医学考博英语2025年真题精讲

医学考博英语2025年真题精讲 | 阅读理解 (5/6)

本模块为2025年医学考博英语真题精讲，医学考博英语共五种题型：听力、词汇、完形填空、阅读理解、翻译与写作。整套真题精讲计划用时17天，本次是阅读理解部分精讲，计划用时六天，今天是第五天。

题量、分值及时间分配

阅读理解板块一共30道单选题，每题1分。试题由6篇短文组成，单篇文章字数区间为300–500词，每篇文章对应5道小题，考生需要阅读文章后，从四个选项中挑选最佳答案。整套医学考博英语统考总时长165分钟，答题分为两大板块：试卷一作答限时115分钟，试卷二写作部分安排50分钟。试卷一包含听力、词汇、完形填空、阅读理解。听力部分固定占用30分钟，剩余时间需要分配给其余题型。阅读理解建议预留65分钟作答，每篇约用时10分钟。这就要求考生加快词汇、完形填空的做题速度，防止最后没有充足时间完成阅读题目。

阅读理解部分计划

阅读理解部分共六篇文章，每篇文章有五道选择题。为保证阅读的连贯性与上下文的一致性，该部分每日精讲一篇文章，分六天完成。今日精讲第五篇文章。后附答案解析、解题技巧及高频考点总结。

Passage Five

With over a hundred thousand people waiting for an organ transplant in the US alone, scientists are racing to find options besides human donors. Now for the first time, a pig kidney has been successfully transplanted into a person. Technically, this is known as xenotransplantation, or the transplanting of tissues or organs from one species to another.

If the work pioneered here can be developed, pigs could provide an abundance of organs suitable for use in people who need them. Currently, an average of 17 people die on the transplant waiting list every day in the US. “This is a huge breakthrough,” Dorry Segev, professor of transplant surgery at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, who was not involved in the research, told The New York Times. “It's a big, big deal.”

There are still plenty of hurdles to overcome, including regulatory approval. Organs from pigs have long been considered as potentially‑suitable for humans, but in this case, the pig had a gene‑edited gene that triggers an immediate rejection by the human body. The big kidney was kept outside of the body of the patient, it generated to not produce alpha‑gal. While the pig kidney is filtering out waste products from the patient, the transplant is doing its job during the operation; that is, it's filtering out waste products from the patient, it generated and producing urine. “It's even better than I'd hoped,” surgeon Robert Montgomery, who oversaw the transplant at NYU Langone Health in New York City, told USA Today. As yet, there's no peer‑reviewed scientific report of the operation, but we can be cautiously optimistic. There are ethical concerns to consider though. While the family of the human patient in this test gave their consent to it, not everyone is comfortable with the idea of breeding animals specifically to harvest their organs.

What might make organs from pigs more acceptable than organs from other animals—such as monkeys—is that pigs are already bred for food. They have large litters, short gestation periods, and organs that are similar to the ones we have. We’re already using pig skin grafts for burns and pig heart valves in humans, and experiments have already been carried out with pig hearts in baboons, so there is something of a precedent.

Expect to hear much more about the potential of using pig organs inside humans in the years to come. “This is an important step forward in realizing the promise of xenotransplantation, which will save thousands of lives each year in the not‑too‑distant future,” Martine Rothblatt, the chief executive of United Therapeutics told The Guardian.

