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*)(~ ~ The Telegraph( {i 8 ~iRlfl> 2017 ~ 1 jj 23 8-~~'1 Hands off our roast potatoes(jjlj
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a cold winter's day·, few culinary~ pleasures can 2 S"@*f•!i~m ,-JI~.-*-'15~1•n~~-tf~.,.1r1.ta-.~•{{~.J ~ ,"-t • ". • Yt ~ .9'
it. 8 Yet as we report now, the food police are
determined© that this 3 should be rendered® yet
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another guilty pleasure(!!) 4 to damage our health.
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•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Part A
/ Text 1 "X 'f.t Z ffl"? ffi ffl-iit
:2fs:X~ El The Guardian ( J! flt ) 2018 ~ 12 ~ 30 S >C .. The Guardian view on Yvette Cooper's
'town of culture' proposal: a fine idea<<.:PJtl»ilflftf&~ • $JalW"X1tZfi"tl~ :m~~i!Do * ~>Cml
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a UK "town of culture" award. 8 The
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8proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city
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of culture ti tie, which w'as held by Hull in 2017 , and
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has been awarded to Coventry for 2021. C, Cooper and m 0
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her colleagues argue that the success of the crowna> for '* m *-
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Hull, where it brought in £ 220m of investment and an
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avalanchea> of arts, ought not to be confined® to cities. *
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0 Brit~in's towns, it is true, are not prevented from
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applying, but they generally lack the resources to put
together a bldG> to beat their bigger competitors. 8 A -t :h ¼ ..1 .. Ji *- ~ :t • # + 0 ~ 1fl iA. 7-1 '" .i:.
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town of culture award could, it is argued, become an *
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annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs. O
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of culture title #tE~ 1iJ 'flf'F:Em, was held. .. ~ has been awarded ... ¾~ii ~ 1,J 1¥.1#.JU ifflm
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t.1 ii) '-1 : Q) a UK "town of culture" award;@ attracting funding and creating jobs
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feJ,A~,$flf:fir&fz.~,I~iSl.!'A%:'.B"ti.JL."X-ftZ.ffi" ~o A group of Labour MPs, among them
Yvette Cooper -1fffiiffi tf:l tfiSl~®.A1g- ~I~i;)l_M ,~ tm~ffl:i;)l~JjlJ~~iSl.vl W~ ,fhtA* jJ, :13-
1Jffiiiffi:i:1:ffi"Affi-~:EIJ5!iill;lt:{t~A~ Yvette Cooper(JttA~-=f 2020 ~# ~I~~~}t~) ,~FoXt:151
jt~~~fffftirlL a call ?&tml!'l 1¥.1 ~ ,C,, P3 ~,
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@fiJ1t!BtfiSl.:WFRacJJ1$:"lt~ittl"~B:J\t~fiI11ltit%.iJx"~ ~~~Yf, =:t-eJ.#~ 3l=!lf6o The
proposal is that. .. jj(~1t1,J SF a call,m~i~1 t&tm~iSl P3 ~ sit alongside(~ff, #~:ff~) ~"X 1tz.
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~) o ought not to be confined to cities<~~ 89Jvt~ . . . ~ml:f.u 13fl r~$) 1Fa7J'"X 1tzffl"tf¾i-5l89 El 89: ~
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~t& ;"Fo-*1iJ lack the resources,put together a bid( bid jlJ;J"~ jJ $~")mu 8 ~,j,it{Wf ~~ ~ ,jff ~ ~-it
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could. .*. ), , 1{~;jt~~1J,ffi1ir*~;f&~Plii) ffiA.i-8- it is argued ~..t)( Cooper and her colleagues argue
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with a caU .. . the proposal is that .. . Cooper and her colleagues argu*e that. . . it is argued. .. 1$\ ® 'A) feJ ~
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21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a " town of 21. 1$ Ja & lt fiiJ ff iA '1 "3t -ft ta"~ fiE
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culture" award could ~
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[A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain [AJ ;tmsi~ iE fal tfJ~~
[BJ promote cooperation among Britain's towns [BJ {@j£ ~ 00 1j,f1i l'aJ ½ff:
[CJ increase the economic strength of Britain's towns [CJ :ttB!~mJ1j,it{a(J~t1f~jJ
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[DJ focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events [D] :ftf ~ ~ 1i l3fl 89 Wt ml~ l'.fl >C 1tf fl ~
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.Affi- it is argued, increase economic strengthJ<;J"mZ~MJ:.:f:;tffi- attracting funds and creating jobso .
