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专题 14 说明文体类阅读理解（解析版）
所谓说明文，就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，
它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、
递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言
准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物
的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。
一、解题策略
1. 考情分析
最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研
成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方
式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考
查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同
一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的
语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符
号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。
2. 得分要点高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实
题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面
问题为主。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽
管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这
类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要
把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下
几种方法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻
辑关系推断生词词义。
1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay
这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：
The word ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is closest in meaning to_________.
A.freefromanxiety B.anxious C.nervous D.happy
根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。
二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，
Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生
词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系
的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so
homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不
英俊,不漂亮的意思。
2.根据因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词
（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：
You shouldn’t have blamed him for that，for it wasn’t his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的
错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。
3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought.
从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought
意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that
is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。4.通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如
pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难
看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，
是菠萝和椰子。
5.通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。
例如The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it
cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极
的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
（二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词
义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有关
蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解
又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难
解决了。
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there，semi-conscious，for a few minutes.根据词根conscious（清醒的，
有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义＂半清醒的，半
昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate about such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，
因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根
insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后缀let表示
＂小的＂，词根drop指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：Growing economic problems were high-lighted by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight或许是一个
生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，
合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，
搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能
是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们
可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除
仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的
首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要
求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全
文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表
达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达
的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键词语，运用联想,比较,归纳,推测
等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。
经过长时间有计划,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，
以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性
很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能
有效地提高阅读理解能力。
3. 常用解题方法
1. 定位对照法：
先阅读题干，然后根据问题的要求，按照题目顺序依次有针对性地结合题干中的关键词到文中定位，
阅读相关部分并快速寻找有效信息。再将原文和选项进行比较。当问题与原文材料相同的时候，对号入座；
如果问题与原文不同．则可以同义替换、归纳事实等。
2. 选项分析法：
根据题干中的关键词，找准相关句、段的内容。再仔细对照，排除于文章内容不一致的错误信息，
从而确定选项。
3.中心精确捕捉法：根据议论文特点对文章中心段或句进行精准分析。4. 两种解题步骤
方式一：
1.读开头段，把握中心（中心明确）；
2.解“主旨题”以及“主旨相关题”；
3.解“细节题”（先定段，后定句）。
方式二
1.读开头段，把握中心（中心不明确）；
2.解“细节题”（先定段，后定句）；
3.解“主旨题”以及“主旨相关题”。
【注意事项】
1.不必通读全文，不必千方百计理解文章所有语句；
2.必须首先读好开头与结尾段，快速准确找出文章中心主旨；
3.注意并充分利用文章中所给出的中文提示词。
二、高考真题
一、2022年高考真题
1．2022年6月新高考1卷A篇
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay
2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will
be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or
tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to
take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or
short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not
turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get
a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
21. Where is this text probably taken from?
A. A textbook. B. An exam paper. C. A course plan. D. An academic article.
22. How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of?
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five.
23. What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date?
A. You will receive a zero. B. You will lose a letter grade.
C. You will be given a test. D. You will have to rewrite it.
【答案】21. C 22. B 23. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了文学概论课程评分办法。
【21题详解】推理判断题。根据文章标题“Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature (文学概论课程评分办法)”和
Essays (60%)部分“Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade of for this course (你的四篇主要文章将
构成本课程评分的主要部分)”可知，文章介绍了文学概论课程评分办法，可得出本文是出自一个课程计划。故选C项。
【22题详解】细节理解题。根据黑体小标题“Essays (60%)”、“Group Assignments (30%)”和“Daily Work/In-Class
Writings and Tests/Groups Work/Homework (10%)”可知，学生的最终成绩由3部分组成。故选B项。
【23题详解】推理判断题。根据“Late Work”部分“If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date,
it will earn a zero. (如果没有在截止日期后的第4天上交，将会得到零分)”可知，如果在截止日期后一周才
交文章，你将会得零分。故选A项。
2．2022年6月新高考1卷B篇
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green
salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinnerinvitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had
unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as
Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown
away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown
into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food
waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest
producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin
sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last
days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy
meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有
瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and
freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,
whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not
include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
26. What does Curtin’s company do?
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
27. What does Curtin suggest people do?
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
【答案】24. B 25. B 26. D 27. A【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席
执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
【24题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to
waste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad.
Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时
间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可
推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。
【25题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other,
resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste
were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪
费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如
果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的
一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。
【26题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington.
D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food
by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And
the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华盛顿
DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有
瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清
洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作
食物。故选D。
【27题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by
not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side
dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不
必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免
浪费食物。故选A。
3．2022年6月新高考1卷C篇
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling
lonely.The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s
wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care
homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was
younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there
again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents
come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something
useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has
been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said:
“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits
and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will
really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality.
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.
【答案】28. D 29. B 30. C 31. A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织)
to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤
独，改善老年人的健康状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。
【29题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’s good to have a different focus. People have been
bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the
creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子
带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推
知，Ruth Xavier通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。
【30题详解】词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and
the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们
非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的
“one of the first (第一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：
“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C。
【31题详解】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and
the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们
非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段
“Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really
help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易
斯说:我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可
知，该项目的反响很好。故选A。
4．2022年6月新高考1卷D篇
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of
some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-
year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the
world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f”
and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by
Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it
hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws
changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic
period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow
to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world
languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand
years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings
evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the
appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a
complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the
research team.
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C【解析】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语
音。
【32题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett
noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and "v", were more common in the languages of societies
that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has
found how and why this trend arose.（30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”
和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发
现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。
【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of
ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the
lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such
sounds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上
牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年
人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there
was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and
“v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of
many hunter-gatherer people today.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生
了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中
仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。
【35题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily
remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find
today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven
Moran, a member of the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Moran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语
音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可
知，Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
5．2022年6月全国甲卷B篇
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-
recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have provedskilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut
inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently
shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another
year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a
shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In
the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition
alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that
Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to
two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual
clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. D 27. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
【24题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have
proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. (虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它
们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具)”以及“the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose
from. Inserting, the correct “keys” would let out the nut. (研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚
果的。故选B。
【25题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole
from around one year of age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”
结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
【26题详解】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work
out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape
selections. (根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来
选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。
【27题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot
native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. (科芬
的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍
了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters (凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文
意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。
6．2022年6月全国甲卷C篇
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅)
longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni
would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a
professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and
her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually
getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute
cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South
American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t
nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards
Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an
impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it justrose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the
operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit
home to Ginni.
28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
29. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?
A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation.
30. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?
A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. C 31. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望
探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。
【28题详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前文“Throughout her career(职业) as a professional
dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. (在她的职业舞蹈演员生涯中，她曾在英国巡
演，但一直渴望进一步探索)”和“When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest (当她不
再跳舞，她的儿子们最终独立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和儿子们成家立业之后，她决定尝试有挑战性的事
情。由此推知，划线词组take the plunge与try challenging things“尝试有挑战性的事情”意思接近。故选
A。
【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute
cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tiera del Fuego. (正是在智利，她发现自己可以在
最后一刻买到从火地岛附近岛屿前往南极洲的廉价船票)”可知，是折扣的票价让Ginni决定去南极洲旅行
的。故选C。【30题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by
humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. (意识到这是一块宝贵的土地，应该受到人类的尊
重，这是Ginni最深刻的感受之一)”可知，旅行结束后，Ginni认为南极洲应该得到很好的保护。故选C。
【31题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了Ginni Balinton去南极旅行的经历，再根
据第一段“These gentle lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would
never forget. (这些温柔可爱的看门人欢迎了她，并开始了一次Ginni永远不会忘记的旅行)”和倒数第二段
Ginni Balinton对南极之旅的评价可知，文章主要介绍了Ginni Balinton去南极洲之旅让她非常难忘。由此
可知，An unforgettable experience. (一次难忘的经历)能够概括文章主旨。故选B。
7．2022年6月全国乙卷C篇
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time,
help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in
the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施)
worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing
to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks
and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time
performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is
calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including
sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work
that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail
don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They
will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with
advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see
ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
30. What function is expected of the rail drones?
A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
.
C To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
31. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. A 31. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能
帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
【28题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension
electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail
infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电
线。他们完全可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的
正确位置)”可推知，无人机在高空工作的能力使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选B。
【29题详解】词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately
20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the
rail infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在
夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the
rail infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs
and better protection of railway personnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词
和 C项：Inspection and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。
【30题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 “Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and
travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any
problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.(带有先进传感器和人工智能的非常小的无人机可以像副驾驶一样在火车前面行驶。 凭借他们的预见能力，他们可以发出任何问题的信号，以便快速
行驶的火车能够及时做出反应。)”可知对于无人机期待的功能是提前发现问题。故选A。
【31题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the
safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year?
That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of
kilometers of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机
能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之
眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到
了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本
和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价
值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符
合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
8．2022年6月全国乙卷D篇
The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it
would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per
100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). It is believed that today’s children and teenagers
are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six
months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year
ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制
造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of
manufacturers’ efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been
forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar
content.,
However some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to
change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax,
as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by
raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to
have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
32. Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A. To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children’s health. D. To encourage research in education.
33. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?
A. They turned to overseas markets. B. They raised the prices of their products.
C. They cut down on their production. D. They reduced their products’ sugar content.
34. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?
A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks. C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke.
35. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A. It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story.
C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers.
【答案】32. C 33. D 34. D 35. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康
问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。
【32题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies
to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity .（该
税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖）”可知，
征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖，保护儿童健康。故选C项。
【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops
have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商
店中销售的超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来
避税。故选D项。
【34题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola,
have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based
drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres peryear.（然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。
果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的）”
可知，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。
【35题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Today’s figures, according to one government official,
show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier
eating in schools.（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和
健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。
9．2022年6月北京卷C篇
“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal would ask her
students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part of real life—
and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less often to
scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach known
as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires
considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those
things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems
thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need
to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they
need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system.
Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良
)people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in
food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common
diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of
at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known.This shows that we have some way to travel
before achieving the first objective of systems thinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts
of the nutrition system.
A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal
power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) suchpower imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems
approach.
More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their
direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results,
but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”.
28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________.
A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion
C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending
29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition?
A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B. The relationships among players have been clarified.
C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem.
D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified.
30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with?
A. It may be used to justify power imbalance.
B. It can be applied to tackle challenges.
C. It helps to prove why hunger exists.
D. It goes beyond human imagination.
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
28.【解析】推理判断题。由文章第一段““What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a
question that Professor Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because
imagining something that isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to
artists and engineers, but much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global
movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global
challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们
发现很难回答这个问题，因为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技
能。它被教授给艺术家和工程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全
球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题
是为了引出话题-系统思维的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。29.【解析】细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the
first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition
system.(这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营
养系统的更多组成部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A
项。
30.【解析】推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global
movement. The result—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global
challenges.(Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现
在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。
10．2022年6月浙江卷B篇
All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads, behind school playgrounds
and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are
appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to
nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really do come in small
packages.
Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went
on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching
Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the
process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban
areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing
disconnect between people and nature.”
In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and
without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种).
This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they
attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding,
remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those
living locally.
4. What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement?A. It has achieved notable success. B. It is led by number of schools.
