vi.反弹，弹回 n.反弹，弹回 【记】词根记忆：re（重新）+bound（弹，跳）→弹回 【例】①The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable,with lots of good news to work with:America was at peace,and the nation's economy,a key factor in any election,was rebounding vigorously after recession. ②on the rebound 令人失望 You could say it was on the rebound but I had no reason to regret it.recession [ri'seʃən] n.（经济的）衰退时期；退回 【记】词根记忆：re（反）+cess（行走）+ion→向后走→退回 【例】With Copenhagen set to host all-important U.N.climate change talks in December—where the world hopes for a successor to the expiring Kyoto Protocol—and the global recession beginning to hit environmental plans in capitals everywhere,Denmark's example couldn't be more timely.（2013） 【用】表示“经济衰退”可以用economic recession。 【派】recessive（adj.后退的） reciprocate [ri'siprəkeit] v.互换，互给；回报，酬答；（指机件）沿直线往复移动 【例】In 1979,Egypt made a genuine offer of peace,and Israel reciprocated with an offer of territory. 【派】reciprocity（n.相互交换的原则或实践，互相让步或互惠） reckon ['rekən] vt.计算，算出；考虑，认为；料想，估计 【记】联想记忆：reck（顾虑）+on→顾虑多，要好好考虑→考虑 【例】①The company reckoned on selling their products to foreigncountries. ②We all reckon that he will be the winner of the game. recline [ri'klain] vi.向后倚靠，躺卧，休息 【记】词根记忆：re（向后）+clin（倾斜）+e→向后倾斜→向后倚靠 【例】Reclining in a comfortable chair,David idly flipped through a magazine. recompense ['rekəmpens] n.报酬，酬答；补偿，赔偿v.酬谢；赔偿 【记】词根记忆：re（重新）+com+pens（花费）+e→重新得到花出去 的钱→补偿 【例】Apart from anything else,Caroline wanted to recompense him in some way,although she doubted he would accept a reward. recount [ri'kaunt]['ri:kaunt] vt.详细叙述，讲述；重数，复核 n.重计数 【记】词根记忆：re+count（数）→再讲→讲述某事 【例】What is so bad in recounting our experiences,cultures,dreams and visions in our own anecdotal fashion? recoup [ri'ku:p] vt.重获（尤指钱），失而复得 【记】联想记忆：re（反）+coup（意外的行动）→对意外行为的反馈 →重获 【例】We will recoup ourselves by the levy of a general rate;for private individuals cannot be expected to bear the burden of such a handsome present. recourse [ri'kɒ:s;'ri:kɒ:s] n.求助的对象【例】have recourse to 求助于 When we consider someone violates our rights,we can have recourse to the law. rectify ['rektifai] vt.改正，纠正，核正 【记】词根记忆：rect（直）+ify→使…直→纠正 【例】Regional unemployment and regional recession are an economic loss to the whole nation and they will not rectify themselves on their own. 【派】rectification（n.改正，精炼；被改正的事物，经过精炼之物；矫 正） recur [ri'kə:] vi.再发生，复发；重现，回想 【记】词根记忆：re（重新）+cur（发生）→再发生；重现 【例】Scientists have dispelled the myth that stress causes breast cancer to recur,following a study of more than 200women. recurrent [ri'kʌrənt；ri'kə:rənt] adj.经常发生的，周期性的 【记】词根记忆：re（一再）+cur（发生）+rent→一再发生→周期性的 【例】Giving birth to a boy can increase the risk that some women will have recurrent miscarriages,researchers find. redemption [ri'dempʃən] n.赎回；补救；兑现 【记】来自redeem（vt.赎回，挽回） 【例】beyond/past redemption 无可挽回 When the fifth goal was scored against us,we knew the match was past redemption. redemptive [ri'demptiv] adj.补救的，偿还的 【例】To many people,husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family —they need children to enrich the circle,to validate its family character,to gather the redemptive influence of offspring.（1999）redolent ['redəulənt] adj.有强烈气味的；使人联想或回想起某事物的 【例】①The bar was redolent with the smell of stale cigarette smoke. ②Put another way,that means lower salaries for members—a proposal more redolent of second-class citizenship than a classless society. 【用】redolent与of搭配表示“让人联想到…”；与with搭配表示“有…的 气味”。 redraw [ˌri:'drɒ:] v.重新划定（边界等）；修订，修改（计划等） 【记】词根记忆：re（重新）+draw（画）→重画→重新划定 【例】Emirates aims to redraw world aviation map. redress [ri'dres]['ridres;ri'dres] vt.纠正；补偿 n.赔偿（金），补偿（物） 【记】联想记忆：re（重新）+dress（整理）→重新整理→纠正 【例】①redress the balance 平衡 The class has more men than women so we must redress the balance. ②Lloyds TSB must pay￡98 million in compensation to investors—but who will get redress? redundant [ri'dʌndənt] adj.（通常指语言或艺术）冗赘的，多余的；（因人员过剩）被解雇 的，失业的 【记】词根记忆：red（=re，一再）+und（=undulate，波动）+ant→反 复波动→反复出现→冗赘的 【例】A Cornish company which makes medical components announces up to 90 employees will be made redundant. 【派】redundancy〔n.过多，过剩；（通常指语言或艺术）冗赘〕 refer [ri'fə:]v.谈到，提及；呈交，托付；查阅，参考 【例】refer to提到；提交The word“winner”and“loser”have many meanings.When we refer to a person as a winner,we do not mean one who makes someone else lose.（2002）//The case was referred to the court of law. 【派】reference（n.谈到；参照；附注；证明书；推荐人） reflect [ri'flekt] vt.反射，反映；表达，表现；考虑，思考 【记】联想记忆：re（回）+flect（弯曲）→弯曲过来→反射 【例】①Some appreciated the bold innovation of the design,but others held that it failed to reflect regional characteristics or local cultural heritage. （2010） ②The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact that economic uncertainty increases the demand for education.（2005） ③Art reflects not only the political values of people but also their religious beliefs and emotions.（2007） 【派】reflection〔n.映象；（热、声音等的）反射；沉思〕 refuge ['refju:dʒ] n.庇护；藏身处，避难处 【记】联想记忆：青年一代要勇于拒绝（refuse）父母的庇护（refuge） 【例】Along this Mediterranean coast,home is only a refuge and a retreat. （2011） 【用】“避难”可以用take refuge来表示。 refurbish [ˌri:'fə:biʃ] vt.翻新，整修 【例】A Kent council successfully bids for a 250,000lottery grant to refurbish three playground sites for children. refute [ri'fju:t] vt.驳斥，辩驳【记】词根记忆：re+fut（打）+e→反过来打→驳斥 【例】Scientists refute a longstanding theory of how HIV slowly depletes the body's capacity to fight infection. 【派】refutation（n.反驳性论据） regress [ri'gres]['ri:gres] vi.退步，退化 n.退回；逆行 【记】词根记忆：re（向后）+gress（行走）→向后走→退步，退化 【例】Many men,when very angry,regress to their childhood and show their bad temper by shouting and stamping their feet. 【用】regress常与介词to搭配构成regress to，是“退回到…”的意思。 【派】regression（n.倒退，回归，退化）；regressive（adj.退步的，退 化的） regret [ri'gret] n./vt.懊悔，悔恨，遗憾 【记】电影《长恨歌》Everlasting Regret 【例】①I personally regret this development,but the basic bachelor's education now has to cater to people who really need a piece of paper to find a decent job.（2004听力） ②George was forced to tell a lie and then regretted.（2012） 【用】常用搭配express regret at/of/for/over表示“对…表示遗憾”。 regular ['regjulə] adj.定期的，有规律的；整齐的，对称的；正规的；普通的 【例】①The doctor told the patient that he had a regular heartbeat. ②Major league baseball players,fraternity members,veterans groups,high school and college graduates,and former Boy Scouts all hold reunions on a regular basis.（2012） regularity [ˌregju'læriti] n.规律性，规则性，经常性【记】联想记忆：regular（有规律的）+ity→规律性 【例】Caroline has such a steadiness and regularity of conduct and such an observance of decorum. reimburse [ˌri:im'bə:s] vt.偿还，退款 【记】联想记忆：re（重新）+im（进入）+burse（钱包）→重新进入钱 包→偿还 【例】Profit from land bought for the 2012Olympics will reimburse lottery funds,the government says. rein [rein] n.[常pl.]缰绳vt.（用缰绳）勒住（马）使之放慢或止住脚步 【例】①give full/free rein to 给予自由 You'd be given free rein to run the show how you wanted it. ②China's Central Bank is taking further measures to rein an ocean of bad loans emerging in the wake of its economic boom. 【用】词组keep a tight rein on是“对…严加控制、约束”的意思。 rejuvenate [ri'dʒu:vineit] vt.使返老还童，使回春 【记】词根记忆：re（重新）+juven（年轻）+ate→重新年轻→使返老 还童 【例】One class of family reasons shares a border with the following category,namely,having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage:to hold the husband or occupy the wife;to repair or rejuvenate the marriage;to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way.（1999） relapse [ri'læps] vi.（疾病）复发；再度陷入，故态复萌n.复发；故态复萌 【记】词根记忆：re+laps（滑）+e→（身体状况）再次下滑→复发 【例】①On vacation at home,Anderson relapsed and had to return to hospital for further tests.②When a friend of ours tried to give up cigarettes the first time,she failed.Analyzing her relapse,she realized she needed to do something with her hands.（1997） relegate ['religeit] vt.使降位，使降级；把…委托（移交）给 【记】词根记忆：re+leg（选择）+ate→重新选择职位→使降级 【例】The football team was relegated to the second division. 【用】relegate作“把…委托（移交）给”讲时常与介词to搭配使用。 relent [ri'lent] vi.发慈悲，变温和；减弱，缓和 【例】One always begins to forgive a place as soon as it's left behind;I dare say a prisoner begins to relent towards his prison,after he is let out. relentless [ri'lentlis] adj.无情的，残酷的；不停的，不间断的 【记】联想记忆：relent（温和的）+less→无情的，残酷的 【例】①After years of relentless bombing,life in this country returned to normal. ②Perhaps it is actually the publisher who is endangered by the relentless advance of the Internet.（2000） relic ['relik] n.纪念物；遗物，遗迹 【记】联想记忆：reli（看作rely，依靠）+c→依靠遗产生活→遗物，遗 迹 【例】There are people in Kolkata,particularly educated and politically aware people,who will not ride in a rickshaw,because they are offended by the idea of being pulled by another human being or because they consider it not the sort of thing people of their station do or because they regard the hand-pulled rickshaw as a relic of colonialism.（2010） 【用】cultural relic是固定搭配，表示“文物；文化遗产”。relieve [ri'li:v] vt.减轻，解除（痛苦或困难）；救助，救济；换班，接替 【记】词根记忆：re+liev（变轻）+e→痛苦变轻→减轻 【例】①The doctor helped the patient relieve the pain with anodyne. ②The soldiers tried their best to relieve the people in flood-stricken area. 【派】relief〔n.（痛苦等的）减轻；救济，救济物〕 relinquish [ri'liŋkwiʃ] vt.放弃，废除，摒弃；放松，放开 【记】词根记忆：re+linqu（离开）+ish→让离开→放开 【例】①Basque separatist group says it will not relinquish weapons until the region gets independence from Spain. ②Mary finally relinquished the hand of her parting lover. rely [ri'lai] vi.信任，信赖；依赖，依靠 【例】rely on依靠We can't just rely on natural ability and need study and practice. 【派】reliability〔n.可靠（性），可信（性）〕；reliance（n.依靠；信 任） remark [ri'mɑ:k] n.议论，话；注意，留意vt.谈及；谈论，评论；注意，看 【记】联想记忆：re（一再）+mark（做标记）→一再做标记→评论 【例】①His remarks made everybody irritated at the meeting. ②Everyone in the office remarked on the resignation of George. 【派】remarkable（adj.不平常的，杰出的，值得注意的） remit [ri'mit] v.免除，宽恕，取消；使（事物）缓和，放松；汇（款等）；将（待决 事项）提交当局处理 【记】词根记忆：re+mit（放出，送）→放走→宽恕【例】①The disabled are remitted of tax from their income in our country. ②I have considered whether this is a case which I should remit for hearing before the justices. 【派】remission〔n.（上帝对罪恶的）宽恕；减刑；豁免（债务、费 用、处分等）；（病痛等的）减轻〕；remittance（n.汇款额；汇款） remorse [ri'mɒ:s] n.悔恨，自责 【记】词根记忆：re（反）+mors（咬）+e→反过去咬自己→自责 【例】“My boy”,said an aged father to his fiery and disobedient son,“a hot temper is the soil of remorse.” 【派】remorseful（adj.悔恨的，自责的）；remorseless（adj.不悔恨的； 无情的） remove [ri'mu:v] vt.取去，移动；除去，消除；免职，开除；移居 【例】①His behavior removed all our doubts. ②The mayor was removed from office for failing to do his duty. 【派】removal（n.移动；免职；去除；搬迁）；removable〔adj.可移动 的；可拆卸的；（指人）可免职的，可除去的〕 remunerate [ri'mju:nəreit] vt.酬报某人（为其工作或服务）；补偿 【记】词根记忆：re（重新）+muner（礼物）+ate→回报人礼物→酬报 某人 【例】①The boss remunerated each employee fairly for his contribution. ②The victims asked the peacebreaker to remunerate them for their losses. 【派】remuneration（n.报酬，酬金，薪金） rend [rend] vt.扯破，割裂；强行夺取 【例】Historically,as we have seen,the country has been rent by various upheavals.reorient [ˌri:'ɒ:rient] vt.重新调整方向 【记】词根记忆：re（重新）+orient（确定方向）→重新调整方向 【例】Local governments should reorient labor markets to provide the resources the unemployed need. reparation [ˌrepə'reiʃən] n.补偿；（向战败者索取的）赔偿，赔款 【记】词根记忆：re（重新）+par（生）+ation→重新生成→赔偿 【例】If reparation can be made to any one,let us know it and make it. repel [ri'pel] vt.逐退，驱逐；使厌恶，使反感 【记】词根记忆：re（回）+pel（推）→推回→逐退 【例】①The soldiers repelled the enemy but with many losses. ②The rudeness of the woman repels everyone. repellent [ri'pelənt] adj.令人厌恶的，使人反感的；某种物质无法穿透的，防…的n.驱虫 剂；（涂在织物、皮革等上的）防水剂【记】词根记忆：re+pell（=pel，推）+ent→被推出去的→令人厌恶的 【例】①Churchill's aggressive manner is rather repellent. ②The repellent helps reduce your exposure to mosquito bites that carry virus or disease. repentance [ri'pentəns] n.懊悔，悔改，忏悔 【记】词根记忆：re+pen（惩罚）+tance→受到惩罚→懊悔 【例】A hint,therefore,to awaken your sense of this matter,shall suffice;for I would inspire you with repentance,and not drive you to desperation. repine [ri'pain] vi.埋怨；苦恼 【记】词根记忆：re+pine（憔悴）→因苦恼、不满而憔悴→苦恼 【例】Are not you,my friend and benefactor,just a little ashamed to repine and give way to such despondency? replenish [ri'pleniʃ] vt.把…装满；补充；给…添加燃料 【记】词根记忆：re（重新）+plen（满）+ish→重新放满→补充 【例】As more workers retire,new employees are needed to replenish the workforce. replica ['replikə] n.精确的复制品；模型，按比例缩小的复制品 【记】词根记忆：re+plic（重叠）+a→完全重叠的物品→精确的复制品 【例】A replica of the Arc de Triomphe that usually stands in Paris has been transported to Tokyo Bay for the festival and Mr.Chirac will unveil it. （2000） replicate ['replikeit] vt.仿造，复制 【记】词根记忆：re+plic（重叠）+ate→可以完全重叠→复制【例】A device which may pave the way for robotic hands that can replicate the human sense of touch is unveiled. repress [ri'pres] vt.抑制，压制；镇压 【记】词根记忆：re（一再）+press（挤，压）→压制 【例】Youngsters between the ages of 6and 12,Winn emphasizes,require just as much time and attention as toddlers.She also urges parents to repress,gently,their children's sexuality by withholding information and maintaining discipline.（1998） 【派】repression（n.约束，抑制；压制）；repressive〔adj.抑制的；严 厉的；（法律、制度）残酷的〕 reprimand ['reprimɑ:nd；'reprimænd] vt.训诫，申斥 【记】词根记忆：re（重新）+prim（首要）+（m）and（命令）→再次 给予严厉的命令→训诫 【例】When I found that he was not to be laughed out of his design,I calmly begged an explanation,and desired to know by what he was impelled,and by whom commissioned,to reprimand me. reprove [ri'pru:v] vt.责备，指责，谴责 【记】词根记忆：re（反）+prov（诚实）+e→不诚实就要受到谴责→谴 责 【例】“Bertha is afraid you will reprove them and hurt their feelings,if you see them there”,said the boy. repudiate [ri'pju:dieit] vt.否认，驳斥；拒绝接受；拒绝偿付（债款）；拒不履行（义务） 【记】词根记忆：re+pud（感到羞耻）+iate→被驳斥感到羞愧→驳斥 【例】①Has she said to you since yesterday—except to repudiate her familiarity with anything so dreadful—a single other word about Miss Isabel? ②The criminal repudiated the court's decision to offer bail.repulse [ri'pʌls] n./vt.击退，击败；排斥，拒绝 【记】词根记忆：re+puls（推）+e→推出去→击退 【例】①Jackson would not have it so:he was too good a soldier to accept repulse as defeat. ②What scars deformed him,so that even you,who stand for him in the courtroom,are repulsed by him? 【派】repulsion（n.击退；厌恶；排斥）；repulsive（adj.讨厌的；冷淡 的） repute [ri'pju:t] n.名誉；好名声vt.称为；考虑，认为 【记】词根记忆：re+put（认为）+e→认为 【例】①Mrs.Goddard's school was in high repute. ②Crippen was reputed as the first murderer to be caught by telegraphy. （1997） 【派】reputable（adj.声誉好的，值得信赖的，受尊敬的） requisite ['rekwizit] adj.必要的，必不可少的 【记】词根记忆：re+quis（寻求）+ite→反复寻求的→必要的 【例】“We have not the requisite data,”chimed in the professor,and he went back to his argument. 【派】requisition〔n.正式要求；（尤指军队）征用；征用文书v.征用； 要求〕 resemble [ri'zembl] v.类似于；像 【记】词根记忆：re+sembl（类似）+e→类似于 【例】During winter evenings,Paris's streetlamps have a halo and resemble dandelions.（2013） 【派】resemblance（n.相似，相似之处）reserve [ri'zə:v] n.储备物，保存物；储藏，保留；缄默，含蓄vt.储备，保存；保留，留 作专用；预订 【记】联想记忆：re（一再）+serve（保持）→保留 【例】①If you hang back,and reserve and criticize at first,you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read.（2005） ②All the foods are reserved for the coming winter. 【派】reservation〔n.保留的座位、住处等，预订；保留意见；道路中央 双向交通的分隔带；（美国印第安部落的）居留地〕；reservoir（n.蓄 水池，水库，水塘） reshuffle [ˌri:'ʃʌfl] v.改组，调换职务；重新洗（牌）n.（尤指政治组织的）改组 【记】词根记忆：re（重新）+shuffle（洗牌）→重新洗（牌） 【例】Mr.Jonathan has let it be known privately that the chancellor will not be moved in the New Year reshuffle. resigned [ri'zaind] adj.顺从的，逆来顺受的 【记】联想记忆：re+sign（信号）+ed→说给信号就给信号→顺从的 【例】be resigned to（doing）sth.甘心We Chinese people are not resigned to underdevelopment. Cowards die many times before their deaths. ——Julius Caesar 懦夫在未死之前，已经历多次死亡的恐怖了。 ——朱利叶斯·凯撒Word List 17 resort [ri'zɒ:t] vi.凭借，求助，诉诸；常去n.凭借，手段；常去之处；度假胜地 【例】①Feeling cheated instead of being pleased,we stop compli-menting to resort to fault-finding,and switch from nodding in contentment to shaking our heads in disappointment.（2004） ②The education level of mothers impacted how often they resorted to physical discipline.（2012听力） ③Seaside resorts grew rapidly as the development of the economy. 【用】词组resort to的意思是“凭借，向…求助，诉诸…”。 respect [ri'spekt] n.尊敬；考虑，关心；[pl.]敬意，问候；方面；关系 vt.尊敬；仔细考虑 【记】词根记忆：re+spect（看）→看了又看→关心 【例】①They all became serious when they talked with respect to the respectable leader. ②We must respect the interests of all the people when we make a decision. 【用】respect在表示“敬意，问候”的时候，常用复数形式。 【派】respectable（adj.可敬的，高尚的；体面的；相当好的）；respectful（adj.恭敬的，有礼貌的） respite ['respait] n.休息；暂时的缓解；（义务的）缓期履行，（刑罚的）缓期执行 【例】①The letter from Philip have Joy a brief respite from her psychic pain. ②The judge declared a respite to a condemned man. 【用】词组respite from表示“暂缓”；put in respite表示“延期；暂缓”。 respondent [ri'spɒndənt] n.（调查或问题的）回答者；调查对象；被告 【记】来自respond（回答，答复）+ent（人）→回答者 【例】And this poll asked respondents to choose what was the most important to them among the five items and they were only allowed to choose one out of the five items.（2013听力） restitution [ˌresti'tju:ʃən] n.归还原主，恢复原状；（对损害等的）赔偿 【记】词根记忆：re+stitut（站立）+ion→重新站过去→归还原主 【例】①They resolved to forsake their vices and to make restitution for past offenses. ②The law gives a crime victim the right to request restitution for losses incurred as the result of a criminal act. restore [ri'stɒ:] vt.归还；恢复，复兴；修复，重建；使复职或复位 【记】联想记忆：re（重新）+store（储存）→身体重新储存能量→恢 复；修复 【例】①This success will restore your confidence. ②The government planned to provide some funds to restore the old building. 【派】restoration〔n.（遗失物等）归还原主；恢复；重新采用；修复〕 resultant [ri'zʌltənt]adj.因而发生的，必然发生的 【记】来自result（n.结果） 【例】How to treat three wastes without resultant pollution is a serious environmental issue for our society. resume [ri'zju:m;ri'zu:m] v.重新开始；恢复；重新占有，取回，收回 【记】词根记忆：re（一再）+sum（拿）+e→又拿→取回 【例】①You can resume your spirit after a short snap in the noon. ②All the students resumed their seats after they got the paper. resurrect [ˌrezə'rekt] vt.使（某人）复活；使（某种做法）复兴，复苏 【记】词根记忆：re+sur（下面）+rect（直）→再次从下面直立起来→ 复活 【例】The real Erik died more than 1,000years ago,but he was recently resurrected on the big screen by Terry Jones. 【派】resurrection〔n.复活，复兴；（基督教）最后审判日死者之复 活；（基督教）耶稣的复活〕 retaliate [ri'tælieit] vi.报复 【记】词根记忆：re+tali（邪恶）+ate→把邪恶还回去→报复 【例】At the beginning of September the British retaliated with a bombing raid on Berlin. 【用】retaliate后接upon,表示“向…报复”。 retard [ri'tɑ:d] vt.使（某物）放慢或迟缓；阻碍，妨碍 【记】词根记忆：re+tard（迟缓）→使迟缓→妨碍 【例】While this kind of circumstance made Americans one of the most prolific and self-conscious city-building peoples of their time,it did not retard the steadily urbanizing society in the sense that decade by decade an everlarger proportion of the people lived in cities.（2002听力） retrieve [ri'tri:v] vt.寻回，收回；纠正，挽回 【例】①A Japanese mountaineer leads an expedition to the Mount Everest to retrieve tons of rubbish. ②The poor guy tried awkwardly to retrieve the situation amidst some laughter. 【派】retrievable〔adj.（尤作计算机术语）可检索的〕；retrieval（n.检 索；挽回） retrospect ['retrəuspekt] n.回顾，追溯 【记】词根记忆：retro（向后）+spect（看）→向后看→回顾 【例】in retrospect 回顾 The punishment was surely disproportionate to the crime,and many investments that look foolish in retrospect seemed sensible. （2001） revamp [ri:'væmp] vt.修订；重建，改良 【记】词根记忆：re（重新）+vamp（修补）→修订 【例】Residents are given the chance to have their say on plans to revamp a popular riverside green haven. revere [ri'viə] vt.（尤指宗教上）深为尊敬或崇敬 【例】People came to the memorial to revere the memory of our great leader —Chair Mao. 【派】reverend〔adj.应受尊敬的n.牧师，大人（用作神职人员的尊 称）〕；reverent〔adj.（尤指对宗教）恭敬的，虔诚的〕 reverence ['revərəns] n.尊敬，崇敬，敬畏之情 【记】来自revere（v.尊崇，尊敬）【例】Despite their reverence,the ancients were quick to recognize gold's practical qualities,particularly its malleability,which made it ideal for jewellery.（1996） revert [ri'və:t] vi.恢复（原状）；回到（原话题或思路）；（指财产等）复归或归属于 【记】词根记忆：re（重新）+vert（转）→转回去→恢复 【例】①I'll revert to the issue at the end of our discussion. ②If the millionaire dies without an heir,his property will revert to the state. 【派】reversion（n.恢复，回归；未来所有权，复归权） revoke [ri'vəuk] vt.撤销或废除（法令等）；（指玩纸牌者）藏牌 【记】词根记忆：re（反）+vok（呼喊）+e→高喊反对→撤销 【例】Nevada boxing officials revoked Tyson's license for more than a year after he bit Evander Holyfield's ear off in June,1997.（2001） rid [rid] vt.使摆脱，使去掉，使获自由 【例】get rid of清除；摆脱①The first thing to do is to get rid of those throw rugs that line hallways and entrances.（2005）②“The government was the government of the poor people,”one sardar told me.“Now they shake hands with the capitalists and try to get rid of poor people.”（2010） 【用】get rid of比较常见，意思是“摆脱，解脱；赶走，清除”。 rig [rig] vt.给（船）装配帆、索具等；（为图私利以欺骗手段）操纵，控制n.船 具装置的方式；成套器材或用具 【例】①rig out 打扮 Tom rigged himself out like a Texas Ranger of old. ②rig up 草草搭建 We rigged up a simple shower at the back of the cabin. 【用】rig out所指的“打扮”通常是打扮成奇怪的样子。 rinse [rins] vt.涮，漱；漂洗，以清水冲洗n.冲洗，漂洗；染发水 【例】①Jones bought himself a blond rinse from the hair salon. ②rinse sth.out 冲洗 Don't forget to rinse out your swimsuit. rivet ['rivit] n.铆钉vt.铆接；将（某物）固定住；吸引（某人） 【例】①The worker used a rivet to fasten the two pieces of metal together. ②He was riveted by the ancient castle. 【派】riveting（adj.极有吸引力的） robust [rəu'bʌst] adj.强健的，健康的，充满活力的 【记】联想记忆：“乐百氏”（Robust）矿泉水 【例】No matter how lucky and robust we are,we cannot avoid the aging process. roost [ru:st] n.巢，鸡窝vi.（指鸟）栖息 【例】①Council officers are gathering bat poo to help set up a new roost for the protected animals.②Most bats roost in crevices or caves during the day. rough [rʌf] adj.表面粗糙的，崎岖不平的；粗暴的；概略的；困难的 【例】①Nearer the rough grass,with its long,brownish stalks all agleam,was full of light.（2004） ②The manager made a rough outline of the schedule at the conference. 【派】roughly（adv.粗鲁地，粗暴地；大概，大约） rouse [rauz] vt.唤醒，弄醒；激励，激起 【例】①The passions of the people were violently roused by this revolution. ②Their extreme actions roused great indignation. rove [rəuv] v.漂泊，漫游；（指眼睛）环顾 【例】Those drunken football fans were roving the suburbs. 【派】rover（n.流浪者，漂泊者） rudimentary [ˌru:di'mentəri] adj.初步的，基本的；发展不完全的，未发育成熟的 【记】词根记忆：rudi（天然的）+ment（心智）+ary→心智还处于天然 状态→未发育成熟的 【例】In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going.（2005） rue [ru:] n.芸香（常绿灌木）vt.对（某事物）感到懊悔 【例】Maria is going to rue the day she puts me in charge of the firm. 【派】rueful（adj.后悔的） ruffle ['rʌfl] vt.使变皱，弄皱；弄乱（头发等）；滋扰，惹怒【例】①Suddenly a gust of cold wind ruffles his hair. ②I live well;I sleep peacefully;I retain my health;I can ruffle it with my juniors. ruin ['ru:in] n.毁灭，破坏；[pl.]废墟；毁灭、败坏的原因vt.使毁灭；使破产 【例】①The tsunami left many houses in ruins. ②The reputation of the mayor was ruined by the groundless rumor. 【用】注意ruin在表示“废墟”时常用复数形式。 rumble ['rʌmbl] vi.发出持续的低沉的声音；发着低沉声音（沿某方向）行进n.低沉而连 续的声音；街头斗殴 【例】①Tourists rumble down the street with their suitcases. ②We hear a distant rumble of thunder. rummage ['rʌmidʒ] n./v.翻寻，翻箱倒柜的（地）搜寻 【例】Now,I'll teach you to rummage my bookshelves,for they are mine;all the house belongs to me,or will do in a few years. rupture ['rʌptʃə] n.破裂，断裂；（友好关系的）决裂，绝交；疝气v.（使身体组织、器 官等）破裂，裂开；发疝气；（使关系等）破裂，断绝 【记】词根记忆：rupt（断裂）+ure→断裂 【例】①I am grieved,though I cannot be astonished at your rupture with Mr.White. ②More than 200people spent the night away from their homes after building workers ruptured a gas main. rustle ['rʌsl] v.（使）某物发出沙沙声；发着沙沙的声音移动n.沙沙声 【例】①It is quiet in the classroom except for occasional rustle of paper.②When we walked across the forest,a cold wind rustled the leaves. rut [rʌt] n.车辙；犁沟；生活方式 【例】be（stuck）in a rut 厌倦了这种枯燥无味的生活 I was stuck in a rut and decided to look for a new job. 【用】词组get into/out of a rut表示“开始/不再过刻板的生活”的意思。 sabotage ['sæbətɑ:ʒ] n./vt.阴谋破坏 【记】联想记忆：sabot（木鞋）+age（行为）→穿着木鞋走进田地→阴 谋破坏 【例】①FBI looks at sabotage as the possible cause of the TWA crash. ②The attack is being seen as a deliberate attempt to sabotage the peace talks. 【派】saboteur（n.搞阴谋破坏的人） sag [sæg] vi.下沉，下垂，下弯；（精神）萎靡，（情绪）低落n.下陷；下垂；下 降，下跌，经济萧条 【例】①Gandhi's eyes sag with despair. ②Paul grabbed the sag in the rope while falling from the hanging bridge. salient ['seiliənt] adj.显著的，非常重要的；凸起的n.（战线等的）突出部分；凸起 【记】词根记忆：sal（跳）+ient→跳起来→凸起的 【例】①Parker had a consent smile underneath a salient straight nose. ②The principal town within a salient in the British lines was the site of two previous battles. salutary ['sæljutəri] adj.有益的 【记】词根记忆：salu（健康）+tary→健康的→有益的 【例】The failure was a deserved punishment as well as a salutary shock.salvage ['sælvidʒ] n.营救，抢救（物品或财产）；抢救出的财产，（为抢救财产付的）救 援费；废料回收vt.救助，营救；回收利用 【记】词根记忆：salv（救）+age→抢救 【例】①Salvage of the wreck was quite difficult due to the bad weather. ②Everybody has the responsibility to salvage people on that wreck. sanctify ['sæŋktifai] vt.使神圣化；使正当，使合法，认可 【记】词根记忆：sanct（神）+ify（使）→使神圣化 【例】God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it. 【派】sanctification（n.神圣；正当，合法） sap [sæp] n.（借以接近敌人的）地道，地下战壕vt.削弱，消耗 【例】The effort began to sap his strength and his muscles quivered as at last he pulled himself over the icy edge. satiate ['seiʃieit] vt.充分满足，使饱满；使生腻 【记】词根记忆：sat（饱足）+iate→充分满足 【例】I shall satiate my ardent curiosity with the sight of a part of the world never before visited,and may tread a land never before imprinted by the foot of man. 【派】satiation（n.充分满足，厌腻） savo（u）r ['seivə] n.味道，风味；情趣，趣味vt.品尝，欣赏；有某种迹象或痕迹 【例】①That tune adds savor to our conversation. ②It was a moment to be savored,when danger was past and I was wholly at peace. scale [skeil]n.尺度，刻度；基准，等级；比例，比率；大小，规模；音阶，音列； [pl.]天平，磅秤；鳞，鳞片vt.称体重；爬，攀 【例】①The lawyers are high on the social scale in western countries. ②The scientist scaled new heights of the field of maths. 【用】注意scale作“天平，磅秤”讲时通常用复数形式。 scanty ['skænti] adj.不足的，匮乏的 【例】A great number of equestrian statues must have existed but there are scanty remains of these. scarcity ['skeəsəti] n.缺乏，稀少 【记】来自scarc（e）（缺乏的）+ity→缺乏，不足 【例】The Dutch nonprofit has been working to raise awareness of freshwater scarcity since 2008,but it was through the“Green Blue Book”by Thomas M.Kostigen that I was able to see how my own actions factored in. （2012） 【用】relative scarcity是常用搭配，表示“相对稀缺”。 scavenge ['skævindʒ] v.（动物）食腐肉；在废物中寻觅（有用的物品）；【机】排除废气 【例】He was looking for his two sons,who had been out scavenging bones when the storm struck. 【派】scavenger〔n.食腐肉的兽（鸟）；捡破烂的人〕 schematize ['ski:mətaiz] vt.制订方案；以图表解释或图式化 【记】来自scheme（n.计划，方案） 【例】This diagram schematizes the creation and consumption of wealth. 【派】schema（n.图解，略图；纲要） scoff [skɒf]v.嘲笑，嘲弄；狼吞虎咽n.嘲笑，嘲弄的话；笑柄 【例】①No,he scoffed;there wasn't anything he wouldn't scoff at. ②I left three pies in the fridge and someone's scoffed the lot! 【用】scoff作“嘲笑”讲常与at搭配，后面接嘲笑的对象。 scoop [sku:p] n.勺；勺状物；独家新闻v.舀出；抢先报道 【例】Most impressive are the turbine's blades,which scoop the wind with each sweeping revolution.（2013） 【用】scoop后面常接out，表示“舀出，挖出”。 【派】massively（adv.大量地） scour ['skauə] vt.彻底搜索（某地） 【例】The regiments scoured the countryside and put everything to fire and sword. scowl [skaul] n.皱眉，怒容vi.皱眉，怒视 【例】①Ellie sits behind a big desk with a scowl on her pretty face. ②Luce washed herself and smoothed her fringe as best she could,scowling at her reflection in the mirror. 【用】scowl后接at表示“怒视着”的意思。scrawl [skrɒ:l] vt.潦草地书写n.潦草的笔迹，潦草的文字，涂鸦 【例】①Letter by letter,we watched Faith scrawl out a name. ②Anthony hastily opened the letter produced,and was much disturbed to read in Tess's handwriting the sentiments expressed in her last hurried scrawl to him. scrounge [skraundʒ] v.擅取，借取，捞取 【例】They scrounge wiring,plasterboard,wood,all kinds of building materials from local firms and are rebuilding the charred structure. scrutinize ['skru:tinaiz] vt.仔细、彻底检查 【记】词根记忆：scrutin（检查）+ize→彻底检查 【例】For example,unlike the United States,mergers should be very closely scrutinized. scuffle ['skʌfl] n./vi.扭打，混战【例】①The shopping precinct is full of teenagers gathered in small clusters,smoking,gossiping,laughing,scuffling. ②Rioters threw stones at the police and a few scuffles broke out. scupper ['skʌpə] vt.故意弄沉（自己的船）；使（某事物）失败，摧毁 【例】The extent of Labour's majority scuppered most of the smaller parties'ambitions. seclude [si'klu:d] vt.使隔离；使隐退（尤指自己） 【记】词根记忆：se（分开）+clud（关闭）+e→分开关闭→使隔离 【例】I told my guardian all about it,and why I felt it was necessary that I should seclude myself,and my reason for not seeing my darling above all. 