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第1章 名词
表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称叫做名词。
I.名词的分类
i.专有名词和普通名词
1.专有名词表示特定的或者独一无二的人或物,如人名、地名、机构名称等。专有名词
的首字母要大写。例如:
China中国 England英国 Asia亚洲
Europe欧洲 Peter彼得 Mary玛丽
2.普通名词表示-类人、事物或概念,可以分为个体名词集体名词物质名词和抽象名词。
1)个体名词指人或事物的个体,有单、复数之分。例如:
a book- -two books a cat- -some cats an apple- -many apples
2)集体名词是一群人或一类事物的总称。例如:
people人类 class班级 team队,组 group群,组 family家庭 police警察 furniture家具equipment 设备
3)物质名词表示不能分成个体的物质，多数是不可数名词。例如:
air空气 milk牛奶 water水 flour面粉
4)抽象名词表示人或物的品质、状态等抽象概念,多数是不可数名词。例如:
news新闻 advice建议 information信息friendship 友谊
3.名词一般在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语及表语。
Spaceships travel fast in the space.宇宙飞船在太空快速飞行。(作主语)
We enjoy our school life.我们喜欢我们的学校生活。(作宾语)
Holiday trips to the other countries will be very popular in the future.
将来,到其他国家度假旅游会非常受欢迎。(作定语)
My mother is a doctor.我的妈妈是医生。(作表语)
We call the dog Mufty.我们叫这条狗穆夫提。(作宾语补足语)
专项训练1
选择填空。
( ) 1. There is some in the bowl.
A. rice B. grape C. cherry D. noodles
( ) 2. Let's go out for some fresh .
A. gas B. air C. gases D. airs
( ) 3. My brother rides to school every day.
A. Bicycle B. a bicycle C. bicycles D. the bicycles
*( ) 4. The furniture in the room beautiful.
A. is B. has C. are D. have
*( )5.We had good news yesterday.
A. a B.an C. many D. a piece of
( )6.This is a map of .
A. English B. Asian C. China D. africa
( )7.I see a cloud in the sky. bring rain.
A. A cloud B. Cloud C. A clouds D. Clouds
( )8.We use to make .
A. flours; bread B. flours; breads C. flour; bread D. flour; breads
( ) 9. Paris is the capital of .
A. France B. the France C. French D. the French
*( )10. are held every four years.
A. The Olympic Game B. The olympic games C. Olympic Games D. The Olympic Games
ⅱ.可数名词
可数名词指能够用数目来计算的名词，有单、复数之分,包括个体名词和- -部分集体名词。
1.规则可数名词复数形式的构成如下:
1)大部分可数名词，通常加-心变为复数。例如:
bird- -birds 鸟 river- rivers 河流 nurse- nurses 护士
2)以-s，-x, -sh, -ch结尾的名词,加-es变为复数。例如:
bus- -buses 公共汽车 class- -classes 班级 dress- -dresses 连衣裙
glass-- glasses 玻璃杯 peach- peaches桃子 beach- -beaches 海滩
bench--benches长凳 branch--branches树枝 dish- -dishes 碟子
brush- -brushes 刷子 match- -matches 火柴 fish- -fishes 鱼(不同种类)
wish- wishes 希望的事 box- -boxes 盒子 fox- foxes 狐狸
但以-th结尾的名词,只加-s变为复数。例如:
month- -months 月份 mouth- mouths 口 bath- -baths洗澡
path--paths小路 moth- moths飞蛾
3)一些以-0结尾的名词，加-s变为复数。例如:
Zoo- -zoos 动物园piano- -pianos 钢琴 radio- radios 收音机
photo- -photos 照片 video- -videos 录像机 kilo- -kilos千克,千米
还有一些以-o结尾的名词，则加-es变为复数,需要特殊记忆，经常在考试中成为考点。
例如:potato-- potatoes 土豆 tomato-tomatoes西红柿 hero- -heroes 英雄
4)以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加-es变为复数。例如:
baby- -babies 婴儿 lady- -ladies 女士 secretary- secretaries 秘书
family- -families 家庭 activity- -activities 活动 party- -parties 聚会;党派
city- -cities城市 country- countries 国家 century- -centuries 世纪
factory- -factories 工厂lorry- lorries 运货汽车 battery- -batteries电池
aviary- aviaries 鸟舍 library- -libraries图书馆 dictionary- dictionaries 词典
diary- -diaries 日记 hobby- hobbies 兴趣 ability- -abilities 能力
jelly- -jellies果冻 fry- -fries 油炸食物 bakery- -bakeries面包房
cherry- -cherries 櫻桃berry- -berries浆果 strawberry- -strawberries 草莓
pony- -ponies 小马 puppy- puppies 小狗 butterfly- butterflies 蝴蝶
以元音字母加-y结尾的名词，只加-s变为复数。例如:
boy--boys男孩 day- -days -天 way- -ways道路;方法
toy-toys玩具 key- -keys钥匙 monkey- -monkeys 猴子
holiday- -holidays 假期railway- -railways 铁路 journey- -journeys 旅行
5)以-f或-fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加-es变为复数。例如:
life- -lives生命 wife- -wives 妻子 wolf- -wolves 狼
housewife- -housewives家庭主妇 thief- thieves 小偷 leaf- -leaves 叶子.