C. It began in Europe in the 1970s. D. It will spread to the countryside.
5. What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK?
A. To promote eco-tourism. B. To improve forestry research.
C. To popularise gardening. D. To get people close to nature.
6. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest?
A. They are small in size. B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are foreign species. D. They are heavily fertilised.
【答案】4. A 5. D 6. B
【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。
【4题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon
took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like
France, Belgium and the Netherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流
行起来，最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的
成功。故选A。
【5题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段的““We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not
that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and
nature.”(哈特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破
人与自然之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选
D。
【6题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and
the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有
至少600棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们
种得很密。故选B。
11．2022年6月浙江卷C篇
Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that
moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a
new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than thosewho practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways
of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job
performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many
workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who
chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value
relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art
Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift
mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly
unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also,
there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So,
when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
7. What does Ellen Langer’s study show?
A. It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist
B. Translation makes people knowledgeable.
C. Simpler jobs require greater caution.
D. Moderate effort produces the best result.
8. The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______.
A. is good at handling pressure B. works hard to become successful
C. a has a natural talent for his job. D. gets on well with his co-workers
9. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B. Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C. A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D. Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
10. What does the text seem to advocate?
A. Middle-of-the-road work habits. B. Balance between work and family.
C. Long-standing cultural traditions. D. Harmony in the work environment.
【答案】7. D 8. B 9. C 10. A【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发
现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效
率。
【7题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to
success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是
成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer of
Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who
practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all.
(在哈佛大学Ellen Langer领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些
事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提
出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推
知，Ellen Langer的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。
【8题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-
room meal get dirty looks from the corner office.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得
到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，
即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的
人，由此可知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
【9题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood
leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造
力。 )”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选
C。
【10题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results
on the job.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High conscientiousness is related to lower
job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有
关，尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成
果，所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。
12．2022年1月浙江卷C篇The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there's a new bonus to add to the ever-growing
list.New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to
develop dementia（失智症）in later life-and if they did，it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr.Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden,said:“These findings are
exciting because it's possible that improving people's cardiovascular（心血管的）fitness in middle age could
delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.”
For the study,191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were tired out to
measure their peak（最大值的）cardiovascular capacity.The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level with a capacity of 120 watts or higher. While 92
women were in the medium fitness category; A total of 59 were of low fitness level ,with a peak workload of 80
watts or less,or having their tests stopped because of health problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades.During that time,44 of
the women developed dementia.Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia,compared to 25 percent
of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
"However,this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only
shows an association.said Horder. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on
the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important." She also
admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied,all of whom were from Sweden,so the results might
not be applicable to other groups.
27.What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph?
A.Positive effects of doing exercises. B.Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.
C.Experimental studies on dementia. D.Advantages of sporty women over men.
28.Why did the researchers ask the women to do bicycle exercise?
A.To predict their maximum heart rate. B.To assess their cardiovascular capacity.
C.To change their habit of working out. D.To detect their potential health problems.
29.What do we know about Dr Horder's study?
A. It aimed to find a cure for dementia. B.Data collection was a lengthy process.
C.Some participants withdrew from it. D.The results were far from satisfactory.
30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A.More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B.Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More ExerciseC.Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D.Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness
【答案】27-30 ABBC
【解析】第27题 细节理解题。根据第一段The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but
there's a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.可知a new bonus (即positive effects of doing exercise) are on
the ever growing list. 故选A。
第28题 细节理解题。根据第三段for the study, 191 women with… took a bicycle exercise…to measure
their peak cardiovascular capacity. 可知实验测试的是骑自行车对心血管的影响，故选B。
第29题 推断题。根据最后一段第一句以及最后一段More research is needed to see …可知数据的采集
是漫长的。故选B.
第30题 主旨题--选标题。根据第一段实验结果new research found that… develop dementia…,以及第五
段第一句，these women were then tested for dementia…,以及最后一段more research … on the risk of dementia
可知全文是围绕关键词dementia（失智症）展开的研究，研究结果指明健康的女性得失智症的概率更低。
故选C。
二、2021年高考真题
1.【2021新高考1卷 C篇】
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive
with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans have taken care of these precious natural
resourses wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades
to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl（水禽）were killed at the hands of
market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to
feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（栖息地）.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned
nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory（迁徙的）waterfowl and the wetlands so vital
to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase
and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling,
a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President FranklinRoosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure
the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to
purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that
ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a
billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the
Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever
initiated.
1.What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A.Loss of wetlands. B.Popularity of water sports.
C.Pollution of rivers. D.Arrival of other wild animals.
2.What does the underlined word "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?
A.Acquire. B.Export. C.Destroy. D.Distribute.
3.What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A.The stamp price has gone down.
B.The migratory birds have flown away.
C.The hunters have stopped hunting.
D.The government has collected money.
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A.The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B.The National Wildlife Refuge System
C.The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D.The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【文章大意】本文为说明文，讲述了美国为了保护“水禽”颁布了一项政策，狩猎者需要购买相关水禽类
邮票，然后政府把售卖所得款拨给候鸟保护基金组织。
1.A【解析】细节理解题。根据题干信息North America以及decline定位到第一段：Millions of
waterfowl were killed at… Millions of acres of wetlands were dried… greatly reducing waterfowl habitat. 分析可知，数百万的水禽被猎人和野心过大的运动员给杀害了。而数百万英亩的湿地被开垦以喂养和容纳日益增
长的人口，而这大大减少了水禽的栖息地。可知，湿地流失是导致水禽数量减少的原因。 故选A。
2.C【解析】词义猜测题。根据题干信息first paragraph定位到第一段：Unfortunately, it took the
explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. 根据
Unfortunately（不幸地是）可知，此处与前文 "taken care of" 形成对比，故此处应表示 "损害、毁坏" 。
原文译为：不幸地是，这些探险者和定居者只花了几十年的时间就毁掉了这些资源的很大一部分。故选
C。
3.D【解析】推理判断题。根据题干信息in 1934定位到第二、三段。分析可知，第二段是在说明在颁
布了这个法令之后，16岁或者超过16岁以上的水禽捕猎者必须每年购买并携带联邦鸭票，而第三段则提
及了大约98%的鸭子邮票的钱都是直接被用于购买保护湿地。 因此D选项, 政府可以筹集钱，符合题意。
故选D。
4.A【解析】主旨大意题。根据原文分析可知，首先作者先提出了湿地的破坏导致了水禽数量的下
降，而后政府则通过发行联邦鸭票筹集资金，用于保护湿地，是史上最成功的保护项目之一。因此A选
项，联邦鸭票的故事符合题意。故选A。
2.【2021全国甲卷 B篇】
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding（繁育） programme, has welcomed the arrival of a
rare black rhino calf （犀牛幼崽）. When the tiny creature arrived on January 31. she became the 40th
black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival,
especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity（圈养）.
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: "Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to
welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore.
Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to
go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and
about exploring and playing every day."
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to
tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to
be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His
mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500,
giving the rhinos a "critically endangered" status.
1.Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?
A.Costly. B.Controversial. C.Ambitious. D.Successful.
2.What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?
A.She loves staying with her mother.
B.She dislikes outdoor activities.
C.She is in good condition.
D.She is sensitive to heat.
3.What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have?
A.They had their first born in January.
B.They enjoyed exploring new places.
C.They lived with their grandmothers.
D.They were brought to the reserve young.
4.What can be inferred about Port Lympne Reserve?
A.The rhino section will be open to the public.
B.It aims to control the number of the animals.
C.It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D.Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述肯特野生动物园庆祝一只可爱的稀有动物黑犀牛幼崽的到来。
1..D 【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词 "the breeding programme " 定位在原文第一段第一句话
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding （繁育） programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black
rhino calf （犀牛幼崽） . 林普恩港保护区(Port Lympne Reserve)开展了一项繁殖计划，它迎来了一头稀有
的黑犀牛犊牛的到来。所以，应该是成功的。故选D项。
2.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词 "Paul Beer say" 定位在第二段他说的话，其中根据
"Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strongand already eager to play and explore." 显然，我们都非常高兴地欢迎另一头小牛来到我们的黑犀牛家庭。她
健康，强壮，并且已经渴望玩耍和探索。可知在这个新生的小犀牛状况很好。故选C项。
3.A【解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键词 "similar experience ，Solio and Kisima" 定位在原文第二段
"Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. 她的母亲，索里奥，是第一次当妈妈，
她做得很好。" 和第三段 "The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother
Kisima and weighed about 32kg. 1月5日，在林普恩港出生的第一头犀牛来到了它的第一位母亲基西马身
边，体重约32公斤。" 可知Solio 和Kisima相似点都是第一次当妈妈。故选A项。
4.D【解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键词 "PortLympne Reserve" 定位在原文第一段 "Port Lympne
Reserve, which runs a breeding （繁育） programme" 和第三段 "His mother, grandmother and great
grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there. 他的母亲、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保护区，至今仍
住在那里。" 可知林普恩港保护区是负责一项繁殖计划的项目，它的一些犀牛一直住在保护区，所以一些
犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D项。
3.【2021全国甲卷 D篇】
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But
we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so
much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin.
Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the
standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—
women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to
say that members of their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls
act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really
smart." Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a
genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to
see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors
（因素） like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, futuregeniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune,
who are able to change the world."
1.What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A.They're unfair. B.They're conservative.
C.They're objective. D.They're strict.
2.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
3.Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A.Improved global communication.
B.Less discrimination against women.
C.Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D.Changes in people's social positions.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Geniuses Think Alike
B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence
D.Genius and Luck
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了天才的实质，批评了天才种族轮和性别轮，并指出其危害。
1.A【解析】推理判断题。根据题干 "victors' standards for joining the genius club" 定位到第二段It's said
that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When
contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were
unacknowledged and rejected by others. 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而这些胜利者为天才俱乐部设定了准
入标准。当俱乐部外的天才——女性、不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们得不到认可，也会被其
他人拒绝），据此可以推断出作者认为胜利者的标准是不公平的，所以选A项。2.D【解析】推理判断题。根据题干girls from the study in Science定位到第三段A study recently
published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their
gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six
they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." 《科学》杂志最近发表的一项
研究发现，在6岁时，女孩比男孩更不可能说出自己性别的成员，更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们的行为都
是基于这样的信念：在六岁左右，她们开始避免从事那些所谓 "非常聪明" 的孩子们的活动）。据此可推
知女孩有可能被社会错误信念所影响，故选D项。
3.A【解析】细节理解题。根据题干 "more geniuses known to the public" 定位最后一段In a wired world
with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear 在一个全
球互联世界里，我们都能看到天才的出现，无论它们出现在哪里，可知更多的天才被公众所知道的原因在
于改善的全球通信，故选A项。
4.B【解析】主旨大意题。A项（天才的想法相同）文章没有涉及；C项（天才和智力）只是文章的一
个细节不能作为文章的主旨； D项（天才和运气）也只是在文章的最后稍微提起，也只是文章的一个小细
节。根据文章的最后一句As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with "intelligence, creativity,
perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”正如一位作家所说，未来的
天才来自那些具有 "智慧、创造力和毅力" 的人和简单的好运，那些能改变世界的人。纵观全文可知，天
成具有多样性，故选B项。
4.【2021全国乙卷 B篇】
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying
for a landline（座机）?
These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a
mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and
receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely
only on their smartphones, according to a survey（调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline,
a third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say
they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that
category.More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally
a factor（因素）—only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84
percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn't the only
factor; I'd say it's also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home
phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only
people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game
and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun out of it).