【派】secluded（adj.隐退的，僻静的，隔绝的） secrete [si'kri:t] vt.（指器官）分泌（某物质）；隐藏，藏匿 【记】词根记忆：se+cre（生产）+te→产生体液→分泌 【例】①This unknown substance is secreted from cells. ②The bandits secreted all stolen jewels and money in the cave. secretive ['si:krətiv] adj.守口如瓶的 【记】联想记忆：secret（秘密的）+ive→把它当成秘密的→守口如瓶的 【例】He was white,and the firm had never hired a black.They managed this by being secretive and never soliciting job applications.（2003） seduce [si'dju:s；si'du:s] vt.勾引，诱奸；诱惑，引诱 【记】词根记忆：se（分开）+duc（引导）+e→引开→勾引，诱惑 【例】The air conditioning has seduced families into retreating into houses with closed doors and shut windows.【派】seduction（n.引诱，勾引；吸引力）；seductive（adj.有魅力的， 诱人的） seedy ['si:di] adj.褴褛的，破旧的；精神不佳的，情绪低落的 【例】I spotted a seedy little store,pulled over when I could,and quickly hopped out. seep [si:p] vi.（液体）渗出，渗漏 【例】The car was sluggish,as if his thoughts had seeped into the car through his hands. 【用】seep常与into搭配使用，表示“渗入…里”。 seethe [si:ð] vi.（液体）煮沸，沸腾；激动，骚动；拥挤 【例】①The water is going to seethe. ②The country was seething with political unrest. segregate ['segrigeit] vt.将…隔离、分开；歧视；不公平对待 【记】词根记忆：se（分开）+greg（团体）+ate→和团体分开→将…隔 离、分开 【例】We could not segregate the sick,nor could we care for them. segregation [ˌsegri'geiʃən] n.分离，隔离；种族歧视 【记】联想记忆：segregat（e）（隔离）+ion→隔离 【例】The last time anybody saw these graves,segregation was the law of the land,the Dodgers were still in Brooklyn and Bill Clinton was in second grade.（1998） seize [si:z] vt.攫取，抓住；强占，夺取；扣押，没收【例】①We should seize every opportunity to improve ourselves. ②If you don't pay your debt,your property will be seized. 【派】seizure〔n.扣押，没收；（疾病的）突然发作〕 semblance ['sembləns] n.外表，外观；相似 【记】词根记忆：sembl（相似）+ance→相似 【例】The profound and treacherous night with its silence and semblance of peace settled upon the camp. senile ['si:nail] adj.衰老的 【记】词根记忆：sen（老）+ile→衰老的 【例】After those first few chats with his Aunt Emily,Alec soon realized that she was slightly senile. 【派】senility（n.衰老的状态） sense [sens] n.官能，感觉；辨识，赏识；意思；意识，自觉；判断（力）；见识vt. 感知；理会，了解，明白 【记】词根记忆：sens（感觉）+e→感觉 【例】①in a sense 从某种意义上说 In a sense,what he said was totally reasonable. ②The actor thought that a sense of humor was a precious treasure for a person. 【用】sense的几个常用词组：make sense（有意义）；out of one's senses（心智不健全的，癫狂的）；in a sense（从某种意义上说）。 【派】sensation（n.感觉，知觉；轰动，激动）；sensational（adj.轰动 的，耸人听闻的；极好的）；senseless（adj.无意义的，愚蠢的；无感觉 的） separate ['sepəreit]['seprit] vt.使分离；区分；（夫妻）分居adj.分离的；各自的；单独的 【记】词根记忆：se（分开）+par（相等）+ate→使分成份儿→使分离 【例】①It is simple enough to say that since books have classes— fiction,biography,poetry—we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us.（2005） ②The work is both gross and fine;employees weld together massive curved sheets of steel to make central shafts as tall as a 14-story building,and assemble engine housings（机器外罩）that hold some 18,000separate parts. （2013） 【派】separately（adv.分别地）；separation（n.分离，隔开；分居）； separatist（n.分离主义者，独立主义者） serviceable ['sə:visəbl] adj.可使用的；坚固耐用的 【记】联想记忆：service（耐用）+able→坚固耐用的 【例】The repairman stated that in six weeks rush work would be required to repair the boilers to make them serviceable. servile ['sə:vail] adj.奴性的，卑屈的 【记】词根记忆：serv（服务）+ile→愿意为别人服务的→奴性的 【例】They lead a double life,on the surface passive,even servile,but inside they suffer. 【派】servility〔n.过分屈从的行为（或态度）〕 severity [si'veriti] n.严厉；剧烈；朴素；[pl.]严厉的惩罚，艰苦的环境 【例】①There was a drought of unusual severity during the past season in the region. ②Buck was distinguished by the severity of his style of painting. shamble ['ʃæmbl] vi.蹒跚而行，拖着脚走【例】The man shambled off into the house,and the rest of us picked our way across the front garden. shanghai [ʃæŋ'hai] vt.诱骗（或强迫）某人做某事；用酒（或麻醉剂）使（男子）失去知觉 后将其掳走当水手 【例】The boys feared being shanghaied into the army. 【用】词组shanghai sb.into（doing）sth.表示“诱骗某人去做…”。 shatter ['ʃætə] v.粉碎，损毁 【例】In the practical art of war,the best thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact;to shatter and destroy it is not so good. shear [ʃiə] vt.剪（羊）毛；折断，扭断 【例】Mozambican barbers shear locks under coloured plastic tents. （1998） shift [ʃift] v.移动，转移；变换；推卸；清除n.改变，变换；轮班，换班 【例】①I think their graduates must be able to shift from one profession to another because they are trained in a very independent way.（2004听力） ②The real paradigm shift may be in the way paper is used.（2011） ③The shift of the wind compelled the sailors to change the direction of the sail. shirk [ʃə:k] v.（因偷懒、胆怯等）逃避（工作、责任等） 【例】Second,and more important,it will make those who are inclined to shirk their responsibilities think twice.（1999） 【用】shirk常与responsibility,duty,obligation等词搭配使用。 shove [ʃʌv]n./v.推挤，推撞 【例】①The people moved forward towards the food,pushing and shoving to get there first. ②Give the door a good shove. shred [ʃred] n.碎片，细条；最少量，些微vt.撕碎，切碎 【例】①not a shred（of）一点也没有，毫无Not even a shred of the sails was left after the terrible storm. ②My finger was hurt when I shredded the cabbage. shrivel ['ʃrivl] v.（使某物）萎缩，（因热、冷）枯萎 【例】With trade barriers in place,the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose.（2004） shroud [ʃraud] n.裹尸布，寿衣；覆盖物，遮蔽物vt.以尸布包裹；覆盖，遮蔽 【记】联想记忆：sh（音似：尸）+roud（看作round，围绕着）→裹尸 布 【例】①The dead is still in her shroud of silk threads,like a moth in its cocoon. ②The origins of the Gypsies,with little written history,were shrouded in mystery.（2003） shuffle ['ʃʌfl] v.拖着脚走；洗（纸牌）；搞乱，弄混n.混合 【例】①The man shuffles through the contents of the drawer and brings out a small pile of photographs. ②It is some 15million Hindus,Sikhs,and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizens between India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.（2001） shun [ʃʌn]vt.规避，避免 【例】Then came the Framework Agreement,which again shunned free- market solutions in favor of further discrimination,steep restrictions and inefficiencies. shunt [ʃʌnt] vt.使（火车）转轨；转移，调动 【记】联想记忆：shun（避免，闪避）+t→使（火车）转到另一轨道 【例】①Carl hits a switch and the train is shunted onto the track toward the two tunnels. ②The criminal suspect tried to shunt the interrogation to avoid the central problem. sidestep ['saidstep] v.闪躲（攻击等）而避到一旁；规避，回避 【记】组合词：side（旁边）+step（举步）→往旁边走→回避 【例】Pioneering low fares airline Southwest unveils sharply higher profits,confirming its status as the only carrier to sidestep the air travel slump. sidle ['saidl]vi.（悄悄地）横着走，（偷偷地）侧身挨近 【记】联想记忆：sid（e）（侧面）+le→侧身挨近 【例】After a time he began to sidle near to the youth,and in a different way try to make him a friend. similar ['similə] adj.相似的，近似的 【记】词根记忆：simil（相类似）+ar→相似的 【例】I suspect you may have the same experience or have seen others in similar situations.（2000） 【用】similar常与介词to构成搭配，表示“与…相似”。 【派】similarity（n.相似，类似；相似之处，类似点） simmer ['simə] v.煨，炖；充满（难以控制的怒火等）；（指争吵、争辩等）处于即将 爆发的状态 【记】和形近词summer（n.夏天）一起记 【例】An old woman was sitting on a stool by the fireplace,where she nursed the fire in a brazier,to simmer a stew. simulate ['simjuleit] vt.假装，冒充；模拟，模仿 【记】词根记忆：simul（类似）+ate（使）→使某物类似于某物→模仿 【例】Computer software can be used to simulate conditions on the sea bed. sketch [sketʃ] n.略图，草图；速写，素描；概略，梗概；短篇作品，小品；短剧，独 幕剧v.（给…）绘略图，速写 【例】①Our activity will consist of some lectures,which are aimed at a sketch of eastern civilization. ②We should sketch out the composition then write in the exam. 【用】词组sketch out表示“打草稿，画草图；概述”。skid [skid] vi.打滑，滑向一侧n.打滑；滑道，滑轨 【例】The other car had skidded into her and made her forget the phone call. skinny ['skini] adj.皮包骨的，极瘦的 【记】来自skin（n.皮肤） 【例】By the time I'd recovered I was skinnier than ever,having been rationed to an orange a day. slash [slæʃ] v.挥砍，劈刺；大幅度裁减或削减（某物）；在（衣服）上开长缝作装 饰；严厉批评n.砍，抽；长的切口或裂口；衣服的衩 【例】①Religious extremists broke through police lines to slash at the pro- reform protesters with broken bottles and clubs. ②The president cut spending and slashed a bloated government bureaucracy. 【用】slash与at搭配时表示“朝…挥砍”。 slavish ['sleiviʃ] adj.奴性的，卑屈的；缺乏独创性的，盲从的 【记】联想记忆：slav（e）（奴隶）+ish→奴性的 【例】I had had brothers myself,and it was no revelation to me that little girls could be slavish idolaters of little boys. sleazy ['sli:zi] adj.肮脏的；低级庸俗的，不名誉的；低廉的，低劣的 【例】①Brown took me to a sleazy back street hotel. ②The driver sits at the wheel of the school bus,reading a sleazy novel. Better to light one candle than to curse the darkness. ——Strong与其诅咒黑暗，不如燃起蜡烛。 ——斯特朗Word List 18 sleek [sli:k] adj.光滑而有光泽的；（指人）保养得好的，脑满肠肥的；时髦的 【例】①I am as healthy as could be,and have grown so fat that I am ashamed to be so sleek of paunch. ②The new automobile is sleek,which looks fast and modern. slight [slait] adj.轻微的，少量的；纤弱的，脆弱的vt.轻视，藐视，怠慢 【记】联想记忆：s+light（轻的）→轻微的 【例】①Do not spend your time taking over-the-counter medication for the slightest ache or pain. ②We feel we are being slighted,or overlooked,or not given our due. slimy ['slaimi] adj.（似）泥浆的，有泥浆的；奸诈的，虚伪的 【记】与slim（adj.苗条的；无价值的）一起记 【例】①I could have kissed their rough,cold iron palms in gratitude if they had not been buried in slimy mud under ten fathoms of water. ②All the residents here were disgusted at the slimy merchant. slink [sliŋk]vi.鬼鬼祟祟地移动，溜走；躲躲闪闪地走 【例】Far away I saw a gaunt cat slink along a wall,but traces of men there were none. slop [slɒp] v.（使）溢出，（使液体）溅出 【例】Sassoon dropped the bucket,and water slopped out of it. slug [slʌg] vt.重击，猛打n.子弹；投币机代硬币的金属片 【例】①The labour union was compelled to bully and slug the employers in order to hold up wages or hold down hours. ②The salesman used slugs to open the coin machine and put some new products in it. slump [slʌmp] vi.沉重地倒下或落下；暴跌，剧降 【例】①Denmark is the most corruption-free society in the Northern Hemisphere.So,of course,one's heart lifts at any sighting of Danish sleaze： skinhead graffiti on buildings,broken beer bottles in the gutters,drunken teenagers slumped in the park.（2000） ②Beef sales slumped after EU BSE scare. slur [slə:] v.含糊不清地念或说；诋毁，诽谤n.诽谤，中伤 【记】和blur（v.模糊）一起记 【例】①Much of her memory is gone,her speech is slurred,and she suffers seizures. ②Your sister—who has patiently borne all hardships that fell on herself— instantly resented the slur cast on you. smear [smiə] vt.涂，抹（黏性或油性的物质）；弄脏（表面）；诋毁，诽谤，玷污n. 污点，污迹；诽谤，污蔑【例】①People should smear suntan lotion on the face and arms when on the beach. ②My opponent has been spreading false stories in an attempt to smear me. smother ['smʌðə] vt.使窒息，闷死；覆盖，笼罩；忍住，抑制 【例】①A woman who tried to smother a baby boy three times is jailed for life. ②The streets of the resort were clotted with cars and smothered in the smell of fried food and suntan lotion. snag [snæg] n.潜在的困难；意外的障碍；尖利的突出物vt.绊住 【例】①The cleanup effort was delayed for a few days by some technical snags and equipment problems. ②When traveling in the forest,we must beware of the snags on the ground. snarl [snɑ:l] v.（指动物）咆哮；粗暴地讲话；纠结，（使）陷入混乱n.咆哮（声） 【例】①The boy's anger snarled forth in angry words. ②Coastal and river ice brought a halt to shipping in northern Europe.The cold was also accompanied by a major snowstorm that snarled rail and road transport in Western Europe on January 11to 13.（1996） 【用】词组snarl at表示“朝…咆哮”。 sniffle ['snifl] vi.抽鼻子n.抽鼻子（声） 【记】来自sniff（v.用力吸入） 【例】I have such a cold in the head—I can do nothing but sniffle,sigh and sneeze. snigger ['snigə] n./vi.暗笑；窃笑【例】What are you guys sniggering at?Haven't you seen people kissing before? 【用】snigger常与at搭配，表示“朝着…窃笑；因…窃笑”。 snipe [snaip] vi.伏击，阻击；抨击 【例】Carlyle is seldom irritated when newspapermen snipe at him in their columns.It's a matter of patience born of long experience. 【用】snipe为不及物动词，要与at搭配再接宾语，表示“伏击…；抨 击…”。 【派】sniper（n.狙击手） snivel ['snivəl] vi.抽泣，哭诉 【例】Put your handkerchief away—don't snivel before me. snub [snʌb] n./vt.冷落，怠慢 【例】I know the way we were snubbed still rankles,but it's got to be put behind us now.We must cooperate with these people. snuff [snʌf] n.鼻烟vi.掐灭，熄灭，扑灭 【记】和sniff（v.用力吸）一起记 【例】①Snorting tobacco in the form of snuff is even more risky than previously thought,research suggests. ②How could anyone be so evil that he could snuff out the life of a young girl? 【用】词组snuff out是“熄灭；扼杀”的意思。 sober ['səubə] adj.未醉的，清醒的；审慎的，镇定的；严肃的 【例】①Nancy is wise,and I respected her sober judgment.②His sober face and emphatic tone made us laugh. solace ['sɒləs] n.安慰，慰藉vt.安慰某人 【记】词根记忆：sol（安慰）+ace→安慰，慰藉 【例】①At the end of this day,what Carter wanted more than anything else was the solace of her letters. ②The woman whose son died was distracted with grief and refused to be solaced. solvent ['sɒlvənt] n.溶剂，溶媒adj.有偿付能力的，不负债的 【记】词根记忆：solv（松）+ent→可使变松→溶剂 【例】①Don't worry if you can't get all the paint off,I'll soon put it right with this special solvent. ②Companies need to know that those with whom they are trading are solvent and can pay for goods and services supplied to them. 【派】solvency（n.偿付能力） sophisticate [sə'fistikeit] n.老于世故的人vt.使（人）世故；使复杂；使精巧 【例】①The sophisticates in the office drink black tea;the young people have coffee. ②The problem sophisticated the situation and we didn't know how to solve it. 【派】sophisticated（adj.老练的；高雅时髦的；复杂的；精细的；尖端 的） sort [sɒ:t] n.种类，类别；样子，举止vt.分类，整理；交往 【记】本身为词根：种类 【例】The secretary wasted an average of ten minutes a day just on sorting through junk mail.sovereign ['sɒvrin] adj.最高的，至高无上的；独立的，有主权的n.君主，统治者 【记】联想记忆：sove（看作over，在…上）+reign（统治）→在统治 的层面上→君主，统治者 【例】The Venezuelan President has said that the world must understand that Venezuela is a sovereign country and merits respect. 【派】sovereignty（n.最高统治权，君权；国家的主权） spar [spa:] n.圆材（木质或金属质）vi.用拳轻击；（与某人）争辩 【例】The two have sparred with each other for weeks over the problem. spasm ['spæzəm] n.痉挛，抽搐；（活动、情感等的）突发，发作 【例】①The muscle spasms started in his left leg and spread upwards. ②Tim suddenly has a spasm of energy for his work. 【派】spasmodic（adj.时断时续的；痉挛的，痉挛性的） spatter ['spætə] v.溅或泼在（某人或某物）上；滴下，洒落 【例】①The orange juice spattered on the little boy's pants. ②Minute flecks of dust were spattered in every corner of the car. speculate ['spekjuleit] v.思索；推测；投机；做投机生意 【记】词根记忆：specul（看）+ate→看来看去→推测 【例】①The detective film is boring,because you can speculate about the ending when you start watching. ②Jim speculated in stocks and gained lots of money. 【派】speculative（adj.思考的，推测出的；投机的，投机生意的）； speculatively（adv.思考地，推测地；投机地）；speculator（n.投机者， 投机商）spew [spju:] v.（使）喷出；呕吐 【例】Some people like to use the Internet to spew racial and religious hatred. spite [spait] n.怨恨，恶意vt.刁难；使恼怒 【例】①Life can be wonderful without spite. ②I did not mean to spite you. 【用】spite常用于固定搭配in spite of中，表示“不管，不顾”，而in spite of oneself则表示“不由自主地”。 【派】spiteful（adj.恶意的，怀恨的） spoil [spɒil] vt.损坏，糟蹋；宠坏，溺爱n.掠夺物，赃物 【例】①Meanwhile,pre-election surveys indicate that up to 25%of voters in Peru plan to spoil or leave their ballots blank to show their dissatisfaction with both candidates.（2003听力） ②This little boy was spoiled by his parents. 【用】be spoiling for是spoil的常用搭配，意思是“很想，渴望”。 sporadic [spə'rædik] adj.偶发的，零星的 【例】Rainfall in the north of this city is rare and very sporadic in time and place. spot [spɒt] n.斑点，污点；地点，场所vt.察觉，认出；加斑点于；弄脏，玷污 【例】①We enjoyed the beautiful and historical spots and shared in their special custom with local people. ②People helped the police spot criminals hidden in this area. 【派】spotless（adj.极清洁的；无瑕疵的；道德上纯洁的）spout [spaut] n.喷管，喷口；喷流，水柱v.喷出，喷射；滔滔不绝 【例】up the spout 泡汤 My plans for the weekend seem to have gone up the spout due to the temporary meeting. sprawl [sprɒ:l] vi.四肢摊开着坐、卧或倒下，伸展（身体或四肢）；散乱地延伸n.四肢 伸开的姿势或动作；杂乱的大片地方 【记】和scrawl（v.爬）一起记 【例】The shop was very quiet.The proprietor sprawled on the counter reading the newspaper and yawning.（2000） sprint [sprint] vi.用全速奔跑，疾跑 【例】He has to sprint back,grabs all the keys,and charges back again to the door. spur [spə:] n.马刺，靴刺；激励物；驱策vt.以马刺刺激；驱策，激励 【记】NBA的马刺队Spur 【例】①When I met him at the first time,he was dressed those boots with spurs. ②Keeping faith has been his spur and it guides throughout his career. ③Comprehensive tax reform is needed in Germany to spur investment and to create new jobs,thus putting the economy on a higher growth path.（2001） 【用】常用句式为：be a spur to sb./sth.，表示“促进…，激励…”；spur sb.（on）to do sth.是“激励某人做某事”的意思。 spurious ['spjuəriəs] adj.不合逻辑的，谬误的；假的，欺骗性的 【记】联想记忆：spuri（a）（伪造的作品）+ous→假的 【例】The self-esteem movement,still entrenched in schools of education,is deeply implicated in the dumbing down of our schools,and in the spuriousequality behind the idea that it is a terrible psychic blow if one student does any better or any worse than another.（1998） squabble ['skwɒbl] n./vi.（为琐事）争吵，口角 【例】Tina usually squabbled with her friends in this disgraceful way. squalid ['skwɒlid] adj.肮脏的，邋遢的；卑鄙的，下流的 【例】①The living conditions these immigrants endure are squalid. ②They intended to overthrow the government with squalid resorts. squall [skwɒ:l] n.狂风，暴风；（因痛苦或恐惧而发出的）高声哭喊，尖叫vi.尖叫 【例】When the baby went on squalling,the mother offered him some toys. squash [skwɒʃ] v.把…压扁；挤进；压制，平息n.壁球；美国南瓜，西葫芦 【例】①The statue came down and squashed a car in the earthquake. ②Tomatoes,squash,potatoes and lettuce are grown in the desert,and there are large fields of wheat.（1998） squawk [skwɒ:k] v.（指鸟）发出响而粗的叫声；大声嘀咕，高声抱怨 【例】①Our laughter caused birds in the garden to squawk and take flight. ②They squawked that the service of the travel agency was very bad. squeal [skwi:l] n.长而尖的叫声v.发出长声尖叫 【记】发音记忆：“似鬼”→像鬼一样发出长而尖的叫声 【例】The baby squeals with joy as Becky lifts her into the bath. 【用】词组squeal with sth.表示“因某事而尖叫”。 squint [skwint]vi.斜视；患斜视；眯着眼睛看，瞟n.斜视（症）；看，瞥 【例】①Squinting in the brilliant sun,he gripped his pastoral staff. ②The manager had a squint at the employees outside his office and let them in. squirm [skwə:m] vi.蠕动，扭动；羞愧；局促不安 【例】①The little boy squirmed in his seat,intending to leave the table. ②Nick squirmed with embarrassment when his mother scolded in front of his friends. 【用】表示“因为…而感到羞愧”用squirm with...。 stack [stæk] n.整齐的一叠v.把…叠成堆 【记】联想记忆：库存（stock）一叠（stack）商品 【例】These days,whenever I cast my eyes upon the stacks of shoes and hangers of shirts,sweaters and jackets,I see water.（2012） 【用】要表达“一堆，大量”可以用a stack of/stacks of来表示。 staff [stɑ:f;stæf] n.棍，杖，棒；竿，支柱；全体职员，全体工作人员； 参谋，幕僚，参 谋部vt.供以人员，充当职员或幕僚 【记】注意和stuff（n.原料，材料v.填满）相区别 【例】①The manager was sick,so I was asked to chair the weekly staff meeting. ②The company needs to staff up computer engineers due to the extending of management scale. stalemate ['steilmeit] n.（国际象棋中的）僵局，和棋；僵持阶段vt.使…陷入僵局 【记】组合词：stale（无用的）+mate（将死对方的棋）→将不死→和 棋 【例】The continued stalemate may give them only one option—that there isno reason for talks but to go to war. 【用】“打开僵局”用break the stalemate。 stalwart ['stɒ:lwət] adj.强壮的；坚定的，忠实的n.忠实拥护者，坚定分子 【例】It's important for the youth to be stalwart,courageous and optimistic in the face of difficulty. stamina ['stæminə] n.体力，耐力 【例】Whatever you do,plenty of stamina is necessarily needed. stampede [stæm'pi:d] n.（动物）惊逃，奔窜；（指人）突然的大规模行动，蜂拥v.使（动 物、人）惊逃，蜂拥；逃窜 【例】①In the face of the stampede,governments had no good options.If they let their currencies plunge,inflation would soar and companies that had borrowed in dollars would go bankrupt;if they tried to support their currencies by pushing up interest rates,the same firms would probably go bust from the combination of debt burden and recession.（2001） ②The frightened crowd stampeded from the burning building. standing ['stændiŋ] n.地位，身份；持续时间adj.常备的，永久的 【例】①This legal case is likely to damage the company's market standing. ②The two sides signed a standing agreement.stark [stɑ:k] adj.显而易见的；光秃秃的；阴郁的；完全的adv.完全地，十足地 【记】联想记忆：star（星球）+k→宇宙中的大部分星球都是光秃秃的 【例】①The dark stones stood out in stark contrast to the white snow and ice. ②The members are discontented with the stark social and economic differences between the two communities. status ['steitəs] n.身份，地位；威望，名望；情形，状况 【记】词根记忆：stat（站）+us→站的位置→地位 【例】①Meetings can also provide attendees with a sense of identi-fication of their status and power.（2002） ②If class no longer describes a clear social,economic or even political status,is it worth paying any attention to?（2011） 【用】marital status“婚姻状况”是一个常用的词组。 steep [sti:p] v.浸，泡，濡湿；使沉湎 【例】Steep yourself in this,acquaint yourself with this,and soon you willfind that your author is giving you,or attempting to give you,something far more definite.（2005） stereotype ['steriəutaip] n.模式化的形象、思想、人物等，老一套；铅版 vt.使定型 【记】联想记忆：stereo（立体的）+type（类型）→这种立体的类型很 老套 【例】We shouldn't be too quick to generalize that into national characteristics and stereotypes.It doesn't help much.（2002听力） sterile ['sterail;'sterəl] adj.不能生殖的，不育的；（指土地）不毛的，贫瘠的；无结果的，无 效的；无菌的，消过毒的 【例】①Many people in that sterile place are suffering hunger. ②There has been a big jump in the number of operations cancelled because of a lack of sterile surgical instruments. 【派】sterility（n.贫瘠；无生殖力；无菌）；sterilize（v.为…消毒或杀 菌；使绝育） stint [stint] n.定额工作，定量；任期vi.限制，节制 【例】①Mr.Brown worked under five different managers during a 20-year stint with the club. ②To avoid having to stint yourself,you should budget in advance. stipulate ['stipjuleit] vt.讲明，规定（某要求） 【记】词根记忆：stip（点）+ulate→点明→讲明，规定 【例】Customers can stipulate the size of the goods they want and buy them by mail order. stow [stəu] vt.收藏，装载【例】stow away 乘船偷渡 With no money,his only hope of getting to New York was to stow away on the ship. straggle ['strægl] vi.蔓生，蔓延；掉队，落后 【记】注意和struggle（v.努力，奋斗）区分 【例】①The small town straggled out into the environs for developing economy. ②The idea that son is better than girl straggled in a way. strain [strein] n.拉紧，扯紧；需费神之事物；（身心的）紧张状态，操心；扭筋，脱 臼v.拉紧，扯紧；尽量利用，尽全力；损伤，耗损 【记】本身为词根：拉紧 【例】①From the strain in his face,we know that he has worked for long time. ②People will strain the eyes by reading in such poor light. strangle ['stræŋgl] vt.扼死，勒死；抑制，扼杀 【例】①A father is jailed for life for strangling his son. ②The dictator's first step was to strangle the free press. strenuous ['strenjuəs] adj.费力的，艰辛的；奋发的，努力的 【例】①The sportsman must do a strenuous practice to get satisfactory result. ②We will make our strenuous efforts to achieved the goal ahead of time. stress [stres] n.压力，紧迫；重要，强调；重音，重读vt.强调，着重；用重音读 【例】①Worry over his job put him under a great stress. ②If you are using an outline or notes,highlight ideas or phrases you shouldstress in your speech with a different-colored pen or something.（2000听 力） stretch [stretʃ] v.伸展，张开，拉紧；伸展（四肢），直躺；滥用；曲解n.伸展，张 开，拉紧；（陆地或水域的）一大片；连续的一段时间 【例】①After a day's hard work,how nice it is to stretch my arms and legs! ②Fishing as a hobby falls into three developing stages,the first being fishing for food,the second,for food and fun,and the third,mainly for pleasure and enjoyment.A stretch of blue water can take all one's worries away and put his heart and mind completely at rest.（2001） 【派】stretcher（n.担架） strew [stru:] vt.撒，播，散 【例】Italy was strewn thick with the remains of Roman buildings. stricture ['striktʃə] n.谴责，苛评 【记】词根记忆：strict（严格的）+ure→严厉谴责 【例】We accepted your precepts but rejected some of your strictures. strut [strʌt] n.支柱，支撑物vi.趾高气扬地走 【例】The hotel was full of rich people strutting around in fur coats and expensive shoes. stuff [stʌf] n.材料，原料；素质，本质vt.填塞，装填；（为制作标本）剥制（死动 物）；暴食，使吃得过饱 【例】①The stuff of science fiction doesn't seem so fanciful anymore to me. ②Peacock feathers still shine brightly when their owner is dead and stuffed. 【派】stuffing〔n.（禽等腹中的）填料；（垫子的）填料〕stuffy ['stʌfi] adj.通风不良的，令人窒息的；刻板的，呆滞的 【记】联想记忆：stuff（塞满）+y→塞得满满当当的，很闷气→令人窒 息的 【例】Usually the bar and cinema are stuffy and easy to breed diseases. stumble ['stʌmbl] vi.绊脚，绊跌；蹒跚而行，行动不稳；结结巴巴地说 【例】①Andy drunkenly stumbles about,trying to go into the room. ②Police stumbled across a drugs ring when they investigated the case. subject ['sʌbdʒikt][səb'dʒekt] adj.隶属的，从属的，受支配的；有…倾向的，易受…的 vt.使隶属，使服从；使遭受，使经历 【记】词根记忆：sub（下）+ject（扔）→被扔在下面→使服从 【例】①The books are subdivided according to their subject area. ②The man always wants to subject another's will to his own. 【用】subject作形容词时后可以接介词to，表示“易受…的”之意。 sublime [sə'blaim] adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 【记】联想记忆：sub（接近）+lim（限制）+e→接近限制→不顾后果 的 【例】We can make our lives sublime through helping others. submit [səb'mit] v.服从，屈从；呈送，提交，提出 【记】词根记忆：sub（下级）+mit（送）→下级送到上级→呈送 【例】The press conference has certain advantages.The first advantage lies with the symbolic nature of the event itself;public officials are supposed to submit to scrutiny by responding to various questions at a press conference. （2001听力）【用】submit作“服从，屈从”解时常与介词to构成搭配，表示“屈从 于…”。 【派】submission（n.屈从；提交，呈送）；submissive（adj.恭顺的，顺 从的） subordinate [sə'bɒ:dinət][sə'bɒ:dineit] adj.下级的，次要的，附属的n.属下，部属 vt.使居次要地位，使隶属 【记】词根记忆：sub（次）+ordin（顺序）+ate→顺序在后的→下级的 【例】①Appointments for the promotion of the subordinate officers were signed by the major commandant. ②It's a false thought that people subordinate their health to job prospects. 【用】搭配subordinate sth./sb.to sth./sb.是“使…隶属于；使…居于次要地 位”的意思。 【派】subordination〔n.下级地位，下属；隶属，从属；（语法）主从 关系〕 subscribe [səb'skraib] vi.认捐，捐助；订阅；签署 【记】词根记忆：sub+scrib（写）+e→签署，写下订单→订阅 【例】①This blog allows you to subscribe to receive new posts via email. ②Thousands of citizens subscribed the petition for appealing to peace. subside [səb'said] vi.下降至较低或正常水平；（指土地、建筑物等）下陷；减弱，减轻， 平息 【记】词根记忆：sub（下面）+sid（坐）+e→坐下去→下陷 【例】①After the storm,part of the road subsided. ②The pains in his head subsided gradually,but he still felt dizzy and sick.substantial [səb'stænʃəl] adj.牢固的；充裕的，丰足的；主要的，实质性的，实体的 【记】词根记忆：sub（下）+stant（站立）+ial→站在下边的→牢固的 【例】①They were substantial old structures,they were respectable,decent,and venerable.（1996） ②A substantial amount of blood is found by police officers in a room of a flat. substantiate [səb'stænʃieit] vt.证实，证明 【记】词根记忆：substant（事实；物质）+iate→用事实来证明 【例】No evidence has been found to substantiate the words of the witness. 【派】substantive（adj.实质的；重要的） substitution [ˌsʌbsti'tju:ʃən] n.代替；置换 【记】substitut（即substitute，代替）+ion→代替，置换 【例】More conscious living and substitution,rather than sacrifice,are the prevailing ideas with the water footprint.（2012） 【用】degree of substitution表示“饱和度；取代度”。subvert [səb'və:t] vt.颠覆，破坏；使（某人）道德败坏或不忠 【记】词根记忆：sub（下面）+vert（转）→在下面转→颠覆 【例】①Others believe the Maintenance of Parents Bill will subvert relations within the family.（1999） ②The money and rights can subvert those high officials. 【派】subversion（n.颠覆；道德败坏）；subversive（adj.颠覆性的，破 坏性的） succession [sək'seʃən] n.继续，连续；连续的若干事物；一连串；继承，继承权 【记】词根记忆：suc（下）+cess（行走）+ion→走下去→继承 【例】①In this sense,the cities better developed a succession of urban frontiers. ②Nobody knows who is first in succession to the throne now. 【用】表示“继承（王位、职位）”时succession后面接介词to。 sue [sju:] v.控告（某人）；[常于法庭上]请求 【例】The two countries sued for peace in the hope of ending the war. 【用】词组sue...for...表示“因…控告…”。 sufferance ['sʌfərəns] n.宽容，容忍 【例】on sufferance勉强答应We accepted the agreement on sufferance due to our inferior position. suffice [sə'fais] v.足够，足够…之需；使满足 【例】These facts should suffice to illustrate how social attitudes of people are changing. sulk [sʌlk]n./vi.愠怒，怄气 【例】Mother sulked all morning for Nick's breaking the vase. sully ['sʌli] vt.弄脏，玷污 【例】The mayor's reputation is sullied by many rumors. sultry ['sʌltri] adj.（指大气、天气）闷热的，酷热的；（指人的性情）热情的；急躁 的 【例】The night was so sultry that everyone couldn't sleep by heat. summit ['sʌmit] n.顶点，极点；（山的）尖峰，巅峰；政府首脑会议，高峰会议 【例】①The summit is reputedly the clearest place for viewing the night sky. ②This year's summit brought into focus just how important the peace was. sundry ['sʌndri] adj.不同的，各种的 【记】联想记忆：sun（太阳）+dry（晒干）→太阳晒干各种东西 【例】all and sundry每个人Nina told her the secret who then told all and sundry. superfluous [sju:'pə:fluəs] adj.过剩的，多余的 【记】词根记忆：super（超过）+flu（流）+ous→流得过多→多余的 【例】①We are not so fond of vain and superfluous ceremonies. ②In the beginning of a project,we still need to do many revisions and no one's comments are superfluous. superimpose [ˌsju:pərim'pəuz] vt.将某物置于另一物之上；添加【记】联想记忆：super（在…上面）+impose（强加）→加在上面→添 加 【例】The crisis superimposed the government more severe economic problems. superior [sju:'piəriə] adj.