外刊真题题源泛读20:自动驾驶汽车是男孩还是女孩?(D篇题源 2025年1月浙江首考高考题源)

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外刊真题题源泛读20：自动驾驶汽车是男孩还是女孩？（D篇题源2025年1月浙江首考高考题源）

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一、基础信息表

二、主要内容

本文介绍斯坦福大学 Ashley Martin 与哥伦比亚大学 Malia Mason 的研究。当下很多 AI 助手、自动驾驶产品推出无性别版本，联合国、世界经济论坛也不鼓励给科技产品赋予性别，认为会强化社会刻板印象。

但实验得出矛盾结论：给智能设备赋予性别，会提升用户情感依恋，提高购买意愿与用户忠诚度。即便产品名字设计为中性（例如 Miuu），人们依然会本能地给它脑补男性或者女性性别。

同时性别拟人也会复制社会固有偏见：男性语音助手被认为高效能干，女性助手被贴上 “乐于助人” 标签，变相强化权力认知。文章提出新思路：可以利用拟人化，设计违背刻板印象的角色来消解偏见，例如男性护理机器人、女性计算机器人。最后提出开放议题：未来能否不靠性别，来建立人与科技产品之间的情感联结。

三、英文原文（高考适配节选）

Is That Self‑Driving Car a Boy or a Girl?

As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. Apple’s Siri digital assistant unveiled a gender‑neutral option last year, and more gender‑neutral interactive tools, such as Q and Replika, have recently entered the market. When asked about their gender identities, the AI chatbots ChatGPT and Google Bard each reply, “I do not have a gender.”

The United Nations and World Economic Forum have cautioned against gendering technology, arguing that doing so reinforces societal stereotypes. That is likely true, says Ashley Martin, an associate professor of organizational behavior at Stanford Graduate School of Business. “People are stereotyping their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” she says.

Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed to evoke human characteristics.

In her latest research, conducted with Malia Mason of Columbia University, Martin looks at how people respond when real or imagined products are assigned a gender — or no gender. One of their studies analyzed Amazon.com reviews to see how shoppers reacted to the anthropomorphizing and gendering of robotic vacuums. In two other studies, participants were asked to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self‑driving car known as “Miuu.”

Throughout the experiments, Martin and Mason found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices –– and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. These findings suggest that gendering a product could lead to higher sales or more consumer loyalty.

While accentuating gender may be good marketing, it may also reinforce outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. People describe male and female voice assistants completely differently. The male voice assistants “got things done” and “found the information quickly,” whereas female voice assistants were described as “helpful.”

Yet Martin’s study also found that creating a gender‑neutral object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound gender‑neutral, like Miuu, participants would still ascribe a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.”

Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism “provides an opportunity to reduce or reverse stereotypes.” Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype‑inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance.

Martin hopes that future research will explore how to increase people’s attachment to objects without relying on gender norms. Whether society can remove gender from human cognition over time remains an open question.

四、生词中英文梳理

五、全文完整翻译

自动驾驶汽车是男孩还是女孩？

随着新技术越来越具备类人特征，社会出现一股推动科技产品 “去性别化” 的浪潮。苹果 Siri 语音助手去年推出无性别选项，Q、Replika 等更多无性别交互工具纷纷上市。当被问及性别身份时，聊天机器人 ChatGPT 与谷歌巴德都会回复：“我没有性别。”

联合国与世界经济论坛告诫不要给科技产品赋予性别，认为这样会强化社会刻板印象。斯坦福商学院组织行为学副教授阿什利・马丁表示，这一点不无道理：“人们会用非常传统的思维，对带有性别设定的产品产生刻板认知。”

彻底去掉性别看似简单的解决办法。但马丁的研究发现：性别是人类与物品建立情感联结的基础方式之一，对于那些被设计出类人特征的设备尤其如此。

马丁与哥伦比亚大学的玛莉亚・梅森开展最新研究，探究人们如何看待被赋予男性、女性或者无性别设定的真实 / 假想产品。其中一项研究分析亚马逊平台评论，观察消费者对于扫地机器人拟人化、性别化设定的反应。另外两组实验，让受试者对男性、女性、无性别版本的语音助手，以及一台名叫 Miuu 的自动驾驶汽车，评估自己的情感依恋程度。