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and
morning milk deliveries?
1.What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A.Their target users.
B.Their wide popularity.
C.Their major functions.
D.Their complex design.
2.What does the underlined word "concede" in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Admit. B.Argue. C.Remember. D.Remark.
3.What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A.They like smartphone games.
B.They enjoy guessing callers' identity.
C.They keep using landline phones.
D.They are attached to their family.
4.What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A.It remains a family necessity.
B.It will fall out of use some day.
C.It may increase daily expenses.
D.It is as important as the gas light.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。当今世界上几乎所有人都有手机，但一半以上澳大利亚家庭仍然拥有座
机，本文说明了出现这一现象的原因。
1..B【解析】主旨大意题。根据题干信息paragraph 2，定位到文章第二段。分析可知，该段主要说明
手机在澳大利亚的使用率非常高，手机使用十分普及。故选B。
2.A【解析】词义猜测题。根据题干信息concede，定位到第三段Still, 55 percent of Australians have a
landline phone at home… Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really
necessary…。分析可知，虽然55%的人的家中都还有座机，但他们中的三分之一的人认为座机其实并不十
分必要。由此我们可以推测，这些人在说it's not necessary的时候是在承认这件事。故选A。
3.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据题干信息Baby Boomers，定位到第四段Age is naturally a factor （因
素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby
Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.分析可知，84%的Baby Boomers仍用座机，
而且他们可能已经用同一个座机号码50年了。由此可知，Baby Boomers仍在用座机。故选C。
科普小知识：Baby Boomer指在第二次世界大战后（1946-1962）生育高峰期出生的人。
4.B【解析】推理判断题。根据题干信息last paragraph，定位到原文最后一段How long until they go the
way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? 。分析可知，煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶服务都离我们现在
的生活比较久远，它们基本已经消失了。作者发出疑问：多久以后座机会走上煤气路灯、早晨送牛奶服务
的老路呢？因此可以推测，座机有一天也会消失。选项B中的fall out of use意为开始不用、渐渐废弃，符
合文意。故选B。
5.【2021全国乙卷 C篇】
You've heard that plastic is polluting the ocean—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean
ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von
Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers
to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called "Strawpocalypse, " a pair of 10-foot-tall
plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168, 000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach
cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）
of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink withand, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's
artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the
straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds,
a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled "Truckload of Plastic, " Von Wong and
a group of volunteers collected more than 10, 000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look
like they'd been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
1.What are Von Wong's artworks intended for?
A.Beautifying the city he lives in.
B.Introducing eco-friendly products.
C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D.Reducing garbage on the beach.
2.Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A.To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B.To explain why they are useful.
C.To voice his views on modern art.
D.To find a substitute for them.
3.What effect would "Truckload of Plastic" have on viewers?
A.Calming. B.Disturbing.
C.Refreshing. D.Challenging.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety
B.Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C.Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures【文章大意】本文为说明文。讲述了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong用回收到的废旧吸管创作艺术作品“吸管
末日”，目的是提醒人们警惕所生产、消费的塑料垃圾，以及提高人们对改善环境问题的参与意识。
1.C【解析】细节理解题。由第一段最后一句可知，该艺术家创作的初衷是督促公众重新审视与一次性
塑料制品的关系。故选C。
2.A【解析】推理判断题。第三段作者阐述了吸管由于体积小，重量轻，很难回收。故选A。
3.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据首段… forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to… 及尾
段… will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint… 可知，原文中的Von Wong希望
让人们可以重新审视他们对于塑料制品的处理方式。B选项Disturbing的意思为 "令人不安的, 引起恐慌
的" ，符合文意。故选B。
4.D【解析】主旨大意题。本文围绕环保话题，介绍了一位叫本杰明的艺术家，试图用塑料垃圾创作
雕塑作品，唤起公众对塑料垃圾的重视。故选D。
6.【2021全国乙卷 D篇】
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often.
Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, "That's why I have a membership
at the coworking space across the street—so I can focus." His comment struck me as strange. After all,
coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that
shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative
thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the
background, from total silence to 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences
between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels
group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop—significantly
outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking
does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of
background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one's creative thinking
ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to
allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of "distracted focus"
appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop
ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while we're trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers
found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking
space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
1.Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A.It helps him concentrate.
B.It blocks out background noise.
C.It has a pleasant atmosphere.
D.It encourages face-to-face interactions.
2.Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A.Total silence. B.50 decibels.
C.70 decibels. D.85 decibels.
3.What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A.Personal privacy unprotected.
B.Limited working space.
C.Restrictions on group discussion.
D.Constant interruptions.
4.What can we infer about the author from the text?
A.He's a news reporter.
B.He's an office manager.
C.He's a professional designer.
D.He's a published writer.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，通过实验数据分析了过分办公室噪音对于办公效率的影响，但合伙办公
有利于集中注意力，适量的声音有利于创新思维。
1.A【解析】细节理解题。由第一段第二句"… so I can focus"可知，采访者喜欢在公用工作场所办公，
是因为他可以集中精力。故选A。2.C 【解析】细节理解题。由第二段"the participants in the 70 decibels group… significantly outperformed
the other groups"可知，在70分贝下采访者的表现最优，说明该环境可以改善创造性思维能力。故选C。
3.D 【解析】推理判断题。由最后一段第二句"… can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into other's
conversations while we're trying to focus"可知，开放式办公环境中，经常有其他事情分散人们的注意力。故
选D。
4.D【解析】推理判断题。由第一段第一句可知，作者在为自己的书接受采访，可推断他是作家。故
选D。
7.【2021.6 浙江卷 C篇】
If you ever get the impression that your dog can "tell" whether you look content or annoyed, you may
be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces,
according to a new study.
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images（图像） of the same person
making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half
or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between
human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face or images totally different
from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy
face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance.
The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces
during training to new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish hetween
the pictures bused on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth, " said study anthor Corsin Muller. "Instead,
our results suggest that the surcessful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling
eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish
human facial expressions," Muller told Live Science.
At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial
expressions in humans."To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their livingwith humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, ” and this exposure has
provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said.
1.The new study focused on whether dogs can .
A.distinguish shapes
B.make sense of human faces
C.feel happy or angry
D.communicate with each other
2.What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2?
A.Researchers tested the dogs in random order.
B.Diverse methods were adopted during training.
C.Pictures used in the two stages were different.
D.The dogs were photographed before the test.
3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A.A suggestion for future studies.
B.A possible reason for the study findings.
C.A major limitation of the study.
D.An explanation of the research method.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普类说明文，实验研究表明，狗能够辨别人类的不同的面部的高兴还是愤怒
表情。
1.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第二句 "Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and
angry human faces, according to a new study." 可知，狗能够分辨开心的表情和不开心的表情，故选B。
2 .C【解析】推断题。根据第二段第三句 "The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish
between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face or images totally different
from the ones used in training." 可知，训练时和测试时使用的人脸照片完全不同，故选C。
3.B【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段可知，狗为何能够识别人的表情的原因不明，紧接着给出
了最可能的解释：可能是狗长期与人类生活，所以练就了识别人类表情的能力，故选B。
8.【2021年6月天津卷A篇】When starting college, most students enjoy a week's stay on campus before classes actually begin. What
should you do with that time? Below are several tips to ease（使熟悉） yourself into college life.
Participating in Campus Welcome ActivitiesMost universities host welcome events before the academic year officially begins, including freshmen
orientations （迎新会），campus picnics, and entertainments like concerts.Participating in such events is a great way to learn about school facilities and understand campus culture:
What do students do for fiin? What are their favorite classes? What is the history of your university? It can help you
observe campus life outside the classroom.
Exploring CampusGetting to know where essential campus resources are—such as the student advising center, psychological
services, and the tutoring center~~will make your first few weeks on campus a lot easier, because you won't have to
look for them while still getting used to your classes.
Take some time to check out the buildings where your classes will be held. This will prevent you from getting
lost in the first few days of classes, and familiarize you with how long it takes to get from place to place. If you'reworried about taking classes one after another in different buildings, a quick test run won't hurt. That way, you will
avoid potential time delays in getting to your classes.
Starting a RoutineBefore getting too excited about all of the fun things you will be able to do during the week, remember that
you do have a pretty big schedule change coming up. Starting classes means being in different places at different
times, so it’s a great idea to start getting used to that routine right this week.What helps you most is to schedule your sleep. Following the planned time will ensure you have enough sleep
to get to those early classes and stay wide awake.If you have other daily routines, such as exercising or talking on the phone with family, work those into your
day-to-day life before classes start so that you get a better idea of how they fit in with your schedule.
36．By participating in campus welcome activities, freshmen can .A．learn about campus culture B.get their course schedule
C.have a physical examination D.take an entrance test
37．Why are freshmen advised to have a quick test run between buildings ?A．To see how many facilities they can use. B.To avoid being late for future classes.
C.To help those getting lost on campus. D.To practice running on their way to class.
38．When is it best for freshmen to start getting used to the new routine?A．On the first day of their classes. B.Before the orientation week.
C.After their first-day classes. D.During the orientation week.
39．What does the author suggest freshmen do to stay focused in class?A．Take physical exercise before class. B.Leave their phones powered off.
C.Take early classes every day. D.Keep to the sleep schedule.
40．What is the author's purpose in writing this passage?A．To offer some tips on making an easier start at college.
B.To remind freshmen about the first day of school.
C.To help freshmen organize campus activities.D.To share his college experience with the reader.
【答案】36．A 37．B 38．D 39．D 40．A【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要针对新生真正开学前一周的活动给出一些建议，帮助新生轻松开始大学
生活。36．细节理解题。根据Participating in Campus Welcome Activities标题下的第二段中“Participating in
such events is a great way to learn about school facilities and understand campus culture:（参加这些活动是了解
学校设施和了解校园文化的好方法）”可知，参加欢迎活动可以了解校园文化，故选择A项。37．细节理解题。根据Exploring Campus标题下的第二段中“That way, you will avoid potential time
delays in getting to your classes.（那样，你将会避免在去上课时可能出现的延误）”可知，快跑测试，可以
避免将来上课迟到，故选择B项。38．细节理解题。根据Starting a Routine 标题下的第一段“Starting classes means being in different
places at different times, so it’s a great idea to start getting used to that routine right this week.（课程开始意味着
在不同的时间呆在不同的地方，所以就在这周开始习惯这种常规活动是个好主意）”可知，right this week
指的是正式开学前的这一周，也叫orientation week“迎新周” ，故选择D项。39．推理判断题题。根据Starting a Routine 标题下的第二段“What helps you most is to schedule your
sleep. Following the planned time will ensure you have enough sleep to get to those early classes and stay wide
awake.（最有帮助的就是安排好的你的睡眠，按照计划的时间，将确保你有足够的睡眠来参加早上的课
程，并保持清醒）”可知，想要保持清醒专注，就要保证睡眠时间。故选择D项。40．推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“Below are several tips to ease（使熟悉） yourself into college
life.（以下是几个帮你轻松进入大学生活的建议）”可知，作者主要是提出一些轻松开始大学生活的建
议。故选择A项。9.【2021年6月天津卷C篇】
In the fictional worlds of film and TV, artificial intelligence （Al） has been described as so advanced that
it is indistinguishable from humans. But what if we're actually getting closer to a world where Al is capable of
thinking and feeling?Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the screen not only in
terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod. They look close to a
human, but not quite.