优良的，卓越的；数目较大的，较多的；（职位等）较高的，上级 的；傲慢的，自大的n.上司，上级，长辈 【记】联想记忆：super（上）+ior→上面的人→上级 【例】①The survey shows that the television's coverage of the news is superior to that of the newspapers. ②In the course of obtaining success,we need a number of helps,either external or internal,and the personal qualities are of superior importance. 【用】在表示“比…优越”时superior与介词to搭配使用。 【派】superiority（n.优秀，优越，优胜） supersede [ˌsju:pə'si:d] vt.代替，接替 【记】词根记忆：super（在…上面）+sed（坐）+e→坐在别人上面→代 替 【例】Iron began to supersede bronze for tool making about 3000years ago. supplant [sə'plɑ:nt;sə'plænt] vt.取代，代替 【记】联想记忆：sup（下）+plant（种植）→在下面种植→取代 【例】Trams in this city have been supplanted by buses recently. supply [sə'plai] vt.供给，供应；满足（需要）n.供应，供给之物；现货（储存量） 【记】词根记忆：sup+ply（重叠）→重复给出物品→供给 【例】①The new power-station is able to supply our cheap energy requirements. ②We know that solar energy is inexhaustible in supply.surcharge ['sə:tʃɑ:dʒ] n.额外费，附加费vt.向…索取额外费，收附加费 【记】sur（超过）+charge（收费）→额外的收费→附加费 【例】The Consumers'Association ordains that any shop mustn't surcharge its customers. Anything one man can imagine,other men can make real. ——Jules Verne 但凡人能想象到的事物，必定有人能将它实现。 ——凡尔纳Word List 19 surrender [sə'rendə] n./v.投降，认输；屈从；交出，放弃 【记】词根记忆：sur+rend（给）+er→交出武器→投降 【例】①The negotiator advised the hijackers to surrender themselves to the police. ②I consider that the proposal represents a major surrender of sovereignty. survey [sə:'vei]['sə:vei] vt.检查，鉴定；测量，勘查 n.民意调查；民意测验；测量；概述 【记】联想记忆：sur（下）+vey（道路）→下基层，亲自到路上走走 →勘查 【例】①A recent survey of 2,000college students asked about their attitudes towards phone calls and text-messaging（also known as Short Message Service）and found the students'main goal was to pass along information in as little time,with as little small talk,as possible.（2012） ②The experts surveyed the construction site carefully. survive [sə'vaiv] v.残存，幸存，生还；比…长寿【记】词根记忆：sur（超过）+viv（生命）+e→超越他人的生命→比… 长寿 【例】In the primeval period,primitive tribes cooperated with each other in hunting animals and growing crops in order to survive. 【派】survival（n.生存，残存；残存者；遗物，遗风）；survivor（n.幸 存者） susceptible [sə'septəbl] adj.易受影响的；易受…之苦的，易得…病的 【记】词根记忆：sus（后）+cept（接受）+ible→背后接受→易受影响 的 【例】The greatest challenge is to strengthen judicial systems,which in some countries is susceptible to bribery and political pressure. 【用】susceptible常与介词to搭配使用，表示“易受…的影响”之意。 suspend [sə'spend] vt.悬挂，吊起；悬浮；暂停，延缓；使停职，暂停权利 【记】词根记忆：sus+pend（悬挂）→挂在下面→悬挂 【例】①The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. ②Tim is suspended from school for a week for bad conduct. 【派】suspense（n.悬疑，悬念；焦虑）；suspension〔n.悬浮；暂停， 停职；（车辆的）悬挂装置；悬浮（液）〕 sustain [sə'stein] vt.支撑，承受；维持，支持；蒙受，遭受 【记】词根记忆：sus（后）+tain（拿住）→拿住留给后人→维持 【例】①The sea wall can sustain the shock of the waves. ②There is not enough oxygen to sustain life on the mountain top. swap [swɒp] v.交换（物品、位置）n.交换；交换物 【例】I want to sell my car,or swap it for a slightly bigger one.swear [sweə] v.发誓，宣誓；诅咒，咒骂 【记】由John Michael Montgomery原唱的歌曲I Swear 【例】①I'd just as soon tell you the truth if you'll swear to keep mute. ②Some things in life are so bad that they really make you swear. sweeping ['swi:piŋ] adj.打扫的；深远的，有广泛影响的；全面的；决定性的 【例】Perhaps the most interesting explanation for the altered nature of childhood is the sweeping change that occurred during the 1970s in the economic and social status of women.（1998） swipe [swaip] n./v.重击，猛打 【例】The football player swiped the ball into the grandstand. swirl [swə:l] v.（使）打漩，（使）涡卷n.打漩，漩涡；漩涡状，螺旋形 【记】词根记忆：s+wirl（转）→打漩；漩涡 【例】The wind swirling around the tree blew all the snow away from its trunk. swivel ['swivəl] v.（使）旋转，（使）转动n.转环，旋轴 【例】When there was nowhere to go in that space for us,we swiveled in the other direction. swoop [swu:p] vi.俯冲下来攻击，猛扑n.飞扑，扑击 【例】The children swooped down on the pile of presents. 【用】词组swoop sth.away的意思是“一下子抓住或抢走…”。 symptom ['simptəm]n.症候，症状；征兆，征候 【例】①The doctor made his diagnosis after studying the patient's symptoms. ②A sociologist says addiction should be seen as a symptom of society. tacit ['tæsit] adj.心照不宣的；暗含的 【例】It's usually thought that smiling and winking indicate tacit approval. 【派】tacitly（adv.心照不宣地；暗含地） tact [tækt] n.机智；圆滑，老练 【记】联想记忆：t+act（行动）→善于行动→机智；圆滑，老练 【例】Helping people who have marriage problems requires tact and patience. 【派】tactful（adj.言行得体的；机智的）；tactician（n.战术家，兵法 家） taint [teint] vt.使腐坏，使感染n.腐坏，感染；污点 【例】①The experts announced that the water supply had been tainted with a deadly toxin. ②The city has suffered for many years under the taint of corruption. tamper ['tæmpə] vi.篡改；干涉 【例】The man who tampers with the contract will be sent to police office to wait disposal. 【用】tamper一般与with搭配构成tamper with,是“干涉，篡改”的意思。 tan [tæn] v.硝（皮），鞣（革）；（使某物）晒成褐色；痛打n.黄褐色；晒黑的 肤色【例】①Those sheepskins are tanned for later use. ②All the people came back from the beach with healthy tans. tangent ['tændʒənt] n.切线；正切 【记】词根记忆：tang（接触）+ent→相互接触→相切→切线 【例】go（fly）off at a tangent突然改变行动Our strategy made relevant adjustment when our opponent went off at a tangent. tantalize ['tæntəlaiz] v.逗弄，吊胃口，令人可望而不可即 【例】①The spicy smell from the kitchen tantalized Tony a lot. ②People are always tantalized by visions of power and wealth. tantamount ['tæntəmaunt] adj.（与某事物）效果相等的；（与某事物）相同的 【记】词根记忆：tant（相等）+amount（数量）→效果相等的 【例】We all considered that her explanation was simply tantamount to self allegation. 【用】词组be tantamount to是“相等于…，相当于…”的意思。 target ['tɑ:git] n.靶子；攻击（批评、嘲笑）的对象，目标；拟达到的总数或指标vt. 把…作为目标或对象 【例】①The designer said that the target group of the product is young people. ②The programme is targeted at improving the health of children. tarnish ['tɑ:niʃ] v.（使）失去光泽，（使）变灰暗 【记】词根记忆：tarn（隐藏）+ish→隐藏光泽→变灰暗 【例】The bad weather tarnished our hope to go to the beach at weekend.tarry ['tæri]['tɑ:ri] vi.耽搁，逗留 adj.沥青的，如沥青的 【例】We tarried for several days to visit most of the places of interest here. tatters ['tætəs] n.碎布；破旧的衣服 【例】in tatters崩溃After the war,the country's economy was totally in tatters. 【用】tatters一般出现在词组in tatters中，意思是“（衣服）破旧的；破 产的，潦倒的”。 taunt [tɒ:nt] vt.讽刺，奚落n.嘲笑人的话 【例】I will never forget how they had taunted me about my appearance. tedium ['ti:diəm] n.厌倦，乏味 【例】It was the busy work and the tedium of your life that made you mournful. telling ['teliŋ] adj.有效的，有力的 【例】The antique exhibited in the museum is a telling memory for the history to people today. temper ['tempə] n.心情；脾气，性情，气质；（钢等物质的）硬度、韧度，回火度vt.回 火，锻炼；（使）软化，调剂，缓和 【例】①My supervisor is an Asian-American,who is addicted to smoking and drinking and who has a short temper.（1997） ②The high daytime temperatures on the coast are tempered by cooling sea breezes.【用】词组be in a good temper是“心情好”的意思，lose one's temper是“发 脾气”的意思，get into a temper则表示“发怒”。 【派】temperament（n.气质，性情，禀性）；temperamental〔adj.气质 （上）的；生来的；神经质的，变化无常的〕 temporal ['tempərəl] adj.世俗的，现世的；时间的，表示时间的；太阳穴的 【记】词根记忆：tempor（时间）+al→时间的 【例】We should thank the God for our encounter obviating the temporal and spatial obstacles. tend [tend] vi.倾向，趋于vt.照管 【例】①Paris is like many other European cities in that the season of blockbuster cultural events tends to begin in mid to late fall and so,by the time of winter,most of the cultural treasures of the city are laid out to be admired.（2013） ②The man was outside tending the garden when the fire broke out. 【派】tendency（n.倾向，趋势）；tender（adj.嫩的；脆弱的；敏感 的；温和的） tentative ['tentətiv] adj.试探性的；临时性的；踌躇的；无把握的 【记】词根记忆：tent（测试）+ative→试探性的 【例】①All the theories,however,are tentative and are subject to criticism. ②His tentative smile suggests that he wasn't totally satisfied with our plan. terse [tə:s] adj.用词简练的，洗练的 【例】Jack said in a terse statement that he would not give up the chance. thereto [ðeə'tu:] adv.附之，附随【例】The agreement and the documents appended thereto we signed are equally important. thereupon [ˌðeərə'pɒn] adv.于是；随即 【例】Nick thereupon asked Mary to marry him after receiving the meaningful award. threadbare ['θredbeə] adj.（指织物、衣服等）磨薄的，破旧的；陈腐的 【记】组合词：thread（线）+bare（露出）→露出线头→破旧的 【例】①There was a clean but threadbare rug on the floor. ②It's no use for the students to practice threadbare subjects at all time. threat [θret] n.恐吓，威胁；噩兆，坏兆头；造成威胁的人或事物 【例】In some societies the failure to bear children is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce.（1999） 【派】threaten（v.恐吓，威胁；预示，有…的征兆） throb [θrɒb] vi.（指心脏、脉搏等）跳动（尤指跳动较快或较强），悸动；（有规律 地）跳动（震颤或发出声响） 【例】By late afternoon my heart was throbbing,and I couldn't move. throttle ['θrɒtl] vt.使窒息；勒死n.节流阀，风门 【记】词根记忆：throt（=throat，喉）+tle→掐住喉咙→勒死 【例】throttle back关小油门，减速A boat's engine was throttled back and purred softly. 【用】词组throttle sth.back是“（控制燃料、蒸汽等的供给以）降低车 速”的意思。 thump [θʌmp]v.揍，打，重击；砰地响n.重击（声） 【例】①The shutters thumped the wall in the wind. ②We heard a thump from the kitchen as he fell. tilt [tilt] v.（使）倾斜，（使）翘起n.倾斜，斜坡 【例】①The table top suddenly tilted and all the plates crashed onto the floor. ②The boat tilted toward one side and overturned finally. ③at full tilt全速Our factories are running at full tilt after the reform. tinge [tindʒ] vt.使某物稍染颜色；使某事物略受影响n.淡淡的色调或痕迹 【例】The cyber-culture tinged the writer's recently published novel. tinker ['tiŋkə] v.（进行拙劣的）修补n.拙劣的修补；流动补锅工人 【例】Tom was tinkering with the car's engine in the garage. torrid ['tɒrid] adj.（指气候、国家）炎热而干燥的；热情的；情欲炽烈的 【记】词根记忆：torr（干）+id→地干裂→炎热而干燥的 【例】①Upon all the noonday sun poured its torrid rays out of a cloudless sky. ②It's unsuitable for children to see the movie because there are some torrid love scenes in it. toss [tɒs] v.投，扔，抛；（使）颠簸，（使）摇摆；（指身体部分）突然举起， 突然抬起；拌；掷（钱币）（看其正反）以决定某事n.投，扔，抛；猛 抬头 【例】①The two captains tossed to decide which team will start the match. ②Jessica tossed through long,restless nights.totter ['tɒtə] vi.踉跄，蹒跚；摇摇欲坠 【例】①Benjamin tottered drunkenly to his feet and entered the dark room. ②The country's economy system is tottering toward collapse. tout [taut] v.招徕，兜售n.卖黄牛票者 【记】联想记忆：t+out（外面）→到外面去兜售商品→招徕，兜售 【例】The street vendors are touting pedestrians in the streets every morning. tractable ['træktəbl] adj.易处理的，易驾驭的；温顺的 【记】词根记忆：tract（拉）+able→拉得动的→易驾驭的 【例】The country's economic problems are more tractable than thought. trait [tret;treit] n.（人的）个性；显著的特点 【例】Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait,future- mindedness:the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future;the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come.（2003） trample ['træmpl] v.践踏，蹂躏 【例】Anyone who tramples laws and regulations will be punished. transcend [træn'send] vt.超出（超越）…的范围；优于（胜过）某人（事物） 【记】词根记忆：tran（超过）+scend（爬）→爬过→超出…的范围 【例】We are moving towards the American position:general accept-ance of all regional accents and absence of a class accent that transcends all regions. （1998听力）【派】transcendental（adj.超凡的；超验的）；transcendentalism（n.先 验论，先验论哲学） transcribe [træn'skraib] vt.抄写，誊写；用音标标出；改编（乐曲）；复制，转录 【记】词根记忆：tran（变换）+scrib（写）+e→改编 【例】①This script was transcribed that maybe it had many errors demanding corrections. ②The phone conversations were transcribed and then sent to the police. transfer [træns'fə:] v.迁移；调动；转让，过户；换车、船等；转变n.转移；调动；转让； 移权 【记】词根记忆：trans（转移）+fer（带来）→转移 【例】①Alexander was transferred here from another department. ②We must transfer the money to the bank before Friday. ③The worker wants a transfer to another post. 【用】transfer常与from搭配使用，表示“从…调拨来；从…转移过来”。 transfigure [træns'figə;træns'figjuə] vt.改变…的外表（尤指改好） 【记】联想记忆：trans（变换）+figure（形象）→改变…的外表 【例】The face of the old man was transfigured by joy,with great shining eyes. transfuse [træns'fju:z] vt.输（血） 【记】词根记忆：trans（转移）+fus（流）+e→血的转移→输血 【例】More and more people volunteer to transfuse blood without remuneration. transient ['trænziənt] adj.短暂的，转瞬即逝的n.仅短暂在某地停留或工作的人【记】联想记忆：trans（穿过）+ient→时光穿梭→短暂的，转瞬即逝的 【例】Modern solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun,or merely a transient phenomenon. transmit [trænz'mit] v.播送，传送；传染，传播；传导，传动 【记】词根记忆：trans（转移）+mit（送）→送过去→传送 【例】①It's considered that international news is the fastest transmitted news. ②The disease among the cattle may be transmitted to human beings. 【用】transmit与介词to连用时表示“将…传播到…；将（疾病等）传染 给…”。 【派】transmission（n.传送，中转；电视或无线电播送） transmute [trænz'mju:t] vt.使变形，使变质，使转化（成为更好） 【记】词根记忆：trans（变换）+mut（交换）+e→使转化 【例】Art is creativity to some extent,transmuting the humblest subjects into the sublime. 【派】transmutation〔n.变形，变质；（生物的）变种，演变〕 transpire [træn'spaiə] v.（指事情、秘密等）公开，为人所知；发生；（指植物等）（从叶 面）散发（水汽） 【记】词根记忆：tran（=trans，转移）+spir（呼吸）+e→通过呼吸转移 →散发 【例】①The secret of bribery transpired and then the leader had to drop the reins of government. ②A flimsy haze transpired from the field in the morning. traverse [trə'və:s]['trævə:s] vt.横越，穿过n.横越，贯穿；横断物，横杆，横线 【记】词根记忆：tra（=trans，横过）+vers（转）+e→横越 【例】The figure shows that an estimated 250,000cars traverse the bridge daily. treacherous ['tretʃərəs] adj.背叛的，不忠的；危险的 【记】来自treachery（n.阴险；背叛） 【例】①Brown knew he had been betrayed by an insidious and treacherous fellow. ②Strong winds and heavy rain made driving conditions treacherous. treat [tri:t] vt.对待；处理；治疗；谈判，磋商；款待n.难得的乐事；款待 【记】本身为词根：处理 【例】①Scientists in Brazil have used frog skin to treat burns.（2005听 力） ②The book that treats all aspects of health care sells well. 【用】表示“用某种药物治疗某人”时常用treat sb.with drugs. 【派】treatment（n.待遇，对待；处理；治疗）；treaty〔n.（国与国间 缔结的）条约；（人与人之间的）协商，谈判〕 trespass ['trespəs] vi.非法侵入他人地界；侵占或无理使用（他人房间等）；犯过失，在宗 教或道德方面犯罪n.有关非法侵入的法律；并非有意的非法侵入；罪 过，过失 【例】①The one who trespasses on our rights will be punished. ②Farmers have already barricaded their fields to prevent people from trespassing on their land. tributary ['tribjutəri] n.支流；进贡者（国）；附庸国adj.支流的；附属的 【记】词根记忆：tribut（给予）+ary→进贡者【例】①Smaller countries in ancient times had to offer tributary to big countries. ②A tributary stream of this river dries up. trick [trik] n.诡计，花招；恶作剧；戏法，把戏；窍门，诀窍；癖好vt.哄骗，欺骗 【例】①The trick is to hit these sound waves with other waves in a carefully controlled way.（1999听力） ②We tricked the friends into thinking that we lost the game. 【用】trick sb.into doing sth.是常用搭配，表示“哄骗某人做某事”。 trounce [trauns] vt.打败，击败；严惩；痛打 【例】Nobody seemed to have any doubt that he would trounce his rivals in the game. trudge [trʌdʒ] vi.缓慢或吃力地走 【例】It's tough for the pedestrians to trudge through the snow in the wind. trundle ['trʌndl] v.（使某物沉重地）滚动或移动 【例】The gardener trundled a wheel-barrow labouredly along the road.trust [trʌst] n.信任；托管；职责；信托财产；托拉斯v.信任，信赖；委托，托付； 倚靠，依赖；希望，盼望 【例】①An old woman found a new home by a housing trust. ②The new manager said he would try to justify the trust the employees had placed in him. 【派】trustee〔n.受信托人；（机构的）管理班子成员〕； trustworthy（adj.值得信任的） trying ['traiiŋ] adj.极为恼人的；令人难堪的 【例】The beginning of the cinema is often a trying time because of latecomers. tumble ['tʌmbl] n.滚动，翻滚；体操技巧动作表演；跌倒；下跌v.（使）跌倒，滚落； 忽然下台，垮台；领会，顿悟 【例】①The scandal spread and tumbled the mayor. ②Suddenly I tumbled to the reality that I was being cheated. tumultuous [tju:'mʌltjuəs]adj.混乱的，狂暴的；嘈杂的，喧闹的 【记】来自tumult（n.吵闹，骚动） 【例】It is some 15 million Hindus,Sikhs,and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizens between India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.（2001） turmoil ['tə:mɒil] n.骚动，混乱 【记】词根记忆：tur（=turbulent，混乱的）+moil（喧闹）→混乱，骚 乱 【例】As the century turns,migration,with its inevitable economic and political turmoil,has been called“one of the greatest challenges of the coming century.”（2001） twilight ['twailait] n.暮光；黄昏；衰落时期 【记】联想记忆：t（看作too）+wi（音似：微）+light（光）→很微弱 的光→微光→暮光；黄昏 【例】There is nowhere to sit in the streets of England,not even,after twilight,in the public gardens.（2011） 【用】twilight home是常用搭配，表示“养老院”。 twirl [twə:l] v.（使）转动；（使）盘绕；快速转动，旋转n.旋转，急转 【记】和twist（v.旋转，缠绕）一起记 【例】①The pinwheel twirled in the breeze. ②The boy suddenly twirled in the direction of the noise to see what happened. twist [twist] n./v.搓，捻，绞；转动，拧，扭；曲解；盘旋，迂回 【例】①Don't twist the truth to cloud your mind with extreme thoughts. ②She continually twisted her head to regard her puff sleeves,very stiff,andhigh.（2011） 【用】词组twist and turn是“弯弯曲曲”的意思。 twitch [twitʃ] n./v.痉挛，抽搐 【例】Jane's mouth twitched as she tried to stop herself laughing out loud. tyrannize ['tirənaiz] v.施行暴政；虐待 【例】It is his nature to insult and tyrannize over little people. ubiquitous [ju:'bikwitəs] adj.普遍存在的，无处不在的 【记】词根记忆：ubi+quit（使自由）+ous→自由存在的→无处不在的 【例】We were troubled by the ubiquitous mosquitoes in the cottage. ubiquitousness [ju:'bikwitəsnis] n.普遍存在 【例】The ubiquitousness of jeans“displays a utilitarian attitude”that has“led to the cultural impoverishment of everyday life”.（1998） ulterior [ʌl'tiəriə] adj.隐秘的；别有用心的 【例】Becky had ulterior motives in buying me a present.She wanted me to help her during the final examination. ultimate ['ʌltimət] adj.最后的，最终的；极点的，绝顶的；基本的，首要的 【记】词根记忆：ultim（最后的）+ate（…的）→最后的，最终的 【例】①The man sets himself an ultimate goal of winning the game. ②The ultimate responsibility of the army was to keep the peace of the country. 【派】ultimatum（n.最后通牒）；ultimately（adv.最后；根本）umpire ['ʌmpaiə] n.（棒球、网球等的）裁判v.当…的裁判，当裁判员 【例】①An umpire should not show partiality for any team. ②Bowman umpired the negotiation between the two companies. unaccountable [ˌʌnə'kauntəbl] adj.无法解释的，难以说明的；（对自己的行为等）不必负责任的 【记】联想记忆：un+accountable（有责任的）→不必负责任的 【例】However well they are policed,major protests reinforce the impression of indifferent elites,repression of debate,overreaction to dissent,injustice and unaccountable power.（2004） unbecoming [ˌʌnbi'kʌmiŋ] adj.不适合穿用的，不合适的；不适当的，不得体的 【记】联想记忆：un+becoming（适当的）→不适当的 【例】Although not illegal his conduct was unbecoming for a teacher. 【用】词组（be）unbecoming to/for sb.表示“…不适合某人”。 uncharitable [ʌn'tʃæritəbl] adj.无慈悲心的；严厉的，苛刻的 【例】I've been feeling rather crabby and uncharitable this past week. uncouth [ʌn'ku:θ] adj.粗野的，无教养的 【例】Women must stand up to these dregs of society and condemn their uncouth and impudent behaviour. undercharge [ˌʌndə'tʃɑ:dʒ] v.向（某人）少要价钱 【记】组合词：under（低于）+charge（费用）→向（某人）少要价钱 【例】The seller undercharged me 5yuan for the doll. 【用】表示“买…少收…钱”时一般用undercharge sb.some money for sth.或undercharge sb.for sth.by some money undercut [ˌʌndə'kʌt] vt.削价（与竞争者）抢生意，减价竞争 【记】组合词：under（在…下）+cut（砍）→砍下价格→减价竞争 【例】①The strongest will may falter when the goal is to lose 50pounds in three months or to exercise three hours a day.Add failure undercuts your desire to try again.（1997） ②They are trying to undercut us with the most attractive offer. underlie [ˌʌndə'lai] vt.构成…的基础 【记】组合词：under（在…下）+lie（位于）→位于…之下→构成…的 基础 【例】Scant attention has been paid to many of the dubious social and economic assumptions that underlie the plan.（1999） undersell [ˌʌndə'sel] vt.以低于竞争者的价格出售（货物） 【记】组合词：under（在…下）+sell（出售）→以低于竞争者的价格 出售 【例】We just find that many companies are underselling us for that business. understate [ˌʌndə'steit] vt.很有节制地陈述或表达（某事物）；少说，少报（某数目等） 【记】组合词：under（不够）+state（说话）→说话的分量不够→少说 【例】Rebecca noted that the statistics can understate anti-terrorist efforts. understudy ['ʌndəˌstʌdi] n.替补演员，替手vt.充当…的替补演员，当…的替手 【记】组合词：under（不够）+study（学习）→学习的不够只能当替手 →当…的替手【例】①He spent many years as an understudy to that famous movie star. ②For operational security reasons this system understudied its former. 【用】词组be an understudy to sb.是“做某人的替角”的意思。 undertake [ˌʌndə'teik] vt.试图，企图；着手做，从事；承担；接受，同意；保证 【例】①Christer Fuglesang,the first Swede to go into orbit,will undertake essential work on the space station. ②Nobody can undertake that you will make a profit in such dealings. 【用】undertake后面可以接to do不定式，是“答应做…”的意思。 【派】undertaker（n.殡葬业人员） underwrite [ˌʌndə'rait] vt.在（保险单或船舶保险单）下方签署并承担损失或损坏之责；（按商 定的价格）认购（某公司的）全部剩余证券；同意资助（某事业） 【例】It is this instinct that underwrites his survival,this instinct from which he derives his nature:a great and powerful dynamic that makes him what he is —restless,seeking,curious,forever unsatisfied,eternally straggling and eventually victorious.（2001） undulate ['ʌndjuleit;'ʌndʒəleit] vi.波动，起伏 【例】Ripples of leaves undulate tide-like in the light of the moon. All that you do,do with your might;things done by halves are never done right. ——Sloddard 做一切事情都应尽力而为，不可半途而废。 ——斯托达德Word List 20 unduly [ˌʌn'dju:li;ˌʌn'du:li] adv.过分地，不当地 【记】联想记忆：un（不）+duly（适当；合适；适度）→过分地 【例】The unduly rapid growth of drug expenses in China at present exceeds the country's economic development and patients'endurance,turning into one of the central social issues. unfailing [ʌn'feiliŋ] adj.无穷无尽的，永恒的；可靠的，确实的 【记】联想记忆：un（不）+failing（失败的）→不失败的→可靠的 【例】Life spent pursuing godliness and unfailing love will never be boring,but neither will it be effortless. unfathomable [ʌn'fæðəməbl] adj.深得无法到达底部的；神秘莫测的；不可理解的 【例】Each new crop of adolescents always seems unfathomable to its predecessors.（1998） unilateral [ˌju:ni'lætərəl]adj.单方面的，单边的 【记】词根记忆：uni（单一的）+later（侧面）+al→单方面的 【例】I will have no hesitation in taking unilateral action in implementing my plan. unleash [ʌn'li:ʃ] vt.把（情绪、力量等）宣泄出来；释放 【记】联想记忆：un（不）+leash（约束）→不约束→释放 【例】Some of these applications threaten to unleash forces over which we have no control. 【用】unleash sth.against/on/upon sb./sth.表示“宣泄，释放”。 unnerve [ʌn'nə:v] vt.使（某人）失去自制力、信心或勇气 【记】联想记忆：un+nerve（精神；勇气）→没了勇气→使失去勇气 【例】His encounter with the robbers who took guns had completely unnerved him. unpalatable [ʌn'pælətəbl] adj.不好吃的，不可口的；使人不快的；无法认同的 【记】联想记忆：un（不）+palatable（合意的）→不合口味的→不可口 的 【例】①I have no appetite for these unpalatable foods. ②Blume was afraid to tell them the unpalatable truths. unparalleled [ˌʌn'pærəleld] adj.无比的，无双的 【记】联想记忆：un（无）+parallel（平行）+ed→没有东西可以与之平 行的→无双的 【例】If you are a top level manager seeking an unparalleled general management education,apply to the Chicago GSB M.B.A.Programme for Executives.（2004）unprincipled [ʌn'prinsəpld] adj.不道德的；肆无忌惮的；无原则的 【例】Coffey is totally unprincipled in credit matters;you can't trust him. unravel [ʌn'rævəl] v.解开（线团），拆开（布等）；解决，澄清 【记】联想记忆：un+ravel（纠缠）→不纠缠→解开 【例】①Delia adjusted her hair as Aaron started to unravel the bandages. ②Chinese physicists help unravel life's mystery. unrelenting [ˌʌnri'lentiŋ] adj.（强度等）未降低的；持续的；（指人）冷酷的，不愿宽容的 【记】词根记忆：un+relent（变宽厚，变温和）+ing→冷酷的 【例】Whatever your opinion,there's no escaping airline alliances:the marketing hype is unrelenting,with each of the two mega- groupings,Oneworld and Star Alliance,promot-ing itself as the best choice for all travelers.（2002） unscrew [ʌn'skru:] vt.旋松（螺丝、螺母等） 【记】联想记忆：un（打开）+screw（螺丝钉）→起掉螺钉→旋松 【例】I unscrewed the lid of the jam and put the bottle to my nostrils.unseemly [ʌn'si:mli] adj.不适宜的，不得体的 【记】词根记忆：un+seemly（适宜的）→不适宜的 【例】①The official equivocated,and didn't want to tell the unseemly truth. ②It is unseemly and inappropriate for the governor to raise money in this way. unsettle [ʌn'setl] vt.使人不安，扰乱 【例】①Each of his books has the ability to unsettle an audience. ②I decide to be a tour guide,and nothing can unsettle my resolution. 【派】unsettled（adj.不稳定的；不安宁的） unwind [ʌn'waind] v.（使某物）从卷状或团状等展开，解开（卷绕之物）； （工作或紧张 后）放松，松弛 【记】联想记忆：un（不）+wind（缠绕）→不缠绕→放松 【例】①The snake unwound when the prey was suffocated. ②I need to unwind a little before the performance.unwitting [ʌn'witiŋ] adj.不知情的；无意的 【例】The technique can not make the unwitting computer user appear guilty. upfront ['ʌpfrʌnt] adj.直率的，直截了当的 【记】联想记忆：up+front（前面）→直面前方→直率的 【例】Renovating old houses can be very lucrative,although a lot of capital is needed upfront. upgrade [ʌp'greid]['ʌpgreid] v.提高某人（某事物）的级别或等级，提高…档次 n.提高 【记】词根记忆：up（向上）+grad（级）+e→升级→提高某人（某事 物）的级别 【例】These teachers fought successfully to upgrade the quality of education in the elementary school. uplift [ʌp'lift]['ʌplift;'ʌpˌlift] vt.激励，（在道德方面）使高尚 n.（精神、道德或情绪方面的）振奋 【记】组合词：up（向上）+lift（提高）→使高尚 【例】The writer's speech is a great uplift for us. upright ['ʌprait] adj.直立的，垂直的；正直的，诚实的adv.竖立着 【例】①Tom was warm and kind beneath his upright dignity. ②Jack set the books on the shelf upright. uproot [ʌp'ru:t] vt.将（植物）连根拔起；根除，灭绝【记】词根记忆：up（向上）+root（根）→根朝上→连根拔起 【例】The correct way to modernize a culture is to reform its tradition rather than to uproot its tradition. upsurge ['ʌpsə:dʒ] n.急剧增长；突发 【记】词根记忆：up（向上）+surg（升起）+e→向上升起→急剧增长 【例】There has been a great worldwide upsurge in violence in the past decade. usurp [ju:'zə:p] vt.篡夺（权力或地位） 【例】The prince intended to usurp the throne of the king. utmost ['ʌtməust] adj.最大的；极度的n.极限；极度 【例】In the future the World Bank will continue to do its utmost to support its member countries in their efforts to achieve sustainable development. （1999） utter ['ʌtə] adj.完全的，彻底的；绝对的；无条件的vt.发出（声音等），说 【例】①We were at an utter loss what to do next. ②The government uttered the warnings of terrorist attacks. vagrant ['veigrənt] n.无业游民，流浪者 【记】词根记忆：vag（漫游）+rant→无业游民 【例】The vagrant asked me how to get to the nearest inn. valet ['vælit] n.（为男主人照料衣食等事务的）男仆；（旅馆中负责该类事务的）服 务员vt.洗刷及修补；为（某人）照料衣食 【例】Harry was an excellent valet,but a trifle domineering.validate ['vælideit] vt.使生效；证实 【记】词根记忆：val（价值）+id+ate（使）→使有价值→使生效 【例】To many people,husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family —they need children to enrich the circle,to validate its family character,to gather the redemptive influence of offspring.（1999） vanquish ['væŋkwiʃ] vt.征服，战胜（对手等） 【例】①We heard that the country had been vanquished. ②Our army is ever-victorious,having vanquished all the enemies. vault [vɒ:lt] n.拱顶；地窖，地下室；（设于地下的）金库，保险库；撑竿跳vt.（用 手或杆支撑）跳跃，撑竿跳 【例】①Sunlight streamed down from the high vault above Edward. ②The hotel has a vault for us to keep valuables. ③I found surprisedly that the thief vaulted over the wall and ran away. veer [viə] vi.转向，改变方向 【例】①The car veered immediately to avoid hitting the old man. ②The discussion veered away from culture and round to religion. 【用】词组veer round/around表示“（风）改变方向；（话题等）转 向…”。 venerate ['venəreit] vt.敬重，崇敬 【记】词根记忆：vener（尊敬）+ate→敬重 【例】Truman's insight could well be applied to another,even more venerated Washington figure:the CEO-turned cabinet secretary.（2003） 【派】venerable（adj.德高望重的，令人景仰的）vengeful ['vendʒful] adj.图谋报复的，报复心重的，复仇的 【记】词根记忆：venge（复仇）+ful→复仇的 【例】①Under the influence of my vengeful thoughts I read the criminal news of the day in the journals. ②It may reassure the US people of their noble fight,but the reality of this grubby,vengeful war is beginning to become apparent. 【派】vengeance（n.复仇，报复） venom ['venəm] n.（毒蛇等的）毒液；恶毒，歹毒；怨恨，痛恨 【例】①I raised the sore arm to my lips,both to stop the bleeding and to take the venom out. ②Gilbert died with all the hatred and venom in the world. 【派】venomous〔adj.（指蛇等）分泌毒液的，有毒的；充满恶意的， 恶毒的〕 vent [vent] n.通风孔，排气管；排放，发泄vt.发泄（情感） 【记】本身为词根：风 【例】①Jerry gave vent to her flames of anger on the child when she got home. ②I look down on man who vents his anger on others. 【用】vent常与on构成搭配，表示“朝…发泄…”。 verbatim [və:'beitim] adj./adv.一字不差的（地），逐字的（地） 【记】词根记忆：verb（词语）+atim→逐字的 【例】Ivan has such a good memory that he can repeat their dialogue verbatim. veritable ['veritəbl]adj.名副其实的，真正的 【记】词根记忆：ver（真实的）+it+able→真正的 【例】My mind got a veritable feast by reading this book. vernacular [və'nækjulə] adj.用本国语的；用地方话的n.本地话；本国语 【例】①The post-war colonial government disliked vernacular schools. ②The vernacular of the hip-hop artist was hard to understand. versatility [ˌvə:sə'tiliti] n.多才多艺；多功能 【记】词根记忆：vers（转）+atility→什么都玩得转→多才多艺 【例】Jiang Qian and Guo Bingwen proposed a school running principle that advocated the balance between versatility and specialization,liberal arts and sciences.（2004） vestige ['vestidʒ] n.遗迹，痕迹；毫无，一点也不；退化的器官，退化器官的痕迹 【例】①This is the last surviving vestige of the ancient human civilization. ②There is no man's vestige of a tail. vet [vet] n.兽医vt.诊疗（动物）；详细调查 【例】①Being a vet is always an interesting occupation,as you quickly learn while taking care of a dog with a broken leg or a bunny with a stomach ache. ②All staff are vetted for former education and work experiences before being employed. vex [veks] vt.使苦恼，使困扰；激怒 【例】Jenny was vexed that her boyfriend came to the party too late. 【用】常用句型有be vexed about sth.“为某事恼火”；be vexed at...“对… 生气”；be vexed with sb.for sth.“为某事对某人发怒”。【派】vexation（n.