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绝密★启用前
2008 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
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写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。
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（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of
those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it
anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any
institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have
a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was
first suggested.
5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. Together
with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one
group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has
brought this about. The group in 8 are a particular people originated from central
Europe. The process is natural selection.
This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value
of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the We
s t , as th e 12 of th e ir eli t es , in c lu d i n g sev e r al wo r ld - r e no w n ed
scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of
nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously
been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a
strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic
isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18
. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them
to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.
1．[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased
2．[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare
3．[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against
4．[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately
5．[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence
6．[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk
英语试题 .1. （共 14
页）7．[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects
8．[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question
9．[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating
10．[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total 11．
[A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately
[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably
12．[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers
13．[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve
14．[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile
15．[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down
16．[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing
17．[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument
18．[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined
19．[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed
20．[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuous
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
英语试题 .2. （共 14
页）Text 1
While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to
be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly
susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress
compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s
Veteran’s Administration Hospital.
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow
affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger
chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when
stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed,
their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased
“opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s
just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for
tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re
dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and
sooner.”
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of
things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.
Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of
random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are
exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other
family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that
comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to
finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much
frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.”
Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to
take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.
I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.
But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and
feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways
to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.
英语试题 .3. （共 14
页）21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
[A]Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
[B]Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
[C]Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
[D]Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women
[A]need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.
[B]have limited capacity for tolerating stress.
[C]are more capable of avoiding stress.
[D]are exposed to more stress.
23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be
[A]domestic and temporary.
[B]irregular and violent.
[C]durable and frequent.
[D]trivial and random.
24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para.5) shows that
[A]Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
[B]Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.
[C]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
[D]Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A]Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
[B]Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
[C]Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
[D]Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
英语试题 .4. （共 14
页）Text 2
It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the
laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor
would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to
their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept
the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher,
and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the
journal.
No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are
questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded
research by restricting access to it – is making free access to scientific results a reality.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just
issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John
Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,
makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it
goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element
of scientific endeavour.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research
depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In
America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and
$11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical
Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in
these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000
journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly
journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones
were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where
institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through
site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by
asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there
are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international
laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of
these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to
read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone
who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review
process, at least for the publication of papers.
英语试题 .5. （共 14
页）26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses
[A]the background information of journal editing.
[B]the publication routine of laboratory reports.
[C]the relations of authors with journal publishers.
[D]the traditional process of journal publication.
27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
[A]It criticizes government-funded research.
[B]It introduces an effective means of publication.
[C]It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
[D]It benefits scientific research considerably.
28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that
[A]it provides an easier access to scientific results.
[B]it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
[C]it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
[D]it facilitates public investment in scientific research.
29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to
[A]cover the cost of its publication.
[B]subscribe to the journal publishing it.
[C]allow other online journals to use it freely.
[D]complete the peer-review before submission.
30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?
[A]The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
[B]A new mode of publication is emerging.
[C]Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
[D]Publication is rendered easier by online service.
英语试题 .6. （共 14
页）Text 3
In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the
National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last
season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major
professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have
been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,
longer frames.
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:
Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller
now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have
lived in the U.S. for many generations – apparently reached their limit in the early
1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at
this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says
anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of
NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common
practice of recruiting players from all over the world.
Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and
nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century,
under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health
improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an
inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet
according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height – 5′9″ for
men, 5′4″ for women – hasn’t really changed since 1960.
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During
childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.
Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and
back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated
strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the
genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard
of Northwestern University.
Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C.
Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures
that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She
says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed
for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a
piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and
feel fairly confident.”
英语试题 .7. （共 14
页）31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to
[A]illustrate the change of height of NBA players.
[B]show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..
[C]compare different generations of NBA players.
[D]assess the achievements of famous NBA players.
32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?
[A]Genetic modification.
[B]Natural environment.
[C]Living standards.
[D]Daily exercise.
33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
[A]Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.
[B]Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.
[C]Americans are the tallest on average in the world.
[D]Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.
34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future
[A]the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.
[B]the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.
[C]genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.
[D]the existing data of human height will still be applicable.
35. The text intends to tell us that
[A]the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.
[B]human height is becoming even more predictable.
[C]Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.
[D]the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.
英语试题 .8. （共 14
页）Text 4
In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George
Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth
into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.
That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people
remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus
on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been
spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly
proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.
And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.
Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early
leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue
that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little
to fight it.
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the
culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for
slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of
the country they helped to create.
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves
was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God:
George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states
would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar
institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for
purposes of congressional representation.
And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula
handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating
the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson
extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into
13 states, including three slave states.
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his
approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men
were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the
Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves
their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required
legislative approval in Virginia.
英语试题 .9. （共 14
页）36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to
[A]show the primitive medical practice in the past.
[B]demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.
[C]stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.
[D]reveal some unknown aspect of his life.
37. We may infer from the second paragraph that
[A]DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.
[B]in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.
[C]historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.
[D]political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.
38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?
[A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.
[B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.
[C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.
[D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige.
39. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A]Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
[B]Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
[C]Slaves owners usually had large savings accounts.
[D]Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.
40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his
[A]moral considerations.
[B]military experience.
[C]financial conditions.
[D]political stand.
英语试 .1 （共 14Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45,
choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered
blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your
answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything
else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you
stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write.
(41)
Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the
next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to
you now, work it into the draft. (42) Grammar, punctuation,
and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good
writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a
nervous search for errors.
(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way,
and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any
writing on the other side.
If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity
to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a
few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling
and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) These
printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.
Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to
your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper
convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a
paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward
women. (45)
Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper
many times – and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You
may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences
within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect
one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or
wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and
prodded into shape.
英语试 .1 （共 14[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so
that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one
side of the paper.
[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay
particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s
probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you
are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they
leave the reader with a final impression.
[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer
may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have
gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their
pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of
power failures or other problems.
[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have
developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and
begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.
[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which
explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead
of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed
response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he
enforces.
[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P,” the
student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his
refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.
[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,
you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty
of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they
write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.
英语试 .1 （共 14Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10
points)
In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with
extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in
expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty
may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently
about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his
own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of
apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his
power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for
which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.
His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that
he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry.
(48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of
his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he
thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from
the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits,
could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to
assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such
as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher
degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of
men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them
carefully.”
Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three
respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the
age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too,
pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however,
he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also
almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss
of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the
intellect, and more probably to the moral character .
英语试 .1 （共 14Section III Writing
Part A
51.Directions:
You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage
that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to
1) make an apology, and
2) suggest a solution.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52.Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,
you should
1）describe the drawing briefly,
2）explain its intended meaning, and then
3）give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
英语试 .1 （共 14