What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are modeled on actual human features. Speech
recognition enables them to understand what a person is saying, and natural language processing is used to work
out a response. Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a"digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "fblt" and "expressed" by its "digital
people".
Shiwali Mohan, an Al scientist at the Palo Research Center, is skeptical of these digital beings. "They're
humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being human," she says. "Human qualities
also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you break them down; and that takes a lot of
algorithmic (算 法)design. Designing for human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images thatbehave like humans." She then continues, “If something looks like a human, we have high expectations of them,
but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react.Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health
care, and commercial sectors （行业）. "Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient
digitally, they might be left behind," says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO.Some other companies are taking their digital beings a step further, enabling organizations and individuals to
create digital humans themselves using free-access platforms they provide. "The biggest motivation for such
platforms is to popularize Al," Dube says.
Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is
optimistic about where they are headed. "As we develop more advanced Al technology, we would then have to usenew ways of communicating with that technology,she says. "'Hopefully, all of that is designed to support humans in
their goals."
46．According to Para. 2, in what respect（s） do UneeQ9s "digital humans" resemble human beings?A．In the way they move around. B.In the way they act and react.
C.In observation and analysis. D.In speech and facial expressions.
47．Soul Machines’digital brain is a technological breakthrough because it .A．learns to make proper emotional responses
B.tends to imitate human beings' tone vividly
C.recognizes the speech sounds it receivesD.processes the natural language it hears
48．In Mohan's opinion, what human quality is lacking in digital beings?
A．Calculating brain. B.Language skills.C.Instinctive judgments. D.Problem-solving ability.
49．What makes many sectors employ digital humans?
A．The fear of falling behind in efficiency.B.The urgency to promote e-commerce.
C.The wish to spread digital technology.
D.The need to upgrade the health care system.50．What does Mohan think of the future of digital beings?
A．It's well planned. B.It is promising. C.It is uncertain. D.It's quite hopeless.
【答案】46．D 47．A 48．C 49．A 50．B【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍许多科技公司正在推进、研发“数字人类”，并被很多部门使
用。但一些科学家对此表示怀疑，并指出了“数字人类”并不是真正的人类，有很多缺陷。但前景还是很
有希望的。 46．细节理解题。根据第二段“Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which
appear life like on the screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows,
a smile, even a nod.”（科技公司UneeQ正在研发一种“数字人”，这种人在屏幕上看起来栩栩如生，不仅因为语言，还因为面部动作:眉毛扬起、微笑，甚至点头。）由此可知，根据第2段，UneeQ9s的“数字
人”在言语和面部表情上方面与人类相似。故选D项。
47．细节理解题。根据第三段“Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more
biological approach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "fblt" and
"expressed" by its “digital people”.”（与此同时，另一家Al公司，灵魂机器公司，正在采取一种更具生物性的方法，拥有一个“数字大脑”，它模仿人脑的各个方面来调节其“数字人”的“fblt”和“表达”的情
绪。）由此可知，灵魂机器的数字大脑是一项技术突破，因为它倾向于做出适当的情绪反应。故选A项。
48．推理判断题。根据第四段“"They're humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself
is not being human," she says. "Human qualities also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how
you break them down; and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算 法)design, but they might behave differently in ways
that humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react.”（“他们的外表和声音都像人类，但这本
身不是人类，”她说。“人类的品质还包括你如何思考、如何处理问题以及如何分解问题；这需要大量的算法设计。但他们的行为方式可能不同，人类只是本能地知道其他人的反应。”）由此判断出，在Mohan
看来，数字人缺少本能的判断。故选C项。
49．细节理解题。根据第五段“Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital
employees across the financial, health care, and commercial sectors （行业）.Unless these sectors make their
business models much more efficient digitally, they might be left behind”（但需求依然存在，UneeQ的数字员工在金融、医疗和商业行业的使用率很高。除非这些行业将它们的商业模式数字化得更高效，否则它们可
能会被甩在后面）由此可知，害怕效率落后让许多行业使用“数字人类”。故选A项。
50．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose
behind these digital beings and is optimistic about where they are headed.”（ Mohan对这种方法持谨慎态度，但她支持这些数字生物背后的目的，并对他们的未来持乐观态度）由此判断出，Mohan数字人的未来是有
希望的。故选B项。
10.【2021年6月天津卷D篇】Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and
beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be "the easy subject" at school, insignificant to wider
society, a waste of time and effort?
Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can; art generates
money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people attend a concert, they
are paying for music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an incredible
experience, a unique atmosphere and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People don't just wantmaterial things anymore, they want to experience life一the arts are a perfect crossover（交迭）between culture
and commerce.Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer. Social
bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion, and
their expression of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a nation's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who
frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who
do not; more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people's wellbeing. The Royal Society of PublicHealth discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing
stress, anxiety and blood pressure.
Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with
drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and
languages. Kids with preference for the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future.Participating in the arts is essential for child development; encouraging children to express themselves in
constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Life without
art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human.
51．Art products differ from most other commercial products because .A．most people purchase them for collection
B.they are more expensive and less accessible
C.they have both commercial and cultural valuesD.their prices may climb up as time passes
52．By sharing their arts experiences, community members can .
A．keep the community safe from illnessesB.develop a stronger tie between them
C.learn to appreciate their own works of art
D.offer honourable solutions to their problems53．What can we learn about people who are involved in artistic activities?
A．They enjoy better living conditions.
B.They like to compare themselves with others.C.They are particularly good at both music and art.
D.They tend to be healthier physically and mentally.
54．How does kids' engagement with the arts benefit them?A．It promotes their academic performance and emotional growth.
B.It gives them more confidence in exhibiting their learning skills.
C.It inspires their creativity in designing their future career.D.It helps to make responsible people out of them.
55．What is the best title for this passage?
A．How Art Cures Our Hearts B.Art: A Blessing to HumankindC.How Art Benefits Communities D.Art: A Bridge Between Cultures
【答案】51．C 52．B 53．D 54．A 55．B【分析】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了艺术这一活动对人类的重要意义，是我们不可或缺的社会生活之
一。从赋予商品的商业价值，人类的身心健康和青少年的学术和情感发展等方面论述了艺术的重要意义。51．细节理解题。根据第一段“Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be
both functional and beautiful.”（任何公共空间都是由艺术家精心设计的，既实用又美观。）以及“Art can
connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can”（艺术可以将文化与商业产品
联系起来，这是其他很多东西都做不到的。）可以看出，可见艺术参与的作品兼具文化价值和商业价值。
故选择C。52．细节理解题。根据第三段“Social bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts
experiences through reflection and discussion,, and their expression of common values through artworks in honor
of events significant to a nation's experience.”（当个人通过反思和讨论分享他们的艺术经验，并通过艺术作品
表达共同的价值观，以纪念对一个国家的经验有重要意义的事件时，社会纽带就在他们之间建立起
来。），可见通过分享经历，可以建立一种特殊的联系和纽带。故选择B。53．细节理解题。根据第四段“It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic
events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not”（研究发现，经常出入文化场所或参
加艺术活动的人比不经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人更容易获得健康;），可见参加艺术活动的人们
在身心上都相对更加健康。故选择D。54．细节理解题。根据第五段“Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in
their education”（参与艺术的孩子在他们的教育中取得更大的成就）以及“encouraging children to express
themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.”（有助于在以后的
生活中形成健康的情感反应。）可见艺术活动促进了孩子们的学业表现和情感成长。故选择A。55．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for
various purposes. Life without art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human.”（艺术
对人类的生命至关重要，世界各国为各种目的庆祝和使用艺术。没有艺术的生活将是无聊和死气沉沉的，
因为艺术是我们人类的一部分。）可见艺术是人类重要的部分，文章中也详细描述了艺术对不同人群的好
处。所以短文的最佳标题为“艺术:人类的福祉”。故选择B。
11.【2021年6月新高考2卷D篇】An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could
bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor
shortage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are
aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors
to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags
(标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring
the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their
cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.
Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the
monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.
For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But
Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use
technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his
first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that
an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma
Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend
to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
12. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?
A. Soil pollution. B. Lack of workers.
C. Aging machines. D. Low profitability.
13. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?
A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes.
14. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?
A. He wants to help them earn a living. B. He thinks men can do the job better.
C. He is inexperienced in using robots. D. He enjoys the traditional way of life.
15. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?
A. Increase the value of cattle. B. Bring down the cost of labor.C. Make the job more appealing. D. Keep cattle from being stolen.
【【答案】】12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D
【【解析】】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛
的
健康状况。
【12题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor
the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a
low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监
测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，
但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。
【13题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the
的
shape, color and texture (质地) of grass.（通过监测草 形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，
Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。
【14题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years
of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to
check cattle is with a man on a horse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用
技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣
牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。
【15题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma
Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.（俄克拉
荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常
有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。
三、2020年高考真题
1. 【2020·全国卷I，C】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to
fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-
kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a racewalker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at
all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg,
an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers
moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately
twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000
or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her
research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do
not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon
among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people
with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race
walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes
some practice.
1. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A. They must run long distances.
B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules.
D. They are good at swinging their legs.
2. What advantage does race walking have over running?
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building.
D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
3. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ opinions.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach.
D. Doing regular exercises.
4. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?A. Skeptical. B. Objective.
C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想
从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
1. C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight
through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但这项运
动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，
竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C项。
2. D【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running,
such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者
的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选
D项。
3. A【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Norberg说的话“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking
should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事实上，任何想尝试
竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Norberg建议
想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A项。
4. B【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research
shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可知，研
究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由
此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。
2. 【2020·全国卷I，D】
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have
found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of
the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their
workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the
actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants
that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmfulchemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things
that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables.
Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth
of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the
rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a
one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂
switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed
from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of
energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. A new study of different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces.
D. Benefits from green plants.
2. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. To detect plants’ lack of water
B. To change compositions of plants
C. To make the life of plants longer.
D. To test chemicals in plants.
3. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy production.
B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption.
D. They could take the place of power plants.
4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Can we grow more glowing plants?
B. How do we live with glowing plants?
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程
师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发
光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
1. D【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discovered that
greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more
productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的
一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物
装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。
2. A【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show
when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可知这就包括叶
子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物
质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选
A。
3. C【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save
energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来
可能有助于减少能源消耗。故选C。
4. C【解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in
the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power plant
to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce
this distance and therefore help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电
源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短
这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院
的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，
指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取
代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。
3. 【2020·全国卷II，B】
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles
help children with math-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of
Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play
was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income,
education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and
found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at
54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their
ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the
study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more
frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play
with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more
active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
1. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
2. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？
A. Parents’ age. B. Children’s imagination.
C. Parents’ education. D. Child-parent relationship.
3. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles more often.
B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language.
D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
4. What is the text mainly about?
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist D. A teaching program.