烦恼，忧虑；使人烦恼或忧虑的事物）； vexatious（adj.使人恼怒或忧虑的） viable ['vaiəbl] adj.可行的 【记】词根记忆：via（道路）+ble→有路可走→可行的 【例】①Bill asked with his eyes for a viable explanation. ②After discussing and experimenting for three days,this plan was proved to be viable at last. vicarious [vi'keəriəs] adj.设身处地的，间接感受到的；代别人做的、感受的或经历的 【记】联想记忆：vicar（牧师）+ious→牧师是上帝的代言人→代别人 做的 【例】I get a vicarious happiness by knowing my best friend gets achievements. 【派】vicariously（adv.设身处地地，间接感受到地） vice [vais] n.罪恶，堕落；缺点，毛病 【例】①Lying and cruelty are vices. ②Scientists believe that malaria is helping the spread of Aids across Africa —and vice versa. 【用】vice本身是一个词缀，表示“副，次”，如：vice-president副总 统。 【派】vicious（adj恶毒的；邪恶的；险恶的；谬误的）； viciousness（n.恶意，险恶；堕落；剧烈） vicinity [vi'siniti] n.附近，邻近；附近地区 【记】词根记忆：vicin（邻近）+ity→邻近 【例】There is no school in the vicinity and the parents have to send their children to study in the other town.【用】搭配in the vicinity of表示“在…附近；大约；在…左右”。 victimize ['viktimaiz] vt.责怪（处罚）某人不当（使之受冤或代人受过）；不正当地使某人受 损害（受苦难），欺侮某人 【记】词根记忆：victim（受害者）+ize（使）→不正当地使某人受损 害 【例】①Those products victimize both consumers and manufacturers. ②Rich nations victimize poor through unfair trade. vie [vai] vi.竞争 【例】To vie with one another for the first place is their aims. 【用】词组vie with表示“与…竞争”；vie to do是“争着做…”。 vile [vail] adj.卑鄙的，邪恶的；极其讨厌的 【记】词根记忆：vil（卑劣）+e→卑鄙的 【例】①Martin warned his rivals with vile curses. ②The vile weather stopped us from going out to picnic. vindicate ['vindikeit] vt.为…辩护；证明…正确 【记】词根记忆：vin（看作vim，活力）+dic（说）+ate→有活力地说 →为…辩护 【例】Time might vindicate Louise and show her act to be lawful. violate ['vaiəleit] vt.违犯，违反；侵犯，妨碍 【例】①The US announces new measures to enforce Cuba trade sanctions and punish those who violate them. ②The sound of guns violated the usual calm of every morning. 【派】violation（n.违反；干扰；亵渎；强奸）virtue ['və:tju:] n.德行，美德；优良品德；优点，好处 【例】①The idea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue.（2000） ②In virtue of competition,individuals rack their brains to improve their personality and their ability to solve all kinds of problems to achieve success. （1999） 【用】词组in virtue of表示“因为…；凭借…”。 virulent ['virjulənt] adj.致命的，剧毒的；恶意的，仇恨的 【记】词根记忆：vir（绿）+ulent（富有…的）→脸色发绿→剧毒的 【例】①Many old people in this village died of a virulent strain of flu. ②They are trying to develop a desirable inexpensive,effective and safe vaccine against the very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. vista ['vistə] n.（从两排树木、建筑物等中间望过去的）景色，远景；回顾（往 事）；展望（前景） 【记】词根记忆：vis（看）+ta→展望 【例】①We are getting excited about the incredible vista. ②A bright vista of a happy future floated suddenly before him. visualize ['viʒuəlaiz] vt.想象，设想 【记】词根记忆：vis（看）+ual+ize→使看见→想象 【例】Positive willpower helps us overcome inertia and focus on the future.When the going gets tough,visualize yourself happily and busily engaged in your goal,and you'll keep working toward it.（1997） vitalize ['vaitəlaiz] vt.赋予生命；激励【记】词根记忆：vit（生命）+al+ize→使有了生命→赋予生命 【例】The private resources were expected to vitalize the national industry. vogue [vəug] n.流行，时尚 【例】①By 2012,this period of chastisement will likely have run its course,and future-mindedness will be back in vogue,for better or worse. （2002） ②come into vogue 开始流行 The building of ERP systems within China's oil industry comes into vogue. ③go out of vogue 过时 As that last slogan demonstrates,catchphrases can go out of vogue as easily as they come into it. ④in vogue 流行 Molly told me that the long ringlets were in vogue. void [vɒid] n.空间，真空adj.空的，空虚的；无效的，作废的 【例】①The thief turned at the corner of the street and vanished into the void. ②Jane often wakened out of the glorious dreams,and found them all void and vain. volatile ['vɒlətail;'vɒlətil] adj.（指液体）易挥发的；（指人）情绪（兴趣）多变的，无常性的； （指商情等）急剧波动的，不稳定的 【例】①There are a number of volatile compounds in the laboratory. ②The volatile political situation in this country upsets the people. 【派】volatility〔n.（指液体）易挥发；（指人）轻浮；（指商情等） 急剧波动〕 wade [weid] v.趟水，跋涉；费力地前进；困难地通过 【记】联想记忆：踏水（water）而行→趟水（wade） 【例】①Lucy waded through the river to the opposite bank without shoes.②Jack and Rose wade forward through the drifting curtains of mist. 【用】wade后一般接through表示“费力通过；趟过”。 wag [wæg] v.摇摆（尾巴）；饶舌 【例】①Do not give a dog bread every time he wags his tail. ②If Julia resents something,her tongue may wag till it aches. wail [weil] v.号啕大哭；哭着说；发出似哭号的尖声n.尖叫（声）；痛哭（声） 【例】①Marshall could not stop crying,letting out a loud wail of misery. ②The girl was wailing loudly that she had lost all her money. waive [weiv] vt.放弃 【例】Most of the employees have collectively decided to waive this contractual right on this occasion. wallow ['wɒləu] vi.（在泥、水中）打滚；享乐，放纵自己n.打滚；享乐；泥坑 【例】①The children wallowed in the mud and came back home with dirty clothes. ②Mill seemed to be used to wallowing in luxury. 【用】wallow后常接in表示“在…中打滚；沉溺于…”。 wane [wein] vi.（月亮）亏，缺；衰败；变小；变差 【例】In Uncle Geoff's view,the greatness of England had risen and waned over the centuries in direct proportion to the use of natural manure in fertilizing the soil.（1999） 【用】on the wane表示“逐渐减弱；衰败”。 warp [wɒ:p]v.使弯曲，使扭（翘）曲；使（心理、性格）反常；有偏见；曲解，歪 曲 【例】①An old pool table warped and stood in the center of the room. ②Jimmy never warps from the path of common sense. warrant ['wɒrənt] n.授权（证）；逮捕状，搜查令；（正当）理由vt.使有正当理由；向… 保证 【例】①Ann has done nothing to warrant the criminal prosecution. ②I warrant you what he is telling is all true. warranty ['wɒrənti;'wɒ:rənti] n.（商品的）保证书；保证 【例】My warranty expires tomorrow,if I don't get through. 【用】be under warranty表示“在保修期内”；表示“保修、保证到期”用动 词expire。 wary ['weəri] adj.谨慎的，小心的；警惕的；谨防的 【例】①Yule kept a wary eye on Lizzie while they talked. ②Democrats are wary of engaging in hot-button social issues such as the“3G's”—guns,God and gays. 【用】be wary of意思是“留意，谨防”。 waver ['weivə] vi.减弱；动摇，犹豫不决 【例】①The temptations and your weakness will make you waver. ②Even though I was confronted with so many difficulties,I have never wavered in my resolution. wean [wi:n] vt.给（孩子）断奶 【例】①In cultures where there is no pressure to wean,children tend tonurse for at least two years. ②wean from 戒掉 Weaning from this drug can be an extremely difficult process and guidance is sometimes lacking. 【用】wean后面通常接from表示“与…隔绝；脱离…”。 wedge [wedʒ] n.楔子vt.用楔子把…固定住 【例】①With a hammer,Wilson pounded a wedge into the wall of rock. ②The window in my bedroom doesn't stay closed,please wedge it this afternoon. 【用】wedge后面接in,into,through等介词，表示“插入，挤进”。 weird [wiəd] adj.古怪的，奇异的；荒谬的 【例】Despite Denmark's manifest virtues,Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes.This would sound weird in Danish.（2000） whisk [wisk] vt.拂，掸；突然移动或带走；搅打（蛋等）n.拂，掸；掸帚；搅拌器 【记】与whisky（n.威士忌）一起记 【例】①The boy whisked through the classroom door when he saw the pretty girl outside the window. ②I whipped the cream and butter with a whisk. whitewash ['waitwɒʃ] n.石灰水；粉饰，掩饰；彻底失败vt.刷石灰水于…；掩饰 【例】①I'm planning to whitewash the outhouse next month. ②The man tried to whitewash his crime,but it turned out to be vain. whoop [hu:p] n./vi.大叫，欢呼，高喊 【例】①The raider whooped loudly and fired a barrage of bullets into the escape hatch.②After College Entrance Exam they were whooping it up all night long. wicked ['wikid] adj.缺德的，邪恶的；淘气的，恶作剧的 【例】①The old father made up his mind to repudiate his wicked son. ②The wicked boy made a face and jumped away. wield [wi:ld] vt.行使、运用（权力、影响力等） 【记】与yield（v.屈服）一起记 【例】①Soldiers continued to wield political power of the country. ②Men may rule the world but women rule the roost,according to a new study that shows women wield considerably more decision-making power than men within marriages. wiggle ['wigl] v.扭动，蠕动 【例】①The little puppy wiggled about in the room looking for something to play with. ②Most of us don't naturally know how to wiggle our ears voluntarily,even if we had the gene. wilt [wilt] v.（使植物）凋谢，枯萎；（使人）疲倦，颓丧 【例】①You must place these flowers in water before they wilt. ②His brain wilted from the excessive work. wince [wins] vi.（因疼痛、苦恼等而）畏缩，退缩 【例】①Sophie winces in pain and goes off balance. ②The man never showed pain while taking the most ferocious beating,but he winced when the woman he loved cleaned his wounds. withdraw [wið'drɒ:]v.收回，取回；（使）撤退，（使）退出 【记】词根记忆：with（向后）+draw（拉）→收回，取回 【例】The enemy troops had to withdraw due to their inferior position. 【派】withdrawal（n.撤退，退回） withstand [wið'stænd] vt.经得起，顶得住 【记】联想记忆：with（与…在一起）+stand（站）→武警官兵手拉手 站在一起抵挡洪流→经得起 【例】①Smaller mammals are more able to withstand environmental change. ②This company developed a new equipment specifically designed to withstand the higher temperatures. wobble ['wɒbl] n./vi.摇晃，晃动 【例】①The precession of the equinoxes is due to that axial wobble of the earth. ②Edward wobbled for several minutes and then made the decision. woe [wəu] n.悲伤，忧伤；苦难 【记】电影《苦尽甘来》Wealth Always Follows Woe 【例】Never was a story of more woe than this of Juliet and her Romeo. 【派】woeful（adj.悲伤的，忧伤的） woo [wu:] vt.向…求爱；争取，追求 【例】①Tobias is making plans to woo and marry Bessie. ②Many people devote their whole life to woo fame and fortune. wreath [ri:θ] n.花圈；花冠，花环【记】联想记忆：wr+eath（看作earth，土地）→入土为安→去世→悼 念去世的人时要敬献花圈 【例】When his birthday arrives,on February 12,Congress will hold a special joint session in the Capitol's National Statuary Hall,a wreath will be laid at the great memorial in Washington,and a webcast will link school classrooms for a“teach-in”honouring his memory.（2012） 【用】Christmas wreath表示“圣诞花环”。 wreathe [ri:ð] vt.将…做成环；整个缠绕 【例】①People wreathed flowers into ornaments for their doors during Christmas time. ②I was attracted by the scenery on the hilltops which was wreathed by the mist. wreck [rek] n.失事的船只；残骸；破灭，毁坏vt.摧毁，破坏 【例】①She lasted four turbulent years and was killed in a car wreck. （2003） ②No one and nothing can wreck the friendship between us. wreckage ['rekidʒ] n.残骸；残余 【记】词根记忆：wreck（失事）+age→失事（船或飞机）的残骸 【例】①In the burning wreckage of the village,Stone found his father's body. ②The wreckage of the helicopter missing last Friday in Malaysia was found on Tuesday and all six people aboard were killed. wrench [rentʃ] n./vt.猛拧，一扭 【例】①Richard grabbed the panel in both hands,trying to wrench it off the wall.②Jenny opened the metal box with a wrench and disappointedly found nothing special. 【用】词组throw a wrench in/into表示“阻碍，破坏”的意思。 wrest [rest] vt.费力扭，拧；费力取得 【例】Gold has enthralled man since the dawn of civilization.For centuries he braved arctic cold,tropic heat and inhuman privations to wrest gold from the earth.（1996） wriggle ['rigl] n./v.扭动，蠕动 【例】Each worm can wriggle backwards or forwards,but not if another wriggler（or its own tail）blocks its path. wring ['riŋ] vt.把…拧干，扭，绞；掐（脖子）；榨取；勒索；逼供 【例】①Some people wrung their hands and moaned in the church. ②With the evidence of bribery,Temple managed to wring a great amount of money out of the politician. writhe [raið] vi.（人体）扭动，翻滚（尤指因剧痛） 【例】①My heart is writhing within me,and the terrors of death are fallen upon me. ②writhe at/under/with sth.让…羞愧难当The critic's remarks on her novel made Lily writhe with shame. yank [jæŋk] n./v.猛拉 【例】①Elva yanked on the chain and it snapped. ②The old rope only needed a couple of yanks before it broke. yield [ji:ld]v.结出（果实），产生（效果、效益等）；给予，让出；使屈服，使顺 从n.产量，收益 【例】①Hollow spheres found in a primordial meteorite could yield clues to the origin of life on earth. ②Thus,projects rated unsatisfactory under the Bank's standards still yield many benefits.（1999） 【用】yield表示“屈服于，顺从于”时要与介词to一起使用。 zenith ['zeniθ;'zi:niθ] n.天顶（观测者正上方的天空）；（权力、繁荣等的）顶点 【例】①The zenith glowed with a warm color. ②When did the style of clothes reach the zenith of its popularity in this country? 【用】词组at the zenith of是“达到…的顶点，在…的顶峰”的意思。 zest [zest] n.极大的快乐和乐趣，兴趣；热心，热情 【记】联想记忆：洗发水中的品牌“激爽”就是这个单词 【例】①Never had Shaw read fiction with so keen zest. ②The interesting experiment gave an added zest to the class. 【用】词组a zest for life是“热爱生活（人生）”的意思。 zoom [zu:m] vi.（飞行器、汽车等）呼啸而过，迅速移动并发出嗡嗡声；（价格、费 用等）飞涨，急升 【例】①The truck zoomed up the road and into the distance. ②Some economists warned that the oil prices would zoom. 【用】词组zoom in（on sb./sth.）/out表示“（照相机等）用变焦距镜头 时景物放大或缩小”。 A great man is always willing to be little. ——R.W.Emerson伟大的人物总是愿意当小人物的。 ——爱默生认知词 A àla carte [ˌælə'kɑ:t] adj./adv.（指饭馆的饭菜）按菜单分别点菜的 abacus ['æbəkəs] n.算盘 abbreviate [ə'bri:vieit] vt.缩短（字、词组等），缩写 abbreviation [əˌbri:vi'eiʃən] n.缩写；缩写词；缩短 abdominal [æb'dɒminəl] adj.腹（部）的，下腹的 abnormality [ˌæbnɒ:'mæləti] n.不正常，变态 abode [ə'bəud] n.房屋；家；（在某地的）逗留【搭】of（with）no fixed abode居无定 所 absentee [ˌæbsən'ti:] n.缺席（缺勤）者adj.缺席者的；在外者的abstinence ['æbstinəns] n.禁欲；节制 abyss [ə'bis] n.深渊，深坑 academician [əˌkædə'miʃən] n.院士；学会会员 accompanist [ə'kʌmpənist] n.伴奏者，伴唱者 accomplice [ə'kʌmplis] n.从犯，帮凶 accountancy [ə'kauntənsi] n.会计职业 acoustics [ə'ku:stiks] n.声学，音响学；音响效果 actuality [ˌæktʃu'æləti] n.实际，真实 additive ['æditiv] n.添加物，添加剂 add-on ['ædɒn] n.（电脑上增加功能的）附加装置；附加物 adhesive [əd'hi:siv] adj.黏性物质（如粘胶）的，带黏性的n.黏着剂 adjunct ['ædʒʌŋkt] n.附属物，伴随物；助手，副手 ado [ə'du:]n.立即；纷扰，忙乱 adrift [ə'drift] adj./adv.（船只）漂泊着（的）；未曾系牢（的） adultery [ə'dʌltəri] n.通奸，私通 adversary ['ædvəsəri] n.对手；敌手；敌人adj.敌手的；敌对的 aerobatics [ˌeərəu'bætiks] n.飞行特技（表演） aerobics [eə'rəubiks] n.健身舞（操），有氧健身操 aerodynamics [ˌeərəudai'næmiks] n.空气动力学，气体动力学 aerosol ['eərəusɒl] n.烟，雾；烟雾剂 aerospace ['eərəuspeis] n.航空与航天空间（指大气层及其外的太空） afield [ə'fi:ld] adv.远离着，在远处 afloat [ə'fləut] adj./adv.漂浮的（地）；在船上；无欠债，（经济）上应付自如（地） afresh [ə'freʃ] adv.（指从头）再；重新 agnostic [æg'nɒstik] n./adj.不可知论者（的）aground [ə'graund] adj./adv.（指船）搁浅（的），触礁（的） AIDS [eidz] （=Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome）n.艾滋病，获得性免疫缺损 综合征 airlift ['eəlift] n.（指紧急情况下或陆上交通断绝时的）空运；空中补给线vt.空运 airstrip ['eəstrip] n.（飞机紧急降落用的）临时跑道；简易机场 ajar [ə'dʒɑ:] adj.（门等）微开的，半开的 alchemy ['ælkimi] n.炼金术 alcoholism ['ælkəhɒlizəm] n.酒精中毒；酗酒 alias ['eiliæs] n.（尤指罪犯使用的）化名，别名adv.（以化名）为人所知 alibi ['ælibai] n.不在犯罪现场的证据；借口，托词 alight [ə'lait] vi.（从马背、车上）下来，下车adj.燃着的，亮着的 alimony ['æliməni] n.（离婚以后或诉讼期间一方给另一方的）赡养费；生活费；抚养费 alkali ['ælkəlai] n.碱Allah ['ælə] n.阿拉，真主（伊斯兰教信奉之神的称呼） allegiance [ə'li:dʒəns] n.（对首领、国家等的）忠诚 allegory ['æligəri] n.寓言；讽喻；寓言（体），讽喻（风格） almanac ['ɒ:lmənæk] n.历书；年历，天文历；年鉴 alms [ɑ:mz] n.施舍物；救济金 ambush ['æmbuʃ] n.埋伏，伏击 amenity [ə'mi:nəti] n.[pl.]方便设施，生活福利设施；（设施齐全的）福利生活区 amidst [ə'midst] prep.在…中间，在…之中 amnesia [æm'ni:zjə] n.【医】丧失记忆，健忘（症） amnesty ['æmnisti] n.（指对政治犯人的）大赦，特赦vt.对…实行大赦；赦免 amoral [ei'mɒrəl] adj.非道德性的，与道德无关的 an（a）emia [ə'nimiə] n.贫血，贫血症 anagram ['ænəgræm]n.换音选词法，回文造词法 anal ['einəl] adj.肛门的 analogue ['ænəlɒg] n.类似物，相似体；对等的人 anarchic [æ'nɑ:kik] adj.无政府的；无政府主义的；无法无天的 anarchist ['ænəkist] n./adj.无政府主义者（的） anarchy ['ænəki] n.无政府状态；混乱，无秩序 annuity [ə'nju:iti] n.年金 anomaly [ə'nɒməli] n.异常或反常（现象、事物） anonymity [ˌænə'niməti] n.匿名；无名，姓氏不详 antelope ['æntiləup] n.羚羊 anthology [æn'θɒlədʒi] n.诗集，文集 anthropology [ˌænθrə'pɒlədʒi] n.人类学 antibody ['æntiˌbɒdi] n.抗体（体内抗病物质）antidote ['æntidəut] n.解毒剂，解毒药 antilogarithm [ˌænti'lɒgəriðəm] n.【数】反对数，逆对数 antler ['æntlə] n.鹿角 anus ['einəs] n.【解】肛门 apace [ə'peis] adv.急速地，快捷地 apartheid [ə'pɑ:theit] n.种族隔离制度；分隔；隔离 apex ['eipeks] n.顶点，最高点 apiece [ə'pi:s] adv.各，每个 apoplexy ['æpəpleksi] n.【医】中风 apparel [ə'pærəl] n.衣服，服装，衣物 appendicitis [əˌpendi'saitis] n.【医】阑尾炎 appendix [ə'pendiks] n.[pl.-es/appendices]附录；末尾；阑尾 arcade [ɑ:'keid]n.拱廊，（两侧或一侧设有商店的）有盖通道 archer ['ɑ:tʃə] n.弓箭手，射手 archetype ['ɑ:kitaip] n.原型；典型 archipelago [ˌɑ:ki'peləgəu] n.群岛；群岛周围的海 archive ['ɑ:kaiv] n.档案，文献；档案馆（室） armada [ɑ:'mɑ:də] n.舰队 armoury ['ɑ:məri] n.军械库；兵工厂 aroma [ə'rəumə] n.芳香，香味；风韵 aromatic [ˌærəu'mætik] adj.芳香的，香味的；刺鼻的，难闻的；别有风味的 arrears [ə'riəz] n.拖欠的债，拖欠的款项；待做的工作 arsenal ['ɑ:sənəl] n.军械库；兵工厂 arson ['ɑ:sən] n.纵火（罪），放火 arthritis [ɑ:'θraitis] n.【医】关节炎artifact ['ɑ:tifækt] n.人工制品 artifice ['ɑ:tifis] n.诡计，欺骗；奸计；诡计；灵巧；巧妙 artisan [ˌɑ:ti'zæn] n.工匠，技工 ascetic [ə'setik] n.禁欲（主义）者，苦行（主义）者adj.禁欲（主义）的，苦行（主 义）的 asterisk ['æstərisk] n.星状符号 asthma ['æsmə] n.【医】哮喘 astral ['æstrəl] adj.星的，星状的 astrology [ə'strɒlədʒi] n.占星学，占星术 astrophysics [ˌæstrəu'fiziks] n.天体物理学 asylum [ə'sailəm] n.庇护（所），避难（所）；精神病院 asymmetric [ˌæsi'metrik] adj.不对称的，不匀称的 auctioneer [ˌɒ:kʃə'niə] n.拍卖人v.拍卖audition [ɒ:'diʃən] n.（歌手、演员等的）试音，试演v.试演；试唱 aura ['ɒ:rə] n.气氛，气息 authoritarian [ɒ:ˌθɒri'teəriən] adj.专横的，专制的n.专制主义者，独裁主义者 autocrat ['ɒ:təukræt] n.独裁者，专制君主；专横霸道的人 autocratic [ˌɒ:təu'krætik] adj.独裁的，专制的 autopsy ['ɒ:təpsi] n.验尸，尸体剖验vt.解剖，剖检（尸体） B backbiting ['bækˌbaitiŋ] n.背后诽谤、中伤 backbreaking ['bækbreikiŋ] adj.（指工作）使人筋疲力尽的，费力的 backdate [ˌbæk'deit] vt.回溯 backdrop ['bækdrɒp] n.背景幕；背景 backhand ['bækhænd] n.（网球等）反手抽击backside [ˌbæk'said] n.臀部 backwater ['bækˌwɒ:tə] n.死水，滞水，淤水；穷乡僻壤 ballad ['bæləd] n.歌谣，民谣；叙事歌谣 ballast ['bæləst] n.【船】压载物，压舱物v.给…装压舱物（压载物） ballerina [ˌbælə'ri:nə] n.芭蕾舞女演员；软底低跟女便鞋 ballistics [bə'listiks] n.（有关枪炮发射的）弹道学【搭】ballistic missile弹道导弹 balm [bɑ:m] n.药油 balustrade [ˌbælə'streid] n.栏杆，扶栏vt.为…安上栏杆，为…装上扶手bandwagon ['bændˌwægən] n.潮流，浪头 【搭】jump/climb/get on the band-wagon顺应潮流，随大流 bane [bein] n.祸根，灾星 banjo ['bændʒəu] n.班卓琴，五弦琴 baritone ['bæritəun] n.男中音 baroque [bə'rɒk] n./adj.巴洛克风格（17世纪欧洲流行的一种艺术风格）（的） barrage [bə'rɑ:ʒ]['bærɑ:ʒ] n.掩护炮火，齐射炮火，齐射式的攻击n.拦河坝，水坝 barrister ['bæristə] n.（指英国在高等法院出庭辩护的）大律师 barrow ['bærəu] n.手推车；独轮车 barter ['bɑ:tə] n./v.以物易物，以等价物作交换 bask [bɑ:sk] vi.晒太阳；取暖；沉浸 bastion ['bæstiən] n.城堡；堡垒 baton ['bætən] n.乐队指挥棒；警棍；接力棒battalion [bə'tæljən] n.营；[pl.] 大军；一大批（物品） bawl [bɒ:l] v.大声地喊；咆哮，怒吼；号哭 bay [bei] n.狗吠声 bayonet ['beiənit] n.刺刀 bazaar [bə'zɑ:] n.义卖；（东方国家的）市集；商店（集中区） beating ['bi:tiŋ] n.责打，笞打；败北；（心脏的）跳动 beautify ['bju:tifai] vt.美化 bedding ['bediŋ] n.寝具 beeper ['bi:pə] n.寻呼机 behead [bi'hed] vt.砍头，斩首 beige [beiʒ] n./adj.米黄色（的） being ['bi:iŋ] n.存在物；生物；人【搭】human being人 benchmark ['bentʃmɑ:k] n.基准点，参照点 benediction [ˌbeni'dikʃən] n.祈福，祝福 beneficiary [ˌbeni'fiʃiəri] n.受惠者，受益人 bequest [bi'kwest] n.遗产，遗赠物 bifocals [bai'fəukəlz] n.远视近视两用眼镜 bigot ['bigət] n.偏执的人，顽固者 bile [bail] n.胆汁；坏脾气 billiards ['biljədz] n.台球 billow ['biləu] n.波浪般滚滚向前的东西（如烟、火等）；巨浪，波涛 binge [bindʒ] n.狂饮，纵饮 bingo ['biŋgəu] n.宾果（一种赌博游戏） bipartisan [ˌbaipɑ:ti'zæn] adj.两党的bisect [bai'sekt] vt.把…分为（通常相等的）两部分，对半分；二等分 bitch [bitʃ] n.母狗；恶婆娘，坏脾气的女人 blackmail ['blækmeil] n.讹诈，敲诈，勒索；胁迫，恫吓 blackout ['blækaut] n.（战时防止空袭的）灯火管制；（暂时的）失去知觉；封锁消息 bleep [bli:p] n.（机器所发出引人注意的）哗哗声v.发哗哗声 bliss [blis] n.极乐，巨大的幸福 blitz ['blits] n.闪电式的猛烈空袭；（为特殊目的而进行的）大肆活动，闪电式行动 blizzard ['blizəd] n.暴风雪blob [blɒb] n.一滴；（远处）模糊的事物 blotter ['blɒtə] n.吸墨纸簿，（大张）吸墨纸 blues [blu:z] n.布鲁斯音乐（歌曲），蓝调音乐 blurb [blə:b] n.书的内容提要 bobsleigh ['bɒbslei] （也作bobsled）n.大雪橇 bog [bɒg] n.沼泽，泥塘，沼泽地区vt.使陷入泥沼 bombshell ['bɒmʃel] n.炸弹；引起震惊的人（事） bona fide [ˌbəunə'faidi] adj.真正的，真实的；真诚的 bonfire ['bɒnfaiə] n.野火；营火 bonnet ['bɒnit] n.女帽，童帽；（机动车辆的）发动机罩 boo [bu:] n.喝倒彩，嘘声v.发出嘘声，向…喝倒彩 booby trap ['bu:biˌtræp] n.（为吓唬某人而设的）陷阱，恶作剧的把戏；伪装地雷，饵雷 boon [bu:n]n.非常有用的东西；益处 bout [baut] n.一回，一次，一阵；拳击（摔跤）比赛 boutique [bu:'ti:k] n.（女士）时装店 brace [brris] n.支柱，支架；一双，一对；大括号的前半或后半；[pl.]（裤子）背带 vt.拉紧，系紧；支住，撑；激励，振奋；打起精神；下定决心 braid [breid] n. （丝线等编成的）穗带；辫带vt.编织，编结 braille [breil] n.盲文 brainstorming ['breinˌstɒ:miŋ] n.献计献策，合力攻关 brainwash ['breinwɒʃ] vt.对…进行洗脑 bridal ['braidəl] adj.新娘的；婚礼的 Briton ['britən] n.英国人 broccoli ['brɒkəli] n.椰菜，西兰花 broke [brəuk] adj.彻底破产的；身无分文的 broker ['brəukə]n.经纪人；掮客，中间人；股票经纪人 brokerage ['brəukəridʒ] n.经纪业，掮客业务；经纪费用，佣金 bronchitis [brɒŋ'kaitis] n.支气管炎 brothel ['brɒθəl] n.妓院 browser [brauzə] n.浏览器 brunette [bru:'net] n.深褐色头发的白种女子 buddy ['bʌdi] n.同伴，伙伴，好朋友；老兄，老弟（用作称呼） buff [bʌf] n./adj.暗黄色（的） buggy ['bʌgi] n.轻型马车；手推车，婴儿车 bulk [bʌlk] n.体积；尺寸；块头；（某物的）主要部分 bum [bʌm] n.屁股，臀部；流浪汉，乞丐；懒汉 bumper ['bʌmpə] n.（汽车前后的）保险杠；减震物adj.特大的，丰盛的 bunk [bʌŋk] n.（架设于壁上的）狭窄铺位；双层床的上铺或下铺bunker ['bʌŋkə] n.地堡；掩体（船上的）煤仓；（高尔夫的）沙坑 buttock ['bʌtək] n.（半边）屁股，臀部 buzz word ['bʌzwə:d] n.（报刊等的）时髦术语，流行行话 bypass ['baipɑ:s] n.（绕过市镇的）旁道，迂回道vt.绕过，回避 C cabaret ['kæbərei] n.（餐馆、夜总会等的）歌舞表演 cache [kæʃ] n.密藏物品；隐藏处 cackle ['kækl]vi.（母鸡）咯咯叫；（刺耳地）格格地笑 CAD [kæd] （=computer-aided design）n.计算机辅助设计 cameo ['kæmiəu] n.刻有浮雕的宝石；（文艺或戏剧）小品 cannibal ['kænibəl] n.食人肉者；同类相食的动物 canoe [kə'nu:] n.独木舟 canon ['kænən] n.教会法规；（行为或思想的）规范，准则；（任职大教堂的）教士 canopy ['kænəpi] n.（床等上面的）篷盖；（飞机的）驾驶舱盖 canter ['kæntə] n.慢跑，小跑v.慢跑；使马慢跑 cape [keip] n.披肩；岬，海角 capillary [kə'piləri] n.毛细管；毛细血管 carat ['kærət] n.开（黄金的纯度单位）；克拉（珠宝的重量单位） carbohydrate ['kɑ:bəu'haidreit] n.碳水化合物 cardiac ['kɑ:diæk] adj.心脏（病）的carnage ['kɑ:nidʒ] n.大屠杀，杀戮 carnal ['kɑ:nəl] adj.肉体的，肉欲的 carnation [kɑ:'neiʃən] n.康乃馨，麝香石竹 carnivore ['kɑ:nivɒ:] n.食肉动物 carp [kɑ:p] n.鲤鱼 cartridge ['kɑ:tridʒ] n.弹药筒；子弹，枪弹；（电唱机的）针匣；磁带盒 cascade [kæ'skeid] n.瀑布vi.像瀑布般冲下或倾泻 cashmere ['kæʃmiə] n.开司米（一种优质细软羊毛） caste [kɑ:st] n.印度种姓制度；社会阶层（等级） catalyst ['kætəlist] n.催化剂；刺激（促进）因素 catcall ['kætkɒ:l] n./vi.（吹）哨；（发）嘘声（表示不满），喝倒彩 catchword ['kætʃwə:d] n.代表性口号，标语 catchy ['kætʃi]adj.（指曲调等）易记的，口头禅的 cathode ['kæθəud] n.阴极 Catholicism [kə'θɒlisizəm] n.天主教教义（信仰） catwalk ['kætwɒ:k] n.（桥面、大型机器等旁边的）狭窄过道 causal ['kɒ:zəl] adj.原因的，构成原因的，因果关系的；表示原因的 cavern ['kævən] n.大洞穴，大山洞 caviar ['kæviɑ:] n.鱼子酱 cavity ['kævəti] n.洞，穴cedar ['si:də] n.雪松，香柏（木） centenary [sen'ti:nəri] n.百年纪念 centrist ['sentrist] n./adj.支持中间派的（人）；执行中间路线者（的），温和派（的） cesspit ['sespit] n.粪坑，垃圾坑，污水坑 chalet ['ʃælei] n.（瑞士的）木屋 chaplain ['tʃæplin] n.（随军或驻医院、学校等的）牧师，神父 charwoman ['tʃɑ:ˌwumən] n.[pl.charwomen]清洁女工 chauvinism ['ʃəuvinizəm] n.大国沙文主义，大民族主义 checkmate ['tʃekmeit] n.（象棋）被将死时王棋的位置，将杀；彻底失败vt.（象棋）将死（对 方的王棋）；使彻底失败 chieftain ['tʃi:ftən] n.酋长；首领 chimpanzee [ˌtʃimpæn'zi:] n.（非洲的）黑猩猩 chirp [tʃə:p] v.（小鸟等）唧唧，啁啾chisel ['tʃizəl] n.凿子v.凿，雕 chloroplast ['klɒ:rəuplæst] n.叶绿素 cholera ['kɒlərə] n.【医】霍乱（病） cholesterol [kə'lestərɒl] n.胆固醇 choral ['kɒ:rəl] adj.唱诗班的，合唱团的 choreography [ˌkɒri'ɒgrəfi] n.舞蹈编排，舞蹈艺术 christen ['krisən] vt.为…施洗礼，（洗礼时）给…命名；为（船只等）举行仪式命名；首 次使用 chrome [krəum] n.铬，铬钢 chromosome ['krəuməsəum] n.染色体 chronology [krə'nɒlədʒi] n.年代学；编年表 chum [tʃʌm] n.好友，密友 churlish ['tʃə:liʃ] adj.脾气坏的，粗暴的churn [tʃə:n] n.搅乳器v.剧烈搅动；（波浪）翻腾 cinder ['sində] n.煤渣，煤屑；矿渣，熔渣 clad [klæd] adj.穿…衣服的；被覆盖的 claimant ['kleimənt] n.申请者，要求者；索赔人 clamber ['klæmbə] vi.攀登，爬 claustrophobia [ˌklɒ:strə'fəubjə] n.幽闭恐怖（症） cliché ['kli:ʃei] n.陈词滥调 clog [klɒg] n.木底鞋，木屐 clot [klɒt] n.凝块 clump [klʌmp] n.树丛，草丛vi.用沉重的脚步行走 cobble ['kɒbl] n.（铺路的）鹅卵石vt.修补（鞋）；粗制滥造cobra ['kəubrə] n.眼镜蛇 cocaine [kəu'kein] n.可卡因 cocky ['kɒki] adj.自以为是的，骄傲自大的 co-ed [ˌkəu'ed] n.（男女同校的）女生adj.男女同校的 coefficient [ˌkəui'fiʃənt] n.系数，率 cog [kɒg] n.（齿轮的）轮牙，轮齿 colon ['kəulən] n.冒号；【解】结肠，大肠 colonize ['kɒlənaiz] v.在…开拓殖民地，殖民于colossus [kə'lɒsəs] n.巨人；巨物 colt [kəult] n.小雄马驹；（运动队的）年轻队员，新手 commandant ['kɒmənˌdænt] n.司令官，指挥官；军校校长 communion [kə'mju:njən] n.（信仰、思想、感情等的）交流，共享；圣餐 communiqué [kə'mju:niˌkei] n.公报 concentric [kɒn'sentrik] adj.同心的，同轴的 concerto [kən'tʃə:təu] n.协奏曲 condom ['kɒndəm] n.（男用）避孕套 confection [kən'fekʃən] n.甜食 confederacy [kən'fedərəsi] （=confederation）n.联邦，同盟，联盟；[Ｃ-] （美国南北战争时）南部邦联 confederate [kən'fedərət] n.共谋者，同党；盟友，同盟者 confetti [kən'feti] n.（婚礼时撒在新娘和新郎身上的）五彩纸屑coniferous [kəu'nifərəs] adj.针叶树的 connoisseur [ˌkɒnə'sə:] n.（艺术品、美酒等的）鉴赏家 consortium [kən'sɒ:tjəm] n.联合，合伙；国际财团 continuum [kən'tinjuəm] n.连续体；统一体 contour ['kɒntuə] n.轮廓，外形；等高线，地形线 contraception [ˌkɒntrə'sepʃən] n.避孕（法） contraceptive [ˌkɒntrə'septiv] n./adj.避孕药（的），避孕用具（的），避孕（的） conurbation [ˌkɒnə:'beiʃən] n.（包括卫星城镇和市郊的）大都市 cornet ['kɒ:nit] n.【音】短号；（盛冰淇淋的）圆锥形蛋卷 corollary [kə'rɒləri] n.必然的结果；【数】推论 coronation [ˌkɒrə'neiʃən] n.加冕典礼，即位典礼 coroner ['kɒrənə] n.验尸官 corps [kɒ:]n.特种部队，军团；共同工作、活动的一群人 corpus ['kɒ:pəs] n.文集；全集；汇编；语料库 coup [ku:] n.砰然的一击；妙计；出乎意料的行动 coup d'etat（s） [ˌku:dei'tɑ:] n.（军事）政变 courtship ['kɒ:tʃip] n.求爱；求婚 covenant ['kʌvənənt] n.契约；盟约 coverage ['kʌvəridʒ] n.新闻报道；赔偿范围，保险额；范围 crap [kræp] n.胡扯，废话 crater ['kreitə] n.火山口；弹坑creak [kri:k] n./v.吱吱作响，（发出）吱吱声 cremate [kri'meit] vt.火化，火葬 crematorium [ˌkremə'tɒ:riəm] n.火葬场 creole ['kri:əul] n.[常C-]混合语（由不同语言混合而成，用作某群体的主要语言）； （西印度群岛的或通用西班牙语的美洲国家的）克里奥尔人 crescent ['kresənt] n.新月，弯月，上、下弦月；新月形的物体（如新月形的街道） critique [kri'ti:k] n.评论性文章（书籍）；评论 croak [krəuk] n./v.（作）蛙鸣声，（发出）哑声；用低沉沙哑的声音说话 crockery ['krɒkəri]n.（杯、碟等）瓦器；陶器 crook [kruk] n.小偷，贼；坏蛋；弯曲（处）vt.（手指或手臂）弯曲 crossbow ['krɒsbəu] n.石弓；弩 crotch [krɒtʃ] n.（人的）胯部 crypt [kript] n.地窖；教堂的地下室 cub [kʌb] n.幼兽 cuckoo ['kuku:] n.布谷鸟，杜鹃 cudgel ['kʌdʒəl] n.棒，短棍vt.用棍棒打 culprit ['kʌlprit] n.罪犯，犯法者；引起问题的事物 cult [kʌlt] n.狂热崇拜，邪教；时尚，风靡一时的喜好、事物 curator [kjuə'reitə] n.（博物馆等）馆长，负责人 curd [kə:d] n.凝乳；凝乳状物 curfew ['kə:fju:] n.宵禁cursive ['kə:siv] adj.（指书法）草书的，草体的 custard ['kʌstəd] n.蛋奶甜羹；乳蛋糕 cute [kju:t] adj.娇小可爱的；漂亮迷人的；机灵的 cutlery ['kʌtləri] n.刀具，餐具 cyberspace ['saibəspeis] n.网络（网上）空间 cynic ['sinik] n.愤世嫉俗的人，好挖苦的人 cynicism ['sinisizəm] n.愤世嫉俗的态度 D Dacron ['deikrɒn] n.涤纶，的确良 daffodil ['dæfədil] n.水仙花 dais ['deiis] n.讲台 daisy ['deizi] n.雏菊花damper ['dæmpə] n.气门，气闸 damsel ['dæmzəl] n.未婚少女 dandelion ['dændiˌlaiən] n.蒲公英 dandy ['dændi] n.过分注意衣着和外表的男人；花花公子adj.极好的，优秀的 daredevil ['deəˌdevəl] n.鲁莽大胆的人；冒失鬼 darn [dɑ:n] v.织补n.织补处 dated ['deitid] adj.旧式的；过时的 deacon ['di:kən] n.（教会中的）执事 deaden ['dedən] vt.减轻（某种感觉）；降低（声音） deadlock ['dedlɒk] n.僵局，相持不下 debacle [dei'bɑ:kl] n.（由于计划无法实现而导致的）崩溃；大败 debris ['deibri:] n.残骸；废墟；破瓦残砾 debug [di:'bʌg]vt.拆除窃听器；消除（电脑程序中的）错误 deckhand ['dekhænd] n.在甲板上工作的海员，水手 décor ['deikɒ:] n.（房间、舞台等的）布置（装饰），陈设 defrost [di:'frɒst] v.使解冻；给（冰箱等）除霜 defunct [di'fʌŋkt] adj.已死的；已废止的 deity ['di:əti] n.神；女神 deliverance [di'livərəns] n.解救，拯救 demagog（ue） ['deməgɒg] n.蛊惑民心的政客；煽动家 【派】demagogy/demagoguery（n.蛊惑民心的策略和手段） demeano（u）r [di'mi:nə] n.行为，举止 demented [di'mentid] adj.疯狂的；精神错乱的 demo ['deməu] n.示威游行；录音样带 demography [di:'mɒgrəfi] n.人口统计学，人口学 demon ['di:mən]n.恶魔，恶棍；（玩游戏，尤指玩纸牌的）高手 demonic [di:'mɒnik] adj.疯狂的；残忍的，凶恶的 denim ['denim] n.斜纹粗棉布；[pl.]斜纹棉布裤；牛仔裤 denizen ['denizən] n.（特定地区的）栖息者，居住者 dent [dent] n.缺口，凹痕vt.使凹陷；损害，伤害 dentistry ['dentistri] n.牙科学，牙医术 deodorant [di:'əudərənt] n.除臭剂 depopulate [ˌdi:'pɒpjuleit] vt.使人口减少 depository [di'pɒziˌtəri] n.储藏室；仓库 deputation [ˌdepju'teiʃən] n.代表团 derail [di'reil] vt.使（火车等）出轨；破坏，干扰 Derby ['də:bi] n.德比大战；赛跑，竞赛 deregulate [di:'regjuleit] vt.撤销对…的管制规定；解除对…的控制derrick ['derik] n.转臂起重机；钻井塔；油井架 desegregate [ˌdi:'segrigeit] vt.废除…的种族隔离 despotism ['despətizəm] n.专制君主的统治；暴政 detachable [di'tætʃəbl] adj.可拆卸的，可分开的 determiner [di'tə:minə] n.限定词 diabetes [ˌdaiə'bi:ti:z] n.【医】糖尿病 diagonal [dai'ægənəl] adj.对角的，对角线的；倾斜的，斜线的n.对角线，斜线 dialectics [ˌdaiə'lektiks] n.辩证法 diametrically [ˌdaiə'metrikəli] adv.完全，全然 diarrho（e）a [ˌdaiə'riə] n.腹泻 dice [dais] n.骰子，色子vt.用骰子赌博；把（肉、蔬菜等）切成丁 dictum ['diktəm] n.正式声明；断言；格言 diehard ['daihɑ:d]n.死硬派，老顽固 dietitian [ˌdaiə'tiʃən] （也作dietician）n.饮食学家，膳食学家 dignitary ['dignitəri] n.显贵，要人 dilettante [ˌdilə'tænti] n.浅薄的涉猎者；业余爱好者 dimple ['dimpl] n.酒窝，窝 din [din] n.喧闹声，嘈杂声vt.再三叮嘱；反复强调，三番五次告诫 dinghy ['diŋgi] n.无篷小艇 diocese ['daiəsis] n.主教教区diode ['daiəud] n.（电子）二极管 diphthong ['difθɒŋ] n.双元音，复合元音 dipper ['dipə] n.长柄勺；[D-]北斗七星 dire ['daiə] adj.极可怕的；极其严重的；极糟糕的 directive [di'rektiv] n.指令，训令adj.指示的；指导的 disarray [ˌdisə'rei] n.混乱；紊乱；零乱 disband [dis'bænd] v.解散，遣散 discus ['diskəs] n.铁饼 disfavo（u）r [dis'feivə] n.不喜欢；不赞成；反感 disjunctive [dis'dʒʌŋktiv] adj.（连词）转折的；反意的 disrepute [ˌdisri'pju:t] n.丧失名誉；声名狼藉 disrespect [ˌdisri'spekt] n.不尊敬，无礼 dissolute ['disəlju:t]adj./n.放荡的（人），过不道德生活的（人） dissonance ['disənəns] n.（乐声的）不和谐音；不一致 distaste [dis'teist] n.不喜欢；厌恶 ditto ['ditəu] adv.同样地，同前地 n.表示“同上”或“同前”的符号 ditty ['diti] n.小曲，歌谣 dividend ['dividend] n.被除数；红利，股息 divine [di'vain] adj.神的，上帝的，神圣的；非凡的，极好的 divinity [di'vinəti] n.神性，神力，神奇；神，上帝；神学 divisive [di'vaisiv] adj.离间的；造成不和的，导致分裂的 doctorate ['dɒktərit] n.博士学位 dog-eared ['dɒgiəd] adj.（书页）折角的；（书）翻旧的，破旧的 dogma ['dɒgmə] n.教义；信条；教条 dogmatic [dɒg'mætik] adj.教条的；固执己见的；武断的dog-tired [ˌdɒg'taiəd] adj.累极了的 doldrums ['dɒldrəmz] n.赤道无风带 【搭】in the doldrums精神不振，无精打采；不活跃；无进展 dollop ['dɒləp] n.（食物的）一块，一团 domain [dəu'mein] n.领域，范围，范畴；领土，领地，势力范围 domicile ['dɒmisail] n.住处，住所 doomsday ['du:mzdei] n.世界末日 【搭】till doomsday永远；到世界末日 dope [dəup] n.迷幻药，麻醉药；呆子，傻瓜 dosage ['dəusidʒ] n.（药的）剂量，服用量 dossier ['dɒsiei] n.卷宗，档案 doting ['dəutiŋ] adj.溺爱的；偏爱的 dowager ['dauədʒə] n.承袭亡夫遗产（称号）的孀居贵妇；受尊敬的老妇人 down [daun]n.