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【小学1-6年级英语语法汇总精编】 | 适合家长陪跑参考 / 英语老师备课素材!(建议收藏)

小学1-6年级英语语法汇总精编
📖 家长陪跑参考 /英语老师备课素材
导语:英语语法是搭建英语句子的骨架,是读懂短文、写对句子、考好试题的基础。很多孩子学英语只会死记单词,一做题就混淆时态、单复数、代词用法,错题反复出现。
这份语法汇总贴合新课标小学英语要求,由浅入深梳理核心知识点,避开偏题难题,重点抓考试高频考点。内容条理清晰、配有例句、区分易混点,低年级可以慢慢熟读感知,高年级用来系统复盘、期末冲刺。
平时每天抽10分钟读一读、看一看,日积月累,孩子英语基础会越来越扎实!
📖 目录
一、名词
二、代词
三、形容词和副词
四、介词
五、动词(四大时态核心)
六、句型句式
七、数词
八、冠词
九、小学易混核心考点汇总
十、附录:小学常用不规则动词表(新增)
一、名词
名词是英语中最基础的词类。小学阶段需要掌握三个要点:单复数变化、不可数名词、名词所有格。
1. 可数名词单复数规则
规则一:一般情况下直接加s
pen → pens
book → books
cat → cats
dog → dogs
规则二:以s、x、ch、sh结尾的加es
bus → buses
box → boxes
watch → watches
brush → brushes
规则三:以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i再加es
city → cities
family → families
baby → babies
party → parties
规则四:以f或fe结尾,变f/fe为v再加es
knife → knives
wolf → wolves
leaf → leaves
wife → wives
规则五:以o结尾(⭐重点区分)
✅有生命,加es:
potato → potatoes
tomato → tomatoes
hero → heroes
✅无生命,加s:
photo → photos
piano → pianos
规则六:不规则变化(⭐必背)
man → men
woman → women
child → children
foot → feet
tooth → teeth
mouse → mice
规则七:单复数同形
sheep 绵羊
fish 鱼(同种类)
deer 鹿
注意:people本身就是复数形式,不能写peoples。
规则八:成双成对的物品,常用复数
shoes 鞋子
glasses 眼镜
chopsticks 筷子
trousers 裤子
2. 不可数名词
不可数名词没有复数形式,前面不能直接加a/an。
小学高频不可数名词:water,milk,rice,soup,bread,beef,juice,music,homework,paper,weather
👉表达数量,需要搭配量词短语:
a cup of tea 一杯茶
two cups of tea 两杯茶
a bowl of rice 一碗米饭
three bowls of rice 三碗米饭
a piece of bread 一片面包
a piece of paper 一张纸
3. 名词所有格(表示“……的”)
①单数人/动物名词,词尾加 ’s
Tom's bag 汤姆的包
the dog's tail 小狗的尾巴
Mary's book 玛丽的书
②复数名词以s结尾,只加 ’
parents' room 父母的房间
teachers' office 教师办公室
③复数名词不以s结尾,加 ’s
children's books 儿童书籍
men's room 男厕所
④无生命事物,多用of表达所属
the door of the classroom 教室的门
the colour of the car 汽车的颜色
4. a 和 an 的用法
✅a 放在辅音音素开头单词前
a pen 一支钢笔
a book 一本书
a university 一所大学
提示:university以u开头,但发音 /juː/,是辅音音素,用a
✅an 放在元音音素开头单词前
an apple 一个苹果
an orange 一个橙子
an egg 一个鸡蛋
an English book 一本英语书
an hour 一小时
提示:hour的h不发音,开头是元音音素 /aʊ/,用an
二、代词
代词用来代替名词,小学重点掌握:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词。
1. 人称代词主格(作主语,放句首)
I 我
you 你/你们
he 他
she 她
it 它
we 我们
they 他们/她们/它们
I am a student. 我是一名学生。
You are my friend. 你是我的朋友。
He is a teacher. 他是一位老师。
She is my sister. 她是我的姐姐。
It is a cat. 它是一只猫。
We are happy. 我们很开心。
They are playing. 他们正在玩。
2. 人称代词宾格(放在动词、介词后面,作宾语)
me 我
you 你/你们
him 他
her 她
it 它
us 我们
them 他们/她们/它们
Help me. 帮帮我。
Look at him. 看看他。
Listen to her. 听她说。
Give it to us. 把它交给我们。
Please tell them. 请告诉他们。
3. 形容词性物主代词(后面必须加名词,不能单独用)
my 我的
your 你的/你们的
his 他的
her 她的
its 它的
our 我们的
their 他们的/她们的/它们的