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reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after to~ of "*
{11.J ~ IA .t t : j: ,f.t, .t of culture?
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(Dprestigious [pre'stid3as] a. ~.Atffll'.19 ,JB:W:it&l'.19 i~5 (Z)desperation [1despa1re1Jan] n. tllli:ffltl;m1ftr
•~ -~ffc
® sought-after [ 1so:tafta] a. ,;,.;ffi~~il'.19 .~~ifl!a\1iJfff~ fact ~J\-f*P-lW o pij{rrffiJA1iJ~.±T.'1 Britain is no longer able to apply
for the much more prestigious title of European capital of cultureo ;it.ls'~ a sought-after award. .. 2008
¾ European capital of culture ~fiil&i!,:i:t~?t-jjjffiffi bagged by Glasgow·in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008
f1:.Fa•~m~1tfi
awardo
:··~··i1~~ *fi··;· ·:
:J,.,I
•=•1:1•=•~ •JI,
1. .......... ., ••••••• •••••
ll. ,Mn!JJtQ.,lflf!li.t~Wia =•iilmtitl&, ffil~>li.Jli $il"W:Hff Jtitz$" ,ill iffi
,Jt X>xutn''Jtitzta"• ,~l!A ~ ll!Xl!Atro ~ ft~ ~-7 o ~lliffl :©booby prlze;@cynico
z
Jt;lt?Xi&t3'r. 7 ~~-,t-1j\~) no longer able to flft7J'4--tr"5C;J- tt ,i*m1.~ 00 B 4-~:!Ul 1r 89~
o
~ ; the much more prestigious( J!J l*. pi ffl 89) ~ W. lii]-{ft ifr sought-after( it-ffl iit $ ~) 3t, !R] ~iffi European capital
of culture, 8 ~" ~~ ::t 1 tzffl5"~ JE.~m Mi~ -ur, im Jl"©(?JH ::t 1tzffl5" ~, ~ Jjl£~ ffil "::t -ftZ. ~"~,Iii M
~~~ti:ftP-1¥-1Jv~,.f;t~..@.ilt bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008(bag fflfF;fjiiij,~]J'"~
0
··· ···~A~-r") ,--Jjffij ~ no longer W~X>t tt. .,3--Jriii"1Fc:t*i91J~!trWrtif#/l+ffl~o
@1il ~m., ea Jltmt ~ ~ x-t"x 1tzi i"~
Piz.W._.89;:5Il-f*J'1Jt~m1$.¥1o in its desperation to reinvent itself. .. ffff~OO"x1*.ll:: § ~~t~l/'89
§ ~ -J!'1 T lnJ Jm©(m ~ffl:.W.~il\Kifr~~, desperation(ffl.Jt ~ m; ~1fti) IJfiil\ ~ JJ:bfi'1 JLlli;/c ~ :FJI!~ !
o
+
% E W. Ii fll] f1~ It 1iJ :t; ( village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture? 1111 ml an endless fever of
self-celebration)~ 11ti: ~ ::f~~J ... EQ it Ml~ 1l ft lnJ T ffi Wi o
~JI*~
[ ~ ffi M il] 1. iii i1t ~ $l CD-1U ffl tl1 iat j! ~ 89 tf ii XW. ~ ( some might see) , l!P "X 4t Z. ffi"
O
~~~'&i~¼i¥ llt'(~l»l x-1-tz.$'~~~ E at" ~ ml X ,ft Z
0
ffl5"~at"X-ftZ.ffi"~t,(j~ffto (D-ti]i:p the much more prestigious ... sought-after ffl5:f£i1t"!KX
"x-ttz•"~~ .fEm, {l!*m
~ ::t1tz.ffl5"~ 51 Aa: § , W. 8H ~ ~ eye-catching iE:!lf ffl.li J3 9~, ::t i:p
o
j!J bonus J!- P-J ~ o [D]ffi-@,tij ifY:r fif•r~ ~:t-f~ml § ~~m~-v¥-fft"ii%& T"(endless/ desperation)~ ~
m
ft 1m-ITT 5(;j"" ~ • i>l" 89 ~ Jt :t-t =r i>l , ~ ~ .R ~iA ,i; it~ lllii1 JJ 1ll ~ £ m: , ¾ ~ oo '17 M iJ\ Yr~ ~ 89
o
§ AAAAAfr.1-J ,#~~~111:1¾~:W.x-.~$-!'M.