绒毛，柔毛 down-and-out [ˌdaunænd'aut] adj./n.穷困潦倒的（人），走投无路的（人） downgrade ['daungreid] vt.降级（降职）；降低重要性 downtime ['dauntaim] n.（尤指电脑的）停机时间 dowry ['dauəri] n.嫁妆 drab [dræb] adj.单调乏味的；无光彩的；无生气的；枯燥无味的 drape [dreip] vt.将（衣物、帘等）悬挂，披；使随便地悬挂，任意地伸出n.帘子，帷 幕 drapery ['dreipəri] n.布料，布匹；纺织品 draught [drɑ:ft；dræft] n.通风气流；通风装置；一饮（服）的量；吃水（深度）；拖，拉； （啤酒等）汲取；散装啤酒【派】draughty（adj.通风的，有穿堂风的） draughtsman ['drɑ:ftsmən] （也作draftsman）n.法案（议案）的起草人 draw [drɒ:] n./v.慢吞吞地说，拉长调子讲话 dregs [dregz] n.渣滓，残渣，糟粕dressy ['dresi] adj.爱穿时髦服装的；（衣物）讲究的 dribble ['dribl] v.（—点一滴地）落下，滴下，淌；运球 drily ['draili] （也作dryly）adv.干燥地；干巴巴地，冷淡地 dripping ['dripiŋ] n.（烤肉上滴下的）油滴 drive-in ['draivin] adj.（顾客无需下车即可得到服务的）免下车的（餐馆、影院、银行 等） dub [dʌb] vt.起绰号；（为影片）配音 duchy ['dʌtʃi] n.公爵的领地 duct [dʌkt] n.管道，槽；细管；导管 duet [dju:'et] n.二重唱；二重奏 duff [dʌf] adj.无价值的，无用的vt.未击中；弄糟 dunce [dʌns] n.迟钝的人，蠢笨的人 dune [dju:n] n.沙丘dungarees [ˌdʌŋgə'ri:z] n.（粗棉布）长工作服；工装裤 dungeon ['dʌndʒən] n.土牢，地牢 duo ['dju:əu] n.成对的表演者，搭档 duplicity [dju:'plisəti] n.口是心非；欺骗；奸诈 dusky ['dʌski] adj.深褐色的，黑黝黝的 dustcart ['dʌstkɑ:t] n.垃圾车 dynamics [dai'næmiks] n.力学；动力学 dynamism ['dainəmizəm] n.精力，活力；志向 E earl [ə:l] n.伯爵 earmark ['iəmɑ:k] vt.（为某目的）指定（安排） earthen ['ə:θən] adj.土制的；陶制的earthenware ['ə:θənweə] n.陶器 earth-moving [ə:θ'mu:viŋ] adj.大量掘土（运土）的 earthwork ['ə:θwə:k] n.土垒（旧时防御用的工事） earthy ['ə:θi] adj.泥土的，土状的；未精炼的，天然的；世间的 easel ['i:zəl] n.画架；黑板架 eaves [i:vz] n.屋檐 ebony ['ebəni] n./adj.乌木（色的）；黑檀（色的） eccentricity [ˌeksen'trisəti] n.古怪，怪癖 eczema ['eksimə] n.湿疹 eddy ['edi] n.漩涡，涡流vi.旋转，回旋 edict ['i:dikt] n.法令；敕令 edifice ['edifis] n.（宏伟的）建筑 effeminate [i'feminət]adj.女人气的，娘娘腔的 effluent ['efluənt] n.废水；污水 egalitarian [iˌgæli'teəriən] n./adj.平等主义（的），主张人人平等（的）；平等主义者（的） egg [eg] vt.怂恿；煽动n.蛋；卵 electioneering [iˌlekʃə'niəriŋ] n.竞选活动 electorate [i'lektərət] n.全体选民 electrode [i'lektrəud] n.电极 electroplate [i'lektrəpleit] vt.电镀n.电镀物品 electroscope [i'lektrəskəup] n.验电器 electrostatic [iˌlektrəu'stætik] adj.静电的 elf [elf] n.[pl.elves] （传说中的）小精灵 elite [ei'li:t] n.精华；精英；中坚 elope [i'ləup]vi.私奔 embankment [im'bæŋkmənt] n.堤；路基 embattled [im'bætld] adj.被敌人包围的；处于困境的，四面楚歌的 emboss [im'bɒs] vt.使凸起；加浮雕图案于… emir [ə'miə] n.穆斯林酋长（王公） emissary ['emisəri] n.密使，特使 empiricism [em'pirəsizəm] n.经验主义，经验论 encampment [in'kæmpmənt] n.营房；扎营地 encase [in'keis] vt.把…装入箱（盒、套等）中；包起 enclave ['enkleiv] n.聚居地 endanger [in'deindʒə] vt.危及，危害 endemic [en'demik] adj.地方性的 endways ['endweiz] （也作endwise）adv.末端向前；两端相接enigma [i'nigmə] n.谜；神秘莫测的人或事物 enmity ['enməti] n.仇恨，敌意 ennoble [i'nəubl] vt.使成为贵族；使高贵（崇高） enormity [i'nɒ:məti] n.巨大，庞大；穷凶极恶；残暴 ensemble [ɒn'sɒmbl] n.合奏组，小乐队；全体，整体；总效果 enshrine [in'ʃrain] vt.把…置于神龛内，把…奉若神明 ensign ['ensən] n.（尤指海军的）旗，（船上挂的特种的）国旗；海军少尉 enslave [in'sleiv] vt.奴役；使成为奴隶 entourage [ˌɒntu'rɑ:ʒ] n.随从人员 entrée ['ɒntrei] n.入场许可，进入权；（主菜上桌前的）小菜；主菜，正菜 eon ['iən] n.极漫长的时间，万古 epigram ['epigræm] n.诙谐短诗；警句 epilog（ue） ['epilɒg]n.（书、剧本、电影、节目等的）结尾部分；后记；（戏剧的）收场白 epitaph ['epitɑ:f；'epitæf] n.墓志铭 equiangular [i:kwi'æŋgjulə] adj.等角的 equidistant [ˌi:kwi'distənt] adj.等距的 equilateral [ˌi:kwi'lætərəl] adj.等边的 equilibrium [ˌi:kwi'libriəm] n.平衡，均势 equinox ['i:kwənɒks] n.春分；秋分 erasure [i'reiʒə] n.痕迹，字印；根除，消除 erotic [i'rɒtik] adj.性爱的，性欲的；色情的 Eskimo ['eskiməu] n.爱斯基摩人（语） espionage ['espiəˌnɑ:ʒ] n.间谍活动 estancia [es'ta:nsjə] n.（拉丁美洲的）大庄园；大牧场 etceteras [it'setrəz] n.[pl.]额外事物；零星杂项 etch [etʃ] v.（在金属上）蚀刻 ethos ['i:θɒs] n.（个人或团体的）精神特质 etiquette ['etiket] n.礼节，礼仪 eulogy ['ju:lədʒi] n.颂词，颂文 euphemism ['ju:fəmizəm] n.婉言，委婉的说法 euphemistic [ˌju:fə'mistik] adj.委婉的 euphoria [ju:'fɒ:riə] n.狂喜；兴奋异常 euthanasia [ˌju:θə'neiziə] n.安乐死 evangelical [ˌi:væn'dʒelikəl] adj.福音传道的；狂热地宣传自己的主张和信仰的 evangelist [i'vændʒəlist] n.福音传道士；旅行布道者 evolutionary [ˌi:və'lu:ʃənəri] adj.进化（论）的；由进化产生的；发展的 ewe [ju:] n.母羊excellency ['eksələnsi] n.[E-]阁下（对政府等机构中身居高位者的尊称） excerpt ['eksə:pt] n.摘录，摘要 existential [ˌegzi'stenʃəl] adj.存在的；存在主义的 existentialist [ˌegzi'stenʃəlist] n.存在主义者 exodus ['eksədəs] n.成群离去，大批离开 exorcize ['eksɒ:saiz] vt.用祈祷（魔法）驱逐（恶魔） expectancy [ik'spektənsi] n.期待，期望 exploit ['eksplɒit] n.英勇（冒险）的行为（事迹）；功勋 exponent [ik'spəunənt] n.（信念等的）倡导者；说明者；鼓吹者 extraterrestrial [ˌekstrətə'restriəl] adj.地球之外的；来自外星的 extremism [ik'stri:mizəm] n.极端主义；极端性 extremities [ik'stremətis] n.（人的）肢体，手足；极端性，偏激 extrovert ['ekstrəvə:t]（也作extravert）n.性格外向者，活泼（爱交际）的人 eye-catching ['aiˌkætʃiŋ] adj.引人注目的；动人的 eyewash ['aiwɒʃ] n.洗眼（药）水；把戏，骗局 F f（o）etus ['fi:təs] n.胎儿 facade [fə'sɑ:d] n.正面，临街正面；（掩盖真实感情的）外表 facing ['feisiŋ] n.（墙壁等的）饰面，面层；（领口或袖口的）镶边，饰边 faction ['fækʃən] n.（政党、组织等内部的）派别，宗派 fad [fæd] n.（一时的）狂热；时尚 fag [fæg] n.苦工，苦差事 fairground ['feəgraund] n.游乐场；展销会场地 fairway ['feəwei] n.（高尔夫球场上的）平坦球道 fairyland ['feərilænd]n.仙境，仙界；奇境 falcon ['fɒ:lkən] n.猎鹰 falsetto [fɒ:l'setəu] n.假声，假（高音）嗓子 familial [fə'miljəl] adj.家庭的，家族的 farce [fɑ:s] n.闹剧场面，一团糟的场面；滑稽戏，闹剧 fatality [fə'tæləti] n.死亡事故；（疾病的）致命性 fated ['feitid] adj.命中注定的；很不幸的 fateful ['feitful] adj.重大的；决定性的 fat-head ['fæthed]n.笨蛋，傻瓜 faucet ['fɒ:sit] n.水龙头 fauna ['fɒ:nə] n.[pl.faunae]动物群 favo（u）ritism ['feivəritizəm] n.偏爱；偏袒；徇私 federalism ['fedərəlizəm] n.联邦主义 federalist ['fedərəlist] n.联邦主义者 felicity [fə'lisəti] n.快乐，幸福；贴切，恰当 felony ['feləni] n.重罪 felt [felt] n.毛毡 femininity [ˌfemə'ninəti] n.女子气质 fen [fen] n.沼泽地区 fender ['fendə] n.保险杠；挡泥板 ferret ['ferit] n.搜寻，搜索；查获festive ['festiv] adj.欢乐的，节日的 festivity [fes'tivəti] n.庆祝活动；庆典；欢宴 festoon [fes'tu:n] vt.给…花彩n.花彩，花饰 fete [feit] n.（尤指为筹款而组织的户外）游乐会；庆祝活动，盛会vt.向（某人） 致敬 fetish ['fetiʃ] n.被狂热崇拜之物；迷恋之物 fetus ['fi:təs] n.胎儿 fiberglass ['faibəgla:s] n.玻璃纤维 fieldwork ['fi:ldwə:k] n.实地考察，现场调查 fiend [fi:nd] n.恶魔，魔鬼；迷，狂 fig [fig] n.无花果；一点儿；无价值的东西 figment ['figmənt] n.虚构的事（物），臆造的事物 figurative ['figjurətiv] adj.比喻的，借喻的；象征的figurehead ['figəhed] n.傀儡；有名无实的领导者 fillet ['filit] n.无骨的肉片vt.把…切成片 finale [fi'nɑ:li] n.（音乐的）终曲；终场；（音乐、戏剧等的）最后部分 finely ['fainli] adv.微细地；精确地；精细地 finery ['fainəri] n.华丽的衣服 finesse [fi'nes] n.技巧；策略；手腕vt.用策略对付某事 fire-bomb ['faiəbɒm] n.燃烧弹 firebrand ['faiəbrænd] n.煽动者，挑起暴乱者 firebrick ['faiəbrik] n.耐火砖 firedamp ['faiədæmp] n.瓦斯，沼气，甲烷 firepower ['faiəpauə] n.火力 fishery ['fiʃəri] n.渔场；渔业 fishmonger ['fiʃˌmʌŋgə]n.鱼贩，鱼商 fissure ['fiʃə] n.裂缝，裂隙 fitting ['fitiŋ] adj.适合的，恰当的n.试穿；装配；[pl.]（房屋内的）固定装置，配件 fixer ['fiksə] n.操纵者 fixture ['fikstʃə] n.（房屋或建筑物内的）固定装置；（预定举行的）体育比赛 fizz [fiz] n./vi.（液体发出的）嘶嘶声 flagpole ['flægpəul] n.旗杆 flak [flæk] n.高射炮（火）；抨击，谴责；强烈反对 flammable ['flæməbl] adj.易燃的 flank [flæŋk] n.腰窝；侧翼vt.位于…的侧面 flare [fleə] vi.张开，（使）展开n.[pl.]喇叭裤flashback ['flæʃbæk] n.（电影的）闪回；倒叙 flavor（u）ring ['fleivəriŋ] n.调味品，调味香料 flax [flæks] n.亚麻（纤维） flaxen ['flæksən] adj.（毛发）淡黄色的 fleck [flek] n.斑点；微粒vt.使有斑点；使成斑驳 flexitime ['fleksitaim] n.弹性工作制 flier ['flaiə] n.飞行物；飞行者 floodgate ['flʌdgeit]n.水闸门；防洪闸门【搭】open the floodgates打开水闸；突然解除抑制 floodlight ['flʌdlait] n.泛光灯，泛光（照明）vt.用泛光灯照亮 floral ['flɒ:rəl] adj.用花做的，用花装饰的 florist ['flɒrist] n.花商 fluidity [flu:'idəti] n.流动性；流动状态 fluke [flu:k] n./v.侥幸；侥幸的成功 flux [flʌks] n.不断的变化，变动，变迁 flyer ['flaiə] n.飞行物；飞行者 flyleaf ['flaili:f] n.（书等的）空白页；扉页 flywheel ['flaiwi:l] n.飞轮；惯性轮 fogy ['fəugi] n.老顽固，老古板；落伍者 foible ['fɒibl] n.（性格上的）小缺点；瑕疵 fold [fəuld] n.褶层；褶痕；羊栏；具同一宗教信仰的人们v.折叠，对折；包；裹folder ['fəuldə] n.文件夹，纸夹 folivore ['fəulivɒ:] n.食叶动物 folklore ['fəuklɒ:] n.民间传说；民俗（学）；民间传统 font [fɒnt] n.（教堂里的）洗礼盆，圣水盆 foolproof ['fu:lpru:f] adj.不会误用的；易操作的 foothill ['futhil] n.[pl.]山麓小丘 foothold ['futhəuld] n.立足处；根据地，据点；稳固地位 footloose ['futlu:s] adj.自由自在的；无拘无束的 footman ['futmən] n.（穿制服的）男仆 footwork ['futwə:k] n.腿功；步法 foray ['fɒrei] n.突袭，袭击；开创性的尝试 forceps ['fɒ:seps] n.镊子；钳子forecourt ['fɒ:kɒ:t] n.前庭，前院 foreground ['fɒ:graund] n.前部；前景 foreknowledge [fɒ:'nɒlidʒ] n.预知，预见 foreland ['fɒ:lənd] n.岬角，海角 forensic [fə'rensik] adj.法庭（用）的，与法庭有关的；法学的 forerunner ['fɒ:ˌrʌnə] n.先驱，开路人；前兆，预兆 foreshore ['fɒ:ʃɒ:] n.海滩，海滨 forester ['fɒristə] n.守林人；在森林里居住及工作的人foretaste ['fɒ:teist] n./vt.预先的体验；先尝 forethought ['fɒ:θɒ:t] n.先见之明，远见 fornicate ['fɒ:nikeit] vi.私通，通奸 forte [fɒ:t] n.特长；专长 fount [faunt] n.源泉；根源 franchise ['fræntʃaiz] n.选举权；特权，特许 freak [fri:k] n.怪物，怪事；狂热爱好者；不寻常的事或行为；不正常的人 freckle ['frekl] n.雀斑，斑点 freelance ['fri:lɑ:ns] n./vi.（作为）自由作家（艺术家）adj./adv.自由作家（撰稿人）的 （地） freewheel [ˌfri:'wi:l] vi.（汽车等）靠惯性滑行；自由地活动（行动） freighter ['freitə] n.货船；运输机 fresco ['freskəu] n.壁画frill [fril] n.饰边，褶边；不必要的装饰，（华而不实的）附加物 frizzy ['frizi] adj.（头发）鬈曲的 frock [frɒk] n.（女式）服装 frogman ['frɒgmən] n.蛙人；潜水员 frontage ['frʌntidʒ] n.（建筑物等的）正面空地 frontal ['frʌntəl] adj.（在）正面的；前额的；（气象）锋面的 frontbench [ˌfrʌnt'bentʃ] n.（英国议会席中两大政党领袖人物就座的）前排 frostbite ['frɒstbait] n.冻疮 fruiterer ['fru:tərə] n.水果商 fruition [fru:'iʃən] n.（希望、计划等的）实现，完成 fry [frai] n.鱼秧，鱼苗；成群生活在一起的幼小动物v.油煎（炸、炒） full-blown [ˌful'bləun] adj.（鲜花）盛开的，怒放的 full-length [ˌful'leŋθ]adj.（照片、镜子等）照出全身的；未缩短的，未删节的，全长的 funicular [fju:'nikjulə] n.缆车道 fur-lined ['fə:laind] adj.衬毛皮的 furnishings ['fə:niʃiŋz] n.[pl.]家具；室内陈设 furrier ['fʌriə] n.皮货商，毛皮商 fuse [fju:z] n.导火线，引线 G gable ['geibl] n.三角墙，山（形）墙 gag [gæg] n.（阻止人讲话的）塞口物；笑话，插科打诨vt.塞住（某人）的嘴 gala ['gɑ:lə] n.盛大的欢庆活动 gambit ['gæmbit] n.（国际象棋的）开局让棋法；为获得优势采取的第一步行动 garland ['gɑ:lənd] n.花冠，花环gastric ['gæstrik] adj.胃的，胃部的 gastritis [gæs'traitis] n.胃炎 gazette [gə'zet] n.政府公报；（官方）报刊 gearbox ['giəbɒks] n.齿轮箱；变速箱 genesis ['dʒenəsis] n.开始，起源 gibber ['dʒibə] vi.急促而无意义地说 【派】gibberish（n.胡言乱语，莫名其妙的话） gibbon ['gibən] n.长臂猿 gill [gil]n.鱼鳃 gimmick ['gimik] n.引人注意的把戏，花招 girder ['gə:də] n.（桥梁和大建筑物的）主梁，大梁 girdle ['gə:dl] n.（女子）紧身褡；腰带 glacial ['gleisjəl] adj.冰的，冰川（期）的 gladiator ['glædieitə] n.斗剑者，角斗士 glossary ['glɒsəri] n.词汇表 glutton ['glʌtən] n.贪吃者 goody ['gudi] n.可口的食物；（小说、电影等中的）主人公；好人 gospel ['gɒspəl] n.信条；真理；[G-]（圣经中记载耶稣生平的）福音书 graffiti [grə'fi:ti:] n.（在墙上等处的）涂写，涂画 grandeur ['grændʒə] n.宏伟，壮观 granule ['grænju:l] n.小颗粒，微粒grate [greit] n.（壁炉的）金属炉架 gravel ['grævəl] n.碎石，砾石 grid [grid] n.铁栅，格子；输电网（络）；地图上的坐标方格 grievance ['gri:vəns] n.怨愤；气恼；委屈 grounding ['graundiŋ] n.（某学科的）基础训练；基础教育 grove [grəuv] n.小树林，树丛 guise [gaiz] n.外表；伪装 guru ['guru:] n.古鲁（印度教的领袖）；（熟知某一问题的）专家，权威 gusto ['gʌstəu] n.爱好；津津有味；热忱 guttural ['gʌtərəl] adj.（指话语）自喉咙处发出的，带喉音的 gyn（a）ecology [ˌgainə'kɒlədʒi] n.妇科学，妇科 Hhabitué [hə'bitjuei] n.常客 hack [hæk] n.蹩脚作家，雇佣文人；供出租的马，骑用的马v.砍；劈 【派】hacked（adj.生气的，恼火的） hacksaw ['hæksɒ:] n.钢锯 hag [hæg] n.老丑婆，母夜叉；巫婆 hairdo ['heədu:] n.发式，发型 hairpiece ['heəpi:s] n.假发 hallelujah [ˌhæli'lu:jə] （也作halleluia）n./int.哈利路亚（表达赞美上帝的欢呼、歌） hallmark ['hɒ:lmɑ:k] n.（金、银等制品上打的）纯度印记；特点，特征 hallowed ['hæləud] adj.神圣的 Halloween [ˌhæləu'i:n] n.万圣节前夕（10月31日） halo ['heiləu] n.光环，光轮；（日、月等的）晕 halter ['hɒ:ltə] n.（马等的）笼头；缰绳hamlet ['hæmlit] n.小村庄 hammock ['hæmək] n.吊床 handbrake ['hændbrik] n.手刹车 handily ['hændili] adv.容易地，不费力地；灵巧地；熟练地 handiness ['hændinis] n.手工技巧 handiwork ['hændiwə:k] n.手工（制品）；某人行动的后果 handlebar ['hændlbɑ:] n.[pl.]（自行车等的）把手 handpicked [ˌhænd'pikt] adj.精选的handsomely ['hænsəmli] adv.相当地；慷慨地 handstand ['hændstænd] n.倒立 handyman ['hændimæn] n.杂务工，干零碎杂活的人 hangar ['hæŋə] n.飞机库，停机棚 hanger ['hæŋə] n.挂钩；衣架 hangings ['hæŋiŋz] n.悬挂物（如窗帘、帷幔等） hangman ['hæŋmən] n.绞刑吏，刽子手 hangnail ['hæŋneil] n.（指甲根的）倒刺 hankie ['hæŋki] （也作hanky）n.手帕，纸巾 hardball ['hɑ:dbɒ:l] n.棒球【搭】play hardball采取强硬方法 hardbitten [ˌhɑ:d'bitən] adj.（指人）经过磨炼而变得坚强的 hardboard ['hɑ:dbɒ:d] n.硬纸板 hardcore ['hɑ:dkɒ:]n.（用作地基、路基等的）碎石、碎砖等；（某一组织中的）中间力量 hardheaded [ˌhɑ:d'hedid] adj.冷静的；脚踏实地的；无懈可击的 hardtop ['hɑ:dtɒp] n.硬顶小轿车 hardwood ['hɑ:dwud] n.硬木（材） harelip ['heəˌlip] n.唇裂，兔唇 harmonica [hɑ:'mɒnikə] n.口琴 harmonium [hɑ:'məunjəm] n.簧风琴，小风琴 harpoon [hɑ:'pu:n] vt.用渔叉叉n.渔叉 hatchback ['hætʃbæk]n.（后车门向上开的）小轿车 hatchery ['hætʃəri] n.孵卵处；（鱼的）孵化场 hatchet ['hætʃit] n.短柄小斧 haulage ['hɒ:lidʒ] n.（公路）货运；运（输）费 haunch [hɒ:ntʃ] n.臀部 haven ['heivən] n.安全之地；栖息处；避难所 haversack ['hævəsæk] n.（徒步旅行用的）背包 haystack ['heistæk] n.干草堆 haze [heiz] n.薄雾；阴霾 hazel ['heizəl] n./adj.淡褐色（的） headdress ['heddres] n.头巾；头饰 headgear ['hedgiə] n.帽，盔；头饰 headhunter ['hedˌhʌntə] n.收集敌人首级作为战利品者；物色（招聘）高级人才的人headland ['hedlənd] n.海角，岬 headrest ['hedrest] n.（座位上的）头垫，头枕 headship ['hedʃip] n.领导者的职位 headstone ['hedstəun] n.墓石 hearsay ['hiəsei] n.传闻；道听途说 hearse ['hə:s] n.灵车，柩车 hearth [hɑ:θ] n.炉边；家庭 heartland ['hɑ:tlænd] n.心脏地带；中心区域 heartstring ['hɑ:tstriŋ] n.[pl.]心弦；内心最深处的感情 heatstroke ['hi:tstrəuk] n.中暑 heck [hek] n./int.[表示轻度的懊恼、惊讶，加强语气] 见鬼 hedonism ['hi:dəunizəm] n.享乐主义；唯乐论，享乐至上论hedonist ['hi:dəunist] n.享乐主义者 hegemony [hi'geməni] n.霸权；领导权 heifer ['hefə] n.小母牛 heirloom ['eəlu:m] n.传家宝 helium ['hi:liəm] n.【化】氦 helm [helm] n.舵柄；舵轮 hemline ['hemlain] n.（衣裙的）下摆，底边 hemlock ['hemlɒk] n.【植】毒芹 hemophilia [ˌhi:mə'filiə] n.【医】血友症 hemorrhage ['heməridʒ] n.出血，溢血 hemorrhoid ['hemərɒidz] n.[pl.]痔，痔疮 hemp [hemp] n.【植】大麻 henceforth ['hensfɒ:θ]adv.从今以后，今后 henchman ['hentʃmən] n.亲信，心腹 hepatitis [ˌhepə'taitis] n.肝炎 herbivore ['hə:bivɒ:] n.食草动物 herbivorous [hə:'bivərəs] adj.食草的 hereby [ˌhiə'bai] adv.以此方式；由此 hereto [ˌhiə'tu:] adv.至此 herewith [ˌhiə'wið] adv.（用于商业函件）同此，随函 hermitage ['hə:mitidʒ] n.隐居处；修道院 heyday ['heidei] n.鼎盛时期 hiatus [hai'eitəs] n.裂口；空隙；脱漏处 hideaway ['haidəˌwei] n.藏身处 hieroglyphics [ˌhaiərə'glifiks] n.象形字highchair ['haitʃeə] n.（带托盘的幼童吃饭用的）高脚椅 Highness ['hainis] n.（用于对皇室成员的尊称）殿下，阁下 hillock ['hilək] n.小丘，土墩 hilt [hilt] n.（刀、剑等的）柄 Hindi ['hindi:] n./adj.印地语（的） hindmost ['haindməust] adj.最后面的 hindquarters ['haindˌkwɒ:təz] n.（动物的）臀及后腿 hindsight ['haindsait] n.（尤指对失败原因的）事后认识，事后的觉悟 Hinduism ['hinduizəm] n.印度教 Hispanic [hi'spænik] adj.西班牙和葡萄牙的；西班牙及其他说西班牙语国家的 hiss [his] v.发出“嘶”声n.“嘶”声，嘘声 hither ['hiðə] adv.到此处，向此处 【搭】hither and thither到处，四面八方HIV（=Human Immunodeficiency Virus）n.人体免疫缺损病毒（艾滋病 病毒） hive [haiv] n.蜂箱，蜂房；繁忙的场所 hoard [hɒ:d] n.贮藏物，密封（物）vt.隐藏；贮藏 hoarding ['hɒ:diŋ] n.布告栏；广告板 hobbyhorse ['hɒbiˌhɒ:s] n.木马；反复唠叨的话题 hobgoblin ['hɒbˌgɒblin] n.精灵；鬼怪 hobnail ['hɒbneil] n.（鞋跟）平头钉 hod [hɒd] n.砖斗；煤斗 hoggish ['hɒgiʃ] adj.自私而贪婪的 hogshead ['hɒgzhed] n.啤酒桶 holdall ['həuldɒ:l] n.大旅行袋 holding ['həuldiŋ] n.私人拥有的财产 holiness ['həulinis]n.神圣；陛下；（对教皇的尊称）圣座 holly ['hɒli] n.【植】冬青（树枝） hologram ['hɒləgræm] n.【物】全息图；全息照相 holster ['həulstə] n.（手枪的）皮套 hom（e） y ['həumi] adj.像家—样的；舒适惬意的 homage ['hɒmidʒ] n.尊敬，崇敬，敬意 homeopath（y） [ˌhɒmi'ɒpəθi] n.顺势疗法 homestead ['həumsted] n.（包括四周土地的）农庄，农家 homicide ['hɒmisaid] n.杀人；杀人犯 homily ['hɒmili] n.说教 homing ['həumiŋ] adj.有归家本领的，有返回性的；（器械）自动导向的，导航的 homosexual [ˌhɒməu'seksjuəl] adj.同性恋的 honeycomb ['hʌnikəum] n.蜂巢honk [hɒŋk] n./v.（发）雁叫声；（发）汽车喇叭声 hooligan ['hu:ligən] n.流氓，阿飞 hooray [hu'rei] n./int.（表示高兴、鼓励等的叫喊声）好哇！加油，欢呼声 hoot [hu:t] n.猫头鹰叫声；汽笛响声；汽车喇叭声；（反对、轻蔑地）喊叫v.发出 大声；喊叫 hoover ['hu:və] n.真空吸尘器 horde [hɒ:d] n.（移动中的）人群；一大群 hormone ['hɒ:məun] n.荷尔蒙，激素 hornet ['hɒ:nit] n.大黄蜂 horoscope ['hɒrəskəup] n.星相；占星术 hors（e）y ['hɒ:si] adj.马的；似马的；喜爱马和赛马的 horseshoe ['hɒ:sʃu:；'hɒ:ʃu:] n.马蹄铁，马掌 horticulture ['hɒ:tikʌltʃə] n.园艺；园艺学【派】horticultural（adj.园艺的） hosiery ['həuziəri] n.（袜子、内衣等）针织品 hospice ['hɒspis] n.（晚期病人的）安养院；（救济）招待所 hotbed ['hɒtbed] n.温床 hotchpotch ['hɒtʃpɒtʃ] n.乱七八糟的混杂物 hotelier [həu'teljei] n.旅馆老板，旅馆经理 hotfoot ['hɒtfut] adv.匆忙地，火速地 hothead ['hɒthed] n.性急的人；暴躁的人 hothouse ['hɒthaus] n.温室，暖房 hotly ['hɒtli] adv.热烈地，激动地；愤怒地；坚决地 hotplate ['hɒtpleit] n.加热板 hotpot ['hɒtpɒt] n.炖（焖）的肉和蔬菜；火锅 housebound ['hausbaund] adj.（因病等）不能离家外出的housecoat ['hauskəut] n.（女子在家穿的）宽松长袍 housecraft ['hauskrɑ:ft] n.家政（学） housemaster ['hausˌmɑ:stə] n.（寄宿学校的）舍监 housewarming ['hausˌwɒ:miŋ] n.庆祝乔迁的宴会 housewifery ['hauswifəri] n.家务，家政 hovel ['hɒvəl] n.茅舍，小屋 howler ['haulə] n.可笑的错误>HRH（=His/Her Royal Highness）n.殿下（用于他称） hub [hʌb] n.轮轴；（活动等的）中心 huckster ['hʌkstə] n.沿街叫卖的小贩 hue [hju:] n.颜色；色彩；色调；（仅用于hue and cry）（示警的）喊叫，呐喊 hulk [hʌlk] n.废船；大而笨重的人（或物） hull [hʌl] n.外壳 humpback ['hʌmpbæk]n.驼背 humus ['hju:məs] n.腐殖质 hunch [hʌntʃ] n.直觉；预感 hunchback ['hʌntʃbæk] n.驼背 hundredweight ['hʌndrədˌweit] n.英担（重量单位的） hunk [hʌŋk] n.大块，大片 husbandry ['hʌzbəndri] n.农牧业，畜牧业 husk [hʌsk] n.外壳，外皮vt.除去…的外壳 hutch ['hʌtʃ] n.箱笼；兔笼 hybrid ['haibrid] n.杂种动（植）物；混合物 hydrant ['haidrənt] n.给水栓；消防栓 hydraulic [hai'drɒ:lik] adj.水（液）力的；水（液）压的 hydrocarbon ['haidrəuˌkɑ:bən] n.碳氢化合物hydrochloric [ˌhaidru'klɒrik] adj.氯化氢的；盐酸的 hydroelectricity [haidrəuiˌlek'trisəti] n.水电 hydroxide [hai'drɒksaid] n.氢氧化物 hypermarket ['haipəˌmɑ:kit] n.巨型超级市场 hypertension [ˌhaipə'tenʃən] n.高血压；精神过度紧张 hyphenate ['haifəneit] vt.用连字号连接 hypnosis [hip'nəusis] n.催眠状态 hypnotic [hip'nɒtik] adj.催眠（术）的；安眠的 hypnotism ['hipnətizəm] n.催眠（术） hypodermic [ˌhaipə'də:mik] adj.皮下注射的 hypotenuse [hai'pɒtənju:z] n.弦，斜边 Iicebreaker ['aisbreikə] n.破冰船 icicle ['aisikl] n.冰柱，冰锥 icing ['aisiŋ] n.（糕饼表层的）糖衣，糖霜 icon [ai'kɒn] n.（东正教的）圣像 idolatry [ai'dɒlətri] n.偶像崇拜 ignition [ig'niʃən] n.点火开关，发火装置；燃烧，点火 illustrator ['iləˌstreitə] n.为书画插图的人 imagery ['imidʒəri] n.意象；形象化描述imbecile ['imbisail] n.低能者，傻瓜 impostor [im'pɒstə] n.（冒充他人的）骗子 inbuilt ['inbilt] adj.内在的；固有的，与生俱来的 incantation [ˌinkæn'teiʃən] n.咒语，符咒 inception [in'sepʃən] n.开始，开端 incest ['insest] n.乱伦 incinerate [in'sinəreit] vt.焚化，火化 indecision [ˌindi'siʒən] n.犹豫，踌躇 indigo ['indigəu] n.靛蓝，深紫蓝色 infamous ['infəməs] adj.声名狼藉的，恶名昭著的；无耻的 infantry ['infəntri] n.步兵 infidelity [ˌinfi'deləti] n.不贞行为 infighting ['inˌfaitiŋ]n.内部争斗，内讧；（拳击）近击 infirmary [in'fə:məri] n.医院；疗养院，医务室 inflection [in'flekʃən] n.词尾变化；音调变化，转调 influx ['inflʌks] n.流入；涌入；汇集 infrared [ˌinfrə'red] adj.红外线的 infrastructure ['infrəˌstrʌktʃə] n.基础结构，基本设施（如运输、动力、通讯等） injurious [in'dʒuəriəs] adj.有害的；致伤的 inkling ['iŋkliŋ] n.暗示；迹象 inlaid ['inleid] adj.镶嵌的；嵌饰的 inmate ['inmeit] n.（监狱中的）囚犯；（精神病院的）病人 insatiable [in'seiʃjəbl] adj.无法满足的；贪得无厌的 inset ['inset] n.附加物（尤指一页印刷品或大图中插入或套印的小图） insofar [ˌinsəu'fɑ:] adv.在…范围【搭】insofar as至…度 insoluble [in'sɒljubl] adj.不能溶解的；不能解决的；不能解释的，无法解答的 insomnia [in'sɒmniə] n.失眠（症） insomniac [in'sɒmniæk] adj./n.患失眠症的（人） insomuch [ˌinsəu'mʌtʃ] adv.因为，鉴于；至如此程度 【搭】insomuch as因为，由于 instep ['instep] n.脚背；鞋面 insurrection [ˌinsə'rekʃən] n.起义；暴动；叛乱 intake ['inteik] n.吸入（量），纳入；（液体等的）进入口，引入口 integer ['intidʒə] n.整数；完整体，统一体 interlocutor [ˌintə'lɒkjutə] n.参加对话（讨论）的人 interloper ['intələupə] n.闯入者；干涉他人事务者 intermediary [ˌintə'mi:diəri] n.调解人；中间人 interment [in'tə:mənt]n.埋葬，安葬 intestinal [in'testinəl] adj.肠的 intoxicant [in'tɒksikeit] n.麻醉品；酒类 intransitive [in'trænsitiv] adj.（动词）不及物的 introvert ['intrəuvə:t] n.内向的人 invigilate [in'vidʒileit] v.监考 invigilator [in'vidʒileitə] n.监考人 invocation [ˌinvəu'keiʃən] n.祈愿 iodide ['aiədaid]n.碘化物 iodine ['aiədi:n] n.碘；碘酒 ion ['aiən] n.离子 iris ['aiəris] n.虹，彩虹；虹状物 irruption [i'rʌpʃən] n.突然冲入，闯入 isotherm ['aisəuθə:m] n.等温线，恒温线 isothermal [ˌaisəu'θə:məl] adj.等温线的 isotope ['aisəutəup] n.同位素 issuance ['iʃju:əns] n.发行；发布 itinerary [ai'tinərəri] n.旅行计划或记录，旅行路线 ivy ['aivi] n.常春藤【搭】Ivy League常春藤联盟（美国东部有高度学术水平和社 会声誉的名牌大学的通称） Jjack-in-the-box ['dʒækinðəˌbɒks] n.玩偶盒 jack-of-all-trades [ˌdʒækɒvˌɒ:l'treidz] n.百事通 jagged ['dʒægid] adj.边缘不整齐的；有锯齿状缺口的 jargon ['dʒɑ:gən] n.行话 jasmin（e） ['dʒæsmin] n.茉莉；淡黄色 javelin ['dʒævlin] n.标枪 jaywalk ['dʒeiwɒ:k] vi.无视交通规则任意穿行 jellyfish ['dʒelifiʃ] n.水母；海蜇 jetty ['dʒeti] n.栈桥，防波堤 jigsaw ['dʒigsɒ:] n.拼图游戏jingle ['dʒiŋgl] n.叮当声；（广告）短歌，押韵字句v.（使）发出叮当声 jog [dʒɒg] vi.慢跑，缓步跑vt.轻撞，轻推 joystick ['dʒɒistik] n.（飞行器）操纵杆，驾驶杆 jurisdiction [ˌdʒuəris'dikʃən] n.司法权，审判权；管辖权 juror ['dʒuərə] n.陪审团成员，陪审员 K kennel ['kenəl] n.狗舍kernel ['kə:nəl] n.（果实的）核，仁；（问题的）中心，要点，核心 kickoff ['kikɒf] n.（足球比赛的）开球 kin [kin] n.家属，亲属 kindred ['kindrid] adj.有血缘关系的，同宗的；志趣相投的人 kinship ['kinʃip] n.家属关系，亲属关系；（性质等的）类似，近似；亲密关系 kiwi ['ki:wi:] n.几维（产于新西兰的鸟）【搭】kiwi fruit猕猴桃 L lacquer ['lækə] n.漆；发胶vt.上漆，涂漆 ladle ['leidl] n.长柄勺vt.（用勺）舀或盛 lager ['lɑ:gə] n.淡啤酒 lagoon [lə'gu:n] n.咸水湖，礁湖 lance [lɑ:ns；læns] n.长矛，渔叉vt.用矛刺，用柳叶刀切开laryngitis [ˌlærən'dʒaitis] n.喉炎 larynx ['læriŋks] n.喉头 latch [lætʃ] n.门闩，窗闩；弹簧锁 lathe [leið] n.车床 launderette [ˌlɒ:ndə'ret] n.自助洗衣店 laurel ['lɒrəl;'lɒ:rəl] n.月桂树；[pl.]荣誉 lawsuit ['lɒ:sju:t] n.诉讼案件 layoff ['leiɒf]n.暂时解雇；暂时解雇期 ledge [ledʒ] n.架状突出物；壁架 ledger ['ledʒə] n.分类账 lee [li:] n.背风处，避风处adj.背风的，下风的 leek [li:k] n.韭菜 leeway ['li:wei] n.（时间、财物等的）富裕；回旋的余地 lentil ['lentil] n.扁豆 leprosy ['leprəsi] n.麻风病Lesbian ['lezbiən] n.女同性恋者 leuk（a）emia [lu:'ki:miə] n.白血病 levee ['levi] n.（美总统等的）接见；招待会；防洪堤；码头 leverage ['li:vəridʒ；'levəridʒ] n.杠杆作用 lexical ['leksikəl] adj.字的，词汇的 lexicography [ˌleksi'kɒgrəfi] n.词典学；词典编纂 lexis ['leksis] n.词，词汇 lieu [lju:] n.场所；替代 【搭】in lieu of顶替，替代 ligament ['ligəmənt] n.韧带 liken ['laikən] vt.把…比作 likeness ['laiknis] n.相似，相像 lilac ['lailək] n.紫丁香；淡紫色limelight ['laimlait] n.众人注意的焦点 lineage ['liniidʒ] n.家系；世系；血统 linesman ['lainzmən] n.边线裁判员，巡边员；线务员，架线员 litigation [ˌliti'geiʃən] n.（非刑事的）诉讼 liven ['laivən] vt.使…有生气，（使）活跃vi.活跃起来，快活起来 lobe [ləub] n.耳垂；（脑、肺等的）叶 loft [lɒft；lɒ:ft] n.阁楼，顶楼 logistics [lə'dʒistiks] n.后勤 logo ['lɒugəu] n.标识 loin [lɒin] n.（动物）腰部的肉；[pl.]腰部 lookout ['lukaut] n.留神观察；监视人；守望者 loophole ['lu:phəul] n.漏洞 lopsided ['lɒpˌsaidid]adj.倾向一边的，不平衡的 lotion ['ləuʃən] n.护肤液，洗涤剂 lotus ['ləutəs] n.荷花 louse [laus] n.虱子，寄生虫 lousy ['lauzi] adj.多虱的；讨厌的；糟糕的 lowbrow ['ləubrau] adj.无知识的；无文化修养的 lubricant ['lu:brikənt] n.润滑油 lug [lʌg] vt.用力拖，费力搬运 lullaby ['lʌləbai] n.摇篮曲，催眠曲 lunacy ['lu:nəsi] n.精神错乱 lust [lʌst] n.强烈的欲望；性欲【派】lusty（adj.健壮的；贪欲的；快乐的） lychee ['laitʃi] n.荔枝 lynch [lintʃ] vt.私刑处死lyric ['lirik] n.抒情诗adj.抒情的 lyrical ['lirikəl] adj.抒情的；极热情的 M macaroni [ˌmækə'rəuni] n.通心粉，通心面 macho ['mɑ:tʃəu] adj.有男子气概的；强壮的 mackerel ['mækərəl] n.鲭鱼 macroeconomic [ˌmækrəuˌi:kə'nɒmik] adj.宏观经济的 madden ['mædən] vt.使发狂；使恼火 Mafia ['mæfiə] n.黑手党 maggot ['mægət] n.蛆 magnate ['mægneit] n.大富豪；权贵 magnetism ['mægnitizəm] n.磁性，磁性作用;磁学；吸引力，魅力magnolia [mæg'nəuliə] n.木兰 magpie ['mægpai] n.鹊 mainspring ['meinspriŋ] n.（钟表内的）主发条；原动力;主要原因 mainstay ['meinstei] n.（船）主牵条；主要依靠 make-believe [ˌmeikbi'li:v] n.假装；虚构，幻想 maladministration ['mælədˌmini'streiʃən] n.处理不善 malformed [ˌmæl'fɒ:md] adj.畸形的 malfunction [ˌmæl'fʌŋkʃən] n.失灵，故障 malt [mɒ:lt] n.（用于制啤酒的）麦芽 mammoth ['mæməθ] adj.巨大的，庞大的n.猛犸；庞然大物 manacle ['mænəkl] n.[pl.]镣铐；手铐managerial [ˌmænə'dʒiəriəl] adj.经理的，管理的 mandarin ['mændərin] n.[M-]（中国的）官话（普通话旧称） mane [mein] n.鬃毛 manful ['mænful] adv.有男子气概的；勇敢的；果断的 manger ['meindʒə] n.（牲畜的）饲料槽【搭】a dog in the manger霸占某些东西而不让他人 使用的人，占茅坑不拉屎的人 manic ['mænik] adj.躁狂的n.躁狂者 manicure ['mæniˌkjuə] n.修甲vt.为…修指甲 manslaughter ['mænˌslɒ:tə] n.过失杀人（罪）mantelpiece ['mæntəlpi:s] n.壁炉台 mantle ['mæntl] n.覆盖物；披风，斗篷 manure [mə'njuə] n.粪，肥料vt.施肥于 Maori ['mauri] n.毛利人（新西兰土著人）；毛利语 mare [meə] n.母马；母驴 marijuana [ˌmærə'wɑ:nə] n.大麻；大麻中的毒质 marital ['mæritəl] adj.婚姻的 marking ['mɑ:kiŋ] n.作记号；记分 marksman ['mɑ:ksmən] n.神枪手 marquee [mɑ:'ki:] n.大帐篷 mart [mɑ:t] n.市场，商业中心 mascot ['mæskət] n.吉祥物；吉祥的人 masked [mɑ:skt；mæskt]adj.戴面具的；隐蔽的 matinée ['mætinei] n.（电影院或剧院的）下午场 mating ['meitiŋ] n.交配 matron ['meitrən] n.（学校的）女舍监；（过时）女护士长 mauve [məuv] n./adj.紫红色（的） maverick [mævərik] n.持异议者；持独立见解者 maxim ['mæksim] n.格言 mayhem ['meihem] n.大混乱，大破坏 maze [meiz] n.迷宫；混乱，迷惑 measles ['mi:zlz] n.麻疹 measurable ['meʒərəbl] adj.可度量的，可测量的；明显的，相当大的 Mecca ['mekə] n.麦加（伊斯兰圣地）；许多人想参观的地方 medicaid ['medikeid] n.医疗补助medication [ˌmedi'keiʃən] n.药物治疗；药剂，药物 megaphone ['megəfəun] n.扩音器 melodrama ['meləuˌdrɑ:mə] n.情节剧；轰动的事件；感情冲动的言行 membrane ['membrein] n.膜，薄膜 memento [mi'mentəu] n.纪念品 memorandum [ˌmemə'rændəm] n.备忘录，便函 meningitis [ˌmenin'dʒaitis] n.脑膜炎 menopause ['menəupɒ:z] n.停经期，更年期 menstrual ['menstruəl] adj.月经的 mermaid ['mə:meid] n.美人鱼 merry-go-round ['merigəuˌraund] n.（儿童玩的）旋转木马 Messiah [mi'saiə] n.救世主，救星；耶稣 metabolism [mi'tæbəlizəm]n.新陈代谢 metallurgy [me'tælədʒi；'metələ:dʒi] n.冶金学 metaphysical [ˌmetə'fizikəl] adj.形而上学的；（思想）玄奥的 meteor ['mi:tiə] n.流星 meteorological [ˌmi:tiərə'lɒdʒikəl] adj.气象（学）的 meteorology [ˌmi:tiə'rɒlədʒi] n.气象学 methane ['meθein] n.甲烷，沼气 methodology [ˌmeθə'dɒlədʒi] n.方法论；方法，方式；一套方法 microbiology [ˌmaikrəubai'ɒlədʒi] n.微生物学 microscope ['maikrəskəup] n.显微镜 midget ['midʒit] n.侏儒，矮人adj.极小的 migraine ['mi:grein；'maigrein] n.偏头痛 migrant ['maigrənt] n.移民；候鸟milometer [mai'lɒmitə] （也作mileometre）n.（汽车等的英里数）计程器 militarism ['militərizəm] n.军国主义；尚武精神 militiaman [mi'liʃəmən] n.民兵 millet ['milit] n.小米 milligram（me） ['miligræm] n.毫克 millipede ['milipi:d] n.千足虫 mime [maim] n.哑剧；哑剧演员v.作哑剧表演 mince [mins] vt.剁碎，绞碎n.肉馅 mink [miŋk] n.水貂；貂皮 mire ['maiə] n.沼地，泥潭 mirth [mə:θ] n.欢笑，高兴 misadventure [ˌmisəd'ventʃə] n.厄运，灾祸 misfit ['misfit]n.不合身的衣着；不适应环境的人 misplace [ˌmis'pleis] vt.把…放错地方；遗失；把（感情等）误给不该得到的对象 mitten ['mitən] n.露指手套，连指手套 moat [məut] n.壕沟；护城河 mockery ['mɒkəri] n.嘲弄，挖苦 modular ['mɒdjulə] adj.标准化的，模块化的；分单元的 module ['mɒdju:l；'mɒdʒu:l] n.（太空船上的）舱 mongrel ['mʌŋgrəl] n.杂种狗；混血儿；杂种动（植）物；血源混杂的事物 monochrome ['mɒnəkrəum] adj.黑白的；单色的n.单色复制品，单色的画、照片等 monogamy [mə'nɒgəmi] n.一夫一妻（制） monolingual [ˌmɒnə'liŋgwəl] adj.只用一种语言的 monolith ['mɒnəliθ] n.单块巨石 monotone ['mɒnətəun] n.（说话或唱歌）单调音monotony [mə'nɒtəni] n.单调，无变化 monsoon [mɒn'su:n] n.季候风 montage [mɒn'tɑ:ʒ] n.合成照片；（电影）蒙太奇 mores ['mɒ:reiz] n.风俗，道德风尚 moribund ['mɒrəbʌnd] adj.垂死的 morphine ['mɒ:fi:n] n.吗啡 mortar ['mɒ:tə] n.灰浆，灰泥；迫击炮 mortgage ['mɒ:gidʒ] n.抵押，抵押借款；抵押契据，按揭 mortuary ['mɒ:tjuəri] n.停尸房，殓房 mosaic [məu'zeiik] n.镶嵌细工；马赛克 motif [məu'ti:f] n.（图案的）基本花纹；（文艺作品的）主题 motionless ['məuʃənlis] adj.不动的，静止的 mound [maund]n.土堆，小丘 mousse [mu:s] n.冻奶油甜点 movable ['mu:vəbl] adj.可动的，可移动的；逐年不同的；（财产）动产的 muffin ['mʌfin] n.松饼，小松糕 mummy ['mʌmi] n.木乃尹，干尸 mumps [mʌmps] n.（传染性的）腮腺炎 municipality [mju:ˌnisi'pæləti] n.自治市，自治地区；市政府，市政当局 munitions [mju:'niʃənz] n.军火，弹药 mural ['mjuərəl] n.壁画；壁饰musk [mʌsk] n.麝香 mussel [mʌsəl] n.淡菜 mutant ['mju:tənt] n.（生物的）突变体 muzzle ['mʌzl] n.动物的口鼻部分；（动物的）口套vt.给（动物）戴口套 mystic ['mistik] adj.神秘的；难以理解的；神秘主义（者）的n.神秘主义鼓吹者 mythology [mi'θɒlədʒi] n.神话；神话集；神话学 N namesake ['neimseik]n.相同姓名的人（或物） nape [neip] n.颈，颈背，后颈 narcissus [na:'sisəs] n.水仙（花） nasal ['neizəl] adj.鼻的，鼻音的n.鼻音；鼻音字母 navel ['neivəl] n.（肚）脐 Nazism ['nɑ:tsizəm] n.纳粹主义 nectar ['nektə] n.花蜜；果汁饮料 neoclassical [ˌni:əu'klæsikəl] adj.新古典主义的 neon ['ni:ən] n.氖；霓虹灯 newsreel ['nju:zri:l] n.新闻影片 nib [nib] n.钢笔尖；（工具的）尖头 nicely ['naisli] adv.美好地，出色地；精密地；严谨地 niche [nitʃ] n.壁龛nicotine ['nikəti:n] n.尼古丁 nigger ['nigə] n.黑人（对黑人的蔑称） nipple ['nipl] n.乳头；（奶瓶的）奶嘴 nirvana [niə'vɑ:nə] n.涅■，圆寂；解脱 nitrate ['naitreit] n.硝酸盐 node [nəud] n.节，结，瘤；茎节；硬肿块 nomad ['nəumæd] n.游牧民；流浪者 nomenclature [nəu'menklətʃə；'nəumənkleitʃə] n.命名法；专门用语；名称 nominee [ˌnɒmi'ni:] n.被提名者 nonetheless [ˌnʌnðə'les] adv.尽管如此，然而 nonstop [ˌnɒn'stɒp] adj.直达的；不断的adv.中途不停地，不断地 Nordic ['nɒ:dik] n.北欧人adj.北欧人的 norm [nɒ:m]n.标准，规范，准则；（工作量）定额 notary ['nəutəri] n.公证人 notation [nəu'teiʃən] n.记号；标记法；记录 notification [ˌnəutifi'keiʃən] n.通知，告示；通知书 notwithstanding [ˌnɒtwiθ'stændiŋ] adv./prep.尽管；还是 nought [nɒ:t] n.零；无 novice ['nɒvis] n.初学者，生手，新手 nucleus ['nju:kliəs] n.细胞核；原子核；核；核心，中心 nude [nju:d] adj.裸体的n.裸体者；裸体艺术品 nudity ['nju:dəti] n.裸体，裸露 nuzzle ['nʌzl] v.用鼻子触（擦，掘） nymph [nimf] n.仙女O oasis [əu'eisis] n.（沙漠中的）绿洲；（枯燥或不愉快环境中的）胜地 obituary [əu'bitjuəri] n.讣告，讣闻 oboe ['əubəu] n.双簧管 observance [əb'zə:vəns] n.遵守，奉行；（宗教）仪式，庆祝（节庆） occidental [ˌɒksi'dentəl] adj.西方的；西方人的 occupancy ['ɒkjupənsi] n.占有；居住；占有（居住）期间 oceanography [ˌəuʃə'nɒgrəfi] n.海洋学octopus ['ɒktəpəs] n.章鱼 ode [əud] n.颂诗 odo（u）r ['əudə] n.气味 ointment ['ɒintmənt] n.药膏，软膏 omega ['əumigə] n.希腊字母表的最后一个字母（Ω） omelet（te） ['ɒmlit] n.煎蛋卷（饼）；炒鸡蛋 onomatopoeia [ˌɒnəumætə'pi:ə] n.拟声，象声词 onset ['ɒnset] n.开始；突击 onslaught ['ɒnslɒ:t] n.猛攻，猛袭 opal ['əupəl] n.（乳色）蛋白石 opus ['əupəs] n.作品 oracle ['ɒrəkl] n.（古希腊的）神谕，神谕处；贤哲，圣人 orator ['ɒrətə；'ɒ:rətə]n.演说家，演讲者 orbital ['ɒ:bitəl] adj.轨道的；活动范围的 orchid ['ɒ:kid] n.兰花；淡紫色 ordinal ['ɒ:dinəl] adj.序数的n.序数词 ordinance ['ɒ:dinəns] n.法令，条例 orgasm ['ɒ:gæzəm] n.（性交的）高潮 orgy ['ɒ:dʒi] n.狂饮乱舞的聚会；狂欢活动 orientation [ˌɒ:rien'teiʃən] n.倾向性；确定方位（方向）；熟悉，适应 oscillation [ˌɒsi'leiʃən] n.振动，来回摆动；摇摆，动摇 ostensibly [ɒ'stensəbli] adv.伪装地；表面上地 outcry ['autkrai] n.呐喊；抗议 outfit ['autfit] n.全套设备或用具；全套服装vt.为…提供设备 outgrow [aut'grəu] vt.长得太大而不再适合于；长得比别人快outnumber [aut'nʌmbə] vt.比…多，数量上超过… outpost ['autpəust] n.前哨；前哨基地 ovation [əu'veiʃən] n.欢迎；热烈鼓掌 overboard ['əuvəˌbɒ:d] adv.向船外；从船上落入水中 overly ['əuvəli] adv.过度地，极度 oversight ['əuvəˌsait] n.疏忽，忽略 overture ['əuvəˌtjuə] n.序曲，前奏曲 overview ['əuvəˌvju:] n.概观，概略 ovum ['əuvəm] n.卵；卵细胞 oxidize ['ɒksidaiz] v.（使）氧化；（使）生锈 P paddy ['pædi] n.稻田padlock ['pædlɒk] n.挂锁，扣锁vt.用挂锁锁，把…锁上 pagan ['peigən] n.异教徒；无宗教信仰的人adj.异教徒的；无宗教信仰的 pal [pæl] n.伙伴，好朋友vi.（与人）结交，为友 palatal ['pælətəl] adj.腭的；腭音的 palate ['pælət] n.