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1. Communication technologies are far from equivalent. A recent study comparing honesty across
a range of different media revealed that people were twice likely to tell lies when using the phone than
when communicating via e-mail. It had previously been assumed that people would be more inclined to
fabricate the truth when using e-mail, due to the remoteness of the interaction making people more
comfortable about deceiving others. On the contrary, it seems that anxiety over the accountability
afforded by the recording of e-mail exchanges induces greater truthfulness. However, the research also
noted that people are much more likely to be rude or insulting over e-mail, outweighing any benefits of
increased honesty!
An implication of the study is that if telephone conversations are recorded and people are aware of this
fact, they are likely to be more truthful over the phone. T
People are unconcerned about the repercussion of e-mail untruths. F
It had been assumed that people would communicate more honestly when using e-mail than when
using the telephone. F
2. There is often considerable scientific disagreement both about available reserves of natural
resources and about the extent of environmental damage caused by particular pollutants. Even where
the scientific evidence is incontrovertible. There may be political conflict, based on different vested
interests, over the degree to which particular environmental controls should be accepted. Governments
may, for example, refrain from introducing effective control if they fear these will adversely affect
company profitability or jobs, even where the environmental cost of not introducing controls are
considerable.
There is always scientific debate around the facts regarding the reserves of natural resources. T
Very rarely is there conflict over the degree to which particular environmental controls should be
accepted. F
Parties with a vested interest are more influenced by politics than science when deciding whether to
implement environmental controls. C T
3. Whilst high visibility crime such as night-time drunken disturbance has increased, total urban
and rural crime, both reported and unreported, has fallen over the last two years, yet paradoxically
people feel less safe, believing that the converse is the case. This fall in crime has coincided with a drop
in the number of police officer on the street. A citizen’s fear of crime seems not to be a matter of realityat all- the visibility of law enforcement officials has a greater impact on their view of reality than hard
facts.
Reducing the number of police officer has led to a reduction in crime . C
Crime statistics support popular belief about the level of crime. F
People feel safer when there are more police on the street. T
4. There is no task more difficult than that of ensuring the education of children in modern society.
Not only school, but also teachers and their roles have changed out of all recognition in the past few
decades, thanks to the impact on teaching institutions by indoctrinating, and indoctrinated, reformist
intellectuals bearing revolutionary ideas. To the perpetual indiscipline of youth has now been added
the indiscipline of parents, many of whom interpret any reports of wrongdoing in school on the part of
their offspring as a personal affront, or as the manifestation of the malice of teachers. As for the
teachers themselves, whilst many are respectable and learned men and women, who view it as their
vocation to induct their charges into a civilization and a way of behaving, others attempt to influence
youth merely to further their political or ideological ends.
Some of those working in education have their own hidden agendas. T NG
Teacher with revolutionary ideas will attempt to influence their pupils for their own political ends. T C F
Some teachers who report children of wrongdoing do so because of malice, rather than nay legitimate
reason . C
5. Last week, the competition commission outlined two packages to regulate the sale of extended
product warranties, which provide repair/replacement for faulty goods beyond the manufacturer’s
original guarantee. Whilst warranty sales are currently highly profitable, with some retailers attributing
up to ¾ of their profits to this income stream, they are also criticized for offering poor value for money
due to obscure clauses, which restrict payment in many, but the most unlikely claim scenarios. The first
package-to ban retailers selling a full warranty on the day of purchase was condemned by all as
draconian-whilst the other, rather milder, option of forcing retailers to provide full information on
warranty exclusions and an obligatory 60–day “cool-off” period for customers, received a more balanced
hearing.Because no one believes that the first option will ever be implemented, investors and analysts have
focused more closely on the implication of the “milder” package. In a recent leaked research note, one
analyst suggested that the implementation of the reform in the second package would place a staff-
training burden on the retailer, which would lead to a significant increase in the cost of warranty sales,
and a predicted 20% fall in actual sales.
“Cool-off” periods are not currently offered by companies selling product warranties. T
It is likely that neither package will be implemented. C
Preventing retailers from selling warranties on the day of purchase of a product was felt to be too
severe a restriction. T
6. All scientific knowledge is provisional . Everything that science knows, even the most mundane
facts and long-established theories, is subject to re-examination as new information comes in. the latest
data and ideas are scrutinized the most. Some recantations will be unavoidable, but this is not a
weakness of science, but rather its strength. No endeavor rivals science in its incremental progress
towards a more complete understanding of the observable universe.
Science improves understanding on the basis of leaving unchallenged those theories that appear to
work. F
Some facts in science cannot be challenged if any progress is to be made. F
That which is not observable cannot be part of the domain of science. C
7. The Statute on workplace safety requires that an employer should ensure, so far as is reasonably
practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of all full and part time employees, and also those
not in direct employment who may be affected by acts or omissions at work. However, it is also the duty
of employees to take reasonable care for their own health and safety and also that of other persons who
may be affected by their acts or omissions at work, for example by complying with all notices on health
and safety that are posted.
