ARTICLE · 1020839
高中英语 高考非谓语动词知识点大全+练习+解析
什么是英语中的非谓语动词?我们都知道一个句子一般只有一个动词谓语,一山不容二虎,如果多个动词存在,要么是并列句、复合句,要么另一个动词需要以“非谓语”的形式存在。
所以一句话解释“非谓语动词”,不能作谓语的动词形式,不受主语人称和数的限制。高中阶段的非谓语动词分成三类:to do(不定式)、doing(动名词 / 现在分词)、done(过去分词)。
一、非谓语动词的定义:
1.句子里的谓语:有时态、人称变化的动词(am/is/are, do/does/did 等),例如:
① Chinalaunchedthe Lijian-2 rocket successfully.(中国成功发射了利箭二号火箭。)
② The usage of domestic large models has increasedby 300%.(国产大模型的使用量已增长 300%。)
③ The Shanghai index rosesharply and hasrecovered 3,900 points.(沪指大幅上涨,已收复 3900 点。)
2.句子里的非谓语:不作谓语(to do,done,doing),可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾补.例如:
① China launched the rocketto send a test spaceship into orbit.
(to send 不定时形式,表示目的,中国发射火箭是为了把试验飞船送入轨道。)
② The modelsdeveloped by Chinese companies are widely used.
(中国公司开发的模型被广泛使用。Developed过去分词形式,表示被动修饰models)
③ Investors trading AI stocks made big profits.
(交易AI 股票的投资者赚了大钱。动名词形式trading 修饰 investors,不作谓语。)
二、非谓语动词的三种形式对比
形式 | 基本含义 | 关键词 | 例句 |
to do | 将来、目的、具体某一次、未做 | 要去做、目的 | I plan to visit my grandma this weekend. |
doing | 习惯、正在、主动、已做/经常做 | 习惯、进行、主动 | She enjoys listening to English songs. |
done | 被动、完成 | 被……、已经被…… | The letter written by him is on the desk. |
总结: 谓语只能一个,其余非谓语。 目的将来选to do, 习惯进行用doing, 被动完成用done。 介词后面必+ing, 使役感官省to 记。 |
三、非谓语动词的常见搭配
1.只接to do 作宾语
want, hope, wish, decide, plan, learn, agree,refuse, fail, promise, prepare, afford, choose
2.只接doing 作宾语
enjoy, finish, practice, mind, keep, miss,avoid, consider, suggest, imagine, feel like
3.既可接to do 又可接 doing,意思不同
stop
- stop to do:停下来去做另一件事
- stop doing:停止正在做的事
remember
- remember to do:记得要去做(未做)
- remember doing:记得做过(已做)
forget
- forget to do:忘记要做
- forget doing:忘记做过
try
- try to do:努力做
- try doing:尝试做(看看效果)
mean
- mean to do:打算做
- mean doing:意味着
go on
- go on to do:接着做另一件事
- go on doing:继续做同一件事
4.接sb. to do(宾补)
ask, tell, want, allow, wish, teach, invite,encourage, warn, expect
特殊情况:- hope / suggest / agree 后面不能接sb. to do,例如:只能表示:hope to do / hope that...
5.使役动词+ 动词原形(省 to)
make, let, have
- make sb. do sth.
- let sb. do sth.
- have sb. do sth.
注意事项:被动语态要还原to:
He was made to work all day.
6.感官动词+ do / doing
see, watch, hear, listen to, find, feel
- do:全过程;- doing:正在进行,例如:
I saw him cross the street.(全过程)
I saw him crossing the street.(正在过)
7.介词后一律接-doing形式
in, on, at, of, for, about, with, without, by等介词后-doing形式。
- without doing
- what about doing
- thanks for doing
- look forward to doing
- pay attention to doing
- be used to, doing
- prefer...to...doing
- get used to doing
四、非谓语动词在句子中的作用及成分
1. 作主语
- To learn English is important.
- Reading is fun.
常用形式:It’s + adj. + to do sth.例如:It’s easy to learn English.
2. 作宾语
- I want to go home.
- I like swimming.
3. 作表语
- My job is to teach.
- His hobby is painting.
4. 作定语
- I have a lot of homework to do.
- The man standing there is my father.
- The book written by Mo Yan is popular.
5. 作状语(表目的、原因、结果)
- He went to the shop to buy some bread.(目的)
- Seeing the teacher, he stood up.(时间/主动)
6. 作宾语补足语
- I saw him enter the room.
- I saw him playing basketball.
- Keep the window closed.