knife- -knives 刀 loaf- -loaves (条状)面包 half- -halves 一半
shelf- -shelves 架子
但也有以-f结尾的名词，可直接加-s变为复数。例如:，
roof- -roofs 屋顶 proof- -proofs证明 dwarf- -dwarfs 矮子
极少数可有上列两种复数形式。例如:
scarf- -scarfs/ scarves围巾;领巾 handkerchief- handkerchiefs/ handkerchieves手帕
2.不规则可数名词复数形式的构成如下:
1)单、复数同形。例如:
fish- -fish鱼 sheep- -sheep 绵羊 deer- -deer 鹿
Chinese- -Chinese 中国人Japanese- -Japanese 日本人 crossroads- -crossroads 十字路口
2)通过内部元音字母变换构成复数。例如:
foot-- feet 脚 tooth--teeth牙 goose- -geese 鹅
man-men男人 policeman- policemen 警察Englishman- -Englishmen 英国人
Frenchman- Frenchmen 法国人woman- women 女人postman- postmen 邮递员
mouse- -mice 老鼠 fisherman- -fishermen 渔夫
3)通过加-en变为复数。例如: .
child- -children 孩子 ox--oxen公牛
3.有些可数名词只表达复数的概念,或只有复数形式。例如:
people人;人民 clothes衣服 trousers裤子
4.可数名词可以用以下一些量词修饰。例如:
few biscuits 很少饼干 many trees 许多树 a bowl of noodles一碗面条
A few ducks少许鸭子 plenty of animals很多动物a packet of sweets一包糖果
Some houses一些房子a lot of books许多课本 a pair of gloves一副手套
a number of kites 许多风筝lots of nails 许多钉子a group of pupils 一群学生
hundreds of visitors好几百参观者thousands of stars成千上万的星星
专项训练2
选择填空。
( ) 1. Mary likes .
A. silk dress B. silk's dress C. silk dresses D. silk's dresses
*( ) 2. Some don't like to wear their school uniforms.
A. girl student B. girls students C. girl students D. student girls
( )3.We can see two standing on a bamboo raft on the river.
A. Fish man B. Fish men C. fisherman D. fishermen
( ) 4. There are people on Nanjing Road every day.
A. much ; B. crowd C. plenty D. lots of
( ) 5. We're passing by a fast food shop. We can smell .
A. Hamburger B. hamburgers C. a hamburger D. a piece of hamburger
( )6. are eating grass at the foot of the mountain.
A. Many sheeps B. Many sheep C. A sheep D. The sheeps
( ) 7. The students haven't got maths exercises to do today.
A. many B. much C. plenty D.a lot.
( ) 8. My mother bought me new trousers in the shop yesterday.
A. a piece of B. a couple of C. a pair of D. a group of
( )9.A group of us to meet for lunch.
A. Plans B. am planning C. is planning D. are planning
( )10. Smoke poured out of .
A. factory chimney B. the factory's chimney
C. the factory chimneies D. the factory chimneys
ⅲ.不可数名词
不可数名词是不能以数目来计算的，没有单、复数区别;物质名词和抽象名词多数为
不可数名词。例如:
物质名词:air空气 steam水蒸气 water水 ice冰
gas气体 liquid液体 solid固体 milk牛奶
smoke烟 beer啤酒 tea茶 coffee咖啡
rain雨 snow雪 fog雾 sunshine.阳光
oil油 butter黄油 cheese奶酪 cream乳脂
juice果汁 sugar糖 candy糖果 chocolate巧克力
jam果酱 salt盐 food食物 bread面包
rice稻米 corn谷物 flour面粉 soup汤
fish鱼 chicken鸡肉 meat肉 ham火腿
pork猪肉 beef牛肉 steak牛排 toast吐司
fruit水果 cabbage甘蓝 honey蜂蜜 lemonade柠檬汽水
grass青草 hay干草 hair头发 shampoo洗发剂
cotton棉花 cloth布 silk丝绸 rubbish垃圾
ink墨水 paper纸 tape磁带 glue胶水
glass玻璃 iron铁 sand沙 soap肥皂
抽象名词: news新闻 information信息 advice劝告 time时间
weather天气 fun有趣的事 music音乐 joy高兴
pleasure愉快 happiness幸福 kindness仁慈work 工作
homework家庭作业housework 家务劳动truth 真理 exercise锻炼
1.不可数名词如果要计数的话,需要使用“单位词”,并通过“单位词”的变化表示复数的概念。例如:
A glass of juice一杯果汁 three bowls of rice三碗米饭 a piece of paper一张纸
A spoon of sugar-匙糖 a bottle of lemonade-瓶柠檬饮料four pieces of toast 四片吐司.