my schoolbag 我的书包
her friend 她的朋友
our classroom 我们的教室
their parents 他们的父母
4. 名词性物主代词(后面不加名词,单独使用)
mine 我的
yours 你的/你们的
his 他的
hers 她的
its 它的
ours 我们的
theirs 他们的/她们的/它们的
This pen is mine. 这支笔是我的。
The red bag is yours. 这个红色的包是你的。
This room is ours. 这个房间是我们的。
⭐对比区分:
This is my book.(my+名词)
This book is mine.(mine单独用)
5. 指示代词
this 这个(近处,单数)
that 那个(远处,单数)
these 这些(近处,复数)
those 那些(远处,复数)
This is an apple. 这是一个苹果。
That is a tree. 那是一棵树。
These are books. 这些是书。
Those are cars. 那些是汽车。
三、形容词和副词
1. 形容词
修饰名词,描述人或事物特征;放在名词前,或be动词之后。
a tall boy 一个高个子男孩
a beautiful flower 一朵美丽的花
The room is clean. 房间很干净。
She is kind. 她很善良。
✅分类参考:
外形:tall,short,fat,thin
颜色:red,blue,green,yellow
大小:big,small,large
新旧:new,old,young
性格:kind,clever,friendly
2. 副词
多用来修饰动词,说明动作方式、程度,大多放在动词后面。
run fast 跑得快
sing well 唱得好
get up early 起得早
speak loudly 大声说话
3. 比较级 & 最高级
👉比较级:两者对比;最高级:三者及以上对比
规则一:一般直接加er / est
tall → taller → tallest
short → shorter → shortest
long → longer → longest
规则二:不发音e结尾,加r / st
nice → nicer → nicest
large → larger → largest
规则三:重读闭音节,双写尾字母再加er / est
big → bigger → biggest
thin → thinner → thinnest
hot → hotter → hottest
fat → fatter → fattest
规则四:辅音+y结尾,变y为i再加er / est
happy → happier → happiest
heavy → heavier → heaviest
early → earlier → earliest
规则五:多音节词,前面加more / most
beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful
interesting → more interesting → most interesting
expensive → more expensive → most expensive
⭐不规则变化(必背)
good / well → better → best
bad → worse → worst
many / much → more → most
little → less → least
四、介词
小学核心分为地点介词、时间介词、其他常用介词。
1. 地点介词
in 在……里面
The book is in the bag. 书在包里。
on 在……上面(表面)
The pen is on the desk. 笔在桌子上。
under 在……下面
The cat is under the chair. 猫在椅子下面。
near 在……附近
The school is near the park. 学校在公园旁边。
behind 在……后面
The tree is behind the house. 树在房子后面。
beside 在……一旁
She sits beside me. 她坐在我旁边。
between 在两者中间
The bank is between the shop and the hospital. 银行在商店和医院中间。
next to 紧挨着
My seat is next to the window. 我的座位紧挨着窗户。
2. 时间介词
in + 年、月、季节、早中晚(泛指)
in 2026 在2026年
in July 在七月
in summer 在夏天
in the morning 在早上
on + 星期、具体日期、带修饰词的某天早上/下午
on Monday 在星期一
on June 1st 在6月1日
on a cold morning 在一个寒冷的早晨
at + 具体时刻、固定搭配
at 7 o'clock 在七点
at noon 在正午
at night 在夜晚
3. 其他高频介词
for 为,给
This gift is for you. 这份礼物送给你。
with 和……一起;用(工具)
I go to school with my friend. 我和朋友一起上学。
I write with a pen. 我用钢笔写字。
by 乘坐交通工具
I go to school by bus. 我坐公交上学。
She goes to Beijing by train. 她坐火车去北京。
of ……的
the colour of the sky 天空的颜色
五、动词(四大时态核心)
动词是句子核心,小学重中之重就是四大基础时态。
时态一:一般现在时