If a workplace visitor is hurt due to an act of negligence by an employee then the employee may be held
solely responsible. F
An employer has responsibility for the safety of visitors to his factory. TEmployees have negligible responsibility for workplace health and safety. F
8. Today’s historians aim to construct a record of human activities and to use this record to
achieve a more profound understanding of humanity. This conception of their task is quite recent,
dating from the development from 18th and early 19th centuries of scientific history, and cultivated
largely by professional historians who adopted the assumption that the study of natural, inevitable
human activity. Before the late 18th century, history was taught in virtually no schools, and it did not
attempt to provide an interpretation of human life as a whole. This is more appropriately the function of
religion, of philosophy, or even perhaps of poetry.
That which constitutes the study of history has changed over time. C
Professional historians did not exist before 18th century. C
In the 17th century, history would not have been thought of as a way of understanding humanity. T
9. Whilst having similar effects on employees, there tend to be major difference between a merger
and an acquisition. In an acquisition, power is substantially assumed by the new parent company.
Change is often swift and brutal as the acquirer imposes its own control systems and financial restraints.
Parties to a merger are likely to be evenly matched in terms of size, and the power and cultural
dynamics of the combination are more ambiguous, integration is a more drawn out process.
During an acquisition, there is often more overt conflict and resistance and a sense of powerlessness. In
mergers, because of the prolonged period between the initial announcement and full integration,
uncertainty and anxiety continue for a much longer time as the organization remains in a state of limbo.
There tends to be a major power difference between parties in an acquisition. T
Mergers and acquisition tend to have distinctly different impacts on employees. F
Mergers yield a shorter period of anxiety and uncertainty amongst employees. F
10. Management is, in effect, the catalyst that is essential for converting the resources and raw
material inputs of the operation into valued outputs and, in the process, ensuring that stakeholder
needs are satisfied. Managers represent the critical factor, which economists refer to as “enterprise”,without which the other factors (land, labor and capital) cannot function. Managers are effectively the
custodians of the organization’s resource, responsible for deciding what the resources should be used
for, how best to use them, and to which customers the outputs should be targeted.
Stakeholder needs are best served through the creation of valued outputs. C
Management has at least two major but different responsibilities. T
Managers must decide how best to handle all the resources at their disposal. T
11. There is no doubt that vegetarian food can be healthier than a traditional diet – indeed,
research has demonstrated that vegetarians are less likely to suffer from heart disease and obesity than
those who eat meat. One long-standing concern about a vegetarian lifestyle is the risk of failing to take
in enough protein. However, historical calculations as to the amount of protein needed for a healthy
lifestyle have recently been shown to overestimate the quantities needed, and if vegetarian select their
food carefully they should be able to meet their protein needs.
A balanced diet is more likely to promote health than any particular food or food group in isolation. C
Too much protein in the diet can lead to heart disease. C
Over time the recommendations as to what constitutes a healthy balanced diet have changed. C T
12. Water, the most common liquid used for cleaning, has a property called surface tension .
Molecules in the body of the water are surrounded by other molecules, but at the surface a “tension” is
created as molecules are only surrounded by other molecules on the waterside. This tension inhibits the
cleaning process, as it slows the wetting of surface due to tension causing the water to bead up. This is
where water droplets hold their shape and do not spread. For effective cleaning to take place “surface
tension” must be reduced so that water can spread. Surface-active agents, or surfactants , are chemicals,
which are able to do this effectively.
Surface-active agents, or surfactants, are only used for cleaning. C
Water is the only known liquid used for cleaning. F
If surfactant chemicals are added to water when cleaning a surface, surface tension will occur. F
The molecules on the waterside hinder the cleaning process. TWater droplets will not spread where there are high levels of surface tension. T
13. The biggest risk facing the world’s insurance companies is possibly the rapid change now taking
place within their own ranks. Sluggish growth in core markets and intense price competition, coupled
with shifting patterns of customer demand and the rising cost of losses, are threatening to overwhelm
those too slow to react.
Insurance companies are experiencing a boom in their core markets. F
Insurance companies are competing to provide best prices to customers. T
Insurance companies are coping well with increased price competition and rising losses. F
14. Short-sightedness is to a large extent inherited, its incidence varies from one family to another.
The reason behind the link between the common incidence of short-sightedness and high intelligence is
unclear. Previous generations thought that eyes could become strained by years spent poring over
books, but a few decades ago the popular medical view was that short-sighted people gravitated
towards the library because they found it hard to excel at sports. Recently there has been partial
support for a theory that high intelligence and short-sightedness may, in fact, be part of a genetic
package.
The genetic link between intelligence and short-sightedness has recently been disproven. F C
People from all families stand at an equal chance of being short-sighted. F
Intelligence is to a large extent inherited. C
15. The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation is the afterglow from the Big Bang, and
weak as it may be today, these primeval microwaves hold valuable information about fundamental
properties of the early universe. Slight differences, or anisotropies, in the brightness and polarization of
the CMB reveal clues about the nature of the primeval plasma: that the discrepancies exist at all shows
that the plasma was not perfectly uniform. The variations in the brightness seen in the CMB reflect
differences in the density of the primordial plasma, whereas the anisotropic polarization reveals
information about the dynamics of the early universe, such as the movement of material and the
number of gravitational waves. The CMB, however, is not the only source of polarized microwaves and
the cosmological polarization must thus be measured at different wavelengths so as to isolate them
from foreground signals.The anisotropies of the CMB show solely that the primordial plasma was not uniform. F
The polarization of cosmic microwaves is measured at different wavelength so as to separate the
foreground from the background signals. T
Through studying the cosmological microwaves, one may learn about the forces of gravity in the early
universe . T
The wavelengths of the foreground signals are disregarded once they have been distinguished form the
CMB. C
16. Internet experts are warning of a new multitude of extremely dangerous computer viruses that
have recently been causing devastation and could potentially cripple entire global computer systems.
