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考研英语三小门讲义（英一）
@刘琦老师
完形填空
第一讲 考研完形填空概述
一、完形难度分析
语法（几乎无长难句）
词汇（词义辨析、词组搭配）
逻辑分析（句内、句际、上下文逻辑）
完形填空解题线索
1）分布在该空所在句中
例【2011-14】
①Although sadness also 14 tears
14. [A] exhausts [B] follows [C] precedes [D] suppresses
2）分布在该空所在句上下句中
例【2011-17】
②In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of
the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a
pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with
their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression.
117. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent
3）分布在该空所在的整个意群、段落、篇章中
例【2008-2】
The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others
is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory
Cochran is 1 to say it anyway.
He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3
any institution.
...Together with another two scientists
2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare
二、完形填空特点
1. 240~280 words、首段首句不命题（2001 除外）、4~15 词设一个空
2. 选择最佳答案
3. 命题规范
① 首段首句为全文中心；
【2004-22】
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency （crimes
committed by young people focus either on the individual or on society as
the major contributing influence. Theories 21 on the individual
suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were
2not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds
22. [A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because
② 段落首句为段落中心
【2009-3/4】
Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart
humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl
Zimmer in the Science Times. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter
than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests
that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) 4 in not being
too bright.
3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer
4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority
三、完形填空考点
1. 阅读理解能力-精读能力
2. 语法能力-寻找解题线索
3. 词汇能力
① 词义辨析
② 词组搭配
3四、完形填空解题步骤
1. 读文章首段前两句，把握文章中心；
2. 以段为单位精读、理解、选择；
3. 选项出发，逐空进行分析、找出每个空的定位线索
第二讲 考研完形解题方法
一、逻辑关系题
英语一 3~5 题
英语二 1~3 题
英语中常见的逻辑关系词
1. 并列关系
and, and also, or, neither...nor..., either...or..., not only...but also...
likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is(to say), as well as
the same as
2. 递进关系
also, then, besides, in addition, additionally, moreover, what's more
furthermore, above all, indeed
3. 因果关系
because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so that, such that
in order that, accordingly(相应地)，
4on account of=in response to =because of
in that=because, seeing that, considering that, now that
4. 对立关系
1）转折
but, however, yet, by contrast, on the contrary, contrarily
on the other hand, unfortunately
2）让步
although, though, even though, even if, even, in spite of, despite
nevertheless, much as, while, whereas, as
3）其他
rather than, instead of, against, unlike, not...but..., in fact
5. 列举关系
first, second, last, to begin with/to continue, next, first/then
on one hand/on the other hand, for one thing/for another
one/another, some/others/still others
6. 条件关系
if, if only, if only, unless, otherwise, supposing, providing/provided
as soon as, as long as, in case, when, with
【2001-46】
“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges,” he
said.
46. [A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by
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for example, for instance, such as, of/among these+具体例子
to take an example, to illustrate, let's imagine
more specifically speaking, according to
例题
【2001-31】
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking
to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of
Rosemary West.
31. [A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D] such as
【2004-40】
All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing
a criminal act, 40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been
established.
40. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing
【2005-20】
The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar
and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might
indicate the danger of fire.
20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from
【2007-12】
On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church,
69 , there was less agreement 10 the leadership Roman
Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by
the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain
Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some
sought to end the 14（exclusion） of other faiths.
12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While
【2009-14】
Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments
animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat
with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant
conditioning.
14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance
【2009-18】
They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17
not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study
a(n) 19 question:Are humans actually aware of the world they
live in?
18. [A]Above all [B]After all [C] However [D] Otherwise
二、逻辑关系题解题方法 PLUS （用于原文词读不懂的情况）
1. 同义相斥原则
7例题
【2005-1】
The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be
insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely
because, 2 animals, we stand upright.
1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while
【2006-14】
And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders.
Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill
14. [A] when [B] once [C] while [D] whereas
【2006-1】
The homeless make up a growing percentage ofAmerica’s population.
1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local
governments can’t possibly 2 .
1. [A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore
2. not 题
代表前后意思相反的对立关系
【2002-31】
radically changed the process, 31 its impact on the media was
not immediately 32 .