✅含义:经常性动作、常态、客观真理
✅标志词:often, usually, always, every day, sometimes, never
👉主语是三单(he/she/it、人名、单数事物),动词+s/es
He gets up at six. 他六点起床。
She likes reading. 她喜欢阅读。
My father works in a hospital. 爸爸在医院上班。
👉非三单(I/you/we/they、复数名词),动词用原形
I go to school on foot. 我步行上学。
They play football every day. 他们每天踢足球。
We often watch TV in the evening. 我们晚上常看电视。
动词+s/es变化规则,和名词变复数规则一致
时态二:现在进行时
✅含义:此时此刻正在发生的动作
✅标志词:now, look, listen, at this moment
✅结构:am / is / are + 动词ing
I am reading a book. 我正在看书。
She is dancing. 她正在跳舞。
They are playing basketball. 他们正在打篮球。
👉动词ing变化:
一般直接加ing:read→reading,play→playing
不发音e结尾,去e加ing:write→writing,make→making,dance→dancing
重读闭音节,双写尾字母加ing:run→running,swim→swimming,sit→sitting,get→getting
时态三:一般过去时
✅含义:过去时间发生的动作、过去的状态
✅标志词:yesterday, last week, last year, two days ago, just now
✅结构:主语 + 动词过去式
👉规则动词:
一般加ed:walk→walked,play→played
e结尾直接加d:like→liked,dance→danced
辅音+y,变y为i加ed:study→studied,cry→cried
重读闭音节,双写尾字母加ed:stop→stopped,plan→planned
👉be动词过去式:am/is → was;are → were
I was a student two years ago. 两年前我是学生。
They were happy yesterday. 昨天他们很开心。
时态四:一般将来时
✅含义:将要发生、打算做的事
两种结构,可以互换:
① will + 动词原形
I will visit my grandma tomorrow. 我明天要去看望奶奶。
She will go to Beijing next week. 她下周去北京。
② be going to + 动词原形(侧重计划、打算)
She is going to play football. 她打算去踢足球。
We are going to have a picnic. 我们打算去野餐。
动词细分
1. be动词:am, is, are, was, were
口诀:我用am,你用are,is连着他她它;单数is复数are
2. 情态动词:can, may, must, should
👉后面一律+动词原形,无人称变化
can swim 会游泳;may come 可以来;must go 必须去;should study 应该学习
3. 实义动词:表示动作 open, close, clean, watch, play, eat…
4. have / has:拥有;吃;患病;固定搭配
have breakfast 吃早餐;have a cold 感冒;have a good time 玩得开心
三单用has,其余用have
六、句型句式
1. There be 存在句
含义:某地有某物/某人
There is + 单数名词 / 不可数名词
There is a pen on the desk. 桌上有一支钢笔。
There is some water in the bottle. 瓶子里有些水。
There are + 复数名词
There are two books on the shelf. 架子上有两本书。
⭐就近原则:be动词和离它最近的名词保持一致
There is a pen and two books on the desk.(就近a pen → is)
There are two books and a pen on the desk.(就近two books → are)
否定:There isn’t any milk in the fridge. / There aren’t any apples on the table.
疑问:Is there a bank near here? / Are there any students in the classroom?
2. 祈使句(请求、命令、劝告,动词原形开头)
肯定:Open the door. / Stand up. / Sit down.
否定:Don’t + 动词原形
Don’t run. 不要跑。Don’t be late. 不要迟到。
委婉:Let 开头
Let me help you. 让我帮你。
Let’s go home. 我们回家吧。
👉区分:Let’s(包含听话人);Let us(不包含听话人)
3. 四大疑问句
①一般疑问句:用Yes / No回答;be动词/情态动词/助动词提前
Are you tall? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
Can you swim? Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.