two cartons of milk两盒牛奶two pieces of information两条信息
2.不可数名词可以用以下一些量词修饰。例如:
little water -点水 much homework很多家庭作业 a loaf of bread一条面包 a little fruit少量水果 a lot of sunshine很多阳光a bottle of juice一瓶果汁 some news一些新闻 lots of rubbish许多垃圾
专项训练3
选择填空。
( ) 1. Computers and robots will do of the work for us.
A. any B. many C. much D. lot of
( ) 2. There is a little on the plate.
A. cake B. biscuit C. sweet D. chocolate
( )3.How much do you need to make a cake?
A. sweet B. grape C. flour D. eggs
( )4.I want to buy two sports shoes.
A. Pair B. pair of C. pairs of D./
( ) 5.I like .
A. a cold weather B. cold weather C. cold weathers D. the cold weathers
( ) 6. He wrote his name down on for me.
A. paper B. a paper C. papers D. a piece of paper
( )7.I comb my every morning.
A. face B. hair C. teeth D. hands
( ) 8. The beach is covered with beautiful white .
A. sand B. sands C. sunshine D. sunshines
( ) 9. There is bin in the kitchen.
A. rubbish B. rubbish's C. a rubbish D. a rubbish'es
( )10. Don't drink soft drinks. It's bad to your health.
A. so much B. too much C. so many D. too many
Ⅱ.主谓一致
句子的谓语必须与主语的人称和数保持一致。
1.主语是可数名词单数时,谓语动词用单数形式;主语是可数名词复数时,谓语动词用复
数形式。例如:
An artist draws or paints.美术家画素描或油彩画。
These flowers are beautiful.这些花很漂亮。
2.主语是不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:
The air is light.空气很轻。
The chicken smells nice.这鸡肉闻起来很香。
3.主语是集体名词,如果指“整个群体”时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;如果指群体内的
“各个成员”时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。例如:
His family is a happy one.他的家庭是个幸福的家庭。
His family are all going to Hainan Island for the Spring Festival.
他全家都将去海南岛过春节。
Our class is made up of 18 boys and 22 girls.我班有18个男生和22个女生。
The class are discussing the problem about the school uniforms.
全班正在讨论校服的问题。
专项训练4
选择填空。
( ) 1. We haven't got much for our barbecue. Will you go and get some?
A. pig B. cow C. meat D. potato .
( ) 2. There some old people walking in the park.
A.is B. has C. are D. have
( ) 3. Our basketball team the strongest in the league (联赛).
A. am B. is C. are D.be
( )4.The idea good.
A. sound B. sounds C. is sounding D. are going to sound
( ) 5. The whole class to the cinema tonight.
A. is going B. are going C. am going D. will going
( )6.Milk from cows. It good for your body.
A. comes; is B. come; are C. come; is D. comes; are
( ) 7. Your hand at the end of your arm. You two arms.
A. is; have B. are; have C. is; has D. are; has
( )8.A plane. in the sky. Planes people and things.
A. fly; carry B. flies; carries C. flies; carry D. fly; carries
( )9.An ant a small insect. It six legs.
A. is; have B. are; has C. are; have D. is; has
( )10. This shop lots of bread. Bread from flour.
A. sell; is made B. sells; are made C. sell; are made D. sells; is made
Ⅲ.名词所有格
名词的所有格表示名词的所属关系。
1.表示有生命物的名词的所有格构成如下:
1)非复数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词，通常加“'s”构成所有格。例如:
Tom's family 汤姆的家庭 Peter's classmate彼得的同学
Jill's home吉尔的家 my grandmother's clock我奶奶的钟
the swallow's song燕子的叫声 Mr Black's journey布莱克先生的行程
2)以-s结尾的复数名词,通常只在s后加”构成所有格。例如:
the teachers' office 老师的办公室 the students' desks 学生的书桌
3)并列名词所有格的构成如下:
如果表示两人共有,只在后一个名词词尾加"'s”。例如:
Dad and Mum's bedroom父母的卧室
如果分属各人所有,则在每个并列名词之后都加"s"”。例如:
Bob's and Mike's books = Bob's book and Mike's book鲍勃和迈克的书
4)某些表示时间、地点、度量、天体等名称的名词也用“"s”表示所有格。例如:
today's newspaper今天的报纸 half an hour's drive半小时的车程
2.无生命物的名词用of表示所属关系。例如:
the door of the flat 这套公寓房的门 the photos of Jill's family吉尔家的照片
the Sound of Music《音乐之声》 A map of China一幅中国地图
专项训练5
选择填空。
( ) 1. Sports are good for health.