上颚；味觉；鉴赏美酒佳肴的能力 palette ['pælət] n.调色板 pancake ['pænkeik] n.薄煎饼 pang [pæŋ] n.一阵剧痛，一阵极度悲痛panther ['pænθə] n.豹；黑豹；美洲豹 pantomime ['pæntəmaim] n.圣诞节上演的儿童哑剧 parable ['pærəbl] n.寓言；比喻 paradigm ['pærədaim] n.范例，事例；（名词、动词的）词形变化表 paraffin ['pærəfin] n.石蜡 parameter [pə'ræmitə] n.（数学）参数；（事物的）限定性因素 paramilitary [ˌpærə'militəri] adj.准军事的 paranoia [ˌpærə'nɒiə] n.偏执狂，妄想狂 parasite ['pærəsait] n.寄生虫，寄生植物；食客，靠他人供养的人 pare [peə] vt.切去…的边缘或表皮 parentage ['peərəntidʒ] n.出身；父母的身份 parenthetical [ˌpærən'θetikəl] adj.（词语）插入的；括号的 parsley ['pɑ:sli]n.香菜，欧芹 parson ['pɑ:sən] n.教区牧师 partisan [ˌpɑ:ti'zæn] adj.有党派的，有偏袒的n.游击队员；党徒；坚决支持者 pasta ['pæstə] n.面食；通心粉 pastel ['pæstəl] n.彩笔粉笔adj.彩色粉笔的；（色彩）淡而柔和的 patio ['pætiəu] n.（与房屋相连的）石地板凉台；院子 patriarch ['peitriɑ:k] n.德高望重的老人，族长；东正教的主教 patriarchal [ˌpeitri'ɑ:kəl] adj.家长的，族长的；元老的 patter ['pætə] n.滴答声；顺口溜vi.发出滴答声 payout ['peiaut] n.花费，支出 payroll ['peirəul] n.受雇人员的名单；工资名单；发放的工资总额 peat [pi:t] n.泥炭 pedagogic（al） [ˌpedə'gɒdʒik（əl）] adj.教育学的；教学法的pedestal ['pedistəl] n.柱石或雕像的基座 pedigree ['pedigri:] n.家谱，血统adj.（动物）纯种的 pelican ['pelikən] n.鹈鹕 pendant ['pendənt] （也作pendent）n.垂饰，下垂物 penis ['pi:nis] n.阴茎 pensioner ['penʃənə] n.领养老金或抚恤金者 pentathlon [pen'tæθlən] n.五项全能运动 penthouse ['penthaus] n.楼顶房间，小棚屋 percussion [pə'kʌʃən] n.打击乐器；冲突，撞击 perimeter [pə'rimitə] n.（机场或营地的）周围，周边，周长 perjury ['pə:dʒəri] n.假誓，伪证（罪） personage ['pə:sənidʒ] n.人；个人；要人，名人 pesticide ['pestisaid]n.杀虫剂 phantom ['fæntəm] n.幽灵；鬼怪 pharmaceutical [ˌfɑ:mə'sju:tikəl] adj.（制）药的；药剂的；药学的 pheasant ['fezənt] n.雉，野鸡 phonology [fə'nɒlədʒi] n.音位学，音系学；语音体系 phosphorous ['fɒsfərəs] adj.磷的；含磷的 phosphorus ['fɒsfərəs] n.磷，磷光体 physiotherapy [ˌfiziəu'θerəpi] n.物理疗法，理疗 physique [fi'zi:k] n.体格 picket ['pikit] n.劳资纠纷中劳方的纠察员；哨兵v.用纠察包围 pickle ['pikl] n.腌菜，泡菜；腌汁，泡菜水；困境，逆境vt.腌制（食品） pidgin ['pidʒin] n.洋泾浜英语；混杂的语言 pier [piə] n.码头；观光码头；支柱piety ['paiəti] n.虔诚；孝顺 pigsty ['pigstai] n.猪圈；肮脏或邋遢的地方 pike [paik] n.梭鱼，狗鱼；长矛，标枪 piracy ['pairəsi] n.海盗的掠夺；非法复制；侵犯版权 piss [pis] vi.尿，小便 【搭】piss about胡闹；浪费时间；piss off走开；使厌恶；使失去兴趣 piston ['pistən] n.活塞 pitcher ['pitʃə] n.（有柄和嘴的）水壶，大水罐；（棒球）投手 pitfall ['pitfɒ:l]n.未料到的困难（危险）；圈套；陷阱 pivot ['pivət] n.支点，枢轴；中心或最重要的人或事物 pivotal ['pivətəl] adj.枢轴的；中枢的，关键的 plaid [plæd] n.方格呢；格子图案 plaintiff ['pleintif] n.原告 planetary ['plænitəri] n.行星的 plank [plæŋk] n.板条；政策条目；政策要点 plaque [plɑ:k] n.板饰；匾 plasma ['plæzmə] n.血浆 plaster ['plɑ:stə；'plæstə] n.灰泥；石膏vt.用灰泥涂抹（墙壁）；给（受伤处）打石膏 platoon [plə'tu:n] n.（军队）排；一队，一组 playoff ['pleiɒf] n.加时赛 pleat [pli:t] n.（布上的）褶vt.将…打褶plenipotentiary [ˌplenipə'tenʃəri] n.全权大使adj.全权代表的，全权大使的 plunger ['plʌndʒə] n.活塞，柱塞；跳水者；潜水者 plush [plʌʃ] n.长毛绒 plutonium [plu:'təuniəm] n.钚 pockmark ['pɒkma:k] n.麻点；痘痕vt.使有痘痕 polarity [pəu'lærəti] n.极性；磁性引力；（性格）正相反 polemic [pɒ'lemik] n.争论，论战；争辩者 polio ['pəuliəu] n.小儿麻痹症，脊髓灰质炎 pollen ['pɒlən] n.花粉 pollster ['pəulstə] n.民意测验者 polyester [ˌpɒli'estə] n.聚酯 poplar ['pɒplə] n.白杨树 poppy ['pɒpi]n.罂粟 populous ['pɒpjuləs] adj.人口众多的；人口稠密的 portfolio [ˌpɒ:t'fəuliəu] n.文件夹，公事包；有价证券清单；部长（大臣）职位 posthumous ['pɒstjuməs] adj.遗腹的；死后的；作者死后出版的 postscript ['pəustskript] n.（信上的）附笔，又及；补遗；附录 potluck ['pɒt'lʌk] n.聚餐（客人自带菜参加）；家常便饭 pouch [pautʃ] n.小手袋；邮袋 practicality [ˌprækti'kæləti] n.实际，实用，实用性；实际的事 precinct ['pri:siŋkt] n.区域；选举区；警区 predatory ['predətəri] adj.食肉的；掠夺的 prefabricate [ˌpri:'fæbrikeit] vt.（用预制构件）组装 prenatal [ˌpri:'neitəl] adj.出生前的，胎儿期的 preschool ['pri:'sku:l] adj.学龄前的n.幼儿园；托儿所presidium [pri'sidiəm] n.常务委员会，主席团 pressing ['presiŋ] adj.急迫的，紧急的n.压力，气压；（精神上的）压力，压迫感 prism ['prizəm] n.棱柱（体）；棱镜 pro [prəu] n.[非正式用语]内行；职业选手；赞成的论点或理由 【搭】the pros and cons赞成和反对两方面的意见 probation [prəu'beiʃən] n.试用期；缓刑 projection [prəu'dʒekʃən] n.设计，规划，计划；投影图；凸出，凸出物；发射，投掷 prologue ['prəulɒg；'prəulɒ:g] n.开场白，序言；开端，序幕 prophecy ['prɒfisai] n.预言；预言能力 proponent [prəu'pəunənt] n.倡导者，支持者 prostate ['prɒsteit] n.前列腺 protagonist [prəu'tægənist] n.主角；首创者 psychiatrist [sai'kaiətrist] n.精神病医生；精神病学者psycho ['saikəu] n.精神分析（学）；神经病患者；精神变态者 psychoanalyst [ˌsaikəu'ænəlist] n.精神分析学家 psychotherapist [ˌsaikəu'θerəpist] n.心理治疗学家 psychotherapy [ˌsaikəu'θerəpi] n.心理疗法；精神疗法 puberty ['pju:bəti] n.青春期 pullover ['pulˌəuvə] n.套头毛衣adj.无领无扣的，套穿的 pulpit ['pulpit] n.讲道坛；牧师，教士 pun [pʌn] n.双关语 purely ['pjuəli] adv.完全地 purport ['pə:pɒ:t][pə:'pɒ:t] n.主要大意，要领；（表面）意义；含义，要旨vt.声称；自称；假充； 说明 python ['paiθən] n.蟒蛇 Qquack [kwæk] n.冒牌医生，江湖骗子；假行家 quadrangle ['kwɒdræŋgl] n.四边形，正方形，长方形；方形庭院 quadrant ['kwɒdrənt] n.四分之一圆周，九十度弧；扇形体 quadratic [kwɒ'drætik] adj.二次的n.二次方程式 quadrilateral [ˌkwɒdri'lætərəl] adj.四边形的，四边的n.四边形 Quaker ['kweikə] n.基督教教友派教徒，贵格会教徒 qualifier ['kwɒlifaiə] n.修饰语（如形容词、副词）；（有资格进入下一轮竞赛的）合格者 quantifier ['kwɒntifaiə] n.（数）量词 quantum ['kwɒntəm] n.[pl.quanta]量子；（需要或想要的）数量 quartet [kwɒ:'tet] n.四重唱（奏、曲），四重唱乐团；四人一组 quartz [kwɒ:ts] n.石英 querulous ['kwerjuləs] adj.抱怨的；爱发牢骚的；吹毛求疵的 quick [kwik]n.（指甲、趾甲下的）嫩肉 quicksand ['kwiksænd] n.流沙 quintessence [kwin'tesəns] n.典范，完美的典型或实例；精华；本质 quintet [kwin'tet] n.五重奏（曲），五重唱（乐团） quip [kwip] n.妙语，俏皮话 quirk [kwə:k] n.奇事；巧合；奇怪之举；怪癖 quitter ['kwitə] n.容易放弃者，半途而废不尽职责者 quixotic [kwik'sɒtik] adj.堂吉诃德式的；不切实际的 quotient ['kwəuʃənt] n.商；商数；份额 R rabbi ['ræbai] n.（犹太教的）法学博士；老师，先生；犹太教教士 racer ['reisə] n.赛跑者；比赛者；比赛用汽车 racket ['rækit]n.（网球等的）球拍；喧哗，吵闹；讹诈，欺骗，勒索 racketeer [ˌræki'tiə] n.敲诈勒索的骗子；歹徒 raffle ['ræfl] n.抽彩出售vt.以抽彩法出售 raiser ['reizə] n.饲养人；栽培者；发起人 RAM [ræm] n.（电脑）随机存取；存储器 rambler ['ræmblə] n.漫步者；蔓生植物 ramification [ˌræmifi'keiʃən] n.分支，支派；（由行动或决定衍生出来的）结果 rampart ['ræmpɑ:t] n.[pl.]（城堡等周围宽阔的）防御土墙；防御，保护 rancid ['rænsid] adj.（指含油脂食物）因变质而有陈腐味道（气味）的；（指气味、味 道）如陈腐脂肪味的 ranco（u）r ['ræŋkə] n.深仇，积怨 randy ['rændi] adj.好色的，淫荡的 ranger ['reindʒə] n.皇家园林、地产等的管理员；担任巡逻和警戒任务的护林员；武装骑 警，突击队员rapist ['reipist] n.强奸犯，强奸者 rapport [ræ'pɒ:] n.和睦，融洽 rapprochement [ˌra:prɒʃ'mɒŋ] n.（尤指国家间）友好关系的恢复；和睦，友好 rarity ['reərəti] n.稀有，罕见；稀有的事物，因稀少而珍贵的东西 rasp [ra:sp；ræsp] v.锉，锉掉；粗声粗气地说n.锉子，锉刀；锉磨的声音 rateable ['reitəbl] adj.（指财产）应纳税的 ravine [rə'vi:n] n.深谷，峡谷 reaffirm [ˌri:ə'fə:m]vt.重申，再确认 rear-admiral [riə'ædmərəl] n.海军少将 rearguard ['riəgɑ:d] n.后卫部队；后卫 rearmament [ˌri:'ɑ:məmənt] n.重新武装或装备 reassure [ˌri:ə'ʃuə] vt.使放心，使消除疑虑 rebate ['ri:beit] n.（债、税等的）可减免的款额，折扣；部分退款vt.退还（部分付 款）；缓和；减弱 recapture [ri:'kæptʃə] vt.重新捕获；收复，夺回；再次经历，再次体验，再产生n.重新捕获， 再次体验 recipient [ri'sipiənt] n.接受者，领受者 reconciliation [ˌrekənsili'eiʃən] n.和解，调和；（争吵等的）止息；复交 rectitude ['rektitju:d；'rektitu:d] n.正直，刚正，诚实 rector ['rektə] n.教区长 redbrick ['redbrik] adj.（指英国大学）建立于19世纪末20世纪初的reductio ad absurdum [riˌdʌktiəuædæb'zə:dəm] n.归谬法，反证法 reedy ['ri:di] adj.芦苇丛生的；（指嗓音、声响）尖利刺耳的 re-examine [ˌri:ig'zæmin] vt.再诘问（乙方证人）；再检查；对…进行复试 referendum [ˌrefə'rendəm] n.（以表决某政治问题的）全民公决，全民投票 regal ['ri:gəl] adj.帝王（般）的；堂皇的，庄严的 regarding [ri'gɑ:diŋ] prep.关于 regatta [ri'gætə] n.划船比赛；赛艇会 regeneration [riˌdʒenə'reiʃən] n.自新，再生 regent ['ri:dʒənt] n.摄政王；（美州立大学的）校务委员 registrar [ˌredʒi'strɑ:] n.户籍员；（大学中主管招生、考试等的）注册主任，教务主任；专科 住院医师 registry ['redʒistri] n.登记簿；登记处 reinstate [ˌri:in'steit] vt.使某人恢复原先的（尤指重要的）职位或地位relish ['reliʃ] n.风味，美味；开胃小菜，佐餐品；喜好，兴趣 remedial [ri'mi:diəl] adj.治疗的，补救的；（为后进学生提供）辅导的；实习的 remembrance [ri'membrəns] n.回想，记忆；纪念品 reminiscent [ˌremi'nisənt] adj.使人想起…的，暗示的；怀旧的 remnant ['remnənt] n.剩余，残余；零头布 rendezvous ['rɒndivu:] n.约会，约会地点；（经常的）聚会处 rendition [ren'diʃən] n.演奏，上演；翻译；给予，提供 renegade ['renigeid] n.变节者，叛国者 renown [ri'naun] n.名望，声誉 renunciation [riˌnʌnsi'eiʃən] n.放弃，断绝联系；忘我，克己 repercussion [ˌri:pə'kʌʃən] n.反响，深远的影响 repertoire ['repətwɑ:] n.（某一艺术团体、演员、音乐家等可随时演出的）全部节目，剧目 repository [ri'pɒzitəri]n.仓库；贮藏室 reprisal [ri'praizəl] n.报复（行动） repugnant [ri'pʌgnənt] adj.令人厌恶的，令人反感的 requiem ['rekwiəm] n.安魂弥撒，安魂曲 reservist [ri'zə:vist] n.预备役军人 reshape [ˌri:'ʃeip] vt.重新塑造，重新定型；重新整理，重新进展 resilience [ri'ziliəns] n.弹性，弹力；适应性；（指人）乐观的性情 resin ['rezin] n.树脂；合成树脂 resinous ['rezinəs]adj.（似）树脂的 resounding [ri'zaundiŋ] adj.回响的，共鸣的；惊人的；极大的 respectability [riˌspektə'biləti] n.名望；体面；得体 resplendent [ri'splendənt] adj.华丽灿烂的，辉煌的 restful ['restful] adj.令人有宁静感的；让人得到休息的 resumption [ri'zʌmpʃən] n.恢复，再开始；取回，收回 resurgent [ri'sə:dʒənt] adj.复苏的，复兴的 resuscitation [riˌsʌsi'teiʃən] n.回生，复活 retainer [ri'teinə] n.（尤指预付给律师的）聘用定金；（为外出期间保留租房等而付的） 定金 retention [ri'tenʃən] n.具有，享用；记忆力，记性；挡住，保留，容纳 reticent ['retisənt] adj.不轻易暴露思想或感情的；有保留的 retribution [ˌretri'bju:ʃən] n.报应，惩罚 retrospective [ˌretrəu'spektiv]adj.回顾的；（指法律、支付关系等）有追溯效力的 revel ['revəl] n./vi.行乐，狂欢，狂宴；陶醉；饱尝 reverie ['revəri] n.白日梦，幻想 revulsion [ri'vʌlʃən] n.厌恶；感情的急剧转变 rhinoceros [rai'nɒsərəs] n.犀牛 【搭】have a hide/skin like a rhinoceros（对受攻击、批评等）麻木不仁 ribald ['ribəld] adj.（以粗俗、下流或无礼的方式）幽默的；言谈粗俗的 rickets ['rikits] n.佝偻病 rickety ['rikəti] adj.不牢靠的；摇摇欲坠的 rickshaw ['rikʃɒ:] n.人力车；三轮车 rift [rift] n.裂缝，缝隙 righteous ['raitʃəs] adj.正直的，守法的；正义的，正当的 rigorous ['rigərəs] adj.严厉的，严格的；精确的，严密的；（指天气等）严酷的 rind [raind]n.（水果、干酪、熏肉等的）外皮vt.剥去…的皮 rink [riŋk] n.溜冰场；曲棍球场 rip-roaring ['rip'rɒ:riŋ] adj.喧闹的，吵嚷的；巨大的 roach [rəutʃ] n.蟑螂；大麻卷烟的烟蒂 rocker ['rɒkə] n.弯杆；摇轴 rodent ['rəudənt] n.啮齿目动物（如鼠、松鼠或海狸） rodeo [rəu'deiəu] n.（在牧场中）驱集牛群（为打烙印等）；牛仔竞技表演或比赛 roger ['rɒdʒə] int.[无线电话用语]收到了，知道了 rolling-stock ['rəuliŋstɒk] n.铁路各种车辆的总称 rookie ['ruki] n.新兵；生手，新来的人 rosette [rəu'zet] n.玫瑰形标志，玫瑰花结；石制品等上雕刻的玫瑰形花样 rostrum ['rɒstrəm] n.演讲台，讲坛rota ['rəutə] n.勤务轮值表 rotor ['rəutə] n.机器的旋转部分；（直升机的）旋翼 rouge [ru:ʒ] n.胭脂，口红vt.在…上擦口红 roughen ['rʌfən] v.（使某物）变得粗糙或不平整 roulette [ru:'let] n.轮盘赌 rounders ['raundəz] n.一种似棒球的游戏 roundup ['raundʌp] n.综述，摘要；赶拢，围捕 rowdy ['raudi]adj.吵闹的，混乱的n.喧闹者；小流氓 royalist ['rɒiəlist] n.保皇主义者，保皇党成员 rubble ['rʌbl] n.碎石，碎砖烂瓦 rubdown ['rʌbdaun] n.擦拭，擦干；擦平，磨平 rucksack ['rʌksæk] n.帆布背包 ruckus ['rʌkəs] n.吵闹，争吵 ruddy ['rʌdi] adj.（指人的脸）红润的，气色好的；发红的，淡红色的 ruffian ['rʌfiən] n.无法无天的暴徒，恶棍 rugger ['rʌgə] （=rugby）n.（英式）橄榄球（运动） ruinous ['ruinəs] adj.导致毁灭的；使人破产的 ruling ['ru:liŋ] adj.统治的，占主导地位的n.裁定，判决 rum [rʌm] n.朗姆酒；酒 russet ['rʌsit] adj.柔和的赤褐色的n.柔和的赤褐色；一种赤褐色的粗皮苹果S Sabbath ['sæbəθ] n.安息日（犹太教为星期六，基督教为星期日） sabre ['seibə] n.军刀，马刀；（击剑时用的）尖细的轻剑 sacrament ['sækrəmənt] n.（基督教的）圣礼，圣事 sacrilegious [ˌsækri'lidʒəs] adj.亵渎神圣的 sadism ['seidizəm] n.虐待狂；性虐待 safari [sə'fɑ:ri] n.远征旅行（探险、考察）；探险队；狩猎队 saffron ['sæfrən] n.藏红花粉；橙黄色 saga ['sɑ:gə] n.（指中世纪北欧海盗的）故事，英雄传奇；长篇小说 sagacious [sə'geiʃəs] adj.聪敏的，睿智的 sagacity [sə'gæsəti] n.聪敏，睿智 sage [seidʒ] adj.贤明的，明智的n.贤哲，圣人 sailcloth ['seilklɒθ]n.帆布 saline ['seilain] adj.含盐的，咸的n.盐水 salivary ['sælivəri] adj.唾液的；分泌唾液的 salivate ['sæliveit] vi.分泌唾液 sallow ['sæləu] adj.（指皮肤）病黄色的n.黄华柳 salvo ['sælvəu] n.数炮齐发，（尤指）礼炮齐鸣；齐声欢呼喝彩 samba ['sæmbə] n.桑巴舞（曲） sanctuary ['sæŋktjuəri] n.圣所，圣地；庇护所，避难所；动物保护区 sanctum ['sæŋktəm]n.（寺庙内的）圣所，神殿；私室，书房 sanguine ['sæŋgwin] adj.充满希望的；乐观的，快活的；红润的，有血气的 sardonic [sɑ:'dɒnik] adj.嘲笑的，讥笑的 sarong [sə'rɒŋ] n.（马来民族的）长条围裙，纱笼 sartorial [sɑ:'tɒ:riəl] adj.缝制男服的；男装的 sash [sæʃ] n.腰带，彩带；（军人等的）肩带，饰带；（垂直拉窗的）窗框 satanic [sə'tænik] adj.魔鬼似的；邪恶的 satyr ['sætə] n.（希腊及罗马神话中半人半羊的）森林之神；性欲极强的男子；好色 之徒 savagery ['sævidʒəri] n.野蛮或残酷的行为 savant ['sævənt] n.学者，专家 saxophone ['sæksəfəun] n.萨克斯管（一种铜管乐器） scab [skæb] n.痂；疥癣；拒不参加工会的人，工贼 scaffold ['skæfəld]n.脚手架，建筑架；绞架，断头台 scallop ['skɒləp] n.扇贝，扇形饰边 scalpel ['skælpəl] n.手术刀，解剖刀 scaremonger ['skeəˌmʌŋgə] n.散布引起恐慌的消息、谣言等的人 scary ['skeəri] adj.可怕的，骇人的；惊慌的，害怕的；胆小的，易受惊的 scathing ['skeiðiŋ] adj.（评判、批评等）严酷的，苛刻的 scatterbrain ['skætəbrein] n.精神不集中的人；健忘的人 scenario [si'nɑ:riəu] n.剧本，脚本；概要，梗概 schizophrenia [ˌskidzəu'fri:niə] n.精神分裂症 scholarly ['skɒləli] adj.博学的；有学者风度的；学术性的 scholastic [skə'læstik] adj.学校的，学业的；经院哲学的，烦琐哲学的，学究的 scintillation [ˌsinti'leiʃən] n.才华横溢；闪烁，闪耀；火花；闪光 scoring ['skɒ:riŋ] n.得分；总谱scrawny ['skrɒ:ni] adj.瘦的，皮包骨的；矮小的 screech [skri:tʃ] v.发尖声；愤怒或痛苦地尖叫n.尖叫，尖锐声 scribe [skraib] n.（印刷术发明前的）抄写员；（圣经时代的）文士，经师 scripture ['skriptʃə] n.圣经 【搭】the scriptures圣经；[pl.]（基督教以外的）经典，经文；Budd-hist scriptures佛经 scrub [skrʌb] n.矮树丛，灌木丛 scrum [skrʌm] n.（橄榄球赛中）双方球员争球；你争我夺乱成一团的人群 scruple ['skru:pl] n.顾忌，顾虑；重量单位（等于20格令）vi.（因有顾忌而）犹豫 scrupulous ['skru:pjuləs] adj.审慎的，严格认真的 scuba ['skju:bə] n.水下呼吸器，水肺 scum [skʌm] n.（煮沸液体表面的）泡沫；（池塘或其他静止水面上的）浮垢，浮 渣；一群坏人或卑贱的人 scurf [skə:f] n.皮屑，头皮屑 scurry ['skʌri]n./vi.小步快跑 secession [si'seʃən] n.退出，脱离 sectarian [sek'teəriən] adj.宗派的，教派的；思想狭隘的 sedan [si'dæn] n.轿子 sedative ['sedətiv] n.镇静药 selenium [si'li:niəm] n.硒 self-annihilation ['selfəˌnaiə'leiʃən] n.自我毁灭 self-effacing [ˌselfi'feisiŋ] adj.不求闻达的，谦逊的 self-fulfilling [ˌselfful'filiŋ] adj.自我满足的 self-made [ˌself'meid] adj.靠自己的努力成功的，白手起家的 self-opinionated [ˌselfə'pinjəneitid] adj.固执己见的，执迷不悟的，刚愎自用的 self-possessed [ˌselfpə'zest] adj.沉着的，冷静的；有信心的 self-preservation ['selfˌprezə'veiʃən] n.自我保存self-restraint [ˌselfri'streint] n.自我约束 self-styled [ˌself'staild] adj.自称的，自任的；自行使用某名字、头衔等 self-willed ['self'wild] adj.执拗的，固执己见的 semantic [si'mæntik] adj.语义的，语义学的 semantics [si'mæntiks] n.语义学 seminal ['seminəl] adj.种子的；精液的；对以后发展有巨大影响的 senatorial [ˌsenə'tɒ:riəl] adj.参议（院）员的 sensor ['sensə] n.传感器 sensory ['sensəri] adj.感官功能的；感觉的，感受的 sensual ['sensjuəl] adj.肉体上的；感官上的；官能享受的；好色的 sensuous ['sensjuəs] adj.刺激感官的，激发美感的；官能享受的，好色的 sentinel ['sentinəl] n.岗哨；哨兵 sentry ['sentri]n.哨兵；守护 sepulchre ['sepəlkə] n.坟墓，冢 sequel ['si:kwəl] n.结局；后果；续集，续篇 serenade [ˌserə'neid] n.小夜曲 serf [sə:f] n.（封建制度中的）农奴；像奴隶般受奴役的人 serrated [sə'reitid] adj.边缘呈锯齿状的，有锯齿形边缘的 serum ['siərəm] n.（动物体内的）浆液；血清；免疫血清 servitude ['sə:vitju:d] n.奴役（状况） set-piece ['setpi:s] n.（小说、电影、戏剧等中）以固定模式或风格安排的场景 sexism ['seksizəm] n.性别偏见，性别歧视 sexist ['seksist] n.有性别偏见或性别歧视的人adj.（表现）性别偏见的 shack [ʃæk] n.简陋的小屋，窝棚 shag [ʃæg] n.（欧洲或北美的）鸬鹚shaggy ['ʃægi] adj.毛发粗浓的，乱蓬蓬的；毛茸茸的 sham [ʃæm] n.假货，赝品；冒充者，骗子 shapely ['ʃeipli] adj.（指女子身材）匀称的；形状美观的 sheaf [ʃi:f] n.（谷物捆成的）束，捆；（物品扎成的）捆，扎 sheath [ʃi:θ] n.（刀、剑等的）鞘，套；避孕套 sheen [ʃi:n] n.（物品表面的）光辉，光泽 sheepish ['ʃi:piʃ] adj.羞怯的；局促不安的 sheik（h） [ʃeik] n.（阿拉伯人的）家长，酋长；回教教主 shimmer ['ʃimə] vi.发闪烁的微光n.微光；闪光 shin [ʃin] n.外胫，胫骨；（牛的）小腿肉 shoal [ʃəul] n.浅滩，浅水处；鱼群 shoddy ['ʃɒdi] adj.劣质的，粗制滥造的 shortchange [ˌʃɒ:t'tʃeindʒ]vt.少找钱给（顾客）；未给…公正的报答或酬劳 shortfall ['ʃɒ:tfɒ:l] n.不足之量，差额 showpiece ['ʃəupi:s] n.展览品，展览样品 showy ['ʃəui] adj.夸示的，炫耀的 shrew [ʃru:] n.一种似鼠的小动物；脾气坏而好骂人的女子 shrinkage ['ʃriŋkidʒ] n.收缩，缩水 shrubbery ['ʃrʌbəri] n.灌木丛 shrubby ['ʃrʌbi] adj.灌木丛生的 sibling ['sibliŋ] n.兄弟姐妹 sic [sik] adv.原文如此（引述原文时，对错误或可疑处的附注） sickbay ['sikbei] n.（船上、寄宿学校等的）病室 sickening ['sikəniŋ] adj.令人厌恶的；厌烦的，厌倦的 sideline ['saidlain] n.（网球场、足球场等的）边线；（本职工作以外的）副业，兼职sierra [si'eərə] n.锯齿状山脉 sighting ['saitiŋ] n.被看见的人或事物；看见 signet ['signit] n.图章，私章 silage ['sailidʒ] n.青贮饲料 silhouette [ˌsilu:'et] n.影子，剪影vt.使显出黑色影像 silica ['silikə] n.硅石，二氧化硅 silo ['sailəu] n.（导弹）发射井；（圆柱形的）储料舱 silt [silt] n.淤泥 simpleton ['simpltən] n.傻瓜，笨蛋 sinew ['sinju:] n.腱，肌腱；[pl.]肌肉；力量或能量的来源 singe [sindʒ] v.把…微微烧焦，轻微烫焦n.轻微烧焦或烫焦 sinuous ['sinjuəs] adj.弯曲的，蜿蜒的 sip [sip]v.小口喝，抿n.小口喝，一小口的量 siphon ['saifən] n.虹吸管；虹吸瓶vt.用虹吸管吸出或排出 sirloin ['sə:lɒin] n.牛腰上部的肉 sizeable ['saizəbl] adj.相当大的 sizzle ['sizl] vi.（油煎食物时）发出咝咝声 skimmer ['skimə] n.网勺，漏勺 skin-diving ['skinˌdaiviŋ] n.轻装潜水（只使用护目镜、脚蹼、水肺或潜水通气管） skipper ['skipə] n.船长，机长；（球队的）队长 slab [slæb] n.（常指矩形或正方形的石板、木板等）厚板 slag [slæg] n.矿渣，熔渣；贱妇，淫妇vt.侮慢或批评某人 slanderous ['slɑ:ndərəs] adj.诽谤的，中伤的 slangy ['slæŋi] adj.使用俚语的；含有俚语的 slat [slæt] n.（木制或塑料制的）板条sleeper ['sli:pə] n.睡眠者；枕木；（火车的）卧铺车厢 slick [slik] adj.顺利而有效的，不费力的；（指人）圆滑的，油滑的；光滑的n.海 面浮油 slime [slaim] n.稠、软而滑的液态物质，（尤指）泥浆；（蜗牛等的）黏液 slimnastics [ˌslim'næstiks] n.减肥操 slit [slit] n.裂缝，缝隙；细长孔vt.开细长的裂缝于… slither ['sliðə] vi.摇晃不稳地滑动或滑行 sliver ['slivə] n.（切割下来的）薄长条，碎片v.（使某物）破碎、断裂成碎片 slouch [slautʃ] vi.无精打采地坐、立或行动n.懒鬼；不中用的人 slurry ['slʌri] n.半流质稀薄混合物 smug [smʌg] adj.自满的；沾沾自喜的 snare [sneə] n.罗网，陷阱；圈套，引人上当的事物vt.（用罗网或陷阱）诱捕 snooty ['snu:ti] adj.妄自尊大的，傲慢的snorkel ['snɒ:kəl] n.潜水通气管；（潜水艇的）通气管vi.用通气管潜水 snort [snɒ:t] v.喷鼻息，鼻子发出喷气声n.喷鼻息，鼻息声 snout [snaut] n.动物突出的口鼻部（尤指猪的）；猪鼻状突出物；（人的）鼻子；向 警方告密者；烟草，烟叶 sobriety [səu'braiəti] n.审慎；节制 sod [sɒd] n.（一块）草皮，草地 soggy ['sɒgi] adj.湿透的，粘湿的 sol [sɒl] n.八度音阶中的第五音 solemnity [sə'lemnəti] n.庄严，严肃；郑重的仪式，典礼 soliloquy [sə'liləkwi] n.自言自语，（尤指戏剧中的）独白 sombre ['sɒmbə] adj.暗淡的，阴沉的；忧郁的；严峻的 sonar ['səunɑ:] n.声呐装置，声呐系统 sonata [sə'nɑ:tə] n.奏鸣曲sophist ['sɒfist] n.诡辩者 soprano [sə'prɑ:nəu] n.女高音；男童声最高音；女高音歌手；唱最高音者；最高音部乐器 sordid ['sɒ:did] adj.卑鄙的，可耻的；肮脏的；破烂的 sortie ['sɒ:ti:] n.对不熟悉地方的短访；出击，突击；军事行动中一架飞行器出动的次 数，架次 sparingly ['speəriŋli] adv.节约地，俭省地 spate [speit] n.大批，大量 spatial ['speiʃəl] adj.空间的，存在于空间的 speckle ['spekl] n.小点，斑点 spectre ['spektə] n.鬼，幽灵；（因可能出现困难而产生的）忧虑，恐惧 spectrum ['spektrəm] n.光谱；波长；范围 spindle ['spindl] n.纺锤，锭子；转杆，轴 spinner ['spinə] n.纺纱工人spire ['spaiə] n.（圆锥形或角锥形的）尖顶，教堂塔尖 spirituality [ˌspiritju'æləti] n.灵性，信仰；崇高纯洁 spleen [spli:n] n.脾，脾脏；坏脾气，怨气 splutter ['splʌtə] v.急促而慌乱地说；发出噼噼啪啪的溅水声；发毕剥声n.噼啪声；毕剥 声 spook [spu:k] n.鬼vt.吓，吓唬 spore [spɒ:] n.芽孢，孢子；种子；胚芽 squalor ['skwɒlə] n.污秽；卑鄙 squeak [skwi:k] n.短促而尖利的叫声或响声v.发出短促而尖厉的声音；以尖厉的声音说 话；告密，充当告密者 squeamish ['skwi:miʃ] adj.（因胃过敏）易恶心的；易受惊的，神经质的 squire ['skwaiə] n.（英国乡下地区的）乡绅，大地主；治安法官，地方法官 squirt [skwə:t] v.喷，喷出n.细的喷流；妄自尊大的人 staccato [stə'kɑ:təu] adj./adv.断断续续的（地），不连贯的（地）stag [stæg] n.牡鹿adj.只准男子参加的 staid [steid] adj.（指人、外表、行为、爱好等）古板的，保守的 stalk [stɒ:k] vt.潜步追踪，潜近猎捕；昂首阔步地走 stallion ['stæljən] n.种马 stance [stæns] n.站立的姿势；姿态；想法，立场 stanza ['stænzə] n.（诗歌的）节，段（尤指押韵的） starboard ['stɑ:bəd] n.（船、飞机的）右舷，右侧 stardom ['stɑ:dəm] n.明星的身份或地位 stately ['steitli] adj.威严的，堂皇的，盛大的 stealth [stelθ] n.秘密的、悄悄的行动 stealthily ['stelθili] adv.悄悄地；暗中进行地 steely ['sti:li] adj.（在颜色、硬度、光泽或强度方面）似钢的steroid ['stiərɒid] n.类固醇；硫类化合物 stethoscope ['steθəskəup] n.听诊器 stile [stail] n.（乡村中供人穿越栅栏、围墙等的）台阶 stimulant ['stimjulənt] n.兴奋剂；含兴奋剂的饮料；起刺激、激励作用的事物等 stipend ['staipend] n.薪俸，薪金 stirrup ['stirəp] n.马镫 stoic ['stəuik] n.禁欲主义者，恬淡寡欲的人 stoical ['stəuikəl] adj.坚忍自持的，能忍受痛苦而无怨言的 stoke [stəuk] vt.给（炉子）添燃料，烧（火） stoppage ['stɒpidʒ] n.停工；[pl.]（薪水的）扣除额 straddle ['strædl] vt.跨坐或跨立在（某物）上；交叉射击或轰炸（某目标） strained [streind] adj.勉强的；紧张的；心力交瘁的 straitlaced ['streit'leist]adj.（在道德观念等方面）极端严谨的；因循守旧的 strand [strænd] n.（绳索、缆线等的）一股，一缕 stratify ['strætifai] vt.使分层或分等级等 stratum ['strɑ:təm] n.[pl.strata]岩层；层次，阶层 stressful ['stresful] adj.有压力的 strident ['straidənt] adj.（指声音，尤指嗓音）尖锐刺耳的 stringent ['strindʒənt] adj.（规定、法律等）严格的，严厉的 strontium ['strɒntiəm] n.锶 stubble ['stʌbl]n.作物收割后遗留在地上的残茎，茬子；短而硬的胡茬子 studious ['stju:diəs；'stu:diəs] adj.好学的，用功的；仔细的，细心的 stupefaction [ˌstju:pi'fækʃən] n.神志不清，目瞪口呆 stupendous [stju:'pendəs] adj.极大的；极感人的；极好的 stupor ['stju:pə] n.（震惊、药物、酒精等造成的）昏迷，神志不清 subjection [səb'dʒekʃən] n.征服，臣服 subjectivity [ˌsʌbdʒek'tivəti] n.主观，主观性 subtlety ['sʌtlti] n.精细，巧妙；敏锐；细微的差别 suburbanite [sə'bə:bənait] adj.郊区居民 succulent ['sʌkjulənt] adj.（指水果及肉类）汁多味美的；（指植物）茎叶肥厚含水分多的， 肉质的n.肉质植物 suction ['sʌkʃən] n.吸；吸力 sufferable ['sʌfərəbl] adj.能忍受的 suffrage ['sʌfridʒ]n.（政治性选举的）选举权，投票权 suitor ['sju:tə] n.追求某女子的人 sulphurous ['sʌlfərəs] （也作sulfureous）adj.（似）硫的 sultan ['sʌltən] n.苏丹（伊斯兰国家的君主） sumptuous ['sʌmptjuəs] adj.豪华的，奢侈的 sunken ['sʌŋkən] adj.沉没海底的；（指面颊等因饥饿、疾病等）凹陷的 supple ['sʌpl] adj.柔软的；灵活的 supplementary [ˌsʌpli'mentəri] adj.补充的，附加的；（指角）补角的 supposition [ˌsʌpə'ziʃən] n.假定，推测；假定的事物，猜测 supremacy [sju'preməsi] n.至高无上；最高权威，最高地位 surly ['sə:li] adv.脾气坏的，乖戾的 surreal [sə'riəl] adj.不现实的，梦幻的 surrealist [sə'riəlist] n./adj.超现实主义（的），超现实主义者（的）surreptitious [ˌsʌrəp'tiʃəs] adj.暗中进行的，偷偷的 surrogate ['sʌrəgit；'sə:rəgit] adj./n.代理的（人）；代用的（物品） susceptibility [səˌseptə'biləti] n.易受影响或损害的状况；[pl.]感情（之脆弱处） sustenance ['sʌstinəns] n.食物；营养 swagger ['swægə] vi.趾高气扬地行走或行事n.趾高气扬 swathe [sweið] n.割下的一行草或其他植物；长而宽的一条 swine [swain] n.猪；令人不快的人或事物 syllabic [si'læbik] adj.音节的，拼音的；（指辅音）自成音节的 synagogue ['sinəgɒg] n.犹太教堂 syndicate ['sindikit] n.辛迪加；企业组合vt.（经报业联合组织在多家报刊上）发表（文章、 连环漫画等） synonymous [si'nɒniməs] adj.同义的 synopsis [si'nɒpsis] n.（书、剧本等的）大纲，提要synoptic [si'nɒptik] adj.提纲的，概要的 syntactic [sin'tektik] adj.句法的 syphilis ['sifilis] n.梅毒 systematize ['sistəmətaiz] vt.使…系统化或有条理；使…成制度或成体系 T tab [tæb] n.制表；小报；标签 taciturn ['tæsitə:n] adj.沉默寡言的 tacky ['tæki] adj.粘的；未干透的 taffeta ['tæfitə] n.塔夫绸 tailplane ['teilplein] n.（飞机的）横尾翼；水平安定面 takings ['teikiŋz] n.（商店、剧场等的）营业所得，收入 tanner ['tænə] n.制革工人，鞣皮工tannic ['tænik] adj.鞣酸的，单宁酸的 tantrum ['tæntrəm] n.发脾气，勃然大怒 tapeworm ['teipwə:m] n.绦虫 tartan ['tɑ:tən] n.花格图案；彩色格呢；苏格兰格呢 tartly ['tɑ:tli] adv.辛辣地，刻薄地；尖酸地，讽刺地 tattooist [tæ'tu:ist] n.（职业）文身者 taut [tɒ:t] adj.（指绳索、金属线等）拉紧的；（指肌肉或神经）紧张的 tawdry ['tɒ:dri] adj.俗丽的，华而不实的teak [ti:k] n.柚木 technicality [ˌtekni'kæləti] n.术语；专业上的细节；不重要的细节 technocracy [tek'nɒkrəsi] n.专家政治（由技术专家对国家的治理）；实行专家政治的国家 teeter ['ti:tə] vi.步履蹒跚，左摇右摆 tempo ['tempəu] n.（乐曲的）速度节拍；（运动或活动的）速度，进度 tendon ['tendən] n.腱 tenet ['tenit] n.原则；信条；教义 tenor ['tenə] n.男高音（歌手）；次中音乐器；（书面或口述的）要旨，大意 tensile ['tensail;'tensəl] adj.张力的，紧张的；可延展的，可伸长的 tenuous ['tenjuəs] adj.薄的，细的；细微的 tenure ['tenjuə] n.（土地或职位的）保有，保有期，保有权；任期；（尤指大学教师 的）终身职，终身聘用 tepid ['tepid] adj.温的，不冷不热的terra-cotta [ˌterə'kɒtə] n.赤土，赤陶 terrain [tə'rein] n.地形，地势 terrestrial [tə'restriəl] adj.陆地的，陆栖的；地球的 terry ['teri] n.（纺织）毛圈制品，毛巾布 testator [te'steitə] n.立有遗嘱的人 tether ['teðə] n.（拴牲畜用的）绳，链 textual ['tekstʃuəl] adj.正文的，篇章的 thatch [θætʃ] n.茅草，芦苇；浓密的头发vt.用茅草盖（屋顶），用茅草做…顶 thee [ði:] pron.[古语]你 theorem ['θiərəm] n.定理（尤指以公式表示的）；（数学的）命题 therapeutic [ˌθerə'pju:tik] adj.治疗术的，治病的 therein [ˌðeər'in] adv.在那里，在其中；在那方面，在那一点上 therewith [ðeə'wiθ]adv.外加；随即 thermocouple ['θə:məuˌkʌpl] n.热电偶，温差电偶 thermodynamics [ˌθə:məudai'næmiks] n.热力学 thermonuclear [ˌθə:məu'nju:kliə] adj.热核反应的，热核的 thicket ['θikit] n.灌木丛 thistle ['θisl] n.蓟；蓟属植物 thrice [θrais] adv.三次，三倍 throughput ['θru:put] n.（工厂等的）一定时间内的生产量；（电脑）总处理能力 thud [θʌd] n.沉闷的声响vi.砰然移动、落下或打击某物 thug [θʌg] n.暴徒，流氓 thunderclap ['θʌndəklæp] n.雷声，霹雳；突然而可怕的事情或消息 thunderous ['θʌndərəs] adj.雷鸣般的；声音很大的 thy [ðai] pron.[古语]（thou的所有格）你的thyroid ['θairɒid] n.甲状腺 tiara [ti'ɑ:rə] n.（女用）冕状头饰；（天主教教皇戴的）三重冕 tie-up ['taiʌp] n.联系，协作；（工作、进展等的）停顿，停滞不前 timely ['taimli] adj.及时的；适时的；合时宜的 tinder ['tində] n.干燥易燃之物 tingle ['tiŋgl] vi.（感到）刺痛n.刺痛之感 tinny ['tini] adj.（指金属制品）不结实的；发出金属片碰撞声的 tint [tint] n.色度，颜色的浓淡；染发剂；染发vt.在（某物）上着色 tirade [tai'reid] n.长篇的谴责，滔滔不绝的批评或批评性的讲话 titan ['taitən] n.巨人；高人；伟人 titanic [tai'tænik] adj.巨大的；极重要的；强大的 tom [tɒm] n.雄猫 tonal ['təunəl]adj.声音的；音调的；色调的 tongs [tɒŋz] n.夹子，夹东西的工具 tonic ['tɒnik] n.补药，滋补品 topographer [tə'pɒgrəfə] n.地形学家，地志学家 torsion ['tɒ:ʃən] n.扭转，扭曲；被扭转成的螺旋形 torso ['tɒ:səu] n.（人体的）躯干；（人体的）躯干雕塑像 totalitarian [ˌtəutæli'teəriən] adj.极权主义的 totalitarianism [ˌtəutæli'teəriənizəm] n.极权主义 tract [trækt] n.一大片土地，地带；（人体、运动的）系统，道 tragedian [trə'dʒi:diən] n.悲剧作家；悲剧演员 trance [trɑ:ns;træns] n.昏睡状态，催眠状态；出神，发呆 transitory ['trænsitəri] adj.短暂的，片刻的 translucent [trænz'lju:sənt] adj.半透明的，透光的trauma ['trɒ:mə] n.（精神上的创伤）痛苦，不幸；创伤，外伤 trawler ['trɒ:lə] n.拖网渔船 treatise ['tri:tiz] n.（专题）论文 treble ['trebl] n.唱高音的男童；高音音部adj.声调高的；尖声的 trek [trek] n.艰辛的路程；旅行；迁移 tremor ['tremə] n.颤动，颤抖；激动，兴奋 trestle ['tresəl] n.支架，条凳 trill [tril] n.（人或鸟发出的）颤动声；（音的）颤动，颤音；（舌的）颤音，颤 动辅音v.用颤音发声，用颤音唱（某乐音）；用颤音发（某字母的） 音，发某字母的颤音 trilogy ['trilədʒi] n.三部曲 trinket ['triŋkit] n.小装饰品；琐物 tripod ['traipɒd] n.（照相机、望远镜等的）三脚架 tripper ['tripə] n.远足者，短途旅行者trivia ['triviə] n.无关紧要的事物（细节或信息） truce [tru:s] n.休战，停战协定 trump [trʌmp] n.王牌vt.出王牌，出王牌取胜 【搭】trump card王牌，制胜的一手 tryout ['traiaut] n.（对人或事物的质量或表现的）测试，试用，试演 tuba ['tju:bə] n.大号（一种低调管乐器） tubular ['tju:bjulə] adj.管状的；有管的，由管构成的 tuft [tʌft] n.（在底部丛生的或聚集的）一簇；（毛发、羽毛或草丛等）一束 tulip ['tju:lip] n.郁金香 turbid ['tə:bid] adj.（指液体）浑浊的；紊乱的，混乱的 turbine ['tə:bain] n.涡轮机 turbot ['tə:bət] n.扁平的大海鱼 turner ['tə:nə] n.铁匠；车床工人turning ['tə:niŋ] n.旋转，翻转；弯曲；转角处，拐角 【搭】turning point转折点 turnout ['tə:naut] n.出席人数；清扫 turret ['tʌrit] n.塔楼，角楼；炮塔 tutelage ['tju:təlidʒ] n.保护，守护；监护；指导，教导 tweed [twi:d] n.粗花呢；[pl.]花呢服装 typographical [ˌtaipə'græfikəl] adj.印刷上的 typography [tai'pɒgrəfi] n.活版印刷，排字及印刷 U ulcer ['ʌlsə] n.溃疡 ultrasonic [ˌʌltrə'sɒnik] adj.超声（波）的 ultrasound ['ʌltrəsaund] n.超声（波） unabashed [ˌʌnə'bæʃt]adj.不害羞的；不怕难为情的 unabated [ˌʌnə'beitid] adj.并未消减的 unassuming [ˌʌnə'sju:miŋ] adj.不爱表现自己的；谦虚的 unawares [ˌʌnə'weəz] adv.吃惊地，未料到地 uncanny [ʌn'kæni] adj.异乎寻常的；出乎意料的 unceremonious [ˌʌnˌseri'məuniəs] adj.粗暴无礼的；不拘礼节的 underbrush ['ʌndəbrʌʃ] n.灌木丛 underdog ['ʌndədɒg；'ʌndədɒ:g] n.受欺压者；处于劣势的一方 underdone [ˌʌndə'dʌn] adj.（指烹饪）未熟透的 undergrowth ['ʌndəgrəuθ] n.下层灌木丛（指大树下的） underhand [ˌʌndə'hænd] adj.暗中或秘密进行的；狡诈的 underling ['ʌndəliŋ] n.职位低的人，下属 uneconomic ['ʌnˌi:kə'nɒmik] adj.不大可能盈利的，不经济的unequivocal [ˌʌni'kwivəkəl] adj.清楚明白的；毫不含糊的 unforeseen [ˌʌnfɒ:'si:n] adj.未预见到的，意料之外的 ungainly [ʌn'geinli] adj.难看的，不雅观的 ungodly [ʌn'gɒdli] adj.不敬神的；邪恶的；（时间）不合时宜的，非常不方便的 ungracious [ʌn'greiʃəs] adj.勉强的；不礼貌的 ungrateful [ʌn'greitful] adj.不感激的，忘恩负义的 unicorn ['ju:nikɒ:n] n.独角兽 unintelligible [ˌʌnin'telidʒəbl] adj.难以理解的，难懂的 uninviting [ˌʌnin'vaitiŋ] adj.不吸引人的；令人反感的 unison ['ju:nizən] n.齐唱，齐奏；一致的或协调的行动 unkempt [ˌʌn'kempt] adj.不整洁的；（头发）蓬乱的 unlisted [ˌʌn'listid] adj.（证券）未上市的；（证券价格）未列表公布的；未列入电话簿的 unobtrusive [ˌʌnəb'tru:siv]adj.不太显著的；不招摇的；谨慎的 unorthodox [ʌn'ɒ:θədɒks] adj.非正统的，非正规的 unpretentious [ˌʌnpri'tenʃəs] adj.不炫耀的，谦逊的 unremitting [ˌʌnri'mitiŋ] adj.不间断的，坚持不懈的 unruly [ʌn'ru:li] adj.不守规矩的 unsightly [ʌn'saitli] adj.难看的，丑陋的 unsuspecting [ˌʌnsə'spektiŋ] adj.无猜疑的；可信任的 unswerving [ʌn'swə:viŋ] adj.坚定的，不改变的 untenable [ʌn'tenəbl] adj.（指理论等）站不住脚的；不堪一击的 untold [ˌʌn'təuld] adj.未说过的，未透露的；无数的，无限的 untouchable [ʌn'tʌtʃəbl] adj.（印度教）不可接触的，不可接触者的（种姓制度中最底层的人） n.不可接触者（种姓制度中最底层的人）；贱民 untruth [ˌʌn'tru:θ] n.假话；虚假 unwieldy [ʌn'wi:ldi]adj.笨拙的；不灵便的 unworldly [ʌn'wə:ldli] adj.非世俗的，超凡的 upcoming ['ʌpˌkʌmiŋ] adj.即将来临的 upheaval [ʌp'hi:vəl] n.剧变；动乱 upholster [ʌp'həulstə] vt.给（沙发等）装上垫子（或弹簧、布面等） upkeep ['ʌpki:p] n.保养（费）；维修（费） up-market [ˌʌp'ma:kit] adj.优质价高的；高档的 uprising ['ʌpraiziŋ] n.起义；暴动 upstart ['ʌpstɑ:t] n.暴发户 upstream [ˌʌp'stri:m] adv./adj.向上游（的），逆流（的） uranium [ju'reiniəm] n.铀 urinate ['juərineit] vi.排尿；小便 usurer ['ju:ʒərə] n.放高利贷者utilitarian [ˌju:tili'teəriən] adj.实用的；功利的 Utopia [ju:'təupiə] n.乌托邦，理想国 V vagabond ['vægəbɒnd] n.流浪者，漂泊者 valo（u）r ['vælə] n.英武，英勇 valve [vælv] n.活门，阀；（心脏或血管的）瓣膜 vandal ['vændəl] n.恣意破坏艺术品、公物、私人财产、自然美景等的人 vandalism ['vændəlizəm] n.恣意破坏公物等的行为；故意破坏公共财物罪 vanguard ['vængɑ:d] n.先导，先锋；前卫，先头部队 vanilla [və'nilə] n.香子兰；香草精 【搭】vanilla ice-cream香草冰淇淋；vanilla essence香精 vantage ['vɑ:ntidʒ；'væntidʒ] n.优势，有利地位 variant ['veəriənt]n.变体，变种，变型 varicose ['værikəus] adj.曲张的，膨胀的；静脉曲张的 vat [væt] n.大桶 veal [vi:l] n.小牛肉 vehement ['vi:əmənt] adj.感情强烈的；激烈的；（尤指）愤怒的 velocity [vi'lɒsəti] n.（物理学中的）速度；迅速，快速 venereal [və'niəriəl] adj.性病的 【搭】venereal disease性病 venison ['venisən] n.鹿肉 ventral ['ventrəl] adj.腹的，腹部的 ventricle ['ventrikl] n.心室；（体内的）室，腔；（尤指）脑室 ventricular [ven'trikjulə] adj.心室的；（体内）室的，腔的 verdure ['və:dʒə] n.青葱的草木；翠绿 vermin ['və:min]n.害兽；害鸟；害虫；危害社会或他人的人 vernal ['və:nəl] adj.春季的；适合春季的；在春季的 verse [və:s] n.韵文；诗歌，诗 vertebrate ['və:tibrət] adj.有脊椎的；脊椎动物的n.脊椎动物 vertex ['və:teks] n.[pl.vertexes,vertices]顶点，极点 verve [və:v] n.活力，精神 vial ['vaiəl] n.玻璃的小容器；（尤指）小药水瓶，小香水瓶 vicarage ['vikəridʒ] n.教区牧师的住宅 vigil ['vidʒil] n.守夜，彻夜不眠；（宗教节日的）前夕 vignette [vin'jet] n.小插图；短文；简介 villainous ['vilənəs] adj.恶棍似的；邪恶的；极坏的 vindictive [vin'dikətiv] adj.志在报复的，报复性的 viola [vi'əulə] n.中提琴viral ['vairəl] adj.（似）病毒的；病毒引起的 virile ['virail;'virəl] adj.有生殖力的；有男子气概的；精力充沛的 virtuous ['və:tʃuəs] adj.有道德的；善良的；自命高尚的，自以为是的 visage ['vizidʒ] n.脸；面貌，容貌 viscera ['visərə] n.内脏，脏腑 viscount ['vaikaunt] n.子爵（英国贵族头衔） visitation [ˌvizi'teiʃən] n.正式访问；视察，巡视；来访 vivacity [vi'væsəti] n.活泼，开朗 vocalization [ˌvəukəlai'zeiʃən] n.说话；唱歌；发声 vocally ['vəukəli] adv.用嗓音，口头地；自由地，直言地 vocative ['vɒkətiv] n.（某些屈折语中的）呼格；（用作呼格的）名词、代词、形容词 vodka ['vɒdkə] n.伏特加酒（俄罗斯一种无色的烈酒） volitional [və'liʃənəl]adj.自愿的 voluble ['vɒljubl] adj.（指人）喋喋不休的，爱说话的；（指说话）快的，流利的 voluminous [və'lju:minəs] adj.（衣物）肥大的，宽松的；（指文字）大量的，浩瀚的 vortex ['vɒ:teks] n.漩涡，旋风；使人无法摆脱的境遇 vulgarity [vʌl'gærəti] n.粗鄙下流的举动；粗话，下流话；粗俗，下流 vulture ['vʌltʃə] n.秃鹰，兀鹫 W waddle ['wɒdl] vi.摇摇摆摆地行走n.摇摆的行走，蹒跚的步态wafer ['weifə] n.威化饼干；圣饼 waistcoat ['weistkəut] n.（西服的）背心 wand [wɒnd] n.棍，棒；魔杖 wanton ['wɒntən] adj.不怀好意的；反复无常的；茂盛的，滋生的；不道德的，放荡的 wares [weəz] n.货物，商品 watermark ['wɒ:təmɑ:k] n.水印；水位标志 watery ['wɒ:təri] adj.似水的；含水多的 wayward ['weiwəd] adj.不易管教的；似孩子般任性的 weighty ['weiti] adj.重的，繁重的；慎重的；需认真考虑的 whack [wæk] vt.啪的一声打n.重击 whiff [wif] n.一阵（气味、风）；一吸 whimsical ['wimzikəl] adj.异想天开的，突发奇想的 whirlwind ['wə:lwind]n.旋风，龙卷风 whiten ['waitən] v.使变白 whizz [hwiz] vi.（嗖嗖地）飞驰，掠过n.嗖嗖声；杰出的人，奇才 wicker ['wikə] n.编结的树枝或藤条 wily ['waili] adj.狡猾的，诡计多端的 windfall ['windfɒ:l] n.意外的收获；横财 wisp [wisp] n.