【文章大意】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和
结果。1. B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中…found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develop
better spatial skill(在2岁到4岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏
中发展更好的空间技能。B. Developing spatial skills(发展空间能力)符合以上说法，故选B项。
2. C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition after
controlling for difference in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.( Levine说，在
父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数方面控制差异性之后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知
Levine在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。C. Parents' education.(父母的教
育)符合以上说法，故选C项。
3. D【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than
girls,可知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。D. They are likely to play with
tougher puzzles.(他们有可能玩更复杂的谜题)符合以上说法，故选D项。
4. B【解析】主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结
果。所以是关于科学研究的。B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。
4. 【2020·全国卷II，C】
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur
probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装)enthusiasts are trying to bring back the
market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have(showcased)nutria fur made into clothes in different
styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast
wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in
the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there
can’t handle this non-native species(物种).It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us.” says Michael Massimi,
an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the
cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince
people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year,
so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Model Paige Morgan says，”To give people a guilt-free
option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-1 think that’s going to be a massive thing, at
least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that
using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a lable to attach to nutria
fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?
A. To promote guilt-free fur.
B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand.
D. To celebrate a winter holiday.
29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.
D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer abouf wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?
A. It’s formal. B. It’s risky. C. It’s harmful. D. It’s traditional.
【答案】
28. A29. A30. D31. B
【文章大意】本文是说明文。介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的
皮衣。海狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏
生态平衡表示了担忧。
28. 推理判断题。根据第二段Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur
made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the
nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,”says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.得知，美国新
奥尔良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀，时装秀上展出海狸鼠皮制成的不同风格的衣服，项目总监Cree McCree说：“除非了解海狸鼠正每年破坏大片湿地，否则谈论无罪感皮衣是很疯狂的事情”，可以
判断出由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。故选A。
29. 推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail.
得知，科学家们如此担心以至于他们决定按照一条海狸鼠尾巴付给猎人们5美元，可以推断出科学家们担
忧海狸鼠们严重破坏生态平衡，。故选A。
30. 词义猜测题。根据第五段The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria
collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. 得知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年
的控制，但是当海狸鼠市场在20世纪80年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据but判断，这
是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不
再销售海狸鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词collapsed 是和D.crashed倒闭的意思最相近。故选D。
31. 推理判断题。根据第二段Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt –free option that they can wear
without someone throwing paint on them-I think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least in New York. ” 得知，
为了给人们一种无罪的选择，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，我认为在纽约将是一件巨大的事情，根
据模特摩根所说得知，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的。故选B。
5. 【2020·全国卷III，D】
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look
deeper into our genes(基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.
People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and
northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation — not to
air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers.
The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the
Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱)
in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii
researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as
divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than
us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”In2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the
Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the
task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo.
She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers. B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin. D. Significance of food selection.
33. Where do the Bajau build their houses?
A. In valleys. B. Near rivers. C. On the beach. D. Off the coast.
34. Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?
A. They could walk on stilts all day. B. They had a superb way of fishing.
C. They could stay long underwater. D. They lived on both land and water.
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B. Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research D. The World’s Best Divers
【答案】
32. B33. D34. C35. A
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，
而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
32. 推理判断题。根据第一段的we are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of
years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes, they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past
few thousand years.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基
因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进
化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B. New knowledge of human evolution.(人类进化的新
知识)符合以上说法，故选B项。
33. 细节理解题。根据第二段的The Bajau, as these people are known, number in hundreds of thousands in
Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally live on houseboats; in recent times, they've also
built houses on stilts in coastal waters.(这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。
他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海区域。D.
Off the coast.(沿海)符合以上说法，故选D项。34. 细节理解题。根据第三段的we were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local
islanders.(我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多)可知，让Jubilado感到吃惊的是
Bajau人能在水下待更长的时间。C. They could stay long underwater. (他们能在水下待很长时间)符合以上说
法，故选C项。
35. 主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team
of researchers reported a new kind of adaption-not to air or to food, but to the ocean.(周四，在《细胞》杂志上发
表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要
讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau人的身体进化成更适应海洋生
活。A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea.(身体为适应海洋生活而重塑)可以作为本文标题，故选A项。
6. 【2020·山东卷，D】
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits
of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should
avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need
to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first,
95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about
movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the
researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore
a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking
more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case,
she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly
more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow
participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the
influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his
eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
12. What is the recent study mainly about?A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership.
C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior.
13. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons.
C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?
A. To see how she would affect the participants.
B. To test if the participants could recognize her.
C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D. To study why she could keep her weight down.
15. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?
A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be.
C. How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food.
【答案】
12. D13. D14. A15. C
【文章大意】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄
入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。
12. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the
size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志
最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮
食行为的。故选D。
13. 词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier
people who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人
一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画
线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相
反。故选D。
14. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers
conducted two experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据
倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比
平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看
看她如何影响参与者。故选A。15. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit
because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and
keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的
结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我
们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。
三、模拟演练
1、
An Israeli law banning too skinny models went into effect with the start of 2013. The law, approved last
March in Israel, requires models to prove they have maintained a Body Mass Index (BMI) of at least 18.5 for three
months before a fashion show. That means a woman who is 68 inches tall can weigh no less than 119 pounds.
“This law is another step in the war against eating disorders,” said physician Adatto. “Underweight models,”
he explained, “can no longer serve as role models for innocent young people who copy their false image of being
skinny.”
But some critics in this country say it is misguided, focusing on weight instead of health. They also say the
Israeli ban is bound to fail because of the strong power of the fashion industry. “I think it’s an approach that isn’t
going to work.” said eating disorder expert Susan Ice, who worked with an organization which creates a healthy
working environment for models.
But Adatto told the reporter that he began to concern the issue after meeting an ambitious model who looked
like she needed to be hospitalized. He said. “I realized that only legislation(立法) can change the situation. There
was no time to waste; so many girls were dieting to death.”
However, the efforts to regulate models’ weight in Spain and Italy have not resulted in significant changes in
part because of difficulties in determining reliable methods of measuring weight and health.
Still, folks including Ice say there’s no denying that images from Hollywood and the fashion industry can be
difficult for young women to deal with. “Certainly I don't believe the modeling industry has caused the rise in
eating disorders, but it makes it harder,” she says. “It’s a difficult recovery environment, worshiping thinness as the
beauty ideal.”
4．One benefit the new Israeli law may bring is ______.
A．to change the working conditions of modelsB．to lower the chance of skinny models’ death
C．to provide guidance for women worshiping thinness
D．to prevent models from suffering from eating disorders
5．In the opinion of the critics, the law won’t succeed because _______.
A．it misleads young women to form a bad eating habit
B．the fashion industry is much too influential
C．it doesn’t create a healthy working environment for models
D．it doesn’t provide a proper approach that can work well
6．What caused Adatto to think that a law was needed to change the situation?
A．Being interviewed by a reporter.
B．Establishing his fashion model agent.
C．Meeting an ambitious but too skinny model.
D．Seeing a model die from eating disorders.
7．According to the passage, the new Israeli law banning skinny models is _____ .
A．practical B．controversial
C．acceptable D．reasonable
【答案】
4．D
5．B
6．C
7．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了在时尚产业中，年轻模特追求过度纤瘦唯美产生的社会问题。
4．细节理解题。根据第二段的“This law is another step in the war against eating disorders,” said
physician Adatto. 可知，新法能使模特免于饮食失调，故选D。
5．细节理解题。根据第三段的They also say the Israeli ban is bound to fail because of the strong power of
the fashion industry. 可知，时尚界的影响力太大了，因此禁令有可能失败，故选B。
6．细节理解题。根据第四段的he began to concern the issue after meeting an ambitious model who looked
like she needed to be hospitalized. 可知，在遇到一位看起来像需要住院治疗的雄心勃勃的模特后，他开始关
注这个问题，故选C。7．推理判断题。A. practical 实际的； B. controversial 有争议的； C. acceptable 可接受的；
D. reasonable 合理的。由文章内容可知，以色列新法律（禁用过瘦的模特）是存在争议的，有支持者也有
反对的，故选B。
2、
Corporate culture is the values and beliefs a company develops over time.The role of corporate culture isto
improve a company’s mission and strategies,with long-term hopes of improvements in a company’s profit.Mostly
corporate culture comes from a company’s top management.
One role of corporate culture is to influence employee behavior, honesty, and compliance（服从）. A
company does not have to necessarily create a direct influence for these actions.A direct influence may be a setof
written regulations or other policies,and while these may be in place,the corporate culture is usually moreof an
indirect influence.
While many companies try to create corporate culture through the use of written policies,its role isharder to
define.The human factor has an influence on how corporate culture is expressed.The way uppermanagement acts
and reacts to various situations defines how lower-level employees will act,and this aspectmay be more important
than any written policy.
A company’s corporate culture can also extend beyond the walls of the business. Consumers who believe a
company to be honest and forthright（直率）may be more loyal in their buying behavior. Employees in a
company’s customer service department can also exhibit positive corporate culture to outside individuals.Inthis
case,the culture creates a link between the company’s employees and its customers.How customers reactmay be a
direct result from the company’s corporate culture.
Product quality can also be influenced by a company’s corporate culture.Companies that focus only onprofits
may decide to avoid high-quality materials in products,but try to suggest that the products are ofhigher quality than
they really are.This negative culture can then result in lower brand loyalty withconsumers.
12．What do we know about corporate culture from this passage?
A．It is a set of rules and regulations.
B．It is the way the employees act.
C．It is the values and beliefs of a company.
D．It is the long term hope of a company.
13．Which of the following is more efficient in creating corporate culture?A．Making a set of rules and regulations.
B．Setting an example for the employees.
C．Learning the corporate culture regularly.
D．Encouraging the employees to work harder.
14．What can we infer from the fourth paragraph?
A．The customer is always right.
B．Corporate culture has different functions.
C．Without corporate culture,a company will die.
D．Positive corporate culture can promote sales.
15．Which word can describe the companies mentioned in the last paragraph?
A．Creative. B．Efficient.
C．Dishonest. D．Disloyal.
【答案】
12．C
13．B
14．D
15．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。企业文化是一个公司随着时间的推移而发展起来的价值观和信念。企业文
化的作用是完善企业的使命和战略，并有望长期企业利润的提高。文章并指出了企业文化对企业销量和质
量的影响作用。
12．细节理解题。根据文章第一句“Corporate culture is the values and beliefs a company develops over
time.”可知企业文化是一个公司随着时间的推移而发展起来的价值观和信念。故选C。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“Mostly corporate culture comes from a company’s top
management.”可知企业文化大多来自公司的高层管理人员。即树立员工榜样更能有效地创造企业文化，故
选B。
14．推理判断题。根据第四段倒数第二、三句“Employees in a company’s customer service department
can also exhibit positive corporate culture to outside individuals. In this case, the culture creates a link between the
company’s employees and its customers.”可知公司客服部门的员工也可以向外界展示积极的企业文化。在这
种情况下，企业文化在员工和客户之间建立了联系，而客户的反应可能是公司企业文化的直接结果。即可
知积极的企业文化可以促进销售。故选D15．细节理解题。最后一段第二句“Companies that focus only on profits may decide to avoid high-
quality materials in products, but try to suggest that the products are of higher quality than they really are.”可知那
些只注重利润的公司可能会决定在产品中避免使用高质量的材料，但要尽量表明产品的质量比实际质量
高。公司用低质量的产品冒充品质好的产品，这是一种“不诚实”的行为，故选C。
3、
A sheet of transparent new material at a University of Maryland lab looks like it might be plastic. But it’s
actually wood—and it could eventually be used to make energy-efficient windows or even see-through buildings.
"Compared to glass, wood has lower heat conductivity, and it's lighter, stronger, and more environmentally
friendly," says Liangbing Hu, a materials science professor at the University of Maryland and one of the authors of
a new study of the material.