21. What is the current situation regarding organ transplants in the US according to the passage?

A. The waiting list is decreasing every year.

B. There’s a shortage of available organs for transplantation.

C. Pig organs have become the primary solution.

D. Human donors can meet most of the demand.

22. What was the key genetic modification made to the pig kidney?

A. Removal of alpha‑gal sugar molecules

B. Insertion of human immune cells.

C. Enhancement of urine production capacity.

D. Replacement of pig DNA with human DNA.

23. What can be inferred about the experimental pig kidney transplant?

A. The procedure has received all necessary regulatory approvals.

B. The results have been published in peer‑reviewed journals.

C. There may still be a risk of rejection.

D. It represents the first animal‑to‑human transplant.

24. Why might pigs be more suitable than monkeys as organ donors?

A. They are easier to genetically modify than primates.

B. Pig organs are biologically identical to human organs

C. Pigs have a longer history of medical use than monkeys.

D. Social acceptance of pigs is higher due to existing uses.

25. What is the main purpose of this passage?

A. To argue for increased funding for organ transplant research.

B. To compare different types of organ transplantation methods.

C. To criticize the ethical issues of animal organ transplantation.

D. To report a scientific breakthrough and its potential impact.

答案速查：21.B 22.A 23.C 24.D 25.D

【内容梗概】

美国实现猪肾脏人体异种移植的重要突破，该技术有望缓解器官移植供体短缺现状，但还需攻克技术、监管以及伦理等诸多现实难题。

【参考译文】

仅美国就有超过十万人等待器官移植，科学家正加紧寻找人类捐献者之外的替代方案。如今，猪肾脏首次成功移植到人体内。从专业角度来讲，这被称为异种移植，即把一个物种的组织或器官移植到另一个物种体内。

如果这项开创性研究能够继续发展，猪就可以为有需要的患者提供大量适配器官。目前，美国器官移植等待名单上平均每天有17人死亡。未参与该研究的约翰·霍普金斯医学院移植外科教授多里·塞格夫在接受《纽约时报》采访时表示：“这是一项重大突破，意义非同小可。”

但仍有诸多障碍有待攻克，其中就包括获得监管机构的批准。长期以来，猪器官被认为有可能适用于人体移植。本次实验所用的猪经过基因编辑，去除了会引发人体急性排斥反应的基因。这枚猪肾脏置于患者体外，不会产生α‑半乳糖。手术过程中，这枚猪肾脏发挥功能，为患者过滤代谢废物，生成并排出尿液。主持纽约大学朗格尼医学中心此次移植手术的外科医生罗伯特·蒙哥马利接受《今日美国》采访时称：“效果甚至超出了我的预期。”目前该手术尚未发表经过同行评审的科学报告，但我们可以持审慎乐观的态度。不过也存在伦理层面的顾虑。尽管本次受试患者家属已签署知情同意，但并非所有人都能够接受专门繁育动物以获取其器官的做法。

相较于猴子等其他动物的器官，猪器官更容易被接受的一点在于：猪本就作为食用家畜被繁育。猪产仔数量多、妊娠期短，器官也与人类器官较为相似。临床上早已使用猪皮移植治疗烧伤，也使用猪心脏瓣膜；科研人员也已开展过将猪心脏移植到狒狒体内的实验，已经具备一定先例。

未来几年，我们会听到更多关于猪器官用于人体移植潜力的相关消息。联合治疗公司首席执行官玛蒂娜·罗斯布拉特向《卫报》表示：“这是实现异种移植前景的重要一步，在不远的将来，异种移植每年将挽救成千上万条生命。”

【题目精析】

21. What is the current situation regarding organ transplants in the US according to the passage?

A. The waiting list is decreasing every year.

B. There’s a shortage of available organs for transplantation.

C. Pig organs have become the primary solution.

D. Human donors can meet most of the demand.

【精析】细节理解题。题干问的是“文章表明美国器官移植的现状是怎样的”。根据题干关键词“organ transplant”和“US”定位到第一段第一句，原文说“仅美国就有超过10万人在等待器官移植”。B选项“可供移植的器官短缺”与原文一致。

22. What was the key genetic modification made to the pig kidney?

A. Removal of alpha‑gal sugar molecules

B. Insertion of human immune cells.

C. Enhancement of urine production capacity.

D. Replacement of pig DNA with human DNA.

【精析】细节理解题。题干问的是“对猪肾脏进行的关键基因改造是什么”。利用题干关键词“genetic modification”定位到第三段第二句和第三句。文中提到实验所用的猪经过基因编辑，去除了会引发人体急性排斥反应的基因。猪肾脏置于患者体外，不会产生α‑半乳糖。可知猪细胞中的α‑半乳糖会引发人体排斥反应，因此科学家通过基因改造使猪不再产生这种糖分子。

