BBC – 霍尔木兹海峡海上封锁说明

A US military blockade affecting maritime traffic to and from Iranian ports began at 14:00 GMT on Monday, according to US Central Command (Centcom). Washington says vessels that are simply transiting the Strait of Hormuz to other destinations may still pass, even though Iran had effectively restricted movement in the waterway after US and Israeli strikes. The move follows failed talks aimed at ending a conflict that started on 28 February and is now in a two-week truce.

美国中央司令部称，周一起一项影响进出伊朗港口海上交通的军事封锁在格林尼治时间14时生效。美方表示，仅经霍尔木兹海峡前往其他目的地的船只仍可通行，尽管在美以打击之后伊朗曾实质限制该水道航行。此举发生在旨在结束2月28日爆发、目前处于两周停火下的冲突谈判破裂之后。

President Donald Trump said negotiations with Iran in Pakistan collapsed because Tehran would not abandon its nuclear programme. A US official told journalists the disagreements ran wider, including Iran’s control of the strait. On social media, Trump said the navy would block ships entering or leaving the strait, interdict vessels that paid tolls to Iran in international waters, and destroy mines he accused Iran of laying. He warned Iran against firing on US forces or civilian shipping.

特朗普称，在巴基斯坦与伊朗的谈判破裂，原因是德黑兰不愿放弃核计划。一名美国官员对记者说分歧更广，包括伊朗对该海峡的控制。特朗普在社交媒体上称，海军将封锁进出海峡的船只，在国际水域拦截向伊朗缴费的船只，并清除他指责伊朗布设的水雷。他还警告伊朗不要向美军或民船开火。

Trump argued a deal on free passage would arrive eventually, but claimed Iran stalled by vaguely citing uncharted mines. Centcom’s message to mariners, seen by the BBC, describes the blockade as covering Iran’s coastline, ports and oil terminals, applying to all flags. Neutral ships receive a grace period to leave; afterwards unauthorised movements risk interception and capture. Humanitarian cargoes such as food and medicine may sail subject to inspection.

特朗普认为自由通航的协议迟早会来，但指责伊朗拿“不知在哪的水雷”含糊拖延。BBC看到的中央司令部致海员通告称，封锁覆盖伊朗海岸线、港口与油码头，适用于所有船籍。中立船只有一段宽限期离港；之后未经授权的进出可能面临拦截与扣押。食品、药品等人道物资可在检查后通行。

The US Navy’s 2022 commander’s handbook defines a blockade as a belligerent operation that bars vessels and aircraft of every state from entering or leaving enemy-controlled coasts, ports or airfields. Trump first demanded an immediate closure, then Centcom set Monday morning Eastern Time as the start. He suggested other nations would join without naming them; the BBC understands the UK will not participate, though London is coordinating a coalition on freedom of navigation.

美军2022年版指挥官手册将封锁定义为交战行动，阻止各国飞机与舰船进出敌方控制的海岸、港口或机场。特朗普起初要求“立即”封锁，随后中央司令部把启动时间定在周一美东上午。他暗示会有其他国家参与但未点名；BBC了解到英国不会加入封锁，但伦敦正协调保护航行自由的联盟。

Three American legal experts told the BBC a blockade could breach maritime law, and one asked whether it clashes with the ceasefire. Geography gives Iran leverage: it can throttle traffic through the narrow strait and push oil prices higher while charging steep passage fees. Shutting the route could deny Tehran that cash but might lift energy costs further. Trump told Fox News he would not let Iran pick favoured customers; analysts read the rhetoric as pressure for a US-shaped deal.

三名美国法律专家对BBC表示，封锁可能违反海事法，其中一人质疑其是否与停火冲突。地理让伊朗握有筹码：它可卡住狭窄水道、抬高油价并收取高昂通行费。切断这条财路会打击伊朗政府收入，却也可能进一步推高能源价格。特朗普对福克斯新闻称，不会让伊朗挑客户；分析人士把他的强硬表态读作迫使对方接受美方条件的施压。

Republican congressman Mike Turner told CBS the blockade should force a settlement, while Democratic senator Mark Warner questioned how squeezing the strait would persuade Iran to reopen it. Shipping analyst Lars Jensen said only a trickle of ships still moves there, so a US halt would barely shift global volumes. Firms paying Iranian tolls already risk sanctions, he noted, and most carriers will wait to see whether any fragile peace holds before returning.

共和党众议员迈克·特纳对CBS称，封锁意在迫使局势落定；民主党参议员马克·沃纳则质疑，卡死海峡如何能让伊朗把它重新打开。航运分析师拉尔斯·延森表示，目前只有少量船只仍在该水域活动，美方若真拦截对全球运量影响甚微。他指出，向伊朗缴费的公司本就面临制裁，大多数船公司会先观望脆弱和平能否维持再恢复通行。

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