英语构词法语言的基本要素之一是词汇。在语言发展的最初阶段，人们使用的是少量而简单的词汇，这些词汇只表示日常简单的事物和概念，构成语言中最基本的词。随着社会的发展与进步，语言的扩充与融合使语言变得复杂，原有的有限的原生词已不够用，人们便创造了一些新词来表示新生的事物和概念。按照一定的语言规则创造新词的方法，称之为构词法（wo1.动词转化为名词（1）They were talking with each other.他们正在交谈。（talkv.）I thinkwe＇dbetter finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。（talkn.）（2）He looked aside when I spoke to him.我对他讲话，他却朝一边看。（lookv.）Let＇shave a look first.我们先看一下吧。（lookv.）（3）Have you booked the ticket？你订好票了吗？(bookv.)What＇sthe name of the book？书名叫什么？（bookn.)【拓展】book n.书-v.预定seat n.座位-v.使就位；落座water n.水-v.浇水shoulder n.肩膀-v.负责任2.名词转化为动词(1)Myleft hand brushed the wall and found the door.我的左手顺着墙摸过去就找到了门。（handn.）Hand in your papers please.请把你们的试卷交上来。(handv.)(2)Thesick children are well taken care of by the doctors and nurses.这些生病的孩子得到了医护人员的精心照料。(nursen.)She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。（nursev.）（3）They begin breakfast at seven.他们7点钟开始吃早饭。（breakfastn.）We breakfasted together.我们在一起吃了早餐。(breakfastv.)【拓展】try v.尝试-n.尝试 loswim v.游泳-n.游泳 dream v.做梦-n.梦3.形容词转化为动词He is a better man than his father.他为人比他父亲好。（better adj.）We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。（better v.）【拓展】dirty adj.脏的-v.弄脏 slow adj.慢的-v.放慢；减慢right adj.正确的-v.纠正 dry adj.干的-v.变干free adj.自由的-v.解放；使自由wrong adj.错误的-v.弄错；受委屈4.形容词转化为名词（1）She has long black hair.她有一头乌黑的长发。(black adj.)The girl in black appears very beautiful.那个穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。（black n.）（2）He came from a rich family.他出身于富裕家庭。(rich adj.)We don’t belong to the rich,but wedong’tbelong to the poor either. (the rich n.)我们不是有钱人，但我们也不是穷人。【拓展】dear adj.昂贵的-n.喜欢的人／物 quiet adj.寂静的-n.寂静total adj.全部的-n.总数【提醒】某些形容词如old，young，poor，rich，wounded，injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数。The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。二、合成法由两个或两个以上本身有独立含义的词合在一起组成一个有具体意义的新词的构词形式。1.合成名词（1）名词＋名词silkworm（蚕）newspaper（报纸）bedroom（卧室）footprint（脚印）glasshouse（温室）afternoon（下午）（2）名词＋动名词sun-bathing（日光浴） handwriting（书法）sight-seeing(观光)（3）形容词＋名词shorthand（速记）hotline（热线）blackboard（黑板） gentleman（绅士）（4）动名词＋名词waiting-room（候车室）sleeping-pill（安眠药）writing-desk（写字台） reading-room（阅览室）（5）动词＋名词pickpocket（扒手）post office（邮局）typewriter（打字机） playground（操场）break-water（防波堤）（6）动词＋副词get-together（联欢会）break-through（突破）take-off（起飞）lookout（岗哨）（7）副词＋动词downfall（垮台） overthrow（推翻）outbreak（爆发） income（收入；所得）(8)其他构成形式的合成名词well-being（福利） good-for-nothing（无用之人）editor-in-chief（总编辑）by-product（副产品）touch-me-not（含羞草） she-wolf（母狼）self-improvement（自我完善） self-criticism（自我批评）flying-fish（飞鱼）【提醒】合成词如果出现复数形式时通常在其后加-s或-es，如by-products，reading-rooms，但应特别注意：passers-by，lookers-on等词语是在其表达该词中心含义的词上加-s或-es。2.合成形容词（1）数词＋名词a five-year plan五年计划first-class products一级品one-way单行的second-hand goods二手货a four-word四字成语（2）数词＋名词＋eda three-legged bench三条腿的凳子 aone-eyed camel一只眼的骆驼five-storeyed五层的（3）数词＋名词＋形容词two-year-old两岁的1,000-metre-long 1000米长的（4）名词＋现在分词peace-loving热爱和平的meat-eating食肉的grass-eating食草的English-speaking说英语的history-making创造历史的（5）名词＋过去分词heart-broken伤心的man-made人造的state-owned国有的 water-covered被水覆盖的（6）形容词＋名词＋edabsent-minded漫不经心的blue-eyed蓝眼睛的good-tempered好脾气的kind-hearted和善的（7）形容词十现在分词bad-looking相貌丑陋的fine-sounding动听的easy-going容易相处的 good-looking相貌好看的（8）形容词十名词short-term短期的part-time兼职的high-class高级的large-scale大规模的（9）副词十现在分词hard-working努力工作的 far-reaching深远的ever-lasting永恒的（10）副词+过去分词well-developed高度发达的 well-known著名的well-trained训练有素的（11）其他构词形式的合成形容词all-round全面的 face-to-face面对面的snow-white雪白的 thank-you感谢的out-of-date过时的see-through透明的light-blue浅蓝色的 ever-green常青的fast-food专门提供快餐服务的 downhill下坡的3.合成动词及其他合成词类：（1）名词＋动词sleep-walk梦游（2）形容词＋动词 white-wash粉刷（3）副词＋动词 overthrow推翻4.合成副词（1）形容词＋名词 hotfoot匆忙地（2）形容词＋副词 everywhere到处（3）副词＋副词 however尽管如此（4）介词＋名词 beforehand事先（5）介词＋副词 forever永远5.合成代词（1）代词宾格＋self herself她自己（2）物主代词＋self myself我自己（3）形容词＋名词 anything任何东西6.合成介词（1）副词＋名词 inside在···里面（2）介词十副词 within在·····之内（3）副词十介词 into进入三.派生法由一个词根加上前缀和（或）后缀构成另一个词的构词形式。1.前缀（1）表示否定意义的前缀，往往使原词变成它的反义词