A. people B. people's C. peoples' D. people of
( )2.The heat can dry up a puddle (水坑).
A. sun B. suns C. sun's D. suns'
( ) 3. The children enjoyed themselves at the Palace.
A. Childs' B. Children C. Children's D. Childrens'
( ) 4. Is there any information in network?
A. today B. today's C. todays' D. today of
( ) 5. My dress is prettier than .
A. Betty's B. Betty C. Bettys' D. Bettys
( ) 6. Amy and lvy live in the same room. The room is .
A. Amy and Ivy B. Amy's and lvy C. Amy and Ivy's D. Amy's and Ivy's
( ) 7. Excuse me, where is the nearest ?
A. post office B. post's office C. posts' office D. office of the post
( )8.There is on the wall.
A. a China map B. a Chinese map C. a map of China D. a map of Chinese
( )9.Miss Guo is class teacher.
A. Mike and Frank B. Mike and Frank's C. Mike's and Frank D. Mike's and Frank's
( )10. There are some lockers at .
A. the classroom's back B. the classroom back
C. the classrooms' back D. the back of the classroom
综合训练
Ⅰ.写出下列名词的复数形式。
1. lorry 2. bus 3. holiday
4. dress 5. scarf 6. bench
7. brush 8. knife 9. match
10. fox 11. tomato 12. jelly
13. child 14. woman 15. photo
16. mouth 17. foot 18. tooth
19. leaf 20. zoo 21. monkey
22. sheep 23. goose 24. mouse
Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式填空,每空限填-词。
1. My father is an . (engine)
2. The art gallery (美术馆) attracts thousands of every month. (visit)
3. start falling in autumn. (leaf)
4. The students in the International School are from different (country)
5. The is going to kill the bird. (hunt)
6. An is a man who rules an empire. (empire)
7. Can you find the between these two pictures? ( different)
8. I felt better after taking the (medical)
9. It is important to learn about road (save)
10. I waited for my friends at the to the zoo. ( enter)
Ⅲ.选择填空。
( ) 1. Mike's and David's are good friends.
A. sister B. sisters C. sister's D. sisters'
( ) 2. We haven't got much for our picnic. Will you go and get some?
A. biscuit B. fruit C. drinks D. breads
( )3.The. most famous painting, the Mona Lisa, is in the Louvre Museum.
A. world B. world's C. worlds D. worlds'
( ) 4. There is no bread at home. Will you go and get two ？
A. pairs B. bowls C. loaves D. bottles
*( ) 5. Mr. Black comes from .
A. the USA B. the Australia C. the Africa D. south Korea
( ) 6. There a lot of rain last year.
A.is B. was C. are D. were
( ) 7. - What colour would you like?
- I like
A. orange B. a orange C. an orange D. the orange
( ) 8. The whole class the school rules at the moment.
A. discussed B. will discuss C. is discussing D. are discussing
( ) 9. -What did you have for lunch today, Jim?
- A bowl of rice, and some vegetables.
A. a fish B. two fish C. some fish D. some fishes
*( )10. The earth is one of .
the sun planet B. the planets of the sun
C. the sun's planet D. the sun's planets
( )11. I put some on the biscuit.
A. Jam B. juice C. tomato D. sweet
( )12. You can get information from the Internet.
A. a lot B. a few C. much piece D. many pieces of
*( )13. My family all very tall.
A. am B.is C. are D. been
*( )14. will break if you drop them.
A. A Glass B. Glass C. A glasses D. Glasses
( )15. I washed my hands with .
A. soaps B. a soap C. soap D. a bar soap
( ) 16. Peter was thirsty. He drank orange juice.
A. a B. an C. a cup D. a bottle of
( )17. Beef is the meat from .
A. pig B. cow C.a pig. D. a cow
( )18.We use to buy things.
A. money B. moneys C. moneies D. a money
( )19. The Chinese usually with chopsticks.
A. eat B. eats C. are eating D. ate .
( )20. The eyes are open. He is awake.
A. baby B. baby's C. babys' D. babies'
( )21. is a food made from
A. Cheese; milks B. Cheeses; milk C. Cheeses; milks D. Cheese; milk
( )22. Your is at the end of your leg. You have two
A. feet; foot . B. foot; foot C. foot; feet D. feet; feet
( )23. The doctor gives Norman some . will make him feel better.
A. medicine; It B. medicines; They C. medicines; It D. medicine; They
( )24. A bee an insect. It honey.
A. is; make B. are; makes C. is; makes D. are; make
( )25. Harry likes to watch on television. make him laugh.
cartoon; Cartoon B. cartoons; Cartoons
C. a cartoon; A cartoon D. cartoon; Cartoons
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