These viruses can replicate thousands of copies within hours and are capable of extirpating security
software that, in turn, enables hackers to appropriate control of the machines. Criminal gangs can then
establish bank accounts using stolen identities, sabotage a company’s computer system and extort
money for its restoration, and sell computers that have been interfered with on the black market.
Computer users are often advised to refrain from opening suspicious program attached to the emails
and to continually update their security software.
Internet experts are advising computer users to replace their software if they suspect it has been
tampered with. C
17. For most people, any reference to hypnosis brings to mind images of individuals involved in
amusing, and often out of character, behavior. However, hypnosis is also a topic of scientific research.
Research by scientists over the last few decades has revealed ways in which memory processes, and
processes involved in pain perception can be changed using hypnosis . It has also been found that
hypnotic suggestions can regulate activity in identifiable sections of the brain and can contribute to the
effective management of cognitive conflict. Findings from several related brain imaging studies, for
example, have suggested that people under hypnosis cab exhibit reduced level of brain activity in both
visual area and the anterior cingulate cortex. Disparate research has already established the role of
these brain structures in the monitoring the cognitive conflict.
Under hypnosis most individuals participate in entertaining activities. CFew people think that when hypnotised, individuals do things that they would not normally have done.
C
Scientific research on the effects of hypnosis on memory and pain perception started a few decades ago.
T
18. Workers are becoming increasingly concerned about company relocation due to its association
with employee distress and isolation, which can be caused by issues such as the management of
property transitions and loss of community ties. Furthermore, moving home can put a strain on worker’s
financial resources and close relationships, especially for those working parents who may feel guilty
about moving children to new schools. Regardless of the disruption created, some individuals are very
willing to relocate, due to the potential for enhanced career prospects and long-term financial stability.
Some people may feel guilty about the consequences of relocating. T
Company relocation has increased. C
The potential benefits of job relocation are seen, by some, to be worth the associated distress and strain.
T
19. Political, economic and demographic developments are combining to increase the wealth of
individuals leading economies. These individuals take a much more active role in managing their
personal financial affairs and in determining how their assets should be invested for their long-term
benefit. As a result, we are seeing the emergence of a new market, consisting of so-called “affluent
individuals”. This structural trend is set to continue and will provide significant opportunities for
financial services providers. This band of individuals has traditionally been dominated by old money
inheritance, and this will remain a factor, but the rise of new affluent money is increasing as individuals
benefit from higher salaries and compensation in the form of stock options. These new affluent
individuals are also creating wealth as small business entrepreneurs.
Affluent individuals want to manage their own assets rather than use financial service providers. C
Individuals cannot become “affluent” through inheriting old money. F
Inherited old money will be completely replaced by new affluent money. F20. At the moment of GTC, like other European producers, is able to relieve at least some of its
over-capacity by exporting, partly to Central America. A decade from now, that region will be largely
self-sufficient and trade will be starting to flow the other way. However, for GTC investors, the
company’s recent restructure could herald better times. The group’s lack of focus and lack-lustre returns
have been much criticized of late.
A successful export trade with Central America seems set to continue indefinitely. T
Central American producers will find a ready market for their products in Europe. C
GTC is a sound investment.T
Central America will, in the future, begin to export less to Europe. C F
Central American producers will find a ready market for their products in Europe. C
Restructuring generally produces an increase in profitability. C
21. The increasing fragility of the rural economy will be the biggest challenge facing country
communities over the next ten years. Agriculture, which accounts for a quarter of rural job, is in decline.
Tourism provides no more than half this number of job. The rural manufacturing sector, however, has
grown over last ten years. Despite this, it still employs fewer than one in twenty people living in rural
area, and is threatened by companies based in industrial areas, which benefit from access to a larger
skilled workforce and better transportation networks.
Industries based in rural areas benefit from better transport links. F
Manufacturing provides the fewest jobs in the countryside. C
The manufacturing sector is likely to be the main source of employment for rural workers in the future.
C
Industries based in rural areas suffer from poorer transport links. T
22. In recent years, many issues have been considered when attempting to ameliorate the
wellbeing of patients and the efficiency of hospital administration. Patients have often complained
about endless waiting lists, low standards of cleanliness, poor hospital food, and unsatisfactory doctor-
patient communication and now, according to an expert from a leading image consultancy, doctors’
dress codes and their general appearance must come under close scrutiny. Of healthcare professionalshave an unwashed appearance, dirty nails or unkempt hair, this exudes the impression of recklessness,
wearing red reminds patients of blood, and power dressing is discouraged because patients may feel
undermined and less relaxed. Although campaign groups approve of healthcare professionals leading by
example with high standards of hygiene in hospitals, some individuals argue that this potential new
image legislation is merely a case of jumping on the bandwagon of the current media trend for home
and lifestyle makeovers.