小捆，小束；一把 wizard ['wizəd] n.男巫，巫师；鬼才，奇才 womanly ['wumənli] adj.有女子气质的；适合女子的 【派】womanliness（n.女性气质） wording ['wə:diŋ] n.说法，措辞 wrapper ['ræpə] n.包装纸；封套，封皮 wrath [rɒ:θ；ræθ] n.愤怒，暴怒 wry [rai]adj.（五官）扭曲的；揶揄的 X X-chromosome [eks'krəuməsəum] n.X染色体 xenophobia [ˌzenə'fəubiə] n.恐惧外国人，排外 Y yahoo [jə'hu:] n.粗鲁的人；[Y-]雅虎网站 yeoman ['jəumən] n.自耕农 yoga ['jəugə] n.瑜伽派（印度哲学的一派）；瑜伽（术） yummy ['jʌmi] adj.味道好的，好吃的 yuppie ['jʌpi] n.雅皮士 Z zany ['zeini]adj.滑稽可笑的，古怪的 zealot ['zelət] n.（对宗教或政治）极热心的人，狂热者 Zionism ['zaiənizəm] n.犹太复国主义（运动） Zulu ['zu:lu:] n.祖鲁人，祖鲁语adj.祖鲁人的，祖鲁语的 Carve your name on hearts and not on marbles. ——J.Addison 把你的姓名刻在人们的心上，而不是刻在大理石上。 ——爱迪生常规词汇回顾 abandon vt.抛弃；离弃 abolish n./vt.废除，消除 aboriginal adj.原产地的；土著的 abound vi.大量存在；丰富 abridge vt.缩写，缩短 abrupt adj.突然的；陡峭的；粗鲁的 absolute adj.绝对的；确定的 absolve vt.免除（某人的）承诺（责任等）；赦免 absorb vt.吸收（热、光等）；吸引（注意） abstract adj.抽象的n.摘要vt.提取；转移（注意等） absurd adj.不合理的，荒谬的 abundant adj.大量的，充裕的 abuse n./vt.辱骂；滥用；虐待 accelerate v.（使）加速 access n.（接近或进入某地的）方法v.存取 accompany v.伴随；为…伴奏 accord n./v.符合，一致 accumulate v.积蓄，积累 accurate adj.准确的，精确的 accustom vt.使习惯 achieve vt.取得（成绩等）；达到（目的）acid adj.酸味的；尖刻的n.酸（含氢的化学物质） acknowledge vt.承认；告知收到；表示感谢 acquaint vt.使认识，使了解 acquire vt.取得；学到（知识等） activate vt.使活跃；激化 acute adj.尖锐的；（疾病）急性的，（疼痛）剧烈的 adapt v.使适应；改编 addiction n.有瘾的人；对某事有强烈兴趣的人 adequate adj.充分的，足够的 adhere vi.黏附；坚持 adjacent adj.邻近的 adjust v.调整；使适应于（新环境等） administer v.管理；执行；给予（药等） admire vt.赞赏，钦佩 admit v.允许（人或物）进入；承认 adolescent adj.青少年期的n.青少年 adopt vt.采取（态度等）；收养；正式通过 adore vt.敬慕；【口】很喜欢 advocate vt.拥护n.拥护者 affect vt.影响；感动；（疾病）侵袭；假装 affection n.爱情；慈爱；影响；疾病；倾向 affirm vt.坚称，断言 affix vt.使固定；签署 affluent adj.富裕的，富有的 affordable adj.买得起的；担负得起的 aftermath n.（指不幸的）事件的余波 aggressive adj.侵略性的；有进取心的 agony n.极度的痛苦；痛苦的挣扎agreeable adj.惬意的；易相处的 alien n.外国人adj.外国的；敌对的 alienate vt.使疏远，离间 allege vt.断言，声称 allocate vt.分配，配给 allot n.分配，配给 allowance n.津贴，补助；承认，认可 aloof adj.冷淡的；疏远的 alter v.改变 alternate adj.交替的，轮流的v.（使）交替，（使）轮流 amaze vt.令（人）惊愕，使（人）惊叹 ambiguity n.模棱两可，含糊 ambition n.雄心；野心 amenable adj.顺从的；会接纳的 amend vt.修改，改进 amiss adv.错误地；不顺当地adj.错误的；不合时宜的 ample adj.足够的；宽敞的 amplify vt.详述；放大（声音等） amuse vt.逗…乐；给…娱乐（消遣） analogy n.类似；类推 analysis n.分析；分解 analyze vt.分析 angular adj.尖锐的；（指人）瘦骨嶙峋的 annex vt.并吞（土地等），兼并 annoy vt.使烦恼；打搅 annual adj.每年的；年度的 annul vt.宣告（婚姻、契约等）无效 anonymous adj.无名的，匿名的antecedent adj.先前的，先行的n.前例，前事 anticipate vt.预料；先发制人；预先考虑到 antique adj.古时的；古式的n.古物，古玩 anxiety n.忧虑，焦虑；渴望 anxious adj.忧虑的；渴望的 appalling adj.骇人的，可怕的 appeal n.吸引力；恳求；上诉 applaud vi.鼓掌；欢呼；赞成 apply vi.申请；应用；适用 appoint vt.任命；约定（时间、地点） appreciate vt.感谢；欣赏；鉴别 approach v.靠近；与…打交道n.靠近；方法 appropriate adj.适合的vt.挪用 approve vi.批准；赞成 approximate adj.大约的，近似的 apt adj.恰当的；易于…的 arbitrary adj.武断的；霸道的 arid adj.（指土地）干燥的；无生气的 arise vi.兴起，出现；站起来 arouse vt.唤醒；唤起 arrange v.整理；安排；商妥 array n.展示；一长列（物品） arrest vt.逮捕；阻止 arrogant adj.傲慢无礼的 artificial adj.人造的；假装的 ascend v.登高，升高 aspect n.方面；面貌 assault n./v.突击；殴打assemble v.聚集；装配（机器等） assert vt.宣称；坚持（权利等） assess vt.评估（价值或数额），评定 assign vt.分配；委派 assist v.援助，帮助 associate vt.结交；联想n.同事 assume vt.假定；承担；装出 assure vt.使放心；保障 astonish vt.使吃惊，使惊愕 astound vt.使震惊，使大吃一惊 attach vt.缚，贴；把（重点等）放在 attain vt.实现；到达 attempt n./vt.尝试，企图 attend v.出席；照料；注意听 attention n.注意；立正姿势 attitude n.态度；姿势 attract vt.引起…的注意（兴趣） auction n./vt.拍卖 authentic adj.真正的；原作的 authorize vt.授权，批准 auxiliary adj.辅助的；备用的 available adj.可用的，可得到的 avenge v.为…报仇 award vt.授予；给以奖励n.奖品 aware adj.察觉，意识到 awe n.畏惧，害怕心情v.（使）敬畏，威吓 awkward adj.笨拙的；尴尬的；难应付的 badly adv.恶劣地；有缺点地；非常bail n.保释金；保释vt.保释（其人）；舀出船中的水 bald adj.秃顶的；无装饰的 bankrupt vt.使破产adj.破产的 baptize vt.给…施洗礼 barbaric adj.残暴的n.野蛮（状态） bargain vi.讨价还价n.廉价货；协议 barren adj.（土地）贫瘠的；不孕的；无效果的 batter v.连续猛击；炮击；打烂 behave vi.举动；检点（自己的行为） bellow v.吼叫；大声发出 beloved adj.为…所爱的；敬爱的n.爱人 benefit n.利益；津贴v.有益于 besiege vt.围攻，包围 bestow vt.把…赠与，把…给予 betray vt.背叛；泄露（秘密等） beware v.注意，提防 bewilder vt.迷惑 bias n./vt.（抱有）偏见 bid v.（拍卖时）喊（价）；企图n.出价投标；企图 bilateral adj.双边的，双方的 bind vt.捆；包扎；使受（法律、誓言等）约束 bland adj.清淡的；（指人及行为）文雅的 blast n.一阵（风）；喇叭声v.爆炸；摧毁 blaze n.火；光辉vi.燃烧；发光；发怒 bleach vt.漂白，脱色n.漂白剂 bleak adj.（指景物）荒凉的；黯淡的 blend vt.混合，混杂 bless vt.为…祈神赐福；为…祝福blink vi.（星星）闪烁；（眼睛）眨眼 bloom n.开花；香味vi.开花；繁盛 blot n.污渍；瑕疵vt.弄上污渍；玷辱 bluff v.骗某人做某事；虚张声势n.虚张声势；吓唬adj.（指人）粗 率的；坦率的 blunt adj.钝的；生硬的；迟钝的v.把…弄钝 blush n.脸红vi.感到羞愧 boast v.夸口n.大话 bold adj.大胆的；冒失的；醒目的 boom vi.隆隆作响；繁荣 bore vt.钻（孔）；使厌烦n.令人生厌的人（事） bother v.烦扰n.麻烦；讨厌的人（事） bounce v.弹起；（使）跳（起）n.弹（力）；跳跃 bound n.界限vi.跳动；弹回adj.开往…的 boycott n./vt.（联合）抵制 brag n./v.夸张；吹牛 breach n.违反；绝交；裂缝vt.冲破 breed n.品种v.繁殖；饲养 bridle n.笼头v.给…套笼头；约束；动怒 brilliant adj.光辉的，辉煌的；卓越的，聪颖的 brink n.边沿，边缘 brisk adj.活跃的；兴旺的 brood n.（鸡等的）窝vi.孵（蛋）；盘算 browse vt.浏览（书刊）；（牲畜）吃草 bruise n.青肿或伤痕v.使（皮肉）青肿；碾碎 brunt n.冲击；压力 bubble n.水泡vi.吹泡 buckle n.皮带扣环v.用扣环扣住；（使）弯曲；屈服bully vt.欺侮n.恃强凌弱的人 bump vi.碰撞；颠簸行驶n.碰撞；肿块 buoy n.浮标，浮筒vt.使浮着；鼓励，支持 bust n.半身雕塑像；（妇女的）胸部adj.破产，倒闭 butt v.用头（或角）顶撞n.笑柄；烟蒂 capability n.能力；素质 capacity n.容量；能力；资格 capitalize vt.用大写字母写；投资于 capture vt.捕获；占领；赢得n.俘虏；战利品 cardinal adj.主要的；深红的n.深红色；红衣主教 carefree adj.无忧无虑的，无牵无挂的 cast v.投；投射n.演员表；铸造 catalog（ue）n.（图书或商品等的）目录vt.为…编目录 catastrophe n.（突然的）大灾祸 categorize vt.将…分（归）类 cater vi.供应伙食；迎合 caution n.谨慎；告诫v.警告 cease v.停止，结束 celebrate v.庆祝 celebrated adj.有名的 ceremony n.仪式；礼节 champion n.冠军；拥护者，战士vt.拥护，支持 chaos n.混乱状态 characterize vt.以…为特征；描写…的特性 charismatic adj.有号召力的 charitable adj.慈善的；宽厚的 charm n.魅力，魔力v.迷住 charter n.宪章vt.租用chase v.追逐，追击n.追逐，追击 chatter vi.喋喋不休；动物的叫声；（牙齿）打战n.喋喋不休 cheat n.欺诈，骗取；骗子v.欺诈，骗取 cheer v.（使）振奋；欢呼n.振奋；欢呼 cherish vt.珍爱；抱有（希望） chew v.咀嚼；深思 chief adj.主要的；首席的n.首领；头目 chill n.寒冷；寒意vt.使变冷；使扫兴 choke vt.使窒息；抑制 chronic adj.慢性的；长期的 chronicle n.编年史vt.把…载人编年史 chronological adj.按年月顺序排列的 chuckle vi.轻声地笑；窃笑 circulate v.（使）循环；流动 circumstance n.情况；境况 cite vt.引用，举（例） clamo（u）r n./vi.喧嚷；叫嚣 clarify vt.阐明；净化 clash vi.冲突；发出金属的撞击声n.冲突 clasp vt.扣住；拥抱；紧握n.钩子；拥抱 classify vt.把…分类；确定…为机密 clench vt.握紧（拳头等）；咬紧（牙关） climax n.顶点；高潮v.（使）达到顶点或高潮 cling vi.粘住；依附；紧紧握住 clinical adj.诊所的，医院的，临床的；（态度等）冷静的 clout n.敲，打；影响力vt.敲击 clumsy adj.笨拙的；粗俗的 cluster n.一串，一簇v.使成群clutch v.抓住，攫住n.爪子；控制；攫住 coarse adj.粗糙的，粗劣的；（举动等）粗鲁的 coax vt.哄诱；诱取 coddle vt.娇养，溺爱 coincide vi.同时发生；一致 collaborate vi.合作；（与敌人）勾结 collapse vi.崩溃；病倒n.崩溃；衰败 collect adj.由对方付费的 collide vi.（车、船等）猛撞；冲突 colloquial adj.口语的；通俗的 commemorate vt.庆祝，纪念 commence v.开始 commend vt.称赞；推荐 comment n./v.评价，评论 commission n.委任；佣金vt.委任 commit vt.犯（罪）；承诺 commune n.公社v.交换思想 commute vi.定时往返两地；用…交换 compact adj.紧密的；紧凑的n.契约 compassion n.同情，怜悯 compel vt.强迫；促使 compensate vt.补偿，酬报 compete vi.比赛；竞争，对抗 competence n.胜任某种工作的资格 compile vt.汇编，编纂 complacency n.自满，自得 complement n.补充物；补语vt.补充 complex adj.复杂的；综合的n.一组建筑群；情结complicate vt.使复杂，变复杂 complicity n.同谋，串通 compliment n.恭维，称赞vt.称赞 comply vi.同意；遵从，依从，应允 component adj.组成的n.成分；元件 compose vt.组成；创作；使平静 compound n.混合物；围地adj.混合的 comprehend v.了解，领会 comprise vt.包含，包括；由…组成或构成 compromise n./vi.妥协；危及 compulsory adj.强制的；义务的 compute v.计算；估算 conceal vt.隐藏 conceit n.自负，骄傲自满 conceive v.设想；怀孕 concise adj.简洁的，简明的 conclude vt.结束；推断出，断定 concrete adj.具体的n.混凝土vt.用混凝土修筑 condemn vt.谴责；定罪 condense v.（使）凝结；（使）浓缩；压缩 condolence n.吊唁，悼词 conducive adj.有助于…的，促成…的 confess v.供认；忏悔（罪恶等） confine vt.幽禁；限制于 confirm vt.证实；使坚定 confiscate vt.没收（私人财产） conflict n.斗争；抵触 conform v.（使）一致，（使）遵照confront vt.（使）面对；正视 congestion n.阻塞；充血 congregate v.（使）集合，（使）聚集 congruent adj.一致的；相合的 conscience n.良心；天良 conscientious adj.审慎正直的；本着良心的 conscious adj.有意识的；神志清醒的 consecutive adj.连续的，接续的 consent vi.同意，答应 consequence n.结果；重要（性） consequent adj.随之而来的；由…所导致的 considerable adj.值得考虑的；相当大（或多）的 considerate adj.关切的；替人设想的 considering prep.就…而论；照…来说 consistent adj.坚固的；始终如一的 consolidate v.巩固；统一 conspicuous adj.显著的，引人注目的 constant n.常数adj.永恒的；经常的 constitute vt.构成，组成 consult v.找…商议；找（医生）诊治 contaminate vt.污染，玷污 contemporary adj.当代的；同时代的n.同辈 contradict vt.否定；与…矛盾 contrary adj.相反的n.反面 contrast n.对比v.（使）对比 controversial adj.引起争论的；有争议的 convention n.（传统性的）习惯；代表大会 converse vi.交谈adj.相反的n.相反事物convert vt.改变（信仰）；兑换n.皈依者 convey vt.运输；传达 convict vt.定罪n.被判入狱的罪犯 convince vt.使确信；说服 coordinate vt.调节，协调，统筹 cordial adj.热情友好的，热忱的 corporal adj.肉体的；身体的 cozy adj.温暖舒适的，安逸的 counsel n.辩护律师；忠告vt.劝告 counterpart n.相对应的人（或物） courteous adj.有礼貌的；谦恭的 coward n.怯懦；胆怯者 crafty adj.狡猾的，狡诈的 crawl n./vi.爬行；缓慢地移动 credible adj.可信的，可靠的 credit n.信任；信用vt.相信 credulous adj.轻信的，易受骗的 creed n.（宗教）信条，教义 creep vi.爬行；蹑手蹑脚地走 crinkle n.皱纹v.（使）起皱 cripple n.残废人vt.使…残废 crisp adj.脆的；硬而易碎的；清新的 criterion n.标准，准则 critical adj.批评（性）的；紧要的，关键性的 crouch n.蹲伏；（低）头 crucial adj.极重要的；决定性的 cruise vi.巡航；漫游 crumble v.弄碎；崩溃crush vt.压碎；压倒n.（水果的）汁 cultivate vt.耕作；栽培（植物）；培养 cunning n./adj.狡猾（的），狡诈（的） curb n.勒马的链条（皮带）；控制vt.勒住（马）；控制 curse n./vt.诅咒，咒骂 custody n.监管；监禁 cynical adj.愤世嫉俗的；（对人性或动机）怀疑的 damn adj.他妈的n./v.指责；咒骂 daze vt.使眼花缭乱n.迷乱 dazzle vt.耀眼n.闪耀 decay v.（使）腐败n.腐烂 deceive vt.欺骗，欺诈 decent adj.体面的；高雅的 decline n./vi.下降vt.拒绝 decode vt.译解（密码），解密 decorate vt.装饰；装修 decree n./v.命令；判定 dedicate vt.以…奉献；把（精力等）用于 deduce vt.推论，演绎 deduct vt.扣除，减去 default n.拖欠；预置（值）v.不履行 defect n.缺点vi.背叛 defiant adj.违抗的；藐视的 deficit n.赤字，亏损 define vt.解释；确定范围 definite adj.清楚的；肯定的；明显的 deflect v.（使）偏斜，转向 defy vt.违抗；蔑视；激（某人）做dehydrate v.（使）脱水 deliberate adj.故意的；从容不迫的 deliberately adv.故意地，蓄意地 delicacy n.精致；美味 delicate adj.易碎的；精密的；微妙的 delinquent adj.犯法的n.违法者（尤指少年犯） demolish vt.拆毁；废除 demonstrative adj.易流露感情的；指示的 denote vt.指示；意思是 denounce vt.指责；告发 deny vt.否认；不准 depart vi.启程；辞世 depict vt.描述，描绘 deplete vt.大量削减数量；使衰竭 deplore vt.哀叹，悲叹 deploy v.部署；施展 deport vt.把（外国人）驱逐出境 depose vt.罢免；宣誓证明 depress vt.使消沉；使萧条 deprive vt.剥夺；使不能做 derelict adj.被弃置的n.被遗弃的人 derive v.追溯…的起源（由来）；推论出 descend v.下降；突然访问；起源于 deserve v.应得，值得 designate vt.指明；任命 desire n./vt.意欲；请求 desolate adj.孤独凄凉的；荒凉的 despair n./vi.绝望，失望desperate adj.绝望的；不顾一切的 despise vt.鄙视，轻视 despite prep.尽管，虽然n.侮辱；恶意 destine vt.命定，注定 destitute adj.贫困的；缺少的 detach vt.拆卸；派遣 detain vt.拘留；耽搁 detect vt.发现，查明 deter vt.威慑住；阻止 deteriorate vi.恶化；退化 detriment n.损害，伤害 devil n.恶魔；家伙 devise vt.计划；设计 devote vt.奉献；把…专用于 devour vt.耗尽；狼吞虎咽地吃（光） diagnose vt.诊断（疾病）；判断 dictate vt.（使）听写；命令 diffuse n.扩散，（使）四散 digest v.消化；理解n.文摘 dignify vt.使有尊严；给…增光 dignity n.尊严；庄严 dilemma n.（进退两难的）窘境 diligent adj.勤勉的，勤奋的 dilute vt.稀释；削弱，减轻 dimension n.长（宽、高、厚）度；程度 diplomacy n.外交（手腕）；手段 disappoint vt.使失望，使扫兴 disapprove v.不同意；不喜欢disarm v.解除（…的）武装 discern v.看出，分辨 discharge n./v.释放；卸（货）；完成 discipline n.纪律；学科vt.训练 disclaim v.否认；放弃 disclose vt.使显露；公开 disconcert vt.使仓皇失措；挫败 discord n.（意见）不合；（音乐）不和谐 discrepancy n.差异；不符合 discretion n.谨慎；自由裁夺 discriminate v.区别；歧视adj.有区别的 disdain n./vt.鄙视，鄙弃 disgrace n.丢脸；失宠vt.使丢脸 disguise n./vt.假扮，伪装 disgust n.厌恶vt.使作呕 disillusion vt.使幻想破灭 disinfect vt.杀菌（消毒） disintegrate v.（使）粉碎；（使）瓦解 disinterested adj.无私的，公正的 dismay vt.使惊恐；使沮丧 dispatch vt.派遣；处决n.急件 dispel vt.驱散，消除 dispense vt.分配；配（药） disperse v.（使）分散；驱散 disposal n.清除；处置 dispose vt.排列；处理 dispute n./v.争吵；质疑 disregard n./vt.不理会，不顾disrupt vt.扰乱，破坏 dissent n./vi.不同意，持异议 dissident adj./n.持异议的（人） distil（l）v.蒸馏；提炼 distinct adj.不同的；清晰的 distract vt.使分心；使转变 distribute vt.分发；分散 diverge vi.分叉；分开 diversify vt.使不同，使多样化 divert v.转向；转移 dizzy adj.头晕目眩的；使人困惑的 docile adj.驯服的；易控制的 doctrine n.信条；学说 dodge n./v.躲闪，躲避 domestic adj.家庭的；驯养的 dominate v.支配；占首要地位 donate vt.捐赠，赠送 doom n.命运vt.注定… dose n.（药物等的一次）剂量v.（按剂量）给…服药 downfall n.大阵雨（或雪）；垮台 draft n.草稿，初稿；汇票v.起草，草拟 drain v.排出n.排水沟（管）；（人才等）外流 dread n./v.畏惧，厌恶 dreary adj.令人沮丧的；单调乏味的 drench vt.使湿透，浸湿 drift vt.漂流n.堆积物；主旨 drizzle n./v.（下）毛毛雨；涓涓细流 droop n./v.低垂；消沉drowsy adj.（使人）昏昏欲睡的 dubious adj.怀疑的，令人怀疑的 dumb adj.哑的；（因恐惧等）说不出话的 dump vt.倾倒；倾销n.垃圾废物堆（场） duplicate n./adj.复制（的）vt.复制 durable adj.持久的n.耐用品 duration n.持续（时间） dwarf n.矮子vt.使相形见绌 dwell vi.居住，生活于；栖息 dwindle v.渐渐减少（缩小）；衰落 earnest adj.认真的，诚挚的 ebb n./vi.退潮，落潮 eccentric adj.古怪的n.古怪的人 eclipse n.日（月）蚀vt.使黯然失色 economize vi.节省，节约 edible adj.可以吃的；适合吃的 effusive adj.过分热情的；太动感情的 elaborate adj.精心制作的vi.详尽阐述 elapse n./vi.（时间）过去，消逝 elastic adj.弹性的；灵活的n.松紧带 elegant adj.优雅的，精美的 element n.要素；原理 elevate vt.抬起；提升（职位） eliminate vt.消除，去除 eloquent adj.雄辩的；意味深长的 emancipate vt.解放，使不受束缚 embargo n.对…实行禁运 embark vi.（使）上船（飞机等）；着手emerge vi.出现，露出 emigrate vi.移居国外（或外地区） eminent adj.著名的，卓越的 emit vt.发出，射出 emotional adj.感情（上）的；（易）激动的 empirical adj.非理论的；经验主义的 enact vt.制订（法律） enchant vt.使着魔；使入迷 encircle vt.环绕，包围 enclose vt.关闭；封入 encounter n./v.偶遇；遭到 endeavo（u）r n./vi.努力，力图 endow vt.赋予；资助 enforce vt.实施；强制 engage vt.使从事；使订婚；雇佣 engender v.产生，造成 engulf vt.吞没；吞食 enlist vt.使入伍；获得 enquire v.调查；询问 enrich vt.使富足；充实 enrol（l）vt.（使）登记；（使）入伍 ensure vt.担保；使安全 enthusiastic adj.热情的，热心的 entitle vt.定标题；给权利 envisage vt.想象；正视 envision vt.想象；展望 envy n./vt.妒忌，羡慕 epidemic adj.流行性的n.流行病episode n.（文艺作品中）一段情节 equivalent adj.相等的n.相等物 eradicate vt.根除，消灭 erect adj.直立的vt.建造 erode vt.腐蚀，磨损 eschew vt.避开，远离 escort n.护卫队vt.护送 essence n.本质；精髓 essential adj.本质的n.必需品；本质 esteem n./vt.尊重；认为 eternal adj.永远（不变）的，永恒的 ethnic adj.种族的，部族的 evaluate vt.评价，估计 evaporate v.（使）蒸发；（使）脱水 everlasting adj.持续不断的 evident adj.明显的，明白的 evolve v.（使）发展；设计 exaggerate v.夸张，夸大其词 exceed vt.超越；凌驾 excel v.胜过；突出 exceptional adj.异常的；杰出的 excess n.过多；过分adj.过量的 excessive adj.过多的，过分的 exclaim v.惊叫；大声说 exclude vt.排除，对…不予考虑 exclusion n.排除在外，排斥 execute vt.实行；处死 exempt adj.被赦免的vt.免除exert vt.发挥（影响等）；用力 exhale vi.呼（气），呼出 exhilarate vt.使高兴，使兴奋 exile vt.流放n.流放；亡命者 existence n.存在；发生 expel vt.驱逐；开除 expire vi.期满；死亡 expose vt.揭露；使遭受 exquisite adj.精美的，精致的 extend vt.延长；扩大 extent n.范围；程度 exterior adj.外部的；对外的n.外表 external adj.外部的；外来的 extinct adj.灭绝的；（火山）死的 extinguish vt.熄灭；破灭 extravagant adj.浪费的；过度的 extreme adj.末端的；极度的n.极端 fabulous adj.寓言中的；很好的 facilitate vt.使容易；促进 facility n.设备；技能 fade v.（使）褪色；变衰 fake n.假货adj.假的v.伪造 falter vi.蹒跚；犹豫 fanatic n.狂热者adj.（=fanatical）狂热的 fancy adj.昂贵的vt.想象n.想象（力） fascinate vt.迷住，使神魂颠倒 fastidious adj.吹毛求疵的，爱挑剔的 fatal adj.致命的，毁灭性的fathom n.英寻vt.测量…的深度 fatigue n.疲劳，劳累 fatuous adj.愚蠢的；荒谬的 fawn vi.奉承n.幼鹿 feasible adj.可行的，可能的 feat n.功绩；武艺 feeble adj.虚弱的，软弱的 feedback n.反馈，反应 ferment v.（使）发酵；（使）激动 ferocious adj.凶恶的；十分强烈的 fertilize vt.使多产，使肥沃 fiddle n.欺诈；小提琴 fidelity n.忠诚；逼真 fierce adj.凶猛的；猛烈的 fiery adj.火一般的；激烈的 filter v.过滤n.过滤器 filth n.肮脏；粗话 flap v.拍打n.信封口盖 flare v.闪耀n.照明弹 flatter vt.奉承；使高兴 flaw n.缺点vt.使有缺陷 fleece n.羊毛vt.欺诈 flick n./v.轻打，轻弹 fling vt.投n.恣情放纵 flop n./v.笨重地落下；失败 fluctuate vi.波动；变动 fluff n.软毛vt.抖松；弄错 flutter n./v.振翅；（旗帜等）飘动；激动fond adj.喜爱的；溺爱的 ford n.浅滩vt.涉水 foregoing adj.在前的，上述的 foremost adj.最著名的；最重要的 forge v.伪造；锤炼 formalize vt.使形式化 formidable adj.大而可怕的；难以应付的 forthcoming adj.即将发生的；现成的 foster vt.培育；抚养 fractional adj.分数的；微不足道的 fragile adj.易碎的；虚弱的 frail adj.脆弱的；虚弱的 frenzy n.极度的激动；狂热 friction n.摩擦（力）；冲突 frosty adj.霜冻的；冷淡的 frown v.表示不满n.皱眉 frugal n.节俭的，节约的 fume n.烟；发怒v.熏；发怒 furious adj.狂怒的；狂暴的 fuss n./vi.小题大做，大惊小怪 futile adj.徒劳的，无用的 galaxy n.星系；一群（杰出或著名的人物） gasp v.喘气；气喘吁吁地说n.喘气 generalize v.概括，归纳 generous adj.慷慨的；丰富的 genius n.天才，天资 genuine adj.真正的；真诚的 giggle n./v.咯咯地笑，傻笑glaring adj.耀眼的；显眼的 gleam n.微光v.闪烁 glide n./v.滑动；滑翔 glimmer vi.发出闪烁的微光n.闪光 glimpse n.—瞥；隐约的闪现 glint n./v.闪闪发光 glisten n./v.闪耀 glitter n./vi.闪光，闪烁 gloom n.黑暗；忧郁 glorify vt.赞美；美化 glow vi.发白热光n.兴高采烈 gnaw v.咬；消耗；折磨 gorgeous adj.壮丽的；令人愉快的 gossip n./vi.闲谈；喜欢拨弄是非的人 grace n.优美；恩惠；风度 grand adj.壮大的；主要的 grant n./vt.同意，准许 graphic adj.生动的；图的 grasp n./v.抓住；掌握 grateful adj.感激的；令人愉快的 gravity n.重力；重要性 grease n.动物脂vt.涂油脂于 gregarious adj.爱交际的；群居的 grieve vi.（使）伤心，（使）悲痛 grim adj.严肃的；严峻的 grimace vi.扭曲脸部以表示痛苦等 grin n./v.露齿笑，咧着嘴笑 grip n./v.掌握，支配grit n.砂粒；勇气vt.咬紧牙关 groan n.呻吟声，哼声v.呻吟 grope n./vt.（暗中）摸索；探索 grudge vt.妒忌；吝惜n.妒忌；怨恨 gruff adj.粗鲁的；板着脸孔的 grumble vi.发牢骚n.不平 grunt v.（猪等）作呼噜声；咕哝着说出 habitual adj.通常的；习惯性的 haggard adj.憔悴的，形容枯槁的 haggle vt.争论；讨价还价 hail v.向…欢呼；下雹n.（冰）雹 halt n./v.停止前进，停止 hamper vt.阻碍，妨碍 handicap n.障碍；缺陷vt.妨碍 handy adj.手边的；方便的 hardy adj.能吃苦耐劳的；耐寒的 harmony n.调和；和睦 harry vt.（不断）烦扰，使烦恼 harsh adj.刺激性的；严厉的 haste n.仓促；草率 hatred n.仇恨，憎恶 haughty adj.傲慢的，神气活现的 haunt vt.出没；常去n.常去之处 hazard n.危险vt.冒险提出；尝试 heap n.（一）堆；大量vt.堆积 hearty adj.衷心的；兴高采烈的 heave vt.举起；投掷 hemisphere n.半球；范围herald n.先驱vt.预示…的来临 hereditary adj.遗传的；继承的 hesitate vi.踌躇；不愿意 hideous adj.丑陋的；可怕的 hijack vt.劫持（飞机等）；敲诈勒索 hike n./vi.远足；提高 hinder vt.阻止，阻碍 hinge n.铰链；关键v.装上铰链 hint n./v.暗示，提示 hitch v.钩住；搭便车n.急拉（推） hitherto adv.至今 hoarse adj.（声音）沙哑的 hoist n./v.提升 hollow adj.中空的；虚伪的 holy adj.神圣的n.神圣的东西 hono（u）r n.荣誉；敬意vt.尊敬 hook n.挂钩vt.钩住 horrible adj.恐怖的；极讨厌的 horrify vt.使恐怖；使极度厌恶 hospitality n.好客 hostile adj.敌意的 hound n.猎犬vt.追逼 household n.家庭adj.普通的 hover vi.盘旋，徘徊 hug vt.拥抱；坚持（信仰、偏见等）n.紧抱 humble adj.谦卑的vt.使谦卑 humiliate vt.羞辱 hush n./v.（使）沉默，（使）安静hustle vt.催促；猛推n.推；挤 hypocrisy n.伪善（行为） hysteric adj.歇斯底里的n.[～s] 歇斯底里的发作 idealize vt.将…理想化 identify vt.识别；认同 identity n.身份；同一（性） idle adj.懒惰的；闲散的v.虚度 ignore vt.忽视 illegible adj.难以辨认的；（字迹）模糊的 illiterate n./adj.文盲（的） illuminate v.照明；阐明 illustrate v.（举例）说明；以图作解 imagine v.想象；认为 imitate vt.模仿；模拟 immaterial adj.不重要的；无形的 immediate adj.立即的；直接的 immense adj.广大的；无限的 imminent adj.即将发生的 immunize vt.使免疫 impact n.影响 impatient adj.不耐烦的 impeach vt.弹劾，检举 impenetrable adj.不能通过（贯穿）的；不可理解的 imperative adj.急需的；强制的 implement vt.实行n.工具 implicate vt.涉及；暗示 impose v.征（税）；把…强加于impractical adj.不切实际的 impulse n.推动（力）；冲动 inadequate adj.不充分的；不适宜的 inaugurate vt.为…举行就职典礼；开创 incentive n.刺激，推动力 incidence n.发生率；影响范围 incidental adj.次要的；伴随的 incline v.（使）倾向（于）；赞同n.斜坡 incompetent adj.不称职的，无资格的 inconsistent adj.不和谐的 incorporate v.（把…）合并，收编 incredible adj.难以置信的 independent adj.独立的；有主见的 index n.索引vt.编索引；表明 indicate vt.指示；表明 indict vt.起诉 indifferent adj.漠不关心的；无关紧要的 indignant adj.愤慨的 indignity n.侮辱 indispensable adj.不可或缺的 individual n.个体adj.个别的；特有的 indulge vt.纵容；沉溺于 indulgent adj.纵容的 ineffective adj.无效果的 inefficient adj.效率低的；能力差的 inequality n.不平等；互异 inert adj.无活动能力的；迟钝的 inevitable adj.不可避免的infect vt.传染 infer v.推断 inferior adj.次等的；（地位等）下级的 infinite adj.无限的；无数的 inflate v.（使）充气；（使）膨胀 inform v.告知；告密 ingenious adj.精巧的；有创造性的 inherent adj.天生的 initiate vt.创始 initiative adj.起始的n.主动性 innocent adj.清白的；单纯的 innovate v.创新 inquire v.询问；调查 insane adj.疯狂的；荒唐的 insert vt.插入n.插页 insight n.洞察力 inspect vt.审查；检阅 inspire vt.激发；激起灵感 instinct n.本能，直觉 institute n.协会；学院vt.设立 instruct vt.教育；指导；讲授；通知；指示，命令 insufficient adj.不充分的；不适当的 insult vt.侮辱n.凌辱 intact adj.完好无缺的 integral adj.不可或缺的 integrate v.（使）成一体 integrity n.完整；正直 intense adj.强烈的；紧张的intensify v.加强 intent n.意图adj.热切的；专心致志的 intention n.意图；含义 interact vi.相互作用 intercept vt.中途拦截；窃听 interfere vi.干涉；妨碍 interim adj.暂时的；过渡时期的 interject vt.突然插入 intermediate adj.中间的；中级的 intersect v.贯穿；相交 interval n.间隔；幕间休息 intervene vi.介入；干涉 intimate adj.亲密的vt.透露 intricate adj.细节繁多的 intrude vi.侵入；侵扰 invade vt.侵占；侵犯（权利等） invalid adj.无效的n.病人 inventory n.（商品的）目录 inverse n.颠倒adj.相反的 invert vt.倒置，颠倒 inward adj.内（心）的adv.向内 irritate v.使烦躁 jerk v./n.急拉 judicial adj.司法的；公平的 keen adj.热心的；敏锐的 kidnap vt.绑架 kindle v.点燃 kneel vi.跪下knit vt.编织；结合 knot n.（绳等的）结v.在…上打结 kowtow vi.磕头；顺从 label n.标签vt.把…列为 lag v.落后 lame adj.跛的vt.使变得无用 lash vt.鞭打n.鞭打；眼睫毛 leading adj.主要的；首位的 leak v.（使）渗漏；泄露n.漏洞 leap n./v.跳；（数字等）激增 lease n.租赁v.出租 legitimate adj.合法的vt.使合法 lest conj.唯恐；以免 lever n.杠杆vt.用杠杆撬动 levy vt.征收（税等） liable adj.有法律责任的；易于…的 lick vt.舔n.舔；少量 limp vi.蹒跚n.跛行adj.柔软的 linger vi.逗留 lip n.唇；（杯子等）边缘 load n.负担；载重量v.装（货） loaf n.一条（块）面包vt.消磨时间 lobby n.大堂v.向（议员或官员）游说 locomotive adj.移动的n.火车头 lodge v.留宿；存放n.小屋 lodging n.住所；出租的房间（公寓） lofty adj.（思想等）崇高的；高耸的 loom n.织布机vi.隐隐呈现；阴森地逼近lounge n.休息室vi.闲逛，混时间 lovable adj.可爱的 lubricate v.（使）润滑 lumber vi.缓慢而笨拙地移动n.木材；无用杂物 lunatic n.疯子adj.精神失常的；极愚蠢的 luxurious adj.奢侈的 luxury n.奢侈；豪华 magnificent adj.富丽堂皇的 magnify vt.放大；夸大 maintain vt.维修；保持 malice n.恶意，怨恨 maltreat vt.虐待 manifest adj.明显的vt.表明 manifold adj.多方面的 manipulate vt.熟练地使用；操纵 manual adj.手工的n.手册 margin n.页边的空白处；余额 marvel n.令人惊奇的事物vi.惊奇 mask n.面罩v.伪装 maternal adj.母性的 maximum n.最大值adj.最大的 mechanic n.技工 mechanics n.力学；结构 mechanize vt.使（过程、工厂等）机械化 mechanism n.机械装置；结构 medium adj.中等的n.媒介 melancholy n./adj.忧郁（的） menace n.危险；讨厌的人（或物）v.威胁mercy n.仁慈，怜悯 merge v.（使）合并 merit n.优点；功绩v.值得 mess n.混乱的情形v.把…弄糟 milestone n.里程碑；重大事件 mingle v.（使）混合 minimum n./adj.最小量（的），最低限度（的） minus prep.减去；（气温）零下adj.负的 mischief n.恶作剧；伤害 misery n.痛苦 mislead vt.把…引入歧途；使误解 mo（u）ld n.霉（菌）；模子v.浇铸 moan v.呻吟n.呻吟（声）；抱怨 mock n./v.嘲笑，嘲弄 moderate adj.适度的；有节制的v.（使）和缓 modest adj.谦虚的；适度的 modify vt.（略微）修改 monitor vt.监视n.显示屏；班长 monopolize v.垄断 monotonous adj.单调的，无变化的 motivate vt.促进，作为…的动机 mount v.增加；登上n.山（峰） mourn v.哀悼 mournful adj.悲哀的 muffle vt.裹住，蒙住（头部或眼睛） murder n./vt.谋杀（罪） murmur n.沙沙声；咕哝vt.低声说 mutual adj.相互的；共同的naive adj.无知的，天真的 narrate vt.叙述，描述 navigate v.航海；驾驶 negative adj.否定的；消极的n.否定词 neglect vt.忽视；遗忘（做某事） negotiate vi.谈判vt.通过谈判达成 neutral adj.中立的 nominal adj.名义上的；微薄的 nominate vt.任命；命名 noticeable adj.显而易见的 notify vt.（正式）通知（某人） notion n.概念；意图 notorious adj.臭名昭著的 nourish vt.养育；怀有（希望、怨恨等） nutrition n.滋养；营养物 obedient adj.顺从的 oblige vt.迫使；对…感激 obscure adj.模糊的；费解的vt.使朦胧 obstruct vt.阻碍 obvious adj.明显的 occupy vt.占；从事 offend v.冒犯；犯罪 offset vt.抵消n.分支 omit vt.省略；遗漏 opaque adj.不透明的；意义不明确的 oppress vt.压迫；压抑 optimal adj.最适宜的 optimistic adj.乐观的orient vt.使适应；确定位置 originate v.发源，创始 ornament n.饰物vt.装饰 outlaw n.歹徒vt.使…成为非法 outline n.轮廓；提纲vt.画…的草图 outrage n.暴行vt.违背 outset n.开端 outstanding adj.杰出的；（问题）未解决的 overcome vt.战胜；制服 overdo vt.做（使用）…过度 overdue adj.过期的 overflow v.（使）泛滥 overlap v.部分重叠n.重叠（部分） overrule vt.否决 overtake vt.超（车）；（不愉快的事）突然发生 overthrow n./vt.推倒，颠覆 overwhelm vt.战胜，克服 owe vt.欠；把…归功于vi.欠钱 oxidize vt.使氧化，使生锈 pace n.速度；一步，步距v.为…定速度 panic n.恐慌v.（使）恐慌adj.惊慌的 parade n.游行；阅兵v.游行 paradox n.自相矛盾的事物（思想、言论等） parallel adj.平行的；同类的n.平行线 paralyze vt.使麻痹，使瘫痪 paraphrase n./vt.意译 parcel n.包裹 partition vt.分割；隔开n.隔开paste n.糨糊vt.粘贴 patent n.专利（权）adj.专利的；公开的 pathetic adj.引起怜悯的；感伤的 patriot n.爱国者 pave vt.铺（路） peculiar adj.奇怪的；独特的 peddle vi.到处贩卖 peep n./vi.一瞥 peer vi.凝视 penalty n.刑罚；罚款 pendent adj.下垂的；未决的 penetrate vt.刺入；识破 perceive vt.察觉；理解 perch vi.（鸟）栖息n.（鸟的）栖木 peril n.危险的事物 permanent adj.永久的，持久的 permit v.允许n.执照，许可证 perpetual adj.永远的；四季开花的 perplex vt.使困惑；使复杂化 persecute vt.（宗教方面）迫害；困扰 persevere vi.坚持不懈 persistent adj.持续不断的 perspective n.观点；前景；透视图 petition n.请愿v.向…请愿（祈求） phase n.阶段；方面v.（使）分阶段进行 picturesque adj.似画的；（语言）生动的 pierce v.刺穿；突破 pile n.堆；大量v.积累pious adj.虔诚的；虚伪的 plausible adj.（声明、争论等）似乎正确的 pledge n.誓言；信物vt.保证 pluck v.拔；采 poise n.沉着；平衡v.（使）平衡 poke v.伸出；刺n.捅；戳；拨；挑；推进力 polish v.磨光；使完善n.上光剂 poll n.民意测验；选举投票v.投票 ponder v.仔细考虑 pop v.（使）砰地响n.流行音乐adj.流行的 portray vt.描绘；扮演 pose v.摆姿势；提出（问题） possess vt.拥有；掌握（技能） postpone vt.延期 potential adj.潜在的n.潜力 pound v.连续猛击；捣碎 poverty n.贫困；缺乏 practicable adj.行得通的 practical adj.实际的；实用的 preach v.布道；宣扬 precaution n.预防；谨慎 precede v.先于，在…之前发生 precise adj.精确的 predict v.预言；预测 predominant adj.占优势的；最显著的 prejudice n.偏见vt.使抱偏见 preliminary adj.初步的n.预备步骤 premise n.前提；房屋（及其附属建筑、基地等）preoccupation n.全神贯注；令人全神贯注的事物 prescribe v.开（药方）；规定 preserve vt.保存；保护 preside vi.主持（会议等） prestige n.威望 presumably adv.大概，可能 prevail vi.战胜；盛行 prey n.猎物；捕食vi.（疾病等）折磨 prick v.戳穿n.刺痛；刺孔 prime adj.主要的；最初的n.（某人的）鼎盛期 primitive adj.原始的n.原始人 principal adj.首要的n.校长 principle n.原则；行动准则 prior adj.优先的，更重要的 privacy n.隐私 probe n.探针；探测飞船v.探查 proceed vi.开始；继续进行 proclaim vt.宣告 productive adj.多产的 proficient adj.熟练的，精通的 profile n.（头像的）侧面；人物简介vt.作简介 profit n.利润v.有益 profound adj.深刻的 prohibit vt.禁止；阻止 prolong vt.延长 prominent adj.著名的；凸出的 promising adj.有前途的 promote vt.提升；宣传prompt vt.激励adj.及时的 proof n.证据；检验adj.耐…的 property n.财产；属性 proportion n.比例；部分 propose v.提议；企图 prosecute vt.对…起诉；执行vi.起诉 prospect n.前景；预期 prosperous adj.繁荣的 protest n./v.抗议 provided conj.以…为条件；假如 provisional adj.暂时的 provoke vt.激怒；煽动 prudent adj.谨慎的；精明的 punctual adj.准时的 qualify vt.使具有资格；授予…权利 vi.取得资格 query n./vt.质问 quest n.（长时间的）搜寻，探求 quit v.停止，放弃 quota n.定量；限额 quote vt.引证；报…的价n.报价 rack n.（放置物件的）架子v.折磨 radiate v.散发；辐射 radical adj.根本的；彻底的 rage n.狂怒vi.发怒 raid n.袭击v.袭击；搜查 random adj.任意的 rank n.排；地位v.把…分等级 rash adj.轻率的；匆忙的rate n.比率；等级 ratio n.比率，比例 ravage v.毁坏n.毁坏的结果 react vi.反应 rear n.背面vt.饲养 rebuke vt.谴责，指责 recall v.想起；收回n.回忆 recede vi.后退 receptive adj.（对新思想等）易于接受的 recess n.工间休息；壁凹vt.使凹进 reciprocal adj.互惠的，相互的 reckless adj.鲁莽的 reckon v.计算；认为 reclaim vt.回收；开垦（荒地） recognizable adj.可识别出的 recollect vt.回忆，回想 recommend vt.推荐；建议 reconcile vt.使和解；使一致 redeem vt.赎回；挽救 refer v.提及 refine vt.净化，精炼 reflect v.反射，反映 reform n./v.改革，改良 refrain v.抑制；避免 refresh v.（使）精神振作 refute vt.反驳，驳斥 regardless adj.不注意的 regime n.政权；政治制度regulate vt.管理；调节 rehabilitate vt.使恢复正常生活；使回复原状 reinforce vt.加强；增兵 reject vt.丢弃；拒绝n.被弃者 release vt.释放；发射n.释放 relevant adj.有关的 reliable adj.可靠的 relieve vt.减轻，解除（痛苦或困难） reluctant adj.勉强的 rely vi.信任；依赖 remark n.议论；注意v.评论 remind vt.提醒 remove vt.消除；开除 vi.迁移；搬家 render vt.致使；提供 renounce vt.与…断绝关系 renovate vt.修复 repeal vt.废止（法规等），撤销 repel vt.驱逐；使反感 repent v.悔悟，悔改 replace vt.代替 represent vt.代表；意味着 reproach n./vt.责备 request n.请求，要求vt.请求 rescue n./vt.解救 resent vt.怨恨 reserve n.储备物vt.保存；预定 reside vi.居住 resign vt.放弃；使顺从 vi.辞职resist vt.抵抗，耐 resolve v.决定；决议n.决心 resort vi.求助；常去n.度假胜地 resourceful adj.善于随机应变的 respective adj.各自的 responsible adj.应负责的；可靠的 restore vt.归还；恢复 restrain vt.克制，约束 restrict vt.限制，限定 resume v.重新开始，继续 retain vt.保存；挡住；留住 retort n./v.反驳，反唇相讥 retreat n./vi.撤退，退却 reveal vt.展现，揭露 revenge n./vt.报仇，报复 revenue n.财政收入；税收收入；收益 revise vt.校订；修正 revive v.（使）苏醒；（使）复活 revolve v.（使）旋转；考虑 rid vt.使摆脱，使获自由 rigid adj.僵硬的；严厉的 rough adj.表面粗糙的；粗暴的 sack n.大口袋；解雇vt.解雇 sacred adj.神圣的；郑重的 sacrifice n.供奉；牺牲（品）v.供奉；牺牲 sake n.缘故 sanction n.批准；制裁 sane adj.心智健全的；明智的satire n.讥讽；讥讽文体 satirize vt.讽刺，讥讽 saturate vt.浸透；使饱和 savage adj.野蛮的；凶猛的n.野蛮人 scan n./vt.审视；扫描 scandal n.丑事；流言蜚语 scarcely adv.仅仅，刚刚 scare vt.使吃惊 vi.受惊n.惊恐 scatter v.（使）分散；散播 sceptical adj.多疑的 scold vt.斥责，呵斥 scorn n./v.轻蔑，蔑视 scotch vt.粉碎，消灭 scramble n./vi.攀缘，爬行；抢夺 scrape v.刮，擦n.擦伤 scratch vt.抓；勾掉n.搔；抓痕 scribble v.乱写n.潦草的字迹 scrub vt.用力擦洗；取消 scrutiny n.细察，详审 seal n.海豹；印记vt.密封 selective adj.选择的；挑拣的 sensible adj.明智的；意识到的 sensitive adj.敏感的；（神经）过敏的 serene adj.安详的，平静的 series n.一连串，连续 sever v.切断；割开 severe adj.严厉的；（痛苦等）剧烈的 shadowy adj.多阴影的；朦胧的shallow adj.浅的；肤浅的 sharpen vt.使尖锐；使敏捷 shelter n.庇护（物）v.躲避 shiver n./vi.颤抖，发抖 shriek vi.发出尖叫n.尖叫声 shrink v.（使）收缩；退缩n.收缩；畏缩 shudder vi.抽动；战栗 siege n.围困，围攻 sift v.筛；详查 sigh n./vi.叹息，叹气 significant adj.重要的；有特殊意义的 signify vt.意味，表明 simplify vt.使单纯，使简易 simultaneous adj.同时发生的 sincere adj.真实的；直率的 sink n.洗涤槽；污水池vi.沉下 situate vt.使…建于或坐落在某处 skeptical adj.怀疑的，多疑的 skim vt.从液体表面撇去；略读 skip v.跳跃；略去 slack adj.松弛的；萧条的 slacken v.（使）变松；放松 slander n./v.诽谤，诋毁 slant vt.有倾向性地报道vi.有倾向n.斜坡；偏见 slap n.掴；掌声v.掴，拍打 slight adj.轻微的；纤弱的vt.轻视 sling vt.抛；吊n.吊带 slip n.滑；小过失；纸条vi.滑倒；犯错误slippery adj.光滑的；滑头的 slur n./vt.诽谤，中伤 smash v.（使）破碎；猛撞；打败 smear v.涂抹；诋毁n.污点 smudge n.污点v.涂污，弄脏 smuggle v.走私；偷运 snatch n./v.抢夺，攫取 sneak vt.偷偷地做（或吃）vi.偷偷地走，溜n.怯懦鬼祟的人 sneer v.嘲笑，讥笑 snicker n./v.暗笑，窃笑 sniff v.以鼻吸气；嗅 soak n./vt.浸，泡，渍 soar vi.高飞，翱翔 sober adj.未醉的；审慎的 solicit v.向（某人）拉（选票）；（妓女）拉（客） soluble adj.可溶的；可解决的 solve vt.解决，解答 somehow adv.不知怎么地；以某种方法 somewhat adv.有点，稍微 soothe vt.使平静；使缓和 sophisticate n.老于世故的人vt.使（人）世故；使复杂 sovereign adj.最高的；有主权的n.君主 span n.跨度vt.横跨 spark n.火星vi.发出火花；导致 sparkle v.（使）闪烁，n.闪耀 specialize vi.专攻，专门研究 specific adj.明确的；特定的 specify vt.指定；载明spectacular adj.壮观的；引人入胜的 speculate vi.推测；投机 spill v.（使）溢出，（使）溅出 spin vt.纺纱；杜撰n.旋转 spiral n.螺线adj.螺旋形的v.盘旋移动 spite n.怨恨vt.刁难 splash v.溅n.飞溅（声）；溅污的斑点 splendid adj.壮丽的；绝妙的 splendo（u）r n.华丽，辉煌 splinter n.碎片v.（使）裂成碎片 split n./v.裂开；分裂 spoil vt.损坏；宠坏n.掠夺物 spontaneous adj.自发的，自然的 sprain vt.扭，扭伤 spray n.水雾；喷液v.喷洒 sprinkle v.洒n.少量 sprout v.发芽；（使）生长n.新芽 spur n.马刺；驱策v.激励 squander vt.浪费，挥霍 squat n./v.蹲踞，蹲坐 squeeze n./v.挤压；榨取 stab n./v.刺，戳；刺痛 stagger vi.蹒跚而行vt.使摇晃；使错开 stall n.摊位；厩v.（引擎）停止转动 stammer n./v.结巴地说，口吃 standpoint n.立场，立足点 startle vt.使惊愕，使吃惊 status n.身份；威望；情形steer v.驾驶（舟、船、汽车等） sterile adj.不育的；荒瘠的；无效的 stern adj.严苛的；严厉的n.船尾 stiff adj.坚硬的；不灵活的；拘谨的 stifle v.（使）窒息；（受）抑制 stimulate vt.激励；刺激 stir n./v.搅拌；骚动 stoop n./v.弯腰；屈尊 strain n./v.拉紧；尽全力；损伤 strangle v.（被）勒死；抑制 strategy n.战略（学）；策略 stray vi.走失；离题adj.流浪的；迷路的 streamline vt.把…设计或制成流线型；使精简 stretch v.拉伸；伸展n.（陆地或水域的）一大片 stride v.大步行走n.大步；步幅 strip vt.剥去；剥夺n.条，带 strive vi.