31. [A] unless [B] since [C] lest [D] although
8【2003-38】
This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38
they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for
roles
38. [A] On the contrary [B] On the average
[C] On the whole [D] On the other hand
3. 除第一段以外的段首如果让填逻辑关系词，则选对立关系词；
若无对立关系词选项，则选递进关系词。
4.如果逻辑关系词前后内容有包容性，即总-分关系，则选举例关系词。
三、动词题
1. 根据主语和宾语的逻辑关系做题；
2. 看主语 — 是人还是物；
e.g. _____ believe sth_____ (doubt or challenge)
总结：主语必须是人的动词：doubt, intend, require, regard , be impressed
by, believe, notice
9主语必须是物的动词：manifest（表明、显示）
主语可以是人或物的：show
3. 看宾语
A. 是人还是物
只能跟人做宾语的谓语动词有：assure，impress，side with；
可跟人可跟物的动词：ensure， agree with；
B. 看宾语是抽象名词还是具体名词
跟抽象名词做宾语：enhance（quality）
跟具体名词做宾语：fasten；label（贴标签）；feed
既跟抽象又跟具体名词做宾语：tighten
4. 根据动词后的介词及介词后的宾语
例题
【2001-32】
In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press
32.[A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening
【2001-37】
Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year
37. [A] sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed
【2002-38】
The communications revolution has 38 both work and leisure
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38. [A] regarded [B] impressed [C] influenced [D] effected
【2004-30】
For example, changes in the economy that 30 to fewer job
opportunities for youth
30. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount
【2006-9】
One of the federal government's studies 9 that the number of the
homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade
9. [A] predicts [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers
【2009-1】
1 the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the
Science Times.
1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine
【2009-13】
Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments
animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance.
13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply
11【2010-1】
It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers'
productivity.
1.[A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored
【2010-19】
Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any
case
19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended
四、形容词题
1. 形容词做定语时，形容词修饰的名词是解题线索；
2. 形容词做表语时，主语就是解题线索；
3. 形容词修饰名词，并且名词后有定语或同位语，则形容词修饰的
名词、名词后的定语或同位语同时作为解题线索；
4. 副词修饰形容词时，副词就是解题线索。
例题
【2001-40】
Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest
1240. [A] storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash
【2001-44】
the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain
44. [A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining[D] sustaining
【2002-39】
but there have been 39 views about its economic, political, social
and cultural implications
39. [A] competitive [B] controversial [C] distracting[D] irrational
【2003-30】
Avariety of small clubs can provide 30 opportunities for
leadership
30. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple
【2006-8】
that the number of the homeless is 8 .
8. [A] inflating [B] expanding [C] increasing [D] extending
【2006-15】
simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives
16 .
15. [A] life [B] existence [C] survival [D] maintenance
【2006-17】
when there are 17 programs that address the many needs of the
homeless
1317. [A] complex [B] comprehensive
[C] complementary [D] compensating
【2009-3】
This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer
3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer
【2009-19】
they would hope to study a(n) 19 question:Are humans actually
aware of the world they live in?
19.[A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile
五、名词题
1. 名词做主语时，谓语和宾语就是解题线索；
2. 名词做宾语时，主语和谓语就是解题线索；
3. 名词做表语时，主语就是解题线索；
4. 名词被定语修饰时，定语就是解题线索；
5. 介词后填名词时，通常考固定搭配。
例题
【2002-23】
the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23 ,
23. [A] means[B] method [C] medium [D] measure
14【2002-37】
the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the
37 within which we now live
37. [A] context [B] range [C] scope [D] territory
【2003-25】
teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that
comes from achieving success
25. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence[D] tolerance
【2006-12】
find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to
sleep at night
12. [A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house
【2009-4】
This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) 4
in not being too bright.
4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority
15六、副词题
1. 根据副词所修饰对象来做题；
2. 根据副词所在语境来做题；
3. 根据文章中心来做题。
例题
【2003-33】
some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in
the background.
33. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely
【2009-10】
Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve
left in the dust
10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward
16翻译
第一讲
一、翻译总论
三步法拆分
第一步 找谓语动词
第二步 找连词，初步切分句子并确定主干
第三步 梳理修饰成分，进一步切分句子
2004
（46）The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some
connection with the process of thought，which took root in Europe long
before people realized how diverse languages could be.
二、简单句翻译
例 1 2017 英一
The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major
challenges to the UK’s providers of English language teaching to people
of other countries and to broader education business sectors.
例 2 2020 英一
With the Church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the
Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been
bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
17第二讲
三、并列句翻译
例 1 2017 英一
（48）many countries are introducing English into the primary-school
curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be
gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.
四、复合句翻译
定语从句
例 1 2004
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection
with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people
realized how diverse languages could be.
例 2 2013 英一
(48) The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens,
introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or
was not discernible as such.
例 3 2015 英一
The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the
United States crossed theAtlantic more than a hundred years after the
1815th-and-16th-century explorations of NorthAmerica.
名词性从句
主语从句
2012 英一
yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the
homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens
speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and
creative expression.
同位语从句
2010 英一
Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the
effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The
evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
状语从句
2011 英一
（46）Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that
because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal
its erroneous nature.