Individuals have argued that the current media trend for lifestyle makeover is direct result of the
concern over the image of new legislations. F因果关系反了
New hospital legislation states that healthcare professionals must have clean fingernails. T
It is always preferable for healthcare professionals to wear blue instead of red. C
23. One of the great paradoxes of entrepreneurship is that entrepreneurs must develop the
capacity to engage the urgent with the emergent. Routine pressures force us to allow the urgent to
dominate us, quarterly reports, market share, and tangible return on investment become paramount in
this paradox, emergent (strategic) issues are often lost.
The urgent presents itself in tangible shape and form, whereas the emergent is subtler in its appearance.
Entrepreneurs need to pre-sense emergent reality, thus they require more than ordinary attentiveness.
However, information consumes the attention of the recipient, and urgent information is by nature
more demanding of attention than emergent. Yet it is an awareness of the emergent that frequently
distinguishes the successful leader, the individual who can see through the reactive demands of day-to-
day urgency to act rapidly upon the emergent trends that, if capitalized upon, can ensure commercial
triumph. One way of ensuring time to identify the emergent is to make time for reflective moments in
work life in order to restore the quality of attentiveness and see through the fog of the immediate.
It is easier to spot an emergent trend than an urgent issue. F
The present tends to be governed by the immediate demands. T
It is easy to lose sight of the strategic issues given the demands that immediate issues make. T
24. Some doctors claim that any information received from a patient during a medical consultation
is subject ethically to absolute confidentiality and can in no circumstance be revealed without thepatient’s permission. Without such a rule, they believe that patients would not supply all of the
information needed to treat them. Most however, believe that their obligations to society override their
obligations to their patients; for example, being prepared to report to the police a patient who persisted
in driving, despite the existence of a condition that rendered them unsafe. One reason for such a conflict
is that whilst courts recognize the confidentiality of exchange between lawyers and clients, this is not
extended to doctor and patients.
A doctor would report to the police a patient who was a danger to others. C(T)
Patients rarely give permission for a doctor to discuss their medical details with others. C
Doctors are in agreement about the ethics and practice of patient confidentiality. F
25. Private airline companies have always been determined to operate a transport system that is
safe for passengers, whilst still remaining competitively priced and commercially viable. However, a
private sector business can only remain viable if it generates profits for its shareholders. Recent reports
suggest that if all aircrafts were fitted with military derived ground-to-air missile defense system, and at
all airports there was infallible screening for weapons and explosives then the system would be much
safer. However, totally effective screening would preclude all possibility of profit, and current systems
are still very thorough, whilst also providing a good cost-benefit ratio.
Military aircraft are safer than commercial craft. C(T)
(More effective airline security systems than are currently in use are available. T
Current airline security systems provide the best possible mix of cost against benefit. C
26. Full employment is a concept, which is often referred to but seldom defined. Beveridge’s
description comes close to what most economists understand by the term. In his view full employment
means that “unemployment is reduced to short intervals of standing by, with the certainty that very
soon one will be wanted in one’s old job again or will be wanted in a new job that is within one’s
powers.” In other words, full employment does not mean zero unemployment, but allows for some
measure of acceptable unemployment, for example, “frictional” unemployment whilst changing jobs.
Definitions of full employment are abundant. F
Some economists do not understand full employment in Beveridge’s terms. CIn B’s view, full employment incorporates those unemployed people who are certain to regain work very
shortly. T
27. The typical share-save scheme is a regular savings plan that gives employees the opportunity to
purchase shares in 3.5 or 7 years time, should they choose to exercise the purchase option, at a
discounted price fixed before the saving period starts. In addition to potential financial gains, the
employee also has the opportunity to participate in future company development through the
acquisition of shares. The employee does not have to pay income tax on any gains made on the exercise
of the option to buy shares, though there may be a liability to capital gains tax if the shares are sold and
the resulting gains cause that particular employee’s level of capital gains liability to exceed the annual
exempt amount.
Employees usually exercise the option to sell their shares at the end of the saving period. C
Employees do not automatically have to pay Capital Gains Tax as a consequence of participating in
share-save scheme. T
Individuals who sell shares generate no potential tax liability. F C
28. Staff monitoring is a particularly issue for managers – the only kind of staff monitoring not
subject to regulation is where one individual watches another. Once any recording starts, even if it is
manual, monitoring is subject to the Data Protection Act – employees need to be told about monitoring
takes place and why. The information gathered has to be kept secure, and affected staffs have the right
to see information related to them. Whilst a person’s consent is not required, he or she must be
consulted about the processing of personal information (monitoring data is construed as “personal”),
and monitoring practices must not cause unnecessary stress. However, covert monitoring without
consultation may be used, but only in particularly serious circumstances, such as when a staff member is
suspected of dishonest. In such a case, the covert surveillance (e.g. hidden cameras) must be in targeted
areas and at times when the dishonest behavior is expected- any other information must be disregarded.
It is not possible to avoid the Data Protection Act when monitoring staff. T
Managers find it difficult to justify the use of covert monitoring procedures. C
Any employee in a building where monitoring is taking place may see all of the information collected. F29. Without exception, living non-human primates habitually more around on all fours, or
quadrupedally, when they are on the ground. Scientists generally assume therefore that the last
common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees (our closest living relative) was also a quadrupted.