[tt!5 .~ ta] A 4m ;J.Q.,~ + ¥5i~ ± ~IB o W. "A!f#ll~-~ "Z% .~:ffx.t tift.± ~ ~~ffi o -~ J lt>ffia-t ml:
12* i!. *
1. 1fE qfA tE ti A~ 99 ~ ~ Jt , ~ :f:$ i:iJ ~ 1¥ iiE f-1~ Ii- $ :fr~ ffi ~ ~ ~ ~ * 99 ~ ~ ; 2. ~ '-7 A~ 99 x!l'. ,g -& ¾
~ ~ m: f& ~ ~ ' ~ ffl ..t "F Jt ?t ~ ffl; m' ~ ~ x-t Jjtz ~ ~ :gi! :!UPI~ Im ' ~ J]'Ff AJ t{ XE fil ¥0 CD 1iJ ' {a f{ ~
0
booby prize x,J" T ffif. I! ii~ ffi Jt1J, ~ 1f1 R ~ ~ WJ T "F Jt the much more prestigious title of European
o
capital of culture -f*~lli J!~ A.x-t"AA1J+I Jt«:.zfflS"~ ltiJ tt:ffiJl~, &tt lli -fm11l x-tffi~iSl tf9ffll3~ ~ J1t @
o
~ £¾~7J\ ~ 00 ~ f-F-Mt¾" § ~ JJ:m 99 !£~", ~ ~ WJ ~qi~~~~~~ [BJ
a
m
Oit is also wise to recall that such titles are not a ~11l~t-J.ii5¼11JE.iA.-iJt.fJJ ,it.~#½
cure-aJl for a year. 0 They
*~~-~~~~~~~~- ~4 ~ ~
a~*~/[;~~
transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they iil:tl.i!o 't:111 it f: ,.:ff-~
nudge~ the self-image of the city into a bolder and more rfr~ tJ ~iA~~ffe ~I foJ ~ ro 1t ,~~-'J!.89
optimistic light. 8 It is hard to get right, and requires a -iii o A~1ttJtl i!~~it•, ~-fx. ~ ~~I=, JiJ
remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooper~tion between ~~ ~ ~Jt.f.yt '~ '.t-t-Jt-j; ~ k '~ ft
city authorities, the. private sector, community groups and ~ i1 ,il~Hl #-.~ )t_,ft,!ll ~fa)~¼~ ,f!!
O
cultural organisations. 0 But it can he done: Glasgow's year i!~~a~~~~~=~~~~~~~~
)t_1t~-~~-·~-~~~~i!-J~
as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of
f.*~-!-~~¼, i!~ ~ -t-f!.i!.&.Ml ifi A
a complex series of factors that have turned the city into the
powerhousea> of art, music and theatre that it remains today. :/.J ~ ~ '-t-~ .-;1. .&.~ ,ilj ~ 4.A-' -#-# ~ .f.~ 0
----... -..... --.......... - ----- ............... -.................................................... ,,. ..................................................................................................... -.... -...... -. -.. . . .. .. ...... -.. ----
•.................................... ., . .. . .,I
:.. ~.,~.t~.~~~~1:v.ftJ!f. ~ JI;.
CDcure-aH [kjuaro:l] n. ']j"~~ ~ @press [pres] n. ffi fii:J !f. , ff! ftJ
I
@prominence [1prommans] n. ~l:tl-,'.I~ ~ @nudge [nAd3] v. (10];Jit-1f.JP] ),ltp•i£
@spell [spel] n. (~~(fj)-ffl:lt-tlsJ cr)powerhouse [ 'pauahaus J n. ll! JI "'1 JI!! :If
© high-profile [ 1ha1 1 praufa1l] a. iWi ill l'f(J
.·························11
: • ilJl~ffi • : -
~
................................