五、非谓语动词VS独立主格形式
1.独立主格(Absolute Construction)的定义:有自己独立主语、但不是完整句子、只起修饰作用的结构,用来补充说明时间、原因、条件、伴随状态等。
我们先来看一个句子:Weather permitting, we will go for a picnic.天气允许的情况下,我们将去野餐。
在这个句子中,句子主语是:我们we,那么weather呢,我们称之为“逻辑主语”,这个逻辑主语和句子主句的主语不一致,中间常用逗号隔开,weather permiting属于独立主格,不作句子谓语,只作状语(表时间、原因、条件等),且weather 和permit是主动关系,故用现在分词形式。
再举一个例子:The work finished, we went home.(逻辑主语work + done,被动:工作被完成后,我们就回家了。故用过去分词做独立主格,作为句子的条件状语)
综上,我们了解下一个概念【非谓语动词的独立主格形式】,表现形式是:由“逻辑主语 + 非谓语(to do/doing/done)”构成,作为句子的状语成分,此时,逻辑主语和句子主句的主语不一致,中间常用逗号隔开,再来几个例句感受下:
①New rules taking effect, our life will become better.(逻辑主语new rules + doing,主动:新规生效,我们的生活将会变得更好。
②AI helping with teaching, teachers have more time to care about students.(逻辑主语AI + doing,主动:AI辅助教学,老师们有更多时间关心学生。)
③The battery's digital ID set up, we can track its whole life cycle.(逻辑主语the battery's digital ID + done,被动:电池的数字身份证设立后,我们可以追踪它的全生命周期。
④Illegal lottery clues reported, the police will take strict action.(逻辑主语illegal lottery clues + done,被动:非法彩票线索被举报后,警方会采取严厉行动。)
2.【独立主格】的形式:
① The rain having stopped, we went out.(名词/ 代词 + 现在分词doing)
The weather being fine, we went hiking.(名词/ 代词 + 现在分词doing)
② The work finished, he went home.(名词 / 代词 + 过去分词done)
③ So much work to do, I can’t go out.(名词/ 代词 + 不定式 to do)
④ He entered the room, his face pale.(名词/ 代词 + 形容词 / 副词)
The meeting over, we went home.(名词/ 代词 + 形容词 / 副词)
⑤ The teacher came in, book in hand(名词 / 代词 + 介词短语)
⑥ It being Sunday, the shops were closed.( There being / It being句型)
There being no time left, we started at once.( There being / It being句型)
3.【独立主格】VS【非谓语动词分词状语】
① 分词状语:主语和主句一致
Hearing the news, he cried.
(he 既是 hear 的主语,也是 cry 的主语)
② 独立主格:主语不一致
The bell ringing, class began.
(铃响,课开始,两个主语)
六、练习题
单项选择(每题只有一个正确答案)
1. —Did you notice the boy ______ in the corner? He seems ______ about something important.
A. sitting; worrying B. sit; worry C. sitting; to worry D. sit; to worry
2. The teacher advised us ______ the meeting on time, but some of us forgot ______ the time.
A. to attend; checking B. attending; to check C. to attend; to check D. attending; checking
3. —Why did you stop ______?
—Because I felt tired. I want to stop ______ a rest.
A. running; to have B. to run; having C. running; having D. to run; to have
4. The work ______ in two hours, we have to hurry up to finish it.
A. will be finished B. finishing C. to finish D. to be finished
5. He was made ______ the whole day because he didn’t finish his homework on time.
A. work B. to work C. working D. worked
6. —I can’t help ______ when I see the funny video.
—Me too. It’s so interesting that I can’t wait ______ it again.
A. laughing; to watch B. to laugh; watching C. laughing; watching D. to laugh; to watch
7. The book ______ by a famous writer is worth ______, but it’s difficult for us ______ it.
A. written; reading; to understand B. writing; to read; understanding
C. written; to read; understanding D. writing; reading; to understand
8. With all the problems ______, the manager felt very relaxed and went on ______ his work.
A.solving; to do B. solved; do C. solved; to do D. solving; doing
七、答案解析
1. 答案:C
解析:第一空,notice sb. doing sth. 表示“注意到某人正在做某事”(强调正在进行),排除B、D;第二空,seem to do sth. 是固定搭配,“似乎做某事”,故选C。易错点:混淆notice后接do(全过程)和doing(正在进行)。
2.答案:C
解析:第一空,advise sb. to do sth. 是固定搭配,“建议某人做某事”,排除B、D;第二空,forget to do sth. 表示“忘记要做某事”(未做),forget doing sth. 表示“忘记做过某事”(已做),结合句意“忘记核对时间”(未做),故选C。易错点:混淆forget后接to do和doing的含义。
3.答案:A
解析:第一空,stop doing sth. 表示“停止正在做的事”,结合句意“停止跑步”(正在跑);第二空,stop to do sth. 表示“停下来去做另一件事”,“停下来休息”是另一件事,故选A。易错点:stop后接to do和doing的含义辨析(中考高频难点)。
4. 答案:D
解析:本题考查独立主格结构,逻辑主语the work与非谓语动作finish是被动关系,且动作尚未发生(in two hours表示将来),故用to be finished。A选项是谓语动词,独立主格不能用谓语形式;B、C是主动形式,不符合被动关系,故选D。易错点:独立主格与谓语动词的区别、被动语态的非谓语形式。
5. 答案:B
解析:使役动词make用于被动语态时,后面的不定式要还原to,即be made to do sth. “被要求做某事”,故选B。易错点:使役动词被动语态还原to(中考高频坑点)。
6.答案:A
解析:第一空,can’t help doing sth. 是固定搭配,“忍不住做某事”,排除B、D;第二空,can’t wait to do sth. 是固定搭配,“迫不及待做某事”,故选A。易错点:混淆can’t help后接doing和to do(can’t help to do表示“不能帮忙做某事”,此处语境不符)。
7. 答案:A
解析:第一空,the book与write是被动关系,用过去分词written作定语,排除B、D;第二空,be worth doing sth. 是固定搭配,“值得做某事”,排除C;第三空,it’s difficult for sb. to do sth. 是固定句型,“对某人来说做某事很难”,故选A。易错点:worth后接doing、被动定语的用法、固定句型的搭配。
8. 答案:C
解析:第一空,with的独立主格结构,problems与solve是被动关系,用过去分词solved(表示问题已被解决),排除A、D;第二空,go on doing sth. 表示“继续做同一件事”,go on to do sth. 表示“接着做另一件事”,结合已经解决,去做其他工作,故选C。易错点:with独立主格的被动形式、go on后接to do和doing的区别。