一系列实验表明：性别设定会提升用户对设备的情感依恋，也会提高购买意愿。举例来说，受试者表示相比无性别语音助手，他们更愿意购买带有男声或者女声的版本。研究说明，给产品赋予性别，有助于提升销量和用户忠诚度。

尽管突出性别是有效的营销手段，但也会强化过时、有害的权力与身份观念。男性相关刻板印象，例如竞争、强势，被社会赋予更高价值。人们对男女语音助手描述截然不同：男性助手被评价 “办事高效”、“检索信息迅速”，而女性助手只被评价为 “乐于助人”。

但马丁的研究同样发现，打造真正无性别物体十分困难。例如，就算一个产品名字听上去完全中性，比如 Miuu，受试者依然会自行认定它是 “他” 或者 “她”。

不过马丁也看到了转机：拟人化其实也提供了削弱甚至扭转刻板印象的机会。可以设计打破固有印象的拟人产品：例如承担护理工作的男性机器人，或是负责运算工作的女性机器人。

马丁希望未来研究会探索，如何不依靠性别固有规范，就能提升人与设备之间的情感联结。社会能否最终把性别思维从人类认知中剥离，这依旧是一个尚无答案的开放性问题。

六、语法填空（高考标准｜10个不重复考点：7 有提示 +3 无提示）

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Nowadays many high‑tech products 56.(push) to become genderless. Ashley Martin, 57. studies tech‑user relations, has carried out a series of experiments. Gender is one of the fundamental ways 58.____ people form emotional bonds with devices. Products 59.(assign) with a gender tend to win greater user attachment. Participants are less willing 60.(buy) totally gender‑neutral smart tools. 61.____(interest), even neutral‑named products get imaginary gender labels from users.

Gendered tech may strengthen old stereotypes, 62.____ researchers find anthropomorphism can fight such biases. Martin calls for products 63.____ break traditional role rules. There is 64.____ open question whether gender will disappear from human 65.____(cognitive).

答案

1. are pushed
2. who
3. that
4. assigned
5. to buy
6. Interestingly
7. but
8. which
9. an
10. cognition

逐题详细解析 & 考点标注

1. are pushed【考点：语态｜有提示词】
    解析：主语 high‑tech      products 与 push 是被动关系；描述当下社会趋势，一般现在时被动语态。句意：如今很多高科技产品被推动走向无性别化。
2. who【考点：定语从句｜无提示词】
    解析：非限制性定语从句，先行词      Ashley Martin 指人，从句缺少主语，用关系代词 who。
3. that【考点：名词从句（定语从句特殊用法）｜无提示词】
    解析：先行词      ways，the way that … 引导从句，表      “…… 的方式”。
4. assigned【考点：过去分词｜有提示词】
    解析：过去分词作后置定语，products 和 assign 是被动关系，“被赋予性别的产品”。
5. to buy【考点：不定式｜有提示词】
    解析：固定搭配 be      willing to do sth. 愿意做某事，不定式作状语。
6. Interestingly【考点：副词｜有提示词】
    解析：副词放在句首修饰整个句子，形容词 interesting 变为副词 Interestingly。
7. but【考点：状语从句（并列转折）｜无提示词】
    解析：前后语义转折：带性别科技会强化刻板印象，但是拟人化又可以对抗偏见。
8. which【考点：定语从句｜有提示词变形外，考点定语从句】
    解析：限制性定语从句，先行词 products 指物，从句缺主语。
9. an【考点：冠词｜有提示词变形外，考点冠词】
    解析：open 元音音素开头；an open question 一个悬而未决的问题。
10. cognition【考点：名词单复数｜有提示词】
     解析：形容词      cognitive 变为不可数名词 cognition，作介词 from 的宾语。