Exactly when the last common ancestor lived is unknown, but clear indications of bipedalism, the trait
that distinguishes ancient humans from other apes, are evident in the oldest known species of
Australopithecus, which lived in Africa roughly four millions years ago.
Bipedal apes are more evolutionarily advantaged than quadrupedal ones. C/
Bipedalism is the main trait that distinguishes ancient humans from Australopithecus. F
Australopithecus is as closely related to ancient man as to the chimpanzee. F C
30. A new computer program can tell whether a book was written by a man or a woman. The simple
scan of key words and syntax is about 80% accurate on both fiction and non-fiction. The program’s
success seems to confirm the stereotypical perception of differences in male and female language use.
Crudely put, men talk more about objects and women more about relationships.
Female writers use more pronouns (I, you, she, myself), whilst males prefer words that identify or
determine nouns (a, the, that) and words that quantify them (one, two, more). These differing styles
have previously been called “involved” and “informational”, respectively.
The algorithm within the program was initially trained on a few test cases to identify the most prevalent
fingerprints of gender and of fiction and non-fiction. The algorithm can now be focused on new bodies
of text. Strikingly, the distinctions between male and female writers are much the same as those that,
even more clearly, differentiate non fiction-and fiction. The program can tell these two genre s apart
with 98% accuracy.
Stereotype s are generally based on fact. C
Women are more likely than men to adopt an “informational” style of written communication. F
The program is more accurate at identifying the gender of the writer then the fiction or non-fiction
content of the passage. F
31. Sandford Group’s first end of year announcement since the takeover of SPX Inc placed much
emphasis on the period of extreme transformation and development undergone by the company.Emphasis was placed on the admirable way that its employees had steered the company through a
turbulent six months, and subsequent benefits that were being reaped, such as a steady growth of the
Sandford brands in the marketplace. Whilst recognizing that the takeover had been undertaken as a way
of increasing market share, rather than improving efficiency, the announcement made much of the
substantial yet somewhat unintended cost reductions that had taken place. This was explained by the
swift introduction of SPX’s computer systems which permitted a Group headcount cut and also the
subletting of surplus office space.
The time since takeover has not always been easy for Sandford. T (six months)
The takeover achieved more for the company than was initially planned. T
The performance of the Sandford brands was poor prior to the takeover. C
32. Total stocks of most minerals in the earth’s crust are still large in relation to the current rates of
use, and a high proportion of the minerals that are consumed in the production process could, in
principle, be recycled. The technological and financial constraints on recycling such concentrations of
minerals are considerable, however, and there is no guarantee that these constraints could be
overcome. Substitution of abundant for scarce resources would avoid the problem, but such
substitution is not always technologically feasible.
The technical constraints of recovering any mineral are considerable. F
Most of the minerals consumed in the production process can be economically recycled. C
It is wrong to assume that the substitution of abundant for scarce resources will create insurmountable
technical problems on every occasion. T
33. The controversial new code on corporate governance has been reassessed and significantly
changed in advance of publication. Following intense pressure from company directors many of the
original proposals have been scrapped, and many others have been watered down to reduce the
pressure of compliance on organizations.
Overall, the revisions have resulted in the removal of rules that restrict company behaviors in favor of
the introduction of a recommendations-based approach, which does not set specific standards of
behavior. The changes have highlighted the divide between company directors, who generally supportthe changes as vital to keep away from a culture of rule avoidance, and other shareholder groups who
believe that a best practice approach lacks teeth and will not result in greater board accountability.
Following the revision, the code is now much more prescriptive in its approach to corporate governance.
F C
Company directors and shareholders are in agreement that something has to be done to improve
processes of corporate governance. F
A culture of rule avoidance leads to less board accountability. C
34. The location of a shop operated by a charity in an affluent neighborhood could be deemed
extremely advantageous because this increases the potential for a continuous supply of highly valuable
donations. However, this may be counterbalanced by an exorbitant rent for the property. Of
fundamental importance to the success of the shop is a dedicated group of volunteers who should sort
through donations promptly to ensure that items are quickly made available for purchase, in order to
promote financial prosperity. Volunteers and staff must be vigilant of thieves, to which these shops are
particularly susceptible, usually due to a lack of security cameras or bar codes on the item.
The only factor affecting the financial success of a shop operated by a charity is its location. F
Shops operated by charitable organizations are particularly vulnerable to shoplifter if there are no
security cameras or bar codes on items. T
It is less likely that shops operated by charities which are situated in affluent neighborhoods will have
volunteers who are more dedicated, than those in less wealthy neighborhoods. C
An increase in security measures in shops operated by charities will usually encourage individuals from
affluent areas to donate more high quality items. C
If volunteers do not sort the donations hastily, this could lead to a potential loss in sales. T
Before the introduction of bar codes and security cameras, shops operated by charitable organizations
were as vulnerable to theft as other shops. T
35. The prospect of accepting negative feedback about ourselves elicits conflict, as we need to
assess the immediate emotional costs of negative information about ourselves against the long-term
benefits of gaining useful feedback. Studies have confirmed what most managers seem to have known
already, that the mood we in whilst receiving feedback often influences the relative weight peopleassign to emotional costs versus the informational benefits of receiving negative feedback. The studies
that have been carried out have demonstrated that positive moods can function as a buffer and
therefore enable people affected in this way to both accept, as well as better handle, the emotional
costs of negative self-related information .
