移动端自动化进阶:基于Appium的跨平台(iOS/Android)统一测试框架搭建

组件类别

选型

核心作用

自动化核心引擎

Appium

提供跨平台自动化API，兼容iOS（XCUITest）和Android（UIAutomator2）

编程语言

Java/Python

生态完善，Appium客户端支持良好（本文以Java为例）

测试框架

TestNG

支持用例分组、依赖、参数化，适配跨平台用例设计

元素定位工具

Appium Inspector

可视化定位iOS/Android元素，生成统一定位表达式

报告生成

Allure Report

生成美观、详细的测试报告，区分双平台测试结果

依赖管理

Maven/Gradle

统一管理Appium、TestNG等依赖包，简化环境配置

提示：环境配置时建议记录各组件版本（如Appium版本、Java版本、SDK版本），避免因版本兼容问题导致框架异常。

properties# 通用配置appium.server.url=http://127.0.0.1:4723/wd/hubwait.timeout=10# Android配置android.app.path=./apps/AndroidDemo.apkandroid.device.name=emulator-5554android.platform.version=13android.app.package=com.demo.appandroid.app.activity=com.demo.app.SplashActivity# iOS配置ios.app.path=./apps/iOSDemo.ipaios.device.name=iPhone 14ios.platform.version=16.4ios.bundle.id=com.demo.appios.automation.name=XCUITest

javapublic class DriverFactory {private static AppiumDriver driver;public static AppiumDriver getDriver(String platform) {DesiredCapabilities caps = new DesiredCapabilities();// 加载通用配置caps.setCapability(“noReset”, true);caps.setCapability(“newCommandTimeout”, Integer.parseInt(ConfigUtil.getConfig(“wait.timeout”)));// 根据平台加载特定配置switch (platform.toLowerCase()) {case “android”:caps.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_NAME, “Android”);caps.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, ConfigUtil.getConfig(“android.device.name”));caps.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, ConfigUtil.getConfig(“android.platform.version”));caps.setCapability(“appPackage”, ConfigUtil.getConfig(“android.app.package”));caps.setCapability(“appActivity”, ConfigUtil.getConfig(“android.app.activity”));caps.setCapability(“app”, ConfigUtil.getConfig(“android.app.path”));break;case “ios”:caps.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_NAME, “iOS”);caps.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, ConfigUtil.getConfig(“ios.device.name”));caps.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, ConfigUtil.getConfig(“ios.platform.version”));caps.setCapability(“bundleId”, ConfigUtil.getConfig(“ios.bundle.id”));caps.setCapability(“automationName”, ConfigUtil.getConfig(“ios.automation.name”));caps.setCapability(“app”, ConfigUtil.getConfig(“ios.app.path”));break;default:throw new RuntimeException(“不支持的平台：” + platform);}// 初始化Drivertry {driver = new AppiumDriver(new URL(ConfigUtil.getConfig(“appium.server.url”)), caps);} catch (MalformedURLException e) {e.printStackTrace();throw new RuntimeException(“Driver初始化失败：” + e.getMessage());}return driver;}// 封装Driver关闭方法public static void quitDriver() {if (driver != null) {driver.quit();}}}

javapublic class BaseAction {protected AppiumDriver driver;public BaseAction(AppiumDriver driver) {this.driver = driver;}// 统一点击方法（支持元素定位符传入）public void click(By locator) {WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(Integer.parseInt(ConfigUtil.getConfig(“wait.timeout”))));wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(locator)).click();}// 统一输入方法public void input(By locator, String text) {WebElement element = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(Integer.parseInt(ConfigUtil.getConfig(“wait.timeout”)))).until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(locator));element.clear();element.sendKeys(text);}// 跨平台返回操作（Android按返回键，iOS滑动返回）public void back() {String platform = driver.getCapabilities().getCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_NAME).toString();if (platform.equalsIgnoreCase(“Android”)) {driver.navigate().back();} else if (platform.equalsIgnoreCase(“iOS”)) {// iOS滑动返回（从左到右滑动）Dimension size = driver.manage().window().getSize();int startX = (int) (size.width * 0.1);int endX = (int) (size.width * 0.8);int y = (int) (size.height * 0.5);new TouchAction(driver).press(PointOption.point(startX, y)).waitAction(WaitOptions.waitOptions(Duration.ofMillis(500))).moveTo(PointOption.point(endX, y)).release().perform();}}}

javapublic class LoginPage extends BaseAction {// 元素定位（统一用By定位符，适配双平台）private By usernameInput = By.id(“com.demo.app:id/et_username”); // Android用id，iOS可共用accessibilityIdprivate By passwordInput = By.id(“com.demo.app:id/et_password”);private By loginBtn = By.id(“com.demo.app:id/btn_login”);private By successToast = By.xpath(“//*[contains(@text,’登录成功’)]”); // 适配Android文本，iOS可调整xpathpublic LoginPage(AppiumDriver driver) {super(driver);}// 封装登录业务逻辑public void login(String username, String password) {input(usernameInput, username);input(passwordInput, password);click(loginBtn);// 等待登录成功提示new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(5)).until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(successToast));}}

注意：元素定位优先选择双平台通用的定位方式（如accessibilityId），若平台差异无法避免，可在定位符中通过平台判断动态选择（如Android用id，iOS用xpath）。

javapublic class LoginTest {private AppiumDriver driver;private LoginPage loginPage;// 用例执行前初始化Driver和Page@BeforeMethod@Parameters({“platform”})public void setUp(String platform) {driver = DriverFactory.getDriver(platform);loginPage = new LoginPage(driver);}// 统一登录用例（双平台共用）@Test(description = “正确账号密码登录”)public void testSuccessfulLogin() {loginPage.login(“test_user”, “123456”);// 断言：登录后跳转首页（通过首页元素是否可见判断）By homeTitle = By.id(“com.demo.app:id/tv_home_title”);WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(5));Assert.assertTrue(wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(homeTitle)).isDisplayed());}// 用例执行后关闭Driver@AfterMethodpublic void tearDown() {DriverFactory.quitDriver();}}

xml<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″?><!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM “http://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd”><suite name=”跨平台测试套件” parallel=”tests” thread-count=”2″><!– Android测试用例 –><test name=”Android测试”><parameter name=”platform” value=”android”/><classes><class name=”com.demo.test.LoginTest”/></classes></test><!– iOS测试用例 –><test name=”iOS测试”><parameter name=”platform” value=”ios”/><classes><class name=”com.demo.test.LoginTest”/></classes></test></suite>