The idea is to employ the material in buildings. With a window made from transparent wood instead of glass,
for example, a building would take less energy to heat and cool. Because of the structure of the wood, the windows
could also reduce glare from the sun while allowing in natural light.
Researchers have experimented with transparent wood in the past, but the new method is more sustainable.
Other methods usually put the wood in a chemical compound Nacl to remove lignin, part of the wood that
gives it structure. But this can weaken the wood, and it produces waste that is hard to recycle. Hu and his team
made slight changes to the process so it doesn't fully remove the lignin. By brushing hydrogen peroxide(过氧化物)
over the wood and leaving it under a UV light, they removed only the parts of the lignin that give it color. The
result is transparent wood that can be coated in epoxy(环氧树脂).
It’s just one of a number of ways scientists and engineers are rethinking how we can use this renewable
resource in construction. Skyscrapers made entirely out of wood are gaining popularity in cities around the world.
And scientists recently discovered a technique to grow wood in a lab, opening up the possibility of using wood
without having to cut down a forest.
The transparent wood is 50% stronger than previous transparent wood and could even be used to build load-
bearing walls in a building. It could also potentially be used in other ways, such as layers used in solar cells. A new
company called InventWood is working to commercialize the technology.
8．Why would people like to choose transparent wood in their buildings in preference to glass?
A．It can conduct heat more quickly.
B．It is lighter and more delicate.C．It can let light in with less heat.
D．It has higher energy consumption.
9．Compared with the experiment in the past, what is the difference of the new method?
A．The new method is less environmentally friendly.
B．The new method can make the wood weaker.
C．Researchers brushed Nacl over the wood.
D．Researchers only took away the lignin related to color.
10．Which of the following statements may the author agree with ?
A．This see-through wood can replace glass windows.
B．This see-through wood is in mass production.
C．This transparent wood has been grown in labs.
D．This transparent wood is only popular in cities.
11．What does the last paragraph mainly focus on?
A．The advantages of transparent wood.
B．The prospect of transparent wood.
C．The production of transparent wood.
D．The companies of transparent wood.
【答案】
8．C
9．D
10．A
11．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了透明木头这一新型的建筑材料的制作原理及诸多优点，并可能
在其他方面的潜在用途。
8．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“wood has lower heat conductivity, and it's lighter, stronger, and more
environmentally friendly (木头具有更低的热传导性，并且它更轻、更结实也更环保)”和第三段“the windows
could also reduce glare from the sun while allowing in natural light (窗户也能减少阳光照射的强度，并同时让
自然光照射进屋子)”可知，安装透明木材装修家受到很多人的青睐，因为它具有很多优点。故选C。9．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“they removed only the parts of the lignin that give it color(他们只移除
了部分的让木头有颜色的木质素)”可知，跟之前的实验不一样的地方在于，这些研究者只移除了赋予木头
颜色的木质素，故选D。
10．推理判断题。根据文章首段“But it’s actually wood—and it could eventually be used to make energy-
efficient windows or even see-through buildings (但事实上，它是木头，并且它可以被用于制作节能型的窗户
或者透视大楼)”可知，作者认为透明木头有可能取代现在的玻璃窗户。故选A。
11．主旨大意题。根据文章尾段“It could also potentially be used in other ways, such as layers used in
solar cells. (它也可以有其他多种用途，比如用于太阳能电池的涂层)”可知，文章最后一段主要讲述了透明
木头潜在的用途，故选B。
4、
A year of lockdown has brought about some questionable fashion trends. In US suburbs, bathrobes and
slippers are now socially-acceptable clothing for a trip to the grocery store.
Ugly shoes are also having moment. Crocs the maker of plastic clogs(木屐) now with market worth of $5. 3
billion, had a record 2020. The distinctive shoes, with their punch(打孔机) hole design, have long been popular
with hospital staff. During the COVID-19 outbreak, they have become a sought-after item for those looking for
something easy to wear and clean.
The company sold more than 69 million pairs of shoes in 2020 and pulled in nearly $1. 4 billion, a 13% jump
from 2019. The share price, up 650 percent from its pandemic low, has set repeated new highs this year.
Birkenstock is another brand riding high on the shift to a more casual lifestyle. The German group recently
sold itself to a LVMH-backed group in a 4 billion deal.
The two brands' popularity shows no sign of fading. Poshmark, the second-hand clothing app, said Crocs and
Birkenstock remained top trending brands on its site in March. Sales are up sharply for both compared with the
year-ago period. Cooperation with celebrities (Justin Bieber for Crocs, women's brand Proenza Schouler for
Birkenstock) should help maintain the trend.
The same cannot be said for dress shoes, which were already falling out of fashion. Office closures and fewer
special occasions such as weddings and graduations have accelerated the trend. Sales for the category plummeted
last year, according to market researchers The NPD Group. These accounted for only 8% of total fashion footwear
dollar sales in 2020, compared with 17% in 2017.People will soon reach again for going-out clothes, more formal than pyjamas. But the market for dress shoes
will never recover entirely. The ugly shoe movement is here to stay.
12．What does the underlined word "plummeted" in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A．Increased sharply. B．Increased slightly.
C．Decreased sharply. D．Decreased slightly.
13．What's the author's opinion about the prospect of ugly shoes?
A．Uncertain B．Pessimistic. C．Cautious. D．Confident.
14．What can be the best title of this passage?
A．Crocs give dress shoes a kicking. B．Casual clothes are making a comeback.
C．Punch hole design becomes a trend. D．Dress shoes are falling out of fashion.
15．What’s the purpose of this text?
A．To recommend new shoes. B．To present a new tendency.
C．To change people’s lifestyle. D．To question a fashion trend
【答案】
12．C
13．D
14．A
15．B
【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了受疫情影响人们的对鞋的偏好发生了变化，穿起来和清洗起来都
很方便是拖鞋或木屐更受人们的喜爱，相反正装鞋正在被人们所抛弃。
12．词义猜测题。根据第六段“The same cannot be said for dress shoes, which were already falling out of
fashion.(正装鞋的情况就不一样了，它们已经过时了)”和“Sales for the category plummeted last year,
according to market researchers The NPD Group. These accounted for only 8% of total fashion footwear dollar
sales in 2020, compared with 17% in 2017.(市场研究机构NPD Group的数据显示，去年这类产品的销量
plummeted。2020年，这些产品仅占时尚鞋类总销售额的8%，而2017年为17%)”可知，2017年正装鞋销
量(dress shoes)占时尚鞋类总销售额的17%，而2020年的仅占8%，说明这类鞋的销量急剧下滑，“Sales
for the category plummeted last year”中plummeted表示“急剧下滑”。故选C项。
13．推理判断题。根据末段“But the market for dress shoes will never recover entirely. The ugly shoe
movement is here to stay.(但正装鞋市场永远不会完全恢复。丑鞋子的发展趋势将会持续下去)”可推知，作者
非常看好丑鞋子的前景，对其有发展有信心。故选D项。14．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了以Crocs的塑料木屐为代表的丑鞋子(ugly shoes)正在代
替正装鞋(dress shoes)成为潮流，再根据末段“But the market for dress shoes will never recover entirely. The
ugly shoe movement is here to stay.(但正装鞋市场永远不会完全恢复。丑鞋子的发展趋势将会持续下去)”可
推知，A项“Crocs give dress shoes a kicking.(Crocs鞋给正装鞋一记重击)”是最佳标题。故选A项。
15．推理判断题。根据第一段“A year of lockdown has brought about some questionable fashion trends.
(一年的封锁带来了一些让人难以相信的时尚趋势)”和后文介绍以Crocs的塑料木屐为代表的丑鞋子(ugly
shoes)正在代替正装鞋(dress shoes)成为潮流可推知，本文的写作目的是：呈现在一种新的时尚趋势。 故选
B项。
5、
Could looking through trees be the view to a greener future? Trees replacing the clear glass in your windows
is not a work of science fiction. It's happening now.
Forest Products Laboratory researcher Junyong Zhu together with colleagues from the University of
Maryland and University of Colorado has developed a transparent wood material that may be the window of
tomorrow. Researchers found that transparent wood has the potential to outperform glass currently used in
construction in nearly every way.
While glass is the most common material used in window construction, it comes with quite a few bad
consequences. Heat easily transfers through glass and amounts to higher energy bills when it escapes during cold
weather and pours in when it's warm. Glass production used for construction also comes with a heavy carbon
footprint. Manufacturing emissions alone are approximately 25,000 metric tons per year, without considering the
heavy footprint of transporting the glass.
The innovation was developed using wood from the balsa tree, which is native to South and Central America.
The team treated balsa wood to an oxidizing bath, where the wood is kept in a bleach solution at room temperature
to remove the light-absorbing substance from the structure. The wood is then penetrated（注入）with a synthetic
polymer called polyvinyl alcohol（PVA）, creating a product that is virtually transparent. So the transparent wood
is created, which is far more durable and lighter than glass.
Switching to transparent wood could prove to be cost efficient as well. It is approximately five times more
thermally efficient than glass. cutting energy costs. It is made from a sustainable, renewable resource with low
carbon emissions.
With all of these potential benefits for consumers, manufacturing and the environment, the case for
transparent wood couldn't be clearer.8．What is the main problem with glass used in window construction?
A．It is inefficient in letting heat out.
B．It does not reflect light and heat.
C．It cause a high ecological cost
D．It is inconvenient to transport.
9．What does the underlined part "a bleach solution" refer to?
A．A liquid to make objects white.
B．A process to solve problems.
C．A container to store liquids.
D．A way to make colors fade.
10．What does paragraph 4 focus on?
A．How to make things transparent
B．How to produce the new material.
C．The benefits of the wood material.
D．The great importance of innovation.
11．What is the author's attitude towards transparent wood?
A．Skeptical. B．Ambiguous.
C．Conservative. D．Appreciative.
【答案】
8．C
9．A
10．B
11．D
【解析】本文是说明文，研究发明了一种新型材料，透明的木材被创造出来，它比玻璃更耐用，也更
轻。
8．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Heat easily transfers through glass and amounts to higher energy bills
when it escapes during cold weather and pours in when it's warm. Glass production used for construction also
comes with a heavy carbon footprint. Manufacturing emissions alone are approximately 25,000 metric tons per
year without considering the heavy footprint of transporting the glass”热量很容易通过玻璃传递，当它在寒冷的
天气中逃逸，在温暖的天气中涌入时，会导致更高的能源账单。用于建筑的玻璃生产也带来了沉重的碳足迹。如果不考虑玻璃运输的沉重足迹，仅制造业每年的排放量就约为25,000公吨。可知，玻璃窗户会产生
更高的能源账单，有严重的碳足迹，说明玻璃窗户的主要问题是不利于环境、生态代价高。故选C项。
9．词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“The team treated balsa wood to an oxidizing bath, where the wood is
kept in a bleach solution at room temperature to remove the light-absorbing substance from the structure”研究小组
将巴尔沙木材处理到氧化浴中，在室温下将木材保存在漂白剂溶液中，以去除结构上的吸光物质。 研究
小组将巴尔沙木材置于a bleach solution 中可知，solution 是一种液体，且能去除结构中的吸光物质。结
合常识，白色不吸光，所以巴尔沙木材会变白，可得出a bleach solution 是一种能让物体变白的液体。故
选A项。
10．主旨大意题。第四段最后一句“So the transparent wood is created, which is far more durable and
lighter than glass.” 因此，透明的木材被创造出来，它比玻璃更耐用，也更轻。本句话是对这一段内容的总
结：如何生产出这种新型材料。故选B项。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“With all of these potential benefits for consumers, manufacturing and
the environment, the case for transparent wood couldn't be clearer” 由于透明木材对消费者、制造业和环境都有
潜在的好处，使用透明木材的理由再清楚不过了。可知，作者认为透明木材对消费者、制造业和环境有潜
在好处，说明作者对透明木材持欣赏的（Appreciative）态度。故选D项。
六、
Visual language is a form of communication that uses visual elements (元素) as opposed to formal written
language to convey meaning or an idea. Graphicacy, the ability to communicate visually, is considered as important
as literacy and numeracy, the abilities to read and count. Some people are visual thinkers, using that part of the
brain that is emotional and creative to process and give meaning to information. Visual communication can find
expression in paintings, drawings, symbols, or simply lines and shapes arranged for a specific effect.