23. What can be inferred about the experimental pig kidney transplant?

A. The procedure has received all necessary regulatory approvals.

B. The results have been published in peer‑reviewed journals.

C. There may still be a risk of rejection.

D. It represents the first animal‑to‑human transplant.

【精析】推理判断题。题干问的是“猪肾脏移植的试验可以推断出什么”。利用题干关键词“experimental pig‑kidney transplant”可以定位到第三段，该段指出，尽管试验中猪肾功能正常，但尚未发表经过同行评审的科学报告，我们可以持审慎乐观的态度。不过也存在伦理层面的顾虑。 C选项“仍可能存在排斥风险”正确。

24. Why might pigs be more suitable than monkeys as organ donors?

A. They are easier to genetically modify than primates.

B. Pig organs are biologically identical to human organs

C. Pigs have a longer history of medical use than monkeys.

D. Social acceptance of pigs is higher due to existing uses.

【精析】推理判断题。题干问的是“为什么猪比猴子更为适合作为器官供体”，根据关键词定位至第四段“pigs may be more suitable”。这里提到猪本就作为食用家畜被繁育。猪产仔数量多、妊娠期短，器官也与人类器官较为相似。D选项“基于现有的用途，猪的社会接受度更高”，与原文相符。

25. What is the main purpose of this passage?

A. To argue for increased funding for organ transplant research.

B. To compare different types of organ transplantation methods.

C. To criticize the ethical issues of animal organ transplantation.

D. To report a scientific breakthrough and its potential impact.

【精析】主旨题。题干询问整篇文章的主要写作目的。全文围绕“将猪肾首次成功移植到人体内”展开，既阐述了该项技术的突破（技术细节方面、专家评价维度），也讨论了其潜力（未来可行性与前景）与潜在挑战（审批层面、伦理考量），和D选项“报道一项科学突破及其潜在影响”契合。

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阅读理解中的常见题型总结

词义猜测题

词义猜测类题目，重点考察学生借助篇章语境，推断陌生单词语义的能力。陌生词汇会通过语义内涵、句子构造、篇章逻辑，和前后文内容产生关联，做题核心是找准词汇在文本里的特定含义。

常见题干：

1. Which of the following can best explain the word “…” in Paragraph…?

2. Which of the following is the closest meaning of the word “…” in …paragraph?

3. What is the best replacement for “…” appearing in the…paragraph?

4. What does the underlined word “…” indicate in paragraph…?

搞定词义猜测题有两大突破口：词根词缀分析、上下文线索。之前的词汇部分已经汇总了高频词根，熟记词根含义，就可以快速预判单词大致意思，辅助选出答案。想要依靠上下文破译生词，可以利用这几类线索：语义相近表达、语义相反逻辑、起到定义/举例/复述作用的信号词，还有标点符号。

• 表语义相近：and、or、not only…but (also)、similarly、as well as、just as

• 表语义对立转折：however、but、not、yet、although、while、rather than、instead of

• 解释举例信号词：or、that is (to say)、called、namely、refer to、for example、such as

很多单词拥有多重释义，做题时不用纠结它的全部义项，只需要把握它在原文里表达的具体意思。

【词汇积累】

1. organ transplant 器官移植

2. xenotransplantation 异种移植

3. donor 捐献者，供体

4. gene‑edited 基因编辑的

5. rejection 排斥反应

6. peer‑reviewed 同行评审的

7. gestation 妊娠，孕育

8. graft 移植物，移植片

9. regulatory approval 监管审批

10. ethical concerns 伦理顾虑

【难句精讲】

While the family of the human patient in this test gave their consent to it, not everyone is comfortable with the idea of breeding animals specifically to harvest their organs.