Do you like apples? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Does he go to school by bus? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
②特殊疑问句:疑问词开头,问具体信息,不能用Yes/No回答
what 什么 who 谁 where 哪里 when 何时
whose 谁的 why 为什么 how 怎样
how many +可数复数(多少)
how much +不可数 / 问价格(多少;多少钱)
What is your name? 你叫什么名字?
Where is the library? 图书馆在哪里?
How many apples do you have? 你有多少苹果?
How much water do you need? 你需要多少水?
How much is the T-shirt? 这件T恤多少钱?
③选择疑问句:给出选项,直接选答案,不用Yes/No
Do you like tea or coffee?
I like tea.
④反义疑问句(高年级拓展):前肯后否,前否后肯
You are a student, aren’t you?
He can swim, can’t he?
4. 短语分类
名词短语:形容词+名词 long hair,red apple
动词短语:动词+宾语 watch TV,play football
介词短语:介词开头 in the classroom,on the desk
七、数词
1. 基数词(表数量)
one 1 two 2 three 3 four 4 five 5
six 6 seven 7 eight 8 nine 9 ten 10
eleven 11 twelve 12 thirteen 13 fourteen 14
fifteen 15 sixteen 16 seventeen 17 eighteen 18
nineteen 19 twenty 20 thirty 30 forty 40
fifty 50 sixty 60 seventy 70 eighty 80
ninety 90 one hundred 100
⚠易错拼写:thirteen, fifteen, eighteen, forty
2. 序数词(表顺序,第几)
first 1st second 2nd third 3rd fourth 4th
fifth 5th sixth 6th seventh 7th eighth 8th
ninth 9th tenth 10th eleventh 11th twelfth 12th
thirteenth 13th twentieth 20th twenty-first 21st
👉变化口诀:一般加th;1,2,3特殊记;5和12变ve;8去t,9去e;整十y变ie,再加th。
八、冠词
冠词放在名词前,分为不定冠词a/an、定冠词the
1. a / an(泛指:一个)
a +辅音音素开头单词;an +元音音素开头单词(前面名词部分已详解)
2. the(特指:这个/那个)
✅必须加the:
独一无二天体:the sun,the moon,the earth
乐器前面:play the piano,play the guitar,play the violin
✅不加the:球类、棋类
play football,play basketball,play table tennis
九、小学易混核心考点汇总(高频丢分点)
1. some & any
some:肯定句 There are some apples on the table.
any:否定句、疑问句 There aren’t any apples. Are there any apples?
2. too & either
too:肯定句末尾 I like apples too.
either:否定句末尾 I don’t like apples either.
3. in & on(地点)
in:大地点、内部 in Beijing
on:平面之上 on the desk
4. in & on(时间)
in:年、月、季节、早中晚
on:星期、具体日期、带修饰词的某天
5. how many & how much
how many +可数名词复数(数量)
how much +不可数名词 / 询问价格
6. there / their / they’re(超级高频易错)
there 在那儿 The book is over there.
their 他们的 This is their classroom.
they’re = they are 他们是 They’re in the classroom.
7. arrive in & arrive at
arrive in +大地点(城市、国家)We arrived in Shanghai.
arrive at +小地点(学校、车站)She arrives at school at 8.
8. like doing & like to do
like doing:长期爱好 I like swimming.
like to do:当下想要、某次打算 I like to swim today.
9. be good at + doing(at是介词,后面动词加ing)
I am good at swimming.
She is good at dancing.
十、附录:小学常用不规则动词表
go — went 去
do — did 做
see — saw 看见
say — said 说
make — made 制作
take — took 拿;带走
buy — bought 买
give — gave 给
eat — ate 吃
get — got 得到
run — ran 跑
come — came 来
stand — stood 站立
sit — sat 坐
speak — spoke 说
write — wrote 写
read — read 读(读音变化)
drink — drank 喝
swim — swam 游泳
sing — sang 唱歌
💡温馨提示
语法是英语的骨架,但语感来自大量听读输入。不要死背条文,建议把这份资料收藏打印,期中、期末系统复盘,搭配课本课文、例句一起朗读理解。每天坚持一点点,稳步夯实英语基础!

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