Art is an example of visual language. A painting or sculpture can convey ideas or arouse specific kinds of
emotional responses. It may also express ideas about historical events, abstract concepts, or simply be about the
way certain shapes or forms “work” together or create a certain effect on the mind. Some researchers believe that
different parts of the brain respond in unique ways to colors and shapes.
Pictograms (象形文字) and ideograms (表意文字) are types of visual language. Pictograms are pictures that
are similar to what they represent. They are still used today to communicate information. Many people around the
world are familiar with the pictograms indicating such things as airports, public facilities, and non-smoking areas
indicated by a cigarette in a circle with a line across it. Ideograms are pictures that represent ideas and can often beunderstood without the aid of written language. Some scholars track modern alphabets to pictures. Letters are
actually ancient pictures, and words are a series of pictures. Modern alphabet letters are not only phonetic (语音的)
symbols but are based on ancient religious images and symbols.
Musivisual communication is also a part of visual language. The term refers to music created specifically to
improve the visual experience of film. It corresponds to the images being seen on the screen, and the music arouses
a sense of terror, fear, or other emotions. Most movie goers understand the language of musical clues showing that
something dramatic or important is about to happen.
12．What is Visual language according to the text?
A．An idea conveyed by artists.
B．An ability to read and count.
C．A system used to arouse emotions.
D．A way of processing and expressing information.
13．What may be the origin of the modern alphabet letters?
A．Public facilities. B．Imaginary lines.
C．Living conditions. D．Religious images.
14．What can we learn about the music of a film from the last paragraph?
A．A visual thinker can make it better.
B．It can help the audience predict the plot.
C．It often changes without the audience’s notice.
D．It makes the film more emotional and complex.
15．What can be the best title for the text?
A．What Is Visual Language?
B．What Is the Origin of Language?
C．How can We Learn Visual Language?
D．How does Visual Language Affect Life?
【答案】
12．D
13．D
14．B
15．A【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了什么是视觉语言及它的用途。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段关键句“Visual language is a form of communication that uses visual
elements (元素) as opposed to formal written language to convey meaning or an idea.”（视觉语言是一种交流形
式，它使用视觉元素而不是正式的书面语言来传达意义或想法。）可知，视觉语言是一种交流形式，它使
用视觉元素来传达意义或想法，由此可知，视觉语言是一种处理和表达信息的方式。故选D项。
13．细节理解题。根据第三段关键句“Modern alphabet letters are not only phonetic (语音的) symbols
but are based on ancient religious images and symbols.”（现代字母表的字母不仅是语音符号，而且是基于古
老的宗教形象和符号。）可知，现代字母表的字母是基于古老的宗教形象和符号而产生的，由此可知，现
代字母表的字母的起源可能是宗教形象。故选D项。
14．推理判断题。根据最后一段关键句“Most movie goers understand the language of musical clues
showing that something dramatic or important is about to happen.”（大多数电影观众都能理解音乐的语言，这
些音乐暗示着一些戏剧性或重要的事情即将发生。）可知，电影里的音乐暗示着一些戏剧性或重要的事情
即将发生，由此可推断出，电影音乐可以帮助观众预测接下来即将发生的情节。故选B项。
15．主旨大意题。通读文章，结合第一段关键句“Visual language is a form of communication that uses
visual elements (元素) as opposed to formal written language to convey meaning or an idea.”（视觉语言是一种交
流形式，它使用视觉元素而不是正式的书面语言来传达意义或想法。）可知，文章主要介绍了什么是视觉
语言，并在后文分别介绍了“pictograms”、“ideograms”和“musivisual communication”等不同种类的视觉
语言，“What Is Visual Language?”意为“什么是视觉语言？”能够概括文章主要内容。故选A项。
6、
TerraCycle is a company that has recycled and upcycled (升级改造) just about any garbage it can get its
hands on. It upcycles things like pens and markers into dust bins and picnic tables and cigarette ends into railroad
ties.
Now, TerraCycle wants to help families waste even less with a new book Make Garbage Great: The
TerraCycle Family Guide to a Zero-Waste Lifestyle. The book is part wake-up call, part history lesson, part how-to,
and part DIY arts and crafts instruction.
In an effort to help people do what they can to curb their contribution to the tons of waste created every day,
Make Garbage Great gives the history of various materials, discusses why those various materials are a problem,
and gives tips and DIY projects to recycle or upcycle each material.There is a chapter each on plastics, metals, paper, glass, wood, rubber and organics. Each chapter is filled
with tons of tips and ideas for reducing the amount of waste you create and for responsibly handling the waste you
end up creating in your home. If you’re a conscious consumer, some of the information you may already know, but
there are also tips in this book that will help you recycle more than you thought you were able to. It has information
on where you can take old sneakers, pillows, and all that electronic waste that seems to pile up quicker and quicker
each year.
Whether the book inspires you to get a little clever at dealing with your waste or simply inspires you to think
before you buy or before you throw, anyone who is concerned about the amount of waste our culture creates will
find some ideas here. Even the physical book itself is a bit of an inspiration. It’s printed on tree-free paper and is a
reminder that there is usually a sustainable (可持续的) alternative to many of the products that we waste.
8．What is the book intended to do?
A．To advertise for the company.
B．To help families make money.
C．To instruct people to learn arts.
D．To help families reduce waste.
9．What can we know about the book?
A．It is intended for housewives.
B．It is environmentally friendly.
C．It is well received all over the world.
D．It is not different from other paper books.
10．What does the author’s attitude towards the book?
A．Positive. B．Negative.
C．Doubtful. D．Objective.
11．What could be the best title for the text?
A．Live A More Healthy Life?
B．Want A Zero-waste Lifestyle?
C．TerraCycle — A Responsible Company
D．Make Garbage Great — A Key to Success
【答案】
8．D9．B
10．A
11．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了致力于垃圾回收和升级改造的TerraCycle公司为了帮助
人们减少生活垃圾而出版了一本书，书中介绍了一些关于对废弃物品重新再利用的方法。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段中的Now, TerraCycle wants to help families waste even less with a new book
Make Garbage Great: The TerraCycle Family Guide to a Zero-Waste Lifestyle. (现在，TerraCycle希望通过一本
新书《让垃圾变得伟大：TerraCycle家庭零废物生活指南》来帮助家庭减少浪费)可知，这本书的目的是为
了帮助家庭减少浪费。故选D。
9．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的后两句Even the physical book itself is a bit of an inspiration. It’s
printed on tree-free paper and is a reminder that there is usually a sustainable (可持续的) alternative to many of the
products that we waste.(甚至实体书本身也有一些灵感。它印在没有树木的纸上，提醒我们通常有一个可持
续的选择来替代我们浪费的许多产品)可知，这本书的用纸不是由树制成的，这本书是环保的。故选B。
10．推理判断题。根据全文尤其最后一段作者的描述Whether the book inspires you to get a little clever
at dealing with your waste or simply inspires you to think before you buy or before you throw, anyone who is
concerned about the amount of waste our culture creates will find some ideas here. Even the physical book itself is
a bit of an inspiration.(无论这本书是鼓励你在处理废物方面变得更聪明一点，还是只是鼓励你在买东西或扔
东西之前思考一下，任何关心我们的文化造成的废物的人都会在这里找到一些想法。甚至实体书本身也有
一些启发)可以看出，作者对这本书的态度是积极肯定的。故选A。
11．主旨大意题。本文主要内容是帮助人们减少生活垃圾和对废物的重新利用的方法。由此可知，B.
Want A Zero-waste Lifestyle?(想要零废物的生活方式吗？)可以体现文章的中心，适合做本文最佳标题。故
选B。
7、
Children grow taller in rural households where their mothers are supported to grow their own food, according
to new research from the University of East Anglia (UEA). The research, which looked at households in some
developing countries, showed growing their own food helped mothers to prevent their children from being stunted,
wasting away and underweight. Their children’s food was more varied, meaning these children had access to
different classes of food nutrients.The team from UEA analyzed studies that introduced women to home farming in some African and Asian
countries. The home farming included growing brightly colored vitamin A-rich fruit and vegetables, and sometimes
also included chicken farming. The health of these women’s children was assessed over the next year or more, and
they did better than children of other women. No studies, however, reported on children’s eye health. The
researchers concluded that high-quality trials are needed to assess the impact of home food production on
nutritional blindness in children, which is caused by an insufficient intake of vitamin A．Around 250 million pre-
school children are deficient in vitamin A, according to the World Health Organization. Vitamin A deficiency is the
main global cause of childhood blindness, which also increases the risk of dying from other childhood diseases and
vitamin A plays a significant role in normal immune function. It remains one of the most widespread micronutrient
deficiencies globally.
Mrs Chizoba Bassey led the team conducting the systematic review. She said, “Well-evidenced interventions
such as vitamin A supplementation programs should be adopted and expanded to children at greatest risk to prevent
nutritional blindness.”
Currently there is not enough evidence of the effects of home gardening on xerophthalmia, night blindness or
the death rate in children, but the evidence from the research shows that if women take up home gardening, the risk
of being stunted, wasting away and underweight in their children will be reduced. Home farming may help to
achieve sustainability in controlling vitamin A deficiency and can assist vitamin A supplementation programs
where they are available.
12．What does the new study focus on?
A．Fruit and vegetables suitable for family gardening.
B．The development of farming in Africa and Asia.
C．Rural children’s health problems.
D．Benefits of home farming.
13．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3?
A．The importance of nutrients. B．Causes of childhood blindness.
C．Health risks of lack of vitamin A． D．Ways to improve kids’ immune function.
14．Which of the following may Mrs Bassey agree with?
A．Nutritional blindness is preventable.
B．Most of pre-school kids suffer from a nutrient deficiency.
C．Home food production has proved good for children’s eyes.D．Vegetables grown by housewives have higher nutritional value.
15．What does the author want to express in the last paragraph?
A．The urgency of doing further research.
B．The necessity of encouraging home farming.
C．The difficulty in controlling vitamin A deficiency.
D．The relationship between home gardening and xerophthalmia.