Managers are increasingly taking employees’ moods into consideration when providing them with
negative feedback regarding their performance. C
Accepting negative feedback involves a trade-off between short-term and long-term costs and benefits.
T
An individual’s mood will have no effect on how negative feedback is received. F
36. Over the past decade there has been a steady growth in the holiday industry whilst the number
of travel agencies has declined. This is due to the increasing number of customers who are booking their
holidays online, because of a quicker and more financially viable service. However, specialist travel
agencies, such as those focusing on particular regions or holiday activities, remain successful as they
have an in-depth understanding of a region and the customers who go there. The staffs are also
multilingual, and thanks to their specialized knowledge they can provide good deals, meaning that their
prices are often lower than non-specialist travel agents and online companies.
A travel agent’s specialist knowledge can be used to the financial benefit of the customer. T
It is not always more expensive for the customer to book holidays with a travel agent. T
More people are booking their holidays online rather than through a travel agent, even though it takes
longer to find the right holiday this way. F（quicker）
37. Significant advances in float furnace design and operation, in the development of glass
compositions, and in the glass forming process itself have all played a role in the optimization of glass
manufacturing. For example, thermodynamic modeling assists with the enhancement of glass
composition and offers control over devitrification characteristics, and studies examining burner design,
to ensure flames have maximum luminosity （光泽） and impinge on the glass at the correct angle, aid
the minimization of fuel consumption . The exploitation of such advanced research allows glass
manufacturers to reduce their expenditure on fuel, decrease their defect rates and produce glass of the
highest quality, all of which are important if they are to retain their commercial standing and customer
loyalty.Glass of a higher quality is produced when the float furnace is at its maximum temperature. C
The radiance（光泽） of furnace flames has no direct impact on the amount of fuel used in the glass-
forming process. C
Ensuring the flames come into contact with the glass at a particular point can reduce the amount of
energy required in the glass manufacturing process. T
38. Amateur scientists have long been attracted to the discipline of astronomy, and professional
astronomers are frequently supportive of their contribution to the science. Indeed, amateur
astronomers have often been the first to spot an uncharted comet or star. Until now, the required
scientific equipment has, unfortunately, been largely very expensive, varying according to the intricacy
and size of the apparatus. According to some scientists, however, the spread of new, cheap technology,
particularly in information and date management, promises to dramatically change and facilitate
amateur-professional interaction, and collaboration.
Amateur-professional collaboration will contribute to the advancement of astronomy. T
In the past, all scientific equipment required for research in astronomy was very expensive. C
Following the spread of new, and cheaper technology, more amateur scientists are collaborating with
professionals. C T
39. Scientists believe we are experiencing a dramatic change in the overall climate system, verified
by the 10-15 cm rise in sea levels over the last 100 years and the increases in severe weather conditions.
Although climate change occurs naturally, scientists believe human activities have led to increased
carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide concentrations(二氧化碳，甲烷和一氧化二氮浓度),
leading to climate changes and, in turn, observed increases in sea levels, atmospheric temperatures, and
erratic weather systems. This means that today’s climate shift differs dramatically from previous shifts in
climates in both magnitude and rate. Scientific research suggests that advancing sea levels, rising
temperatures and severe weather conditions caused by climate change will result in a host of negative
consequences such as a threat to international trade patterns, an increase in the movement of tropical
disease, and an increased risk of forest fires and landslides.
Only the difference in velocity distinguishes current climates shifts from previous shifts. FThe enormity of alterations to our climate system has never been experienced by human beings before.
T
People will catch more tropical disease due to climate change. C
40. Human mortality, whilst consisting of unpredictable individual events, has a statistical regularity
when averaged across a large group. This makes possible a whole host of products, of which the annuity
is one. The price of an annuity paying a fixed regular income for life is based upon the statistical life
expectancy of the purchaser at the time the annuity is to begin. The company selling the annuity will
benefit from all those customers that die earlier than predicted, while customers are attracted by the
prospect of guaranteed income for as long as they live. Annuities have the disadvantage that the capital
invested is unrecoverable (i.e. upon the death of annuitant nothing is left for the heirs), but that fact
also enables annuities to guarantee higher payments than could be obtained if the same sum of money
were invested at interest.
The heirs of a person who buy an annuity tend to be against the purchase. C
Essentially, the purchaser of an annuity is gambling that they will live long enough to receive a
good return on their investment. T
Annuity returns are generally similar to returns from investing the money in an interest
bearing accounts. F（没有利息）
41. In casual language, the terms theory and model are often used interchangeably. From a technical
point of view there is an important difference. Theories provide a general framework, but because of
the generality of the specification, a theory cannot be shown to be useful or useless until it is fully
specified in the form of a model. A model, on the other hand, needs by definition to be formulated
within the concepts, along with a set of assumptions about the concepts and their relationships. The
appropriateness of a model must then be evaluated with respect to a particular set of test data. The
evaluation may be done by conducting a suitably designed set of empirical investigations（实证检验）,
by rational inspection of the model assumptions in relation to the test data, or ideally both.