• =!.. t. = \
im • '1 • mJ ~ , m. Mi~~ ,1 l.i. : w " 11:. x it'*~ RJ 1e.1. '1 ~ ii!!
m*
e
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~J ~ , ~•,;:ii ffitt tt #
~ Jt t-tif *
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• ::. Ji~ w, x it f$ -it ~ :2 n ~ 1l ~ , @ :tuJ Jf'd~ i-'F 1t J:JJ AJ 1e.1. " ~ itf! m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ • w" = ©
not a cure-all; @transform the aspirations; ®nudge the self-imageo
(D iij ~ ti J::. )t , ~ ill im • m A. ff1 , X it flit i!t ~~ff~ JiJr fl laJ Iii o It is also wise to recall that. .. 111 ml
fir~ St Cooper and her colleagues argue~ some might see, :1f :Jm ~I A ff:1'fi-B~ (also~ f!ij f1:1'f tl9i-B~~
~~-=Si~ rliJ taJ ~) such titles ffif-t.J:Jtti!IJ ~"~~HJt1tz~" /'Jt« :.z~" /'Jt «:.zfl"~4}filtf/F%;
1
not a cure-allAIE. iii~ M .tilt J:JJ ~ ~ ~ R ~ :ff b11. ,-ft ttl J! ~ ~ tJ o The really successful holders of such
titles ~ ..t.Jt a badly run "year of culture"~Jlx-J-lt ,~f!ij~~~:f@ ~~~ really successful ffi do a great
o
13deal more si ifflJ tt~~ % z z ~ $ , ~ ffl ~ ii. ili ]I$~ jj ; fill hotel bedrooms ( ffi 1* WJ. ~ ~ • ~) , high
:it~*
profile arts events(l:Jtcffligj 09 ~~) ,good press(.i*iE iffi1r ~) l>l=~ Ji iffiffi tH -~ ~ ili 09 09
~ jJ , flf{ mffltr X (J(J bringing prominence for a spell; @'A)*~'® 'A) , JM :M they transform. . . they nudge. . .
ilt- tv~1ulit:gJ~~%~~,~~~ii ili ~1!~ .. J!1t~ ~~ .1J Jto
[~~~~Jam•Mmoilt~~§~~-~~-89~--~*~~~-~~ito~•iltma-tm:
* * -
1. 1E JJI!~ Im~ , *'1 ffl lli-=f .. ~ JJl! s:f:t 89 ~ ii~ tt ilJ ~ JiY. a<.J .ffli: X , ?l fe 1fHI ~ lJi ~ ~ x ¾ 1!f 1'£ ~ Jl ..t ~
JJc,2. *'lRL.l:.rxzfaJ89:i!.$i*lU1tfi1tJM:ffl,ili~~o :lm*l!,~tHIIJFf'tl a title holder is successful 1:iJW.
ffif/fi~uz¥1J~_fi@@1ij ,[A] [B]'tl 89*mlP.1t£©1U 'tlilJ W.ttilJ~ mi. ,{a ftfif#t 7 f9J~, transform~ meet
~)t~lw]. ITff nudge~ maintain -ttl.~~J!iJl ~, i&f:IF~[A] [B]o [CJ!Ji:tf.mt:X cpilJ ~ jt§Jtl:t£@®1Utti!J~
ml , ©.¾lm =f 'P ~ - ~~tt-rn ,~ only, tl!. RP iE fifu ~~~·~¾"lit :gJ 89 f* % ~~ #" ~ !tl r" ~ 9&." 89 ~ ,g ,
14.
24.•~~m&ffl~~w~~7•W
24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present
0
[A] a contrasting case [A] &f9!J
[BJ a supporting example [BJ ,(,lji!I
[ C] a background story [CJ ~:I':$:.
[DJ a related topic [DJ ffl~ffi/m
[ff ;ft~~] 2uLJJJffi_,@:@1iJ ,Glasgow tlHJ1;(£ But it can be-done zf§" ,A~% ZJ§" B9~iil:~ ~
~ o
~r# Glasgow B9 =9J llHl~fdft 2$ ffii B9 it Jifrffi tt @I# ,@©@1iJ t!StE fiffl ~ ~ ,fiiJ ;i-fm Jvt '1 lb. =91 B9 ~% YHt.