【答案】
12．D
13．C
14．A
15．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，吃自家种植的食物的孩子成长得更好。文章介绍了这一研究
开展的过程以及缺乏维生素A会带来的健康风险。
12．推理判断题。根据第二段中“The team from UEA analyzed studies that introduced women to home
farming in some African and Asian countries. The home farming included growing brightly colored vitamin A-rich
fruit and vegetables, and sometimes also included chicken farming. The health of these women’s children was
assessed over the next year or more, and they did better than children of other women.(东安格利亚大学的研究小
组分析了一些非洲和亚洲国家将妇女引入家庭农业的研究。家庭农场包括种植颜色鲜艳的富含维生素A的
水果和蔬菜，有时也包括养鸡。在接下来的一年或更长的时间里，这些妇女的孩子的健康状况得到了评
估，他们比其他妇女的孩子做得更好)”可推断，该研究关注的是家庭农业的益处。故选D。
13．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Around 250 million pre-school children are deficient in vitamin A,
according to the World Health Organization. Vitamin A deficiency is the main global cause of childhood blindness,
which also increases the risk of dying from other childhood diseases and vitamin A plays a significant role in
normal immune function. It remains one of the most widespread micronutrient deficiencies globally. (根据世界卫
生组织的数据，约有2.5亿学龄前儿童缺乏维生素A。维生素A缺乏是全球儿童失明的主要原因，这也增
加了儿童死于其他疾病的风险，维生素A在正常免疫功能中发挥着重要作用。它仍然是全球范围内最普遍
的微量营养素缺乏之一)”可知，本段主要讲了缺乏维生素A会带来的健康风险。故选C。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Well-evidenced interventions such as vitamin A supplementation
programs should be adopted and expanded to children at greatest risk to prevent nutritional blindness.(应采取证据充分的干预措施，如维生素A补充方案，并将其扩大到风险最大的儿童，以防止营养性失明)”可知，
Bassey认为营养性失明是可以预防的。故选A。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Currently there is not enough evidence of the effects of home gardening
on xerophthalmia, night blindness or the death rate in children, but the evidence from the research shows that if
women take up home gardening, the risk of being stunted, wasting away and underweight in their children will be
reduced. Home farming may help to achieve sustainability in controlling vitamin A deficiency and can assist
vitamin A supplementation programs where they are available.(目前，还没有足够的证据表明家庭种植对红眼
病、夜盲症或儿童死亡率的影响，但研究证据表明，如果妇女从事家庭种植，其子女发育不良、消瘦和体
重不足的风险将减少。家庭耕作可能有助于实现控制维生素A缺乏症的可持续性，并能在有条件的地方协
助维生素A补充方案)”可推断，作者在最后一段想表达的是鼓励家庭农业的必要性。故选B。
8、
We’ve known for years that plants can see, hear, smell and communicate with chemicals. Now, reported New
Scientist, they have been recorded making sounds when stressed.
In a yet-to-be-published study, Itzhak Khait and his team at Tel Aviv University, in Israel, found that tomato
and tobacco (烟草) plants can make ultrasonic (超声的) noises. The plants “cry out” due to lack of water, or when
their stems (茎) are cut. It’s just too high-pitched (音调高的) for humans to hear.
Microphones placed 10 centimeters away from the plants picked up sounds in the ultrasonic range of 20 to
100 kilohertz (千赫兹). Human hearing usually ranges from 20 hertz to 20 kilohertz. “These findings can change
the way we think about the plant kingdom,” they wrote.
On average, “thirsty” tomato plants made 35 sounds an hour, while tobacco plants made 11. When plant
stems were cut, tomato plants made an average of 25 sounds in the following hour, and tobacco plants 15.
Unstressed plants produced fewer than one sound per hour, on average.
Perhaps most interestingly, different types of stress led to different sounds. The researchers trained a
machine-learning model to separate the plants’ sounds from those of the wind, rain and other noises of the
greenhouse. In most cases, it correctly identified (辨识) whether the stress was caused by dryness or a cut, based on
a sound’s intensity(强度) and frequency. Water-hungry tobacco appears to make louder sounds than cut tobacco,
for example. Although Khait and his colleagues only looked at tomato and tobacco plants, they think other plants
also make sounds when stressed.If farmers could hear these sounds, said the team, they could give water to the plants that need it most. As
climate change causes more droughts (旱灾), they said this would be important information for farmers. “The
sounds that drought-stressed plants make could be used in precision agriculture (精准农业),” said Anne Visscher at
the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in the UK.
Khait’s report also suggests that insects and mammals (哺乳动物) can hear the sounds up to 5 meters away
and respond. For example, a moth (蛾子) may decide not to lay eggs on a water-stressed plant. Edward Farmer, at
the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, is doubtful. He said that the idea of moths listening to plants is “a little too
speculative”.
If plants are screaming for fear of their survival, maybe we should be glad we can’t hear them.
4．What did Khait and his team find from their research?
A．Plants made low-pitched sounds when in danger.
B．Plants made ultrasonic noises to communicate with each other.
C．Plants picked up a wider range of sounds when stressed.
D．Plants were able to produce sounds in response to stresses.
5．How did tomato and tobacco plants react to different stresses according to the text?
A．A plant reacted to different stresses with the same sound.
B．Cut tomato plants produced more sounds per hour than water-hungry ones.
C．Cut tobacco plants seemed to make weaker sounds than drought-stressed ones.
D．Tobacco plants might make louder sounds than tomato plants when short of water.
6．What’s the main idea of Paragraph 6?
A．Challenges faced by farmers in the future.
B．The potential applications of the research.
C．Farmers’ contributions to the research.
D．What the future agriculture will be like.
7．The underlined word “speculative” in the second-to-last paragraph has the closest meaning to “______”.
A．practical B．unsupported
C．surprising D．complicated
【答案】
4．D
5．C6．B
7．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。一项尚未发表的研究发现，植物在受到压力时会发出声音，不同类型的压
力导致了不同的声音。
4．细节理解题。根据第一段中Now, reported New Scientist, they have been recorded making sounds
when stressed. 现在，据《新科学家》报道，他们已经被录下了在压力下发声的声音。以及第二段中In a
yet-to-be-published study, Itzhak Khait and his team at Tel Aviv University, in Israel, found that tomato and
tobacco plants can make ultrasonic(超声的)noises. The plants “cry out” due to lack of water, or when their
stems(茎)are cut. 在一项尚未发表的研究中，以色列特拉维夫大学的伊扎克·凯特(Itzhak Khait)和他的团队发
现，番茄和烟草植物可以发出超声噪音。由于缺水或茎被剪断时，植物会“哭泣”。可知，Khait和他的团
队发现植物能够发出声音来应对压力。故选D项。
5．细节理解题。根据第五段中In most cases, it correctly identified whether the stress was caused by
dryness or a cut, based on a sound’s intensity and frequency. Water-hungry tobacco appears to make louder sounds
than cut tobacco, for example. 在大多数情况下，它能根据声音的强度和频率，正确地识别出压力是由干燥
引起的还是由切割引起的。例如，缺水的烟草似乎比切下来的烟草发出的声音更大。可知，切下来的烟草
发出的声音似乎比干旱胁迫下的烟草发出的声音要弱。故选C项。
6．主旨大意题。根据第六段中As climate change causes more droughts, they said this would be important
information for farmers. “The sounds that drought-stressed plants make could be used in precision agriculture(精准
农业),” said Anne Visscher at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in the UK. 他们说，随着气候变化导致更多的
干旱，这对农民来说将是重要的信息。“受干旱胁迫的植物发出的声音可以用于精准农业，”英国皇家植
物园的Anne Visscher说。可知，本段主要是讲述了研究发现植物能发出声音对农业的影响，也就是研究在
农业的潜在应用价值。故选B项。
7．词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段中Edward Farmer, at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, is
doubtful. He said that the idea of moths listening to plants is “a little too speculative”. 瑞士洛桑大学的Edward
Farmer对此表示怀疑。他说，让飞蛾听植物的声音这种想法“有点太___________了”。由doubtful可知
Edward Farmer不确定这种说法是否正确，因此猜测划线词speculative意为“未经证实的，推测性的”。故
选B项。
9、As we close out the final days of this year, treat yourself to a deliciously distracting new book — a book that
you can dip into and out of throughout the holidays. Read up, rest up, and enjoy yourself.
Yoga for Pregnancy, Birth and beyond
A must-have guide for yoga-loving mamas, Yoga for Pregnancy, Birth and Beyond offers helpful relaxation
techniques and breathing exercises that are tailored to each pregnant (怀孕的) woman. The book also lays out
valuable techniques for labor and staying in touch with your body as it continuously changes.
Mindfulness Activities for Kids
We could all use a little more peace in our lives. Uniquely suited for children and parents to do together, the
40 mindfulness exercises recommended here — from pausing to fully enjoy a tasty sandwich to taking chalk walk
together — will not only teach children calm and gratitude, but also bring grown-ups and their littles closer
together.
Before She Disappeared
Frankie Elkin is a recovering alcoholic who devotes her time to solving cold cases, especially those involving
people of color. A new investigation brings her to Boston, searching for a Haitian teenager who disappeared
months ago. But as Frankie starts asking questions, someone else will stop at nothing to keep the answers hidden.
Oak Flat
Lauren Redniss' Oak Flat tells the story of the land near the San Carlos Apache Reservation through an
Apache family fighting to protect the land, which the U. S. government and two world-power mining enterprises
are attempting to seize and destroy for its copper resources. Visually striking and deeply reported, Oak Flat tells a
larger story of endless westward expansion and native resistance.
1．Which book can help to improve family relations?
A．Yoga for Pregnancy, Birth and Beyond.B．Mindfulness Activities for Kids.
C．Before She Disappeared. D．Oak Flat.
2．What do we know about the book Oak Flat?
A．It centers on an Apache family's struggle.
B．It's a brief account of mining enterprises.
C．It sings high praise of the US government.
D．It supports westward expansion and native resistance.
3．Who are the target readers of the four books?A．Women. B．Teenagers. C．Grown-ups. D．Pupils.
【答案】
1．B
2．A
3．C
【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了四本假期阅读的新书。
1．推理判断题。根据Mindfulness Activities for Kids部分的“We could all use a little more peace in our
lives. Uniquely suited for children and parents to do together, the 40 mindfulness exercises recommended here —
from pausing to fully enjoy a tasty sandwich to taking chalk walk together — will not only teach children calm and
gratitude, but also bring grown-ups and their littles closer together.(我们都可以在生活中多一点和平。这里推荐
的40个正念练习特别适合孩子和父母一起做——从暂停到充分享受美味的三明治到一起散步——不仅会让
孩子们冷静和感激，而且能让成年人和他们的小孩子更亲密地在一起)”可知，这本书可以有助于改善家庭
关系，故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Lauren Redniss' Oak Flat tells the story of the land near the San Carlos
Apache Reservation through an Apache family fighting to protect the land, which the U. S. government and two
world-power mining enterprises are attempting to seize and destroy for its copper resources.(劳伦·雷德尼斯的橡
树公寓讲述了圣卡洛斯阿帕奇保留地附近的土地的故事，一个阿帕奇家族为保护这片土地而斗争，美国政
府和两家世界电力矿业企业正试图夺取和摧毁这块土地，以获取其铜资源)”可知，Oak Flat这部书的故事
集中在一个阿帕奇家族的斗争上。故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据第一段内容“As we close out the final days of this year, treat yourself to a
deliciously distracting new book — a book that you can dip into and out of throughout the holidays. Read up, rest
up, and enjoy yourself.(当我们结束今年最后几天的时候，犒劳自己一本令人愉快地的消遣新书——一本你
可以在整个假期深入浏览和翻阅的书。阅读，休息，好好玩玩)”并对比选项可推断，文章是写给成年人
的。故选C。