In the strict sense, all models provide incomplete representations of the data to which they to
fitted. Therefore the meaningful question is not whether a model is correct or incorrect, but rather
whether the model fits the data well enough to be useful in guiding the process. Statistical evidence and
judgment play important roles in answering that question.It is more meaningful to look at the practical utility （实际效用）of a model than its absolute veracity
（绝对准确性）. T
Most people fail to understand the difference between a theory and a model. C
A model can exist in the absence of a theory. F
42. Financial fraud is a crime of growing significantly. In 2003, 8% of reported business-related crimes
were fraud, averaging $35000 in losses. By 2005, whilst financial fraud was found to be the sixth-most
frequent crime, it was the third-highest concern amongst business leaders. Researchers found that,
globally, internet-based fraud was rising dramatically in 2005. The main reasons for fraud included poor
supervision and lack of proper division of duties, inadequate control of access to system, and poor
authorization controls. Internal detective measures uncovered less than half of the cases, with an
increasing number of cases being discovered by accident. One third of the cases were committed by
managerial-staff, while half were committed by non-managerial staff.
Detective methods were operating very effectively in 2005. F
Over half of all cases of fraud in 2005 were discovered by accident. C
Business leaders are more concerned about financial fraud than before because of the growth of the
Internet. C
43. Although there is no scientific support for the contention (争论)that the physical features
observed in palm reading can enable someone to read a person’s character, or divine 占卜their future,
the human hand does show evidence of the person’s health, cleanliness, occupation and nervous
habits. Examples of this include calluses（茧） or nail biting. Hands are often examined in medical
diagnosis and provide clues with which the palm reader may often astound (使惊讶)the unsophisticated
普通大众。
Features of a person’s hand may provide clues to his/her job. T
Hands do not reveal anything about someone’s level of hygiene. F(C)
非专业人士常常惊叹于医生的判断。 C(T)
Sophisticated people tend not to be very impressed by palm readers. T(C)44. An international protocol on climate change, ratified by the EU, Japan, Canada, and now Russia,
aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prevent the more serious ramification of global warming.
Current attention is focused on the development of technologies that will give us low-cost renewable
energy over the short and longer-term. This will provide the economic incentive to replace fossil fuels in
developed and developing countries, leading to a more pervasively low-carbon economy. This is crucial
if we are to slow the rate of climate change which can have devastating effect on the flora and fauna on
our planet.
Before the protocol for the climate change was sanctioned, there was less interest in renewable
energy sources. C
The current focus of the international protocol on climate change is to enhance the
development of cheap, carbon-based energy sources. F
The consequences of global warming are likely to affect developing countries more than
developed ones. C
45. The airline industry has always acknowledged the first-aiding training to be imperative for their
staff, but with the ever increasing numbers of people to whom air travel is becoming accessible, airline
staff will need to be even more alert and better equipped to deal with and medical emergency that may
arise. Flight attendants must be able identify the details and severity of the crises, and administer first-
aid calmly and effectively. To ensure that these requirements are met, regular first-aid courses and
emergency procedure drills have become common practice in the majority of airline companies. This on-
going training has meant that airline staff can react with even greater lucidity, composure and
meticulousness than ever before.
Regular first-aid training has equipped airline staff to react more quickly. C
In the past, to fly was not as viable a means of travel as it is today. T
An increasing amount of people need first-aid attention from airline staff. C
46. For many years, manufacturing practices remained devoid of innovation. That is, until the mid-
1990s, when trends in modern manufacturing created a virtual revolution. This was driven by economic
survival, global competition and rapidly changing customer market. These external forces led to the
introduction of production methods such as just-in-time inventory control, advanced manufacturing
technology, and integrated manufacturing systems. These practices meant that manufacturers could
remain responsive to market conditions and produce items which met customers’ needs. However,these new innovations have not necessarily meant that the quality and durability of products have
improved.
All manufacturers have introduced new production practices to survive. C
Introducing just-in-time inventory control is the best way to remain responsive to market
demands. C
Manufactures who do not take up modern manufacturing methods will not automatically
produce inferior items. T
47. In general, the longer a customer stays with a company, the more that customer is worth. Long
term customers buy more whilst costing less to service; they take up less of a company’s time and are
less sensitive to price. They are also more likely to bring in other new customers. Senior managers
usually gauge company performance on the basis of cash flow and profit. They rarely study the statistic
that reflects how much real value the company is creating – customer retention.
Long-term customer purchase fewer goods than newer customers. F
Long-term business success depends mainly on cash flow and profitability. C
Senior managers pay due attention to customer retention. T(F)
48. In many organizations, middle management positions can be difficult, especially during periods
of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by senior, they may
realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with their own best interests, and
those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realisations can sometimes result in high level of
additional stress for those managers. No effective solution to this problem has been found and, if the
way in which most organizations operate does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we
will see an increase in absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers.