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,it ffift1¥J~",:&1-J !:&=91 al, >lli ,C.,ft:tf but Zfti,, HP honouring a town's peculiarities(peculiarity lt -J;J a
feature that only belongs to one particular person, thing, place, etc. "*1-@.") ,~:tR-FozftiM~~,m"f!~1j,
ffi ~ e " ~ • .IE Pi lil sustain high street. , , its people ~ ~ ffi = a©1 iJ .lit =91 ~ ~ % ~ ~i ~ " (J(] l*1 ~
®~~~"~O ~*~~----M~-~*~~,.o *~@U ~--~~~,.«x~-:x0f il•~
( welcome) :iX- -~#~~1-Tiifi~ ( turn it into action) ,-f*~H'}:;;ff x,f~-i.>l B9 ,m fifi ~ ~~Jl fl=~ ~
o
positive, hope-filled -*~?IJ:iXJJ!•i;( ,N?'X~-~~ >t~,xl]n. i)l B9 ffi f5I ¾1t~1f -*f'J~ , ~lruX~i£
- ~ ffl* o * * •
=
( )1it Jl 11Ht l 1. ft 1§1 Ai 1f a tl tt , ff i,t ~ 1§1 fU 8 tt o • ~ s I ili • ~# ~ ~ m: i>l ~ %e. t.( , ffi ~
l*it.&*t~ ;ffmt.( ,ffi= , ll!l•fFit;i":Jf~~~ § B (J(J * ~t i. o ffi--~i-t~£t9MfllA • i2:t&i>lB9"XitZ
"r-- z ~"," m: mi >l* ,
ffi ¥1J" X1 t X ,ft~f fi" ?f- ~ X 1t~ % , N @I ¥1J ~ ~ %: ~ 5& •
2. fifilit«~ /J:o fF~~J.f Jf~~ ~~ !Yl fie, ooy;~;ff immo 1Affi= €iffl ¥1J~ ~ ~ Bt ~ cynic,
speculate ~ffi~ ,JIJ~= m~~ El 2%e.~tfit~it~16~ '~~B9~~~.lt#-~~.R-f*~;(£:li:Fo-~, mi~
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15······················. J
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. . . . . . . . . . . .
m w
25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal? 25. 11= =t1t ~ ~ i.Sl ~ ~ ~ 11t 1
[AJ Skeptical [AJ ~~
[BJ Objective [BJ ~XW,
[CJ Favourable [CJ~*
[DJ Critical [DJ ffl:~J
[ ffl,t~{t!] *~*1iJf'F~f!ijfifft}li,5ljc{t~*lil.~"frX~~~",X-~t}llti]...t,Jt:~~fflt¥J~i,5l,{*~
a
tfj jt:x rJ" i)(. l¥J j: M : ~ Lt C] JJf lE liJ6
o [ o
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[ 'tfrr ~ M\ f;] iE liJ6 ~ [ C] ¾ :X1 fF ~ ~ ll 89 lE riffi tl 15 M =&:ff: ~ :X1 ~ • ~ 89 tit ill C1t~%fmtJ~~l&:rol¥J~fEffi°,t:.,(But it can be done)jf:tf5I Glasgow 1¥J.lit~
_$tf9ij, ~&*~l':f9}ti)l( welcome this positive, hope-filled pr,oposal, and turn it into action)~PJ ~~ffflf'F
~ x-t i.1< $% iSl 1':19 ~~~ft
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09j:~~Il
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[it~.~~] XW.~~lll!io ~~Jlt~Nlia-tmL:1. 1itt~fifo~iiif'F~~.!ll':t9WJ1iJ ,,ei,m%?iJ.WJ ,~~,1M
*'J
WJ ---~ WJ~ ,l'JJflWJmt¥J~·lff-@.~i1r~i*tl$r ;2. but ~~tfiWJFo ,iifrJ lffi:~, PI ltUtfflH~~~J.Jt; 3. *rfl=~
x-t ;;t1t!tA. ~ •-~ t¥J ~ 1l ml*~ , ff=~ =A:* 'R] Jl ts( >t {t -;k ~ ~ ~ ~ • iJl , ffij Ji i£ -ft Jfl T positive ~ hope-
o
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filled 5~JJ~~JH&89~¥[*f~im~ai5l.,j:~~ll~S~ilo ~?~ i:iJ k,(ltl ltJr tlJfF•a() ~ f'F ~Ji IDJ /ffi"#$ Jt!fiffi
0
IJl!J , $.ilc X~-fft~ i*j , ~ ~ 11k "jf:~A giJ *1r ~~mi x,t ~ ~ a the specialised© work of peer review also for
~~~~~~~~~~~~a~~#~~~
free, because it is a central~ element in the acquisition$
a'J-Jl~,~~-t
0
of status(!) and the production of scientific knowledge.