2013 英二
I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we
went to the hospital the day before.
19新题型
第一讲 小标题题
例题一 大纲样题（英一）
Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about
plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading
from the listA-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last
paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading
which you do not need to use. Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET
1. (10 points)
[A]What to do as a student?
[B]Various definitions of plagiarism
[C]Ideas should always be sourced
[D]Oversight plagiarism can be forgiven
[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
[F] The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have
strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In
the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the
practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated,
plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication
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41.________________________________________________________
____________________
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many
universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course
to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are
protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty
may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career.
Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and
through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is
a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws
require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their
sources.
42.________________________________________________________
____________________
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types
of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ideas
and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and
words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three
classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students inexactness in
identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by
21ignorance, and by intention.
43.________________________________________________________
____________________
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the
writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He
may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or
acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues.
He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common
knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed.Although
this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and,
if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
44.________________________________________________________
____________________
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that
inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge
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their sources. The techniques for documentation—note-taking, quoting,
footnoting, listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the
writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references.
Although “there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the
expression of them,” the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources
for ideas are challenged.
45.________________________________________________________
22____________________
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention.
The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and
language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he
tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such
words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to
describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement.All mature and
trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to
acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing
scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and
assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language
and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not
only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
例题二 2007
Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what
parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose
a heading from the listA-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered
part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not
numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use.
Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
23[A]Set a Good Example forYour Kids
[B]BuildYou Kids’Work Skills
[C]Place Time Limits on LeisureActivities
[D]Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis
[E] Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies
[F] HelpYour Kids Figure Out Who TheyAre
[G]BuildYour Kids’Sense of Responsibility
How Can a Parent Help?
Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early
adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to
satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from
school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for
the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not,
Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life
unreadiness”:
41.________________________________________________________
_________
You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review
their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on
any shortcomings, like difficulty, in communicating well or collaborating.
24Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these
offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.
42.________________________________________________________
___________________
Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of
their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table
discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they
are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage
your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what
they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.”
They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of
the future is of little good.
43.________________________________________________________
__________________
Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be
responsible for teaching them how to work.Assign responsibilities
around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage
teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying
gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as
managing time and setting priorities.
2544.________________________________________________________
_______________
Playing video games encourages immediate content.And hours of
watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process
information in a passive way.At the same time, listening through
earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages
kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors.All
these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and
thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of
sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.
45.________________________________________________________
__________________
They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of
inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve
conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home
can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills
to everyday life situations.
What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling
and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a
major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not
26to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong
interest and respect for whatever interests their fledging adult （as naive
or ill conceived as it may seem） while becoming a partner in exploring
options for the future. Most of all, these new adults, must feel they are
respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.
例题三 2013
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most
suitable subtitle from the listA-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45).
There are two extra subtitles which you do not need to use. Mark your
answers on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Shopkeepers are your friends
[B] Remember to treat yourself
[C] Stick to what you need
[D] Live like a peasant
[E] Balance your diet
[F] Planning is everything
[G] Waste not, want not
The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances
his love of good food with living on benefits.After bills, Tony has £60 a
week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was
earning £130, 000 a year working in corporate communications and
27eating at London’s best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his
marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious.
“The community mental health team saved my life.And I felt like that
again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It
gave me the validation and confidence that I’d lost. But it’s still a
day-by-day thing.” Now he’s living in a council flat and fielding offers
from literary agents. He’s feeling positive, but he’ll carry on
blogging—not about eating as cheaply as you can—“there are so many
people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on
food”—but eating well on a budget. Here’s his advice for economical
foodies.
41. ________________________________________________________
__________
Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your week’s menu in advance,
making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have
an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop
laughing: it’s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It’s
also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being human,
you’ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.
42. ________________________________________________________
_________
This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With
28them, there’s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a
little greengrocer.And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only
need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever
weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.
43.________________________________________________________
_________
You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer—that’s
not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish.
Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus
vegetables you’ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go off”
will be cooked or juiced.
44.________________________________________________________
_________________________________
Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at
butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be
super friendly. Soon you’ll feel comfortable asking if they’ve any
knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses
and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they’ll let you have
for free.
45.________________________________________________________
_________________________________
You won’t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few
29months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant—£1.75 a week
for three months gives you £21—more than enough for a three-course
lunch at Michelin-starredArbutus. It’s £16.95 there—or £12.99 for a
large pizza from Domino’s: I know which I’d rather eat.
第二讲 七选五+排序题
例题一 2013
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions
41-45, choose the most suitable one from the listA-G to fit into each of
the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any
of the blanks. Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005, there were almost half a
million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working
both inside and outside academia.According to the World Social Science
Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has
swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.
Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global
challenges, including climate change, security, sustainable development
and health. (41) ________ Humanity has the necessary
agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered
crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the
organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
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更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取(42) ________This is a shame—the community should be grasping the
opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great
social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without
creative destruction.
Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems
and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.
Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords
“environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since
2004. (43) ________
When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local:
Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for
example.And whether the community’s work contributes much to an
overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44)
________This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right
direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should
not expect more in today’s economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework
funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social
scientists. This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon
2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a
category.This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the
31intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite.
(45) ________That should create more collaborative endeavors and help
to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists:
one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized
journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such
as policy briefs.
[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the
100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these
keywords.
[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other
categories, including health and demographic change; food security;
marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and
inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community,
and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social
innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists,
especially the young ones.
[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require
behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological
development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about
changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is
32about developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle
such problems.And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to
drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to
integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the
humanities as a percentage of all research and development
funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and
corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it
is about 15%.
例题二 2015
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions
41-45, choose the most suitable one from the listA-G to fit into each of
the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any
of the blanks. Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the
sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out
relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of
English grammar. (41) ________You begin to infer a context for the text,
for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is
involved: Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
33The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of
comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of
passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and
problem-solving.You infer information you feel the writer has invited
you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42)
________
Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same
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track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an
absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and checked for
accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43)
________
Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)
________This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or
even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods,
places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings
of the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with
fundamental human concerns—debates about texts can play an important
role in social discussion of beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular
interest in reading it. (45) ________ Such dimensions of reading
suggest—as others introduced later in the book will also do—that we
bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It
34doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more
advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of
reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and
counterbalances to one another.Together, they make up the reading
component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding
textual environment.
[A]Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils
the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure?
Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are
likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our
gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain
interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their
meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that
they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse
entities as well as possible links between them.
[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any
given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the
ones the author intended.
[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be
significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of
35a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less
responsible.
[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs
created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own
thoughts.
[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction
between what we might call textual and contextual material: between
kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal
structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of
background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the
text.
例题三 2010
For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list
A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text.
Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which
does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET1.
(10 points)
[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference
for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than
homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35
percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This
36development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service
segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in
retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming
large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their
purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a
standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to
grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited
success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big,
profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and
drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of
the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market
is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words,
it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy.At any
rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number
of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the
current consumer pattern will take hold.
[D]All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers
could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and
proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and
marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of
37wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits
thereby.At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals
important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in
their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the
competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big
retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the
segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities
might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and
unfamiliar business models are needed too.
[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that
have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are
made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two
sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large
retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food
service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home.
Such food service operators range from snack machines to large
institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in
the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafés. Overall, Europe’s
wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace
as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two
opposing trends.
[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion in
38France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more
than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are
higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food
service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;
and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are
at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and
even some large food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying
their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe
stand to reap considerable gains.
41. →42. →43. →44. →E →45.
39参考答案
第一讲
2007 年真题 41. F 42. D 43. B 44. C 45. E
2013
F. Planning is everything
C. Stick to what you need
G. Waste not, want not
A. Shopkeepers are your friends
B. Remember to treat yourself
2015
41.D. Most of your fears are unreal
42.E. Think about the present moment
43.G. There are many things to be grateful for
44.A.You are not alone
45.C. Pave your own unique path
第二讲
2013 41. E. These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all
require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological
development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about
changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is
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更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取
更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取about developing clean energy.
42. F. Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to
tackle such problems.And in Europe, some are up in arms over a
proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research
and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
43. B. However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the
100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these
keywords.
44. G. During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the
humanities as a percentage of all research and development
funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and
corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it
is about 15%.
45. C. The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with
other categories, including health and demographic change; food security;
marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and
inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
2015 41. C. If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their
meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that
they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse
entities as well as possible links between them.
4142. E.You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may
be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis
of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less
responsible.
43. G. Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction
between what we might call textual and contextual material: between
kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal
structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of
background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the
text.
44. B. Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our
gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain
interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
45.A.Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils
the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure?
Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are
likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.
201041. B. Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are
at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities
to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with
limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the
42big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and
drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
42. F. For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion
in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in
2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall
margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from
the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out
more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented
industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
43. D.All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers
could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and
proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and
marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of
wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits
thereby.At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals
important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in
their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the
competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big
retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the
segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities
might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and
unfamiliar business models are needed too.
4344. G. However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers
(and even some large food producers and existing wholesalers) from
trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in
Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
45.A. The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference
for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than
homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35
percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This
development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service
segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in
retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming
large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their
purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
44