Conflicts of interest are common for middle managers during periods of organizational change. T
Middle managers realize that they have to implement changes that are imposed upon them that are not
in line with their own best interests, will always experience stress as a result. F(C)If the way in which most organizations operate changes soon in some relevant way, it is likely that we
will see a decrease in absenteeism and turnover among middle managers. C
Some middle managers have to operate in ways that may interfere with their own interests. T
49. Genuine altruism, when defined as ‘selfless helping’, has been shown in recent years to be a
most elusive, indeed paradoxical, concept. In fact, some people now view it as some kind of ideal that
never really existed. How could anybody be entirely selfless and help without any expectation of a
reward of some type? According to some people, the pleasure of helping is itself its own reward,
whereas there also mention the displeasure that would accompany a refusal to help somebody in need
as the motive underlying altruistic behavior. True believers suggest that altruism, based on the notion of
selfless helping, should be something that we all strive towards.
We can now say that altruistic behavior, that is selfless helping, used to be better understood in the past.
C
There is currently no consensus surrounding the true motives for perceived altruistic helping. T
Helping is never genuinely selfless. C
Some people may be unsure about whether their perceived selfless helping behavior is really selfless. T
50. With the rapid technological advancement today, bridges are becoming increasingly more
sophisticated, and are spanning significantly greater distances. Earthquakes, however, remain a
potential threat to these immense structures as they may do irreparable and costly damage to an
important bridge. As a bridge’s major vulnerability to earth movement lies in its supportive structures,
a promising solution has been found to be a self-anchored 自锚式suspension bridge. This bridge design
is one in which the pull of the cables is opposed by the push or the deck, thus eliminating the supporting
anchorages.
The elimination of the anchorages has been a proposed solution to the threat of damage caused by
seismic activity. T
The self-anchored suspension bridge is the established solution to the threat of the earthquake damage.
F
Modern bridges have different structural features to those built before technological advancement of
today. CEarthquakes inevitably cause costly damage to the bridge’s structure. C
A possible solution to the risk of earthquake damage is the self-anchored suspension bridge as the
forces of the cables and the anchorages oppose each other. T
51. Increasingly, psychotherapy 心理疗法is being shown in relevant studies to be an effective form
of treatment for mental disorders in its own right, despite frequent claims that evidence for its
effectiveness in number of serious disorders is almost totally lacking. Moreover , studies have suggested
that a combination of psychotherapy and appropriate medication may lead, in the case of at least some
identifiable mental disorders, to significantly better outcomes compared to those in which medication is
applied without the support of psychotherapy. This provides support for mental health professionals to
consider psychotherapy when deciding on the treatment of patients suffering from mental disorders.
There are conditions for which the combination of psychotherapy and medication does not improve the
outcome in comparison to the use of medication alone. T(C)
It cannot be concluded that psychotherapy can be as effective as medication in the treatment of every
form of mental disorder. T
Psychotherapy, often combined with medication, is used more and more by mental health professionals.
C
52. Horticulturalists must take into account many factors when planning the reproduction of plants.
Propagation繁殖 by seed is the most common method employed as it is relatively easy and has a good
expected rate of germination发芽, although this can drop if the seed has been packaged for more than
a year. Many seeds can remain viable for up to 5 years if properly stored, as their protective coats
prevent sprouting发芽 until ideal growing conditions exist. External conditions can be manipulated in
order to bring seeds out or dormancy休眠 and hasten 加速germination. However, even in optimal
conditions, some seeds are reluctant to sprout.
The vigilant management of external factors can bring a seed out of its quiescent 休眠 state. T
Most horticulturalists are reluctant to plant seeds that have been preserved for more than a year. C
Reproducing plants by seed is the most common activity for gardeners. C
All seeds will germinate, given the right environmental conditions. F
The reproduction of flora involves many aspects for horticulturalists to consider. TThe rate at which seeds sprout can decline after the first year of being packaged. C
53. Organizations are encouraged to provide employees with flexible working opportunities through
work-life balance strategies, and workers are increasingly attracted to organizations that offer such
strategies. For employees, the opportunity to work and family life, workplace stress, and work overload.
However, some senior managers are reluctant to fully support these initiatives due to the substantial
costs involved, which escalate上升 with staff numbers. Then again, the cost of implementing flexible
working strategies can be compensated by a reduction in absenteeism and improvements in
organizational commitment and employee motivation.
A likely increase in employee motivation would not be a reason for an organization to implement
strategies aimed at improving employees’ work-life balance. F(C)
The cost of implementing flexible working strategies is not dependent on the number of employees. F
Employees who have flexible working hours will have happier home lives compared to those who do not.
C
Removing work-life balance strategies could result in an associated reduction in absenteeism. F(C)
54. A superficial consideration of biotechnology will commonly present an impression of ethical
neutrality. On the contrary, however, it is closely related to the frequently conflicting values and
aspirations of society. Genetically modified food is a particularly good example, presenting the potential
to bear more resilient and nutritious crops, and thus contribute to the fight against world hunger, while
simultaneously raising concerns regarding its long-term effects and environmental ethics. It is this
ethical and scientific controversy that ultimately led to the rejection of genetically modified food in
Europe.
The debate surrounding the ethics of genetically modified food contributed to its rejection in some
countries. T
The risk genetically modified food outweighs the potential benefits. C
The European population is more concerned with the environmental ethics of genetically modified food
than other societies. C
Genetically modified food could help nations to fight starvation. T