抗争；奋勉 stroll n./vi.漫步，闲逛 stumble vi.绊脚；蹒跚而行 stun vt.将…打昏；使吃惊 subdue vt.征服；缓和 submerge v.浸没，淹没 submit vt.使服从；呈送 vi. 屈从；忍受 subordinate adj.下级的n.属下vt.使居次要地位 subscribe vi.认捐；订阅 subsequent adj.随后的，继起的 subsidize vt.给…补助金 substantial adj.坚实的；充裕的；实质性的substitute n.代替者；代替物v.代替 subtle adj.微妙的；精巧的；敏感的 subtract v.减去，扣除 succession n.继续；继承 suck n./vt.吸，吮 sue vt.控告（某人）；请求 sufficient adj.足够的；充分的 suffocate v.（使）窒息而死 summit n.顶点；巅峰；高峰会议 summon vt.召唤；鼓起（勇气等） superb adj.一流的；堂皇的 superficial adj.表面的；肤浅的 superior adj.优良的；上级的n.上司 superstition n.迷信，迷信观念 supervise vt.监督，管理 supplement n.增补；增刊vt.增补 suppress vt.镇压；抑制 supreme adj.最高的；最重要的 surge vi.急剧上升n.突然发生；激增 surmount vt.克服；处于…的顶端 surpass vt.超越，凌驾 surplus n.剩余；余款adj.多余的 surrender n./v.投降；屈从；交出 survey n./vt.检查；查勘 suspect vt.猜想n.嫌疑犯 suspend vt.悬挂；暂停；使停职 suspicion n.怀疑，疑心 suspicious adj.怀疑的；可疑的sustain vt.支撑；维持；承受 swallow n.燕子；吞v.吞；吞没 swarm n.（昆虫等的）群vi.蜂拥而行 swathe vt.把…裹在，把…围在 sway v.（使）摇摆n.摇摆；支配 swear v.发誓；诅咒 sweep n./v.打扫；掠过 swell n./v.膨胀；（使）鼓起 swerve v.（使）突然转向，转弯 swift adj.快捷的；敏捷的 swindle v.诈骗n.诈骗行为 swing v.摇荡n.摇摆；秋千 switch n.开关；转换v.接通或切断（电流）；转变 symbolize vt.象征，代表 sympathize vi.同情；同意 symptom n.症状；征兆 synthesize vt.合成 takeover n.接管，接收 tan vt.硝（皮）；晒黑n.黄褐色 tangible adj.确实的；可触知的 tangle v.（使）纠缠n.乱七八糟的一堆 taper n.蜡捻子vi.逐渐变窄；逐渐终止 tariff n.关税；（餐馆等的）价目表 tease vt.取笑，嘲弄 teem vi.充满；下大雨 tempt vt.引诱；诱导 tend v.倾向；照管n.照管者 terminal n.终点站；（电脑的）终端机adj.每学期的；终点的terrify vt.（使）恐怖，惊吓 testify v.证实；表明 thaw v.（使）解冻；变得温和n.解冻（期） thereby adv.因此，借以 thereof adv.由此，在其中 thrash v.打（谷物）；鞭打；猛烈舞（挥）动 thrill n.（一阵）激动vt.（使）激动 thrive vi.兴盛，繁荣 thrust v.刺；用力推n.戳；推进力 thwart vt.阻挠，使…受挫 tickle vt.胳肢；（使）愉悦vi.感到痒 tilt v.（使）倾斜n.倾斜 timid adj.胆小的；羞怯的 toast n.吐司；敬酒v.烤；为…举杯祝酒 toil n./vi.辛苦工作；艰难跋涉 tolerate vt.容忍；忍受 topple v.摇摇欲坠；（使）倒塌；推翻 torment n.折磨vt.使痛苦；折磨 tortuous adj.弯弯曲曲的；含混不清的 torture n./vt.拷问；折磨 toss n./v.投，抛；突然抬起 toxic adj.有毒（性）的 trace v.跟踪；探索n.踪迹；微量 track n.小径；跑道；轨道vt.跟踪 trail n.足迹；小径v.拖曳；跟踪 tramp n.流浪汉v.踩，践踏 transaction n.办理；业务 transfer n./v.转移；调动；转让transform v.（使）完全改变，（使）改观 transit n.运输，运送 transmit vt.传送；传染；传导 transparent adj.透明的；易懂的 transplant n./v.移植（植物或器官） trap n.陷阱；圈套v.设陷阱捕捉 tremble vi.震颤；摇动；焦虑 trick n.诡计；恶作剧vt.哄骗，欺骗 trifle n.小事；稍微vi.轻视 trigger n.扳机；触发器vt.引起 triple adj.三倍的v.增至三倍 trivial adj.不重要的；无价值的 trot n./vi.（马）快步；疾走 tuck v.塞进；卷起；打褶裥 tug v.用力拖n.猛拉；拖船 tumble n.翻滚；跌倒v.滚落；垮台 turnover n.营业额；人事变动率 twinkle vi.闪烁；眨眼n.闪烁 twist n./v.搓；转动；曲解 ultimate adj.最终的；极点的 unanimous adj.一致同意的 unconditional adj.无条件的 undercover adj.暗中进行的 underestimate vt.低估，看轻 undergo vt.经历，经受 underline vt.在…下面画线；强调 undermine vt.损毁…的地基；削弱 underneath prep.在…下面adv.在底下undertake vt.试图；着手做；承担 undesirable adj.不想要的；令人不快的 undo vt.使松开；取消 unearth vt.发掘；搜寻到 unexpected adj.想不到的；突如其来的 unfold v.展开；展现 unify vt.使（某物）成一体，使统一 unite v.（使）混合；（使）联合 unload vt.从（某物）上卸下货物 unlock vt.开锁；揭开vi.解开 unpack vt.打开（包装）取出某物 unplug vt.拔出（电器）的电源插头 unreasonable adj.不讲道理的；过分的 untie v.解开，松开 unveil vt.揭开；为…揭幕 upbringing n.养育，抚育 upgrade vt.提高…档次n.提高 uphold vt.举起；支持 upright adj.直立的；正直的adv.竖立着 uproot vt.将（植物）连根拔起；根除 urge vt.催促，激励vi.极力主张n.推动力 utilize vt.利用，应用 utmost adj.最大的n.极限 utter adj.彻底的vt.发出（声音等） vacant adj.空的；空缺的 vacate vt.空出，让出 vaccinate vt.给…注射疫苗 vain adj.自负的；徒劳的valid adj.正确的；有效的 vanish vi.突然消失；消逝 vaporize v.（使）汽化，（使）蒸发 vary v.改变，变更 vent n.通风孔；排放vt.发泄（情感） ventilate vt.使通风 venture n.冒险（事业）v.冒险；敢于 verify vt.核实，查证 vertical adj.垂直的，直立的n.垂直线，垂直面 veto n.否决权vt.否决（某事物） via prep.途径；凭借 vibrate v.（使）振动；发颤音 vice n.罪恶；缺点 vigo（u）r n.精力，魄力 violate vt.违犯；侵犯 virtue n.美德；优点；好处 visual adj.视觉的；看得见的 vital adj.生命的；关系重大的 vivid adj.鲜明的；生动的 voluntary adj.自愿的，自动的 volunteer n.志愿者；志愿兵v.自愿效劳 vomit v.呕吐，作呕 vulnerable adj.易受攻击的；（指人）易受伤害的 wake vt.唤醒vi.醒来n.（行船在水面留下的）航迹 wander vi.漫步；精神恍惚 warrant n.授权（证）；逮捕状vt.使有正当理由 weave v.编织；（使）迂回行进n.编织法 weep vt.流泪，哭泣weld vt.焊接；使成一体 whip n.鞭子v.抽打 whirl v.（使）旋转n.旋转，晕眩 whisper v.耳语；发飒飒声n.低语；谣传 wink vi.眨眼；闪烁n.眨眼；一瞬间 wipe vt.抹；去除 wit n.才智；才子 withdraw v.收回；（使）撤退 wither vi.（使）枯萎，（使）凋谢 withhold vt.不给；保留 worm n.（寄生）虫；可鄙的人v.蠕动；爬行 worth prep.值；值得n.价值 worthy adj.值得…的；值得尊敬的 wrap vt.把…包起来n.披肩，围巾 wreck n.残骸；毁坏vt.破坏 wretched adj.可怜的；恶劣的 yawn v.打哈欠（说）n.呵欠；裂口 yearn vi.想念；渴望 yell vt.叫喊n.叫喊声，呐喊 zeal n.热心，热情 Man cannot discover new oceans unless he has courage to lose sight of the shore. ——Gide 人只有鼓起勇气告别海岸，才能发现新的海洋。 ——纪德附录 一 专八必备听力词汇 政治、军事、安全类词汇 AAM（air-to-air missile） 空对空导弹 ABM（anti-ballistic missile） 反弹道导弹 absentee voting 缺席投票 absolute majority 绝对多数 abstain from voting 弃权 abuse of power for personal gain 以权谋私 acting president 代总统 active armed forces 现役武装部队 activist 活跃分子 ad hoc committee 专门委员会，特别委员会 administration party 执政党 administrative authorities 行政当局 adopted by consensus 经过协商一致通过 advisory body 顾问团，咨询机构 agenda 议程，议事日程 air crash 飞机失事air of tension 紧张气氛 aircraft carrier 航空母舰 airlift troop 空降部队 alien domination 外国统治 all-embracing agreement 包罗万象的协定 allied powers 同盟国 ambassador-at-large 巡回大使 amendment 修正案，附加条款 amicable relations 友好关系 amnesty 特赦 anarchy 无政府状态 anti-corruption 反腐败 anti-establishment 反政府情绪，反建制 anti-inflation measures 制止通货膨胀的措施 anti-robbery bell 防盗铃 apartheid （南非）种族隔离 apple of discord 引起不和的争端 appropriate authorities 有关当局 arbitration 仲裁，公断 arch-foe 主要的劲敌 armament race 军备竞赛 armed intervention 武装干涉 armored corps 装甲兵团 arms build-up 军备集结 arm-twisting 施加压力 around-the-clock bombing 日夜不停的轰炸 assembly hall 会议厅 assembly man 议员；装配工assistant secretary of state （美）助理国务卿 assistant secretary （美）助理部长 attaché 专员，（外交使团的）随员 authoritative information 官方消息 authoritative source 权威人士 autonomous region 自治区 axis power 轴心国 back number 过期报刊 ballot 选票，投票 bare majority 勉强多数 beam weapons 激光束武器 behind-the-scene maneuvering 幕后操纵 belligerent powers 交战国 big gun 有势力的人，名人 bipartisan diplomacy 两党一致的对外政策 black box 黑匣子 blanket ballot 全面选举 blanket bombing 地毯式轰炸 blast 爆炸 blockade 封锁 bloodless coup 不流血政变 Blue Berets 蓝盔部队 bluff diplomacy 恫吓外交 bombard 轰炸，炮击 boycott 联合抵制 brain trust 智囊团 bribery行贿 briefing meeting 简要新闻发布会budget committee 预算委员会 cabinet lineup 内阁阵容 cabinet re-shuffle 内阁改组 cadre 干部 calamity 灾难，不幸事件 carrot-and-stick policy 威胁利诱政策 casualty 遇难者，伤亡人员 ceasefire 停火 censure vote 不信任投票 chemical weapon 化学武器 China hand 中国通 China's actual conditions 中国国情 civil servant 公务员 civilian 平民 closed-door meeting 秘密会议 communiqué 官方公报 congressional hearing （美国）国会意见听证会 conscript 征兵，入伍 conservative party 保守党 construction of a clean government 廉政建设 corruption reporting center 举报中心 county magistrate 县长 crash program 应急计划 curfew 宵禁 deadlock 僵局 death toll 死亡人数，死亡率 destroyer 驱逐舰 dictatorship 独裁diplomatic channel 外交途径 diplomatic immunity 外交豁免权 diplomatic maneuvers 外交策略 disaster-hit area 灾区 dissolve 解散 division chief 处长，科长 dove 主和派，鸽派 enlisted man 现役军人，士兵 face-to-face talk 会晤，面谈 flying squad 机动小组，飞虎队 general armistice 全面停战 guest of honor 贵宾 Hong Kong compatriot 香港同胞 honor guard 仪仗队 hostage 人质 housing reform 住房改革 ideology 意识形态 incumbent mayor 现任市长 interim government 过渡政府 man of mark 名人，要人 marine corps 海军陆战队 memorandum 备忘录 military expansion 军事扩张 minesweeper 扫雷艇 mushroom cloud 蘑菇云 national anthem 国歌 negative vote 反对票 nominee 候选人nonaligned country 不结盟国家 nuclear weapon 核武器 on standby 待命 opinion poll 民意测验 overwhelming majority 压倒性多数 parliament 国会 pay-to-the-driver bus 无人售票车 peace-keeping force 维和部队 Pentagon 五角大楼 PM = Prime Minister 首相，总理 press briefing 新闻发布会 press spokesman 新闻发言人 protocol 草案，协议 public servant 公务员 racial discrimination 种族歧视 reciprocal visits 互访 scandal 诽谤，丑闻 scout plane 侦察飞机 scud missile 飞毛腿导弹 senate 参议院 shoe-string majority 微弱多数 showdown 摊牌 shuttle diplomacy 穿梭外交 submarine 潜水艇 summit conference 高峰会议，首脑会议 tenure of office 任职期 truce 停火，休战 unanimous resolution 一致通过的决议unconditional surrender 无条件投降 vote down 否决，投票否决 经济、贸易类词汇 accumulated deficit 累计赤字 across-the-board tariff cut talks 全面削减关税会谈 active capital 流动资本 active trade balance 贸易顺差 adverse trade balance 贸易逆差 all-out ban 全面禁止 American Selling Price 美国销售价格 assembly line 生产流水线 balance of trade 贸易差额 bank book 银行存折 bank failure 银行倒闭 bar code 条形码 bargain price 廉价 bid up price 哄抬物价 black market price 黑市价 blind alley 死胡同 boom （经济）繁荣，兴旺 borrower 借方，借用者 bottle up 抑制；控制 bottom out 降至最低点 brain drain 人才流失，人才外流 brain gain 人才引进，人才流入brawn drain 劳动力外流 broker 经纪人 bubble economy 泡沫经济 budget committee 预算委员会 business slump 生意萧条 cargo handling capacity 货物吞吐量 cash transaction 现金交易 casualty 遇难者，伤亡人员 ceasefire 停火 ceiling price 最高限价 convenience food 方便食品 daily necessities 日用品 daily turnover 日成交量 demand and supply balance 供求平衡 devaluation 货币贬值 dividend 红利，股息 dull market 市面冷淡 economic recession 经济衰退 economic sanction 经济制裁 economic take-off 经济腾飞；经济起飞 embargo 禁运 fiscal year 财政年度 flea market 跳蚤市场 fluctuating salary 附加工资 gear...to the international conventions 把…与国际接轨 gold reserve 黄金储备 gold standard 金本位 hit product 拳头产品idle money 闲散资金 inspector-general 总监 knock-out system 淘汰制 knowledge economy 知识经济 laid-off 下岗 lease 租约，租期 notions 小商品 pension insurance 养老保险 perk 外快 petrodollar 石油美元 poverty-stricken area 贫困地区 price index 物价指数 price-curbing policy 抑制物价政策 quick-frozen food 速冻食品 reciprocal trade agreement 互惠贸易协定 redundant 下岗人员 re-employment 再就业 retailer 零售商 switch trade 转手贸易，转口贸易 tycoon 巨头 wholesale dealer 批发商 working couple 双职工 科技、卫生类词汇 active substance 活性物质，有效成分 AIDS （Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome） 艾滋病ambulance救护车 anemia （英式anaemia）贫血症 astronomer 天文学家 atomic energy 核能，原子能 audio-visual aids 视听设备，视听教具 bacteria 细菌 blood type 血型 CAI（computer-assisted instruction） 计算机辅助教学 chicken pox 水痘 chip 芯片 cholesterol 胆固醇 comet 彗星 constellation 星座 disinfectant 消毒剂 dispensary 药房 dysentery 痢疾 El Nino phenomenon 厄尔尼诺现象 electric power 电力 epidemic 流行病 euthanasia 安乐死 extraterrestrial 外星的 family planning 计划生育 galaxy 银河系 genetic engineering 基因工程 hardware 硬件 industrial disease 职业病 info-highway 信息高速公路 injection 注射inoculate 预防注射，接种 laboratory 实验室 malaria 疟疾 mushroom cloud 蘑菇云 plague 瘟疫 power failure 断电，停电 surgical department 外科 tumor 肿瘤 vaccine 疫苗 教育、文化类词汇 academia 学术界 academic career 学历，学业 academic year 学年 academician 院士 academy sciences 科学院 admit the best examinee 择优录取 alumnus（复数: alumni） 男校友 bread-and-butter letter 感谢信 cafeteria 自助餐厅 charity 慈善组织，慈善机构 Chinese descendant in America 美籍华裔 classroom boycott 罢课 closing address 闭幕致辞 coeducation 男女同校 cramming system 填鸭式教学法cultural undertakings 文化事业 curriculum vitae 履历表 doctorial tutor 博士生导师 exam candidates 考生 in-service training 在职培训 off-the-job training 脱产培训 on-the-job training 在职培训 open classroom 讨论式教学 overseas student 留学生 quiz game 智力竞赛 red-letter day 节日，纪念日 娱乐、体育类词汇 a drawn game 和局，平局 Academy Award 奥斯卡金像奖 accredited journalist 特派记者 acrobatics 杂技 album 专辑 animal year 本命年 athlete 运动员 athletics 运动，竞技 audience rating 收视率 audiophile 音乐发烧友 benefit concert 义演音乐会 big lie 大骗局 box office returns 票房收入box office smash 卖座率高的演出 cable car 缆车 carnival 狂欢节 celebrity 名人，名流 ceremonial usherette 迎宾小姐 chamber concert 室内音乐会 chartered plane 包机 columnist 专栏作家 computernik 电脑迷 conducted tour 团体旅游 countdown 倒计时 curtain call 谢幕 door money 入场费 duet 二重唱 eliminate 淘汰 elimination 淘汰赛 exclusive interview 独家采访 feint 佯攻，假动作 film festival 电影节 final 决赛 front page 头条 front row seat 首席记者 full house 满座，客满 goalkeeper 足球守门员 guest team / home team 客队/主队 highlights and sidelights 要闻与花絮 hit parade 流行歌曲排行榜 hurdle 跨栏hypermedia 超媒体 intermission 中场休息，幕间休息 invitation meet 邀请赛 karate 空手道 leading actor 男主角 linesman 边线裁判员，边裁 manuscript 原稿，脚本 medium 媒体，媒介 multimedia 多媒体 music cafe 音乐茶座 news agency 通讯社 news briefing 新闻发布会 news conference 记者招待会 news flash 短讯，快讯 newsreel 新闻影片 on-the-spot broadcasting 现场直播 open classroom 讨论式教学 overture 序曲 peak viewing time （收视）黄金时间 philharmonic 爱好音乐的 premiere 首映，初次公演 press corps 记者团 prime time 黄金时段 prize-awarding ceremony 颁奖仪式 questionnaire 调查表 recital 独唱会，独奏会 record-holder 纪录保持者 red-carpet welcome 隆重欢迎red-hot news 最新消息 referee （足球、拳击）裁判员 rehearsal 排练，预演 relay race 接力赛 relay 转播 semifinal 半决赛 serenade 小夜曲 sprint 短跑；冲刺 symphony 交响曲 telecast （现场直播的）电视广播 top news 头条新闻 tour de force 代表作；绝技 trial 预赛，选拔赛 umpire （垒球、网球等的）裁判员 生活、宗教、法律类词汇 absent trial 缺席审判 accused 被告 accuser 原告 acquit 宣告无罪 addict 吸毒上瘾者 amnesty 大赦 arson 放火，纵火 assault 袭击，攻击 bachelor mother 未婚母亲 bail 保释bail 保释，保释金 baptism 洗礼，浸礼 barrister 律师，诉讼律师 be acquitted 无罪释放 bishop 主教 bistro 小餐馆 botanical garden 植物园 Buddhism 佛教 cable-stay bridge 斜拉桥 capital punishment 死刑 catch phrase 口头禅；口号；妙句 Catholic 天主教 Christianity 基督教 civil case 民事案件 cloverleaf intersection 立交桥 commutation of sentence 减刑 commuter 乘车上班族 complains box 意见箱 condolence 慰问，吊唁 confess 供认 confiscate 没收，充公 conscience forum 道德法庭 contempt of court 蔑视法庭 criminal case 刑事案件 criminal law 刑法 defendant 被告 detention 拘留 dropout 离经叛道者；辍学者electrocute 电刑 embezzlement 挪用，盗用 en route to 在…途中 feminine liberation 妇女解放 frame-up 诬陷，假案 fraud 诈骗 heroin 海洛因 hijack 劫机 Hinduism 印度教 hit-and-runner 肇事后逃走者 indictment 控诉；控告 Islamism 伊斯兰教 juror 陪审员 marriage lines 结婚证书 master key 万能钥匙 mercy killing 安乐死 moped 助力车 Moslem 穆斯林 mosque 清真寺 nest egg 私房钱；储备金 overpass （人行）天桥 pedestrian 行人 population explosion 人口爆炸 pose for a group photo 集体合影留念 Protestant 新教徒 sentence 判刑 subpoena 传票 supreme court 最高法庭surrender oneself 自首 traffic tie-up 交通瘫痪 trustee 董事；受托人 two-day off 双休日 verdict 判决 witnes 证人二 专八必备高频短语 a black sheep 败家子；害群之马 a case in point 一个恰当的例子 a castle in the air 空中楼阁 a chronic state of 长期的 a code of ethics 道德准则 a prevailing practice 一个普遍的现象 a rosy picture of... 对…美好的印象 a small price to pay 微不足道的代价 a spoiled brat 宠坏的孩子 a thorn in one's side 心头之 a time-honored brand 一个历史悠久的品牌 a vicious cycle 恶性循环 a wide selection of 各种各样的，广泛大量的 a double-edged sword 一把双刃剑 accumulate a system of expertise 积累了系统的知识 act of omission 不作为 add spice to... 为…增加趣味 ahead of schedule 提前 alienate...from... 使…疏远… ally oneself with... 与…结盟、联盟或联姻 an all-round reward 全方位的收获 annexed or forced out of business 被兼并或被挤掉 anxiety-laden 忧心忡忡的around the clock 昼夜不停地 arts and crafts 工艺 at one's wit's end 无法可想，智穷计尽 avail oneself of sth. 使用某事物；利用某事物 back...up 支持… be a good bet 好的做法，好的选择 be analogous to... 与…相似 be at peace with... 与…和睦相处；让…平静 be bound up with... 与…关系密切的 be characterized by... 以…特征 be conducive to... 有助于… be confronted with... 面临，面对… be deprived of... 被剥夺… be in the depth of despair 陷于绝望的深渊 be hooked on... 对…着迷 be in a dilemma 左右为难，进退维谷 be entangled in... 被缠入… be inseparable to 不可或缺的 be of the opinion that... 认为… be feasible to do sth. 做某事行得通 be racked by/with... 备受…的折磨 be under illusion that... 误以为… be unfavorable to... 对…不利 be vulnerable to...易于受到…伤害的 bend the rules改变原则，通融 beyond the boundaries of... 超出…的范围 big shot 要人，大人物 binary opposition 二元对立，相对关系boast of 吹嘘，自夸 boost confidence and stimulate spending 提升信心，刺激消费 bosom friends 心腹之交，知己 break the shackles of convention 打破传统的束缚 break the stalemate 打破僵局 bridge the gap 缩小差距 bring vigor into 输入活力 bring...into full play 充分发挥…的作用 build up expertise 增强专业技能 business recession 经济衰退 bustle and hustle 熙熙攘攘 by unscrupulous means 不择手段 cast light on... 阐明…；使…更清楚 casual relationship 因果关系 cellular radiation 手机辐射 climb the career ladder 为事业奋斗 come out of one's shell 不再羞怯、沉默 conjure up images of... 使人想到… corrupted bureaucrats 腐败的官僚 cosmetic surgery 整容手术 cost sb. an arm and a leg 非常昂贵 count oneself lucky 自认幸运 cross cultural communication 跨文化交流cultivate talents for our society为社会培养人才 deliberate layout 精心布局 develop one's potential to the full 充分发挥某人的潜力 differentiate with... 区别于… domestic chores 家务domestic violence 家庭暴力 dos and don'ts 行为准则，须知 down-to-earth 务实的 draw scant attention 不受重视 drive forward the economy 拉动经济 earn meager salaries 赚取微薄的工资 employee attrition rate 员工流失率 endow...with... 使…具有… enormous amount of controversy 很大的争议 equal stress on integrity and ability 德才兼备 eradicate defect 根除缺陷 err in the same manner 犯同样的错误 ever-accelerating 不断增加的 extend the market share 扩大市场份额 extracurricular activity 课外活动 fair and square 正大光明的 fake specialists 冒牌专家 fall into one's concern 引起关注 fall out of use 逐渐不使用 far-reaching social significance 深远的社会意义 fend for oneself 照顾自己 find its expression in... 在…有所体现 fiscal and monetary policy 财政和货币政策 fitness/bodybuilding exercise 健美操 for better or worse 不论好坏 from all walks of life 来自各行各业 from the perspective of... 从…方面来看 frown upon... 不赞成…fulfill one's potential 发挥某人的潜力 full of vim and vigor 充满活力，生龙活虎 gain celebrity overnight 一夜成名 get accustomed to 习惯于 get away with the punishments 逃脱惩罚 get burned out 筋疲力尽 get the upper hand 占上风 get into the habit of frugality 养成节俭的习惯 get out of the shadow of... 走出…的阴影 get stuck to 依附，粘住 get acquainted with... 与…熟识 give a careful consideration 仔细考虑 give a fair shake 给予公平待遇 give due weight to 充分重视 give incentive to 鼓励 give it a shot 尝试 give rise to 引起，导致 give sb. a dose of their own medicine 以其人之道，还治其人之身 give up eating for fear of choking 因噎废食 go against the aim of... 违背…的目的 go so far as to 处理某事时爱走极端；甚至做到某地步 graduation dissertation 毕业论文 grin and bear it 逆来顺受 have a bearing on... 对…有影响 have a nodding acquaintance with... 对…略知一二；与某人有点头之 交 have an edge on/over sb./sth. 略胜过某人/某事 have an encyclopedic knowledge 有丰富的知识have fantasies about... 对…抱有幻想 have intentions of evading taxes 有意逃税 have poor command of... 对…掌握不好 hold a hostile attitude towards... 对…怀有敌意 hold true for 适用于 hold water 合理，说得通 idle away time 虚度光阴，游手好闲 impoverished college students 贫困大学生 in a manner of speaking 在某种意义上说，不妨说 in a nutshell 简言之 in accordance with 根据 in all probability 十有八九 in defiance of 不顾；无视 in line with 符合，跟…一致 in private 私下 in the corporate world 在商业界 in the neighborhood of... 在…附近；大约… in the twinkling of an eye 一眨眼，转眼间 in the vicinity of... 在…周围，在…附近；大约… in the vicissitudes of life 世事变迁 in times of ups and downs 在起伏波动的时候 in the course of history 在历史的长河中 industrious and economical 勤俭节约 inflict pain on... 使…痛苦 intangible cultural heritage 无形文化遗产 interfere in 打扰，影响 interpersonal relationship 人际关系 invigorate enterprises 搞活企业it is advisable to do... 做…是明智的 it stands to reason that... …是理所当然的 its benefits overweigh the demerits 优点大于缺点 join the ranks of... 加入…的行列 keep pace with... 与…并驾齐驱 last but not least 最后但同样重要的 launch a new reform 推行一项新的改革 laws and regulations 法律法规 lay emphasis on 强调 lay stress on experience 强调工作经验 learn mountains of theories 学习大量理论知识 live from hand to mouth 勉强度日 lose sight of 忽略，忘记 lucrative opportunities 赚钱的机会 make clear an idea that... 弄清楚的是… make compliments to 称赞 marked indication 显著标志 market-oriented economy 市场经济 marvel at... 惊叹于…，折服于… medical practitioners 医师 mental-handicapped 弱智的 might-have-been outcome 可能的后果 more often than not 往往，多半 mortgage loans 抵押贷款 none other that 恰恰是…；正是… non-material cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产 not all doom and gloom 并非一片黯淡 occupational disease 职业病of no avail 不起作用 on a daily basis 每天 on the impulse of... 凭…的冲动 on the increase 正在增加，不断增长 on the move of an unprecedented speed 以前所未有的速度在前进 on the sly 偷偷地，秘密地 on the threshold of... 在…的开始 on the verge of... 在…的边缘 optimize the teaching stuff 优化教师队伍 painstaking efforts 辛苦的努力 pay one's way 挣钱维持生活；赢利维持营业 per capita income 人均收入 pin one's hope on 把希望寄托在 play a crucial role 起关键作用 pluck up courage 鼓起勇气 plunge into...一头扎在… ponder over 深思 pooling ideas from various channels 集思广益 pose threat to... 给…带来危险 poverty-stricken families 贫困家庭 procure ideal jobs 得到理想的工作 producer's myopia 生产者的短视行为 prone to 易于 put...at stake 把…置于危险境地 put...above... 重视…甚于… put...at a disadvantage 使…处于劣势 race against the clock 争分夺秒 rank top in their priorities 处于优先处理的位置reach a consensus 达成一致 reach saturation 达到饱和状态 reap immediate profits 立刻获得利润 rectify and regulate 整顿和规范 relieve...of... 使…摆脱… requisite preparation 必要准备 run contrary to... 与…相矛盾 run with the crowd 随波逐流 running expenses 日常费用 sanitary environment 卫生环境 save for a rainy day 未雨绸缪 screen...out 筛选出…，淘汰… see eye to eye with... 与…看法一致 self-fulfillment 自我实现 sense of satisfaction 成就感 shake...off 摆脱… shape one's inclination 塑造某人的爱好 shut...out from... 将…排除在…外 socialism redevelopment 社会主义改造 socialize with... 与…交往 speculate in... 在…方面投机 spring up like mushroom 如雨后春笋般涌现 stand a better chance of doing sth.更有机会做某事 stand one's ground 坚持立场 stand the test of time 经受得住时间的考验 staunch defender 忠实的守卫者 stick to one's position 坚守自己的岗位 stock exchange 证券交易所strenuous exercise 剧烈运动 strike a balance between...and...在…和…之间取得平衡 stumbling block 绊脚石 succumb to 屈服于 surrender oneself to屈服于，投降于 swarm into 涌入 take...into one's confidence向…吐露心声 take priority over... 比…优先 take the blame for... 为…承担责任 take the shine off...使…黯然失色 talk sense 言之有物 tax deductible 可免税的 teem with 充满 temporary remedy 暂时的补救办法 the domestic bliss 天伦之乐 the general public 公众 the intangible assets 无形资产 the pyramid of higher learning will crumble 高等教育的金字塔将轰然 倒塌 the underlying reason 根本原因 thriving in prosperity 兴旺发达 to be saddled with 使负担 to fish for compliments 沽名钓誉 to foster the students' ability to study on their own 培养学生自学能力 to give scope to the students' initiative and creativeness 发挥学生的主 动性和创造性 to one's credit 使某人感到光荣 to the detriment of... 对…造成伤害to the effect that... 大意是…，主要内容是… to the purpose 中肯地 to unshackle/liberate/release the productive force 解放生产力 tough nails 坚强的人 transcend over temporal limitations 超越时代的界限 translate into... 转化为… tuition fees and living expenditure 学费和生活费 uncivilized barbarians 未开化的野蛮人 under authorization of... 在…的授权之下 unshakable responsibility 不可推卸的责任 vice versa 反之亦然 wage earners 工薪阶层 ward off 避开，挡开 weigh up the pros and cons 权衡利弊 weigh sb. down 使某人疲惫不堪 win-win situation 双赢 with one's heartfelt sincerity 非常诚挚地 with the acceleration of... 随着…的加速 with the advent of... 随着…的到来考试小贴士 听力理解 Mini-lecture 这部分由一个1000词左右的讲座和10道填空题组成，要求边听边做 笔记，听力录音结束后由监考老师发填空题试卷，然后完成填空任务。 本题考查考生“听”和“记”的同步能力。需要特别注意的是，专四的听写 读四遍，可以有重点地听，而Mini-lecture只读一遍，这就要求我们必须 调动所有注意力和精力，力求听懂并记录尽可能多的信息。我们在这里 给大家提出一些建议： 这部分的录音通常是一篇具有较强逻辑性的演讲稿，从几个方面论 证或叙述一个问题。由于考生须填的词是基于整个问题要点及其重要细 节的实词，所以大家在听的过程中要适当做些笔录，否则仅凭脑力无法 记住长达数分钟的讲座。注意在记录时不必注重形式，用一些自己能明 白的简单符号记录即可。另外，用于填空的词不一定是录音中出现的 词，凡是在语义上与原文一致且语法上与填空短文相符合的单词都没有 问题。 填空时，一定要注意所填单词的词性准确无误。有的考生能找出一 个意义相应的词，但没有注意词性而白白丢分，如不能用intense来代替 intensify。另外，如果所填单词在句首，该词的首字母要大写。 Conversation&Interview&News broadcast 拿到这部分试卷之后，一定要抓紧时间把问题和选项都看一遍，对 各部分的内容有一个大概的了解。当然时间可能不够，不要紧，可以在 对话和新闻的读题时间内迅速把问题和选项看一遍，这样做有助于大家 抓住关键词和句子，达到事半功倍的效果。其中，Conversation&Interview是一个约800词的会话，之后有5道选择题，而 News broadcast由若干新闻报道组成，共有5道选择题。 关于新闻报道，我们应该注意以下几点： 1.一般新闻中的主干都在第一句或第二句话，可据此判断大意；在 新闻末尾也可能再次提到主题。听新闻时，除了要把握大意之外，还需 注意细节，注意when, where, who, what, why, how这六大因素，当然， 由于新闻报道的侧重点不同，有时新闻导语也可能只包含其中几个要 素。另外，在题干中常常会出现not, no, except, incorrect等词，需要注意 其否定意义。专八新闻与专四新闻的不同点在于专八的考查点更深、更 细，主要提问原因、细节等，需推敲再作答。 2.扩大词汇量，熟记新闻报道中的常用词汇。尽管新闻报道所使用 的词汇量很大，但是语言的基本词汇是稳定的。如VOA广播special English（特别节目）的新闻报道中常用词汇约1500个，这些词的重复率 很高，像cease-fire, presidential election等政治性词汇，finance banking group等经济词汇，以及ace shuttle, robot等科技词汇都会反复出现。若能 掌握这些词汇，再加上一些听力技巧，基本听懂新闻报道就不是件难事 了。 校对与改错 这一题型与其他一些形式不同，它需要考生对英语具备相当强的综 合运用能力，而且锻炼考生以一种连贯的思路和整体的把握去理解短 文。考生必须在全面理解短文内容的基础上指出并改正错误，使句子和 短文的意思以及句、段的结构正确、完整。在某种程度上，这种题型能 反映出考生的总体英文水平。 下面给出一些答题中应该注意的问题： 做题时千万不要拿起来就改。正确的做法是先通读全文，在正确理 解或大致正确理解甚至在猜想原文的前提下，仔细推敲需要改正或增添 的内容。此时，大家必须充分调动所掌握的语法和词汇知识，发挥自身 领会、推理、判断乃至猜想的能力，并利用以往的学习经验。 找出错误并改正后，还要注意通读全文。从词汇和语法两方面来检 查被改正后的短文意思是否通顺，逻辑是否严密、合理，结构是否正 确、完整。总而言之，这一题型难度很大，因为它要求考生指出和改正的错误 往往是考生在英语学习中常犯和易犯的错误。这就要求大家在学习时不 能对学到的知识似是而非。多做这类练习，并坚持遵照正确的方法和步 骤，久而久之就能容易地发现和改正语病了。 在这里我们介绍一些可能碰到的错误类型，主要有以下几种： 1.主谓一致 2.动词时态 3.动词语态：主动/被动语态 4.连接词/并列句/从句 5.比较级 6.虚拟语气 7.非谓语动词 8.代词与先行词的一致 9.倒装句语序 10.赘述 11.增添词 12.易混淆的词 阅读 阅读理解是语言学习中最重要的基本技能之一，阅读是获取语言知 识最直接、最有效的方法，阅读能力则是衡量掌握语言综合能力的一项 重要标志。专业八级考试中设立的阅读部分在整个考试中占到20%的比 重，该部分的得分直接影响到整个考试的成败，所以考生对此要非常重 视。应该说，到了准备八级考试的时候，考生已经具备了相当的阅读经 验和阅读能力，现在的关键是多做练习，大量阅读，通过阅读来提高阅 读水平。下面列出了两种常用的阅读技巧，希望考生能仔细对照自己的 情况改掉不良习惯，以便提高自己的阅读效率。 略读略读（skimming）是常用的阅读方法之一，其主要特点是选择性地 阅读。略读不可能使大家对所读内容全部了解，但能大大地提高阅读速 度，同时获得大量的信息。 略读的主要作用是了解文章的大意。经过略读之后，你对所读内容 已经有了大致的了解，这时再仔细阅读，你的印象会更深刻，理解会更 透彻。 大家通过有意识地训练会大大地提高略读速度和效率。略读的关键 是增加眼跳的幅度，高度集中注意力，努力捕捉那些能引起注意或者你 认为重要的内容。 研读 研读（study reading）就是仔细阅读，对文章进行透彻、深刻的理 解。根据考题，运用上下文、逻辑关系、背景知识进行判断和推论。提 高阅读速度的一个重要方面是扩大词汇量。词汇量决定了你的阅读理解 能力，词汇量越大，你阅读得越广，视野就越开阔，你阅读理解的得分 就越高。多读是扩大词汇量的最好的方法。不仅要大量阅读，而且要多 接触不同题材，这样才能适应考试的需要。 专八阅读解题技巧 1.找出段落的中心思想 任何阅读材料都有主要意思，即大意（main idea）。文字材料的大 意有不同的层次。一个比较长的句子可以说很多事情，但一般只有一个 大意，可以用几个词概括；一个段落包括很多句子，但也只有一个大 意，通常是段落的主题句（topic sentence）包含段落的大意。通常文章 的开头部分（introduction）就比较明确地指出文章的中心思想。文章主 体部分的每一段也有主题句，通常在段首或段尾。文章的结尾还要对全 文作一个总的概括。为了找出段落的中心思想，读者应该在了解上下文 的基础上，寻求作者对生活所作出的直接或间接的评论。 2.如何对待阅读中的词汇问题 阅读过程中不可避免地会遇到生词，大纲中规定允许有3%的生 词，也就是说2000个词中允许有60个左右的生词，但一般不会有这么 多。其实阅读中遇到生词只要不影响大家对篇章主要意思的理解，就应 该继续往下读。如果生词的确影响对内容的理解，查字典当然是一种办 法，但很不方便，而且频繁地查字典不仅影响阅读速度，而且影响对文章内容的整体理解。所以在平时阅读中，遇到生词时最好通过上下文猜 测词义。为了巩固阅读过程中的生词，在读完一篇后，可以把本篇中最 重要的生词查一下字典，准确地了解这些生词在文中的意思。因为我们 训练的篇章都是大纲规定的题材，在真题中也可能会遇到这方面的文章 和单词。 3.推论出段落的隐含意思 有时，为了某种目的，作者往往不直接说出某一意思，而是含蓄地 表达。这种隐含的意思有时是篇章的主要意思。所以阅读短文经常需要 推论（making inference）。有时一句话的含义需要推论，有时整个篇章 的含义需要推论。以下几条建议可以帮助大家进行推论： （1）结合作者的思想观点、写作背景进行推论； （2）寻找作者直接陈述的诸多事件之间的联系； （3）仔细体会某些重要词语的含蓄意义及其感情色彩； （4）从作者的语气、措辞等文体特征中读出作者的“言外之意”； （5）得出某一推断后，尽量从上下文中寻找证据； （6）充分利用自己已有的各方面知识，把文章中所述的事情和自 己的阅历或熟悉的事情联系起来考虑。 建议大家在开始阅读每篇文章之前先读题和选项，然后再有的放矢 地进行阅读。做题时，如果遇到有些题解不了，或是文章中某几句看不 懂的情况，应该暂时放弃，先做其他题或继续阅读其他部分。在做完其 他试题后，如果有时间，再来做这些没有把握的试题。千万不能为了一 道题或一段文字而停滞不前。阅读能力的提高不是靠短时间的突击就能 达到的，需要我们持之以恒地练习。 人文知识 2005年的新版《高校英语专业八级考试大纲》规定取消快速阅读， 取而代之的是人文知识。其实，教学大纲对这一项并没有具体要求，但 是八级考试大纲则有以下四点说明： 1.能基本了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、现状、文化传统等； 2.能初步具备英语文学知识；3.能初步具备英语语言学知识； 4.考试时间为10分钟。 从考试大纲中我们不难看出这一部分涉及三个方面的内容：英美文 学、英语语言学和英语国家概况。 其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时 期：1.Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）；2.The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）；3.The Neoclassical Period（新古 典主义时期）；4.The Romantic Period（浪漫主义时期）；5.The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）；6.The Modern Period（现代时 期）。美国文学主要分为四个时期：1.The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）；2.American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）；3.American Realism（美国现实主 义文学）；4.American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。我们建议大 家以英美各自不同的时期作为复习的依据，重点掌握各个时期内重要人 物的代表作品和重要事件。 至于语言学，考生不仅要知道语言的本质，还要掌握语音学、音位 学、形态学、句法学、语义学等语言学的最基本知识。 关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程， 注意专八考试中需要大家了解的是英语国家概况，不仅包括英国和美 国，还包括其他说英语的国家和地区，如爱尔兰、加拿大、澳大利亚和 新西兰的概况。 翻译 专八考试中的汉译英试题是对学生综合应用语言能力的一个测试。 这里我们仅从理解和表达两个角度分析汉译英常见的一些问题。通过调 查我们发现，现在存在一些因为汉语功底不扎实而造成错误理解的问 题。这种错误主要出现在对一些不能够从字面上推测意义的习语上，比 如有些考生对“寒暄”、“干脆”等词语会产生错误的理解。有的同学竟然 把“寒暄”翻译成“coldly talk for a while”，这说明习语的理解对于汉语功 底不深、光顾着学习外语却忽视母语学习的外语专业学生来说的确是一 个很突出的问题。 其次，学生还会出现断句的错误。学生对此往往认识并不充分，不敢果断断句，以为原文中的一个长句一定要用英语的一个长句来表达， 因而出现跟原文风格不一致的译文，甚至在组织译文言语的时候出现很 多语法错误。当然，汉语功底的欠缺、语感的薄弱往往也会造成错误的 断句，从而导致错误的翻译。 另外，对原文的理解还需要结合一定的背景知识，比如1998年真题 中有“我的导师是亚裔人”不能简单地翻译成“My tutor is an Asian”，因为 所谓“亚裔”，是指亚洲的血缘，但并没明确国籍，根据上下文，文中指 的应该是美国国籍，因此这句话应该翻译为“My tutor is an Asian American.”。对于政论文章的翻译来说，一定政治意识的缺乏会造成错 误的理解和表达，这就要求我们在翻译时必须准确理解原意，然后在译 文中作适当的表达。我们应该多读一些国内的外文刊物，如《中国日 报》、《人民日报》（英文版）等，增强政治意识，统一翻译口径，这 样才能够把汉译英做好。 总之，衡量译文的一个重要标准就是看其所转换的信息是否准确， 是否忠于原文。译者对原文的把握、理解是关键所在。如果在这方面出 现偏差，译文就会与原文有出入，也就很难做到忠实于原文。质量高的 译文除了忠实于原文外，在语言上也要力求做到通顺。具体地说，就是 所译语言要符合规范，行文自然、流畅，不带有过多生硬翻译的痕迹。 就英译汉而言，译文应该断句恰当，句式正确，选词恰当，段与 段、句与句之间呼应自然，有一定文采。除了注意汉译英提到的问题 外，还应该注意英文中的一些特殊表达方式，不能理所当然地进行翻 译，要在仔细分析句子成分和结构之后再动笔。 写作 写作占总分的20%，考试时间为45分钟。该项目要求考生在规定的 时间内根据提示写出400字左右的文章。文章力求做到观点清楚、例证 充分、结构严谨、层次清楚、合乎逻辑、语言得体、无重大语法错误。 要想写好一篇文章，考生应该注意以下几点： 1.审题 在写作考试中要写出符合题目要求、高质量的作文，第一步是审 题。所谓审题，就是通过阅读写作题目及相关信息或要求，正确领会题 目的含义，了解题目要求，为构思合乎具体写作要求的文章思路及框架打下基础。专八写作的特色就是，该项目内的几个部分（观点、情景、 标题、写作要求）具有内在的联系，从而构成一个整体。因此，审题就 意味着不是仅仅浏览一个标题，而是要兼顾其他部分。只有这样，学生 才能真正明确写作目的，领会写作要求。提高审题的准确性有利于学生 理解题目含义，了解写作要求，进而有针对性地构思作文内容、布局 等。 2.行文的统一性和连贯性 一篇优秀的作文应该具有以上两个特点，这主要体现在作文的内容 和框架上。按照写作要求，一篇合格的作文由三个部分组成。第一部分 包括作者的论点（Thesis statement）。论点应明确、清楚。第二部分是 作文的主体。这部分的要求是通过恰当的文章构造来论证前面提出的论 点。论证过程要做到结构严谨、层次分明、合乎逻辑。第三部分为作文 的结尾。一篇思想内容完整的作文离不开一个好的结尾。一般来说，结 尾部分的内容应为前面部分的总结。因此，这部分应与前面部分保持论 点上的一致性和统一性。 3.语言的规范性和准确性 作文的思想内容都必须通过语言形式来表达。考试大纲对作文的要 求是语言得体、通顺，无重大语法错误。如果作文句不成句，用词不 当，语法错误连篇，就很难将作者的意图表达清楚。