----·-· ......... _ . ··----- --------...................................... _.. .......................................... _.. ................................... .
J
-~:-ijJt·>t~:~)tfe:frffl::~..
s~
CDmonetary [1mAn1tri] a. ~ffl (311 ,~(311 @reward [ri'wo:d] n. ~DIJJ' @I~
16@perform [pa1fo:m] v. .1fl fi, ~fi i }) • ~•m1c
n
©specialised [ 1spefalaizd] a. ~ ~ tt IV..& the production of scientific knowledge :frJJU ffi fPJ "fA" ~ "0", ~i im1 f-4
M~=f0=f~~.R~x~~Z.o
m
[ ~ ~·~] ~~Jf ${1! ~ a licence to print money ~"f ~~~ K&~1lf!1JJ~J 119~f.W£il] ,.#lffin
®@1PJ need. .. to publish their research,a central element. .. ffl ~mJ!~:kfiiJ"ffilf", ~ fflx,j" lttt P-J ~ supply
VS without monetary reward,specialised work VS for free ,t{g**~I~=tf")fff § B:$-*~*~Jit.*IV..&
1i-~tt~i#.lx~~7'iffi'~'"~x* ,il-ft7 ~mr#~ilillti~~~~~1:1, ea .ut~~--~~WJl&fiti:p,
~$ I fF~ ~ T ~ ~ :tm uL , '11'" X '9t I!~ utr A9 ~ $ tli fi& #t ~ -t4t P.J-ffi ~ , im ~ ~ has long been(* R IV.*
-:m:>
xttffllJ*x~~11:~r"Jm:~~~~1'iiJI!", mi ~riAI~~£-r"ffi~it/P.t:¥:~ffi"~3f~it
o
---·------· ....................................................... ............... . .................................................... - .......................................................... . ............. -· ............. ..
ll O With the content of papers secureda> for free, the 1t-illl.t. f 4' *- 69 ~ i:., tl! Jta. ~ ~ 1;
publisher needs only find a market for its journal. 8 Until this
~~~~h~--~~o *~~~•,
century, university libraries were not very price sensitive.
k~m~~~*~*~~¾-~ o ~~
C,Scientific publishers routinely(}) report profit margins 1t!i di ~jk~;J: f- i.JE.-ff-,:-t•~fi;F.! ,r.# ~ th ,;&.
approaching~ 40 % on their operations® , at a time when the -l}t.;fl:J JHl IEJ $t:.Jll.Jt.-*-~;f1J P1 40%
o
rest of the publishing industry is in an existential~ crisis. ~it(#~ tl:Jta.) e.1'~,$~
m- ro
fil The Dutch giant~ Elsevier, which claims to publish # di Jta. ¼ ~ 2s% *{r(J ' # ~ i{?;
25 % of the scientific papers produced in the world, made :.t.-¾ 1f- jl ;f1 J ~ ii 9 1!. ~ Iii 7':. .,t_
profits of more than £ 900m last year, while UK universities *O*O {r(Jk~ 20161rtt-1t.t T~i± 2.1
alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to {i 4k *-1t JJf Jt ;ff t~ ~ ~ Jflt-ftl!. {11 t1 *c.i
{r(J , Tb ~ f f- JiJ {r(J JJf ,t ; ~ f- A.111 ~
access<%> their own publicly funded® research; both figures seem J@..
+
a.
,t! ~ )ij - #1 jJ ~ i!. sllj 4t !f-' ,{!t
to rise unstoppablyG> despite increasingly desperate41> efforts to
't:1fJ{,;J.-f-~~~ ~i&-$1JJ!k,J:*o
change them.
. -............... -- .... ------.................................. -.............................. ---.................................... ·-· ------- ----... --- ................... ··-· ...... -. -....................... --.
17··································· ·······, j
~- 'Rl~~fi • : ~' -
• ffi)j[ ~ff
............. -. -. -. . . . . . . . ---. . . .. -.....