同步练习一、用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空1.It rained hard yesterday,but(luck)we brought our raincoats and didn’t get wet.2.Ted told us an unusual story(call) Mysterious steps.3.Cindy had fun(make) flashcards with her cousin.4.How old was Laura when she became a(skate)champion?5.Tom Cruise is really a(success) actor.I love his movies very much.6. David is good at drawing and he’s going to be an(art) when he grows up.7.A large number of(foreign) visit the Great Wall in Beijing these years.8.When I first ate in a(west) restaurant,I didn’t know what to do.9.I have already known the(important) of studying English.10.Learning more English is(help).11.The students may feel(sleep)in class if the teacher can’t make his class interesting.12.1 like(music) who play different kinds of music.13.Thanks for the(invite) to your birthday party.14.Did you have a(discuss) about your summer holiday plan?15.More and more(Europe) come to China for a visit every year.答案:1.luckily 2.called 3.making 4.skating 5.successful6.artist 7.foreigners 8.western 9.importance 10.helpful11.sleepy 12.musicians 13.invitation 14.discussion 15.Europeans二、从B组中选出可与A组组成合成词的词。如：water＋fall-waterfall瀑布A:sunhome no down moon rain book loud hard glass take may grand tooth getB:stairswork body coat seller light speaker topped away working children ache betogether答案:1.sunlight阳光2.homework家庭作业3.nobody没有人4.downstairs楼下5.moonlight月光6.rain-coat雨衣7.bookseller书商8.loudspeaker喇叭9.hardworking努力工作的10.glass-topped玻璃罩的11.takeaway外卖的12.maybe也许13.grandchildren（外）孙子，（外）孙女14.toothache牙痛15.gettogether聚会三、单项选择1.That man wasenough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A.care B.carefulC.careless D.carelessness【解析】此处应该是形容词作表语，意为“那人足够谨慎而没有告诉经理他不愿意干那份工作做”。【答案】B2.The soldier died for saving the child,so hisis heavier than Mount Tai.A.die B.deadC.died D.death【解析】his后面要接名词，构成his death作主语。意为“那位战士为救儿童而牺牲了，因此他的死比泰山还重”。【答案】D3.The child lookedat his brother who was badly wounded.A.sadly B.sadnessC.sadly D.sad【解析】此处是副词作状语修饰looked，意为“悲伤地看着”；注意不要看成look（看上去）＋adj.（作表语）结构。【答案】A4.The three-chair isn’t suitable for a young child.He may fall off.A.legging B.leggedC.legs D.leged【解析】这是合成词中的“数词十名词＋ed”形式，three-legged是形容词，意为“三条腿的”。【答案】B5.-What are you doing here?-Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passage aboutin English.-You can writepassage in English?A.600 words;a 600-words B.600-word;a600-wordsC.600 words;a 600-wordD.600 words;a 600-words【解析】第二个空是一个合成词，是“数词十名词”形式，其中的“名词”用单数。此处意为“一篇600字的文章”。【答案】C6. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is thenews about Iraq War?A.lately B.latestC.later D.latter【解析】此处应该选择形容词修饰名词news，其中lately是副词，首先排除；later是比较级，因为没有比较的意思，也要排除；latter是“后者的”，与“前者”相对，因此排除；latest是late的最高级，意为“最近的；最新的”。【答案】B7.Canada is mainlyancountry.A.English-speaking B.speak-EnglishC.spoken-English D.English-spoken【解析】此处是合成词形容词的“名词十现在分词”形式，意为“讲英语的”。注意speaking的逻辑主语是被修饰的名词counyry，因此属于主动关系，即“这个国家讲英语”，不能用English-spoken，属于被动关系。【答案】A8.The black people were against slavery and fought for theirbravely.A.free B.freelyC.freedom D.frees【解析】句意为“黑人反对奴隶制而为了他们的自由英勇的斗争”，their后接名词freedom。【答案】C9.It’sto persuade him to give up smoking. He＇svery stubborn（固执的）.A.possible B.possiblyC.impossible D.impossibility【解析】这是一个itis＋adj.＋todo句型，因此排除possibly（adv.）和possibility（n.）；根据第二句“他很固执”，一次“要说服他戒烟是不可能的”，possibly加否定前缀im即impossible，意为“不可能的”。【答案】C10.The old man’s condition waswith the doctors and nurses’ care.A.hope B.hopedC.hopeful D.hopeless【解析】句意为“有了医生护士的照料，老人的情况是有希望的”，因此选形容词作表语。【答案】C
夜雨聆风