(!)secure [s11kjua] v. (jtffi ~:ii~ jJ) ~~, Jet~~ ~ @fund LfAndJ v. :,g ....... ~~ii
(2)routinely [ru:1ti:nli] ad. l! #:I:&, •~:t:?l-:1:& I ® unstoppably [Ans 1 topabli] ad. :x ~ ii ifjlj :I:&,~ ft~ m
@approach [a1prautI] v. 3ilr ,3lilr t:'ii&
@operation [,opa're1Jn] n. (Iffli.llk)ffl;fj ,~~ ®desperate [ 1despar.)t] a. ;1s:filitf9 ,m!.t1-!$tf9
~
@existential [,egzi'stenJal] a. ~~(~~)tf:tEA9 e t£!1V:mE
@giant ['«se.1ant] n. e,A.,:k~iil i., (l)profit margin(~J1ffl.$; *1J 1ffl t1.lf)
el:laccess [ 1rekses] v. inriiJ ,.ffllk(i.tJt:tJtj:flj:) ~, ®make a profit(~5f1j)
. ........................................ ........................................................................ ..
______ ___ ___
~
The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25 % of the scientific papers produced in the world,
made profits of more than £ 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £ 210m in 2016 to
enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite
increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
ffi~tJJ~:
I I
which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world while UK universities alone
spent more than £210m in
, , ~ffil>\10
2016 to enable researchers
The Dutch giant Elsevier :made profits ofm ore than £900m last year
~- ,-J to access their own publicly
: .±ffi iii! ~ffi ~ii ~)A-a]
funded research
both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
~=:
* ;ti§ ilffi 1i:i.tttffi iJ:tv-ttffi
'J:JJ fm ~ ff : 1iJ ¾ Eb ?t % !!ii :3f 89 # JIJ 1;J o ?t 1i] - 3:: -=f -J-J The Dutch giant Elsevier made * ~ p rofits of
more than ;f 900m last year; which. .. in the world ':fa.I ~F ~~ $11 ft~ i.fi-JA /jjJ , )(;j Elsevier ill: fi 3t ~ ~ ;
=
while ... funded research '-1 tt ffi- JA 1i] , ~ 3:. 1i] ~ It )(q' t~ ,t 1iJ 3:. -=f '-1 both figures seem to rise
0
unstoppably, despite. . . them jgiJ:~~i.fi-
o
.-························, '
: • ii1ffl7.)-jfi • : ~--
. . . . . . . . . ......*... ...... : *
~ -= .. = W : ;.;._ -;r. ~ a'-J m* m ti/! ~ M ~ ,t ,1r mt ~ : ~ M f1J ~* ~ ~ oo ~ m a '-J *ff-1c . ti!! ffi ~ ~ o
~ .= ~ ffi lli f4 ~ Wl tli ~ a'-J .±.~till ffi ~ ~ : *. ~ lE ~ ffi o it im ;kJ : 1 needs only find a market;® not
very price sensitiveo
I 1:iJ • J: 1i5 "F , ffi lli ~ ~ 1±1 It& illi a'-:i ~$ I i'F : Q ~ fX ti'4 Ii& o With the content of papers secured for
ll•m"
heet wit'n ~u.mlj .. Ji~») ~J: jWj ili Jt!iffij 1k. Jt~~~ ~ /~ifie:X:"iX-'lf~, the publisher needs
only. . . J.s ""F s .l .tf:I* i¾ '.i:f Jffe ~ J, jtb St ¥b )\Q. .-( ja If; ;-le JG. .tf T-, > R ~.,.,gm * W ,~-1?
o
2 3 1:iJ t1* im a_ij .. tt ti'4 ffi" ffl3 ~ ~ ~ : *- ~ ~ ~ ffi ¥: M tl. ffl3 £ ~ ~ .±. tJ o @/jj] price sensitive ffi
"J '61·~1'&1±. ~~, 1:fr~~~ u(iiJr~ ~fr jg tf.1", jt i:p not very price sensitive• ep ~*~~t~HMJt
~~~~~._ijiftlij~o ?±:*1:iJ'-1 not. .. until.* .. ~~~.f*(until t£ this century uuFc:t.Jr- ilt?t;,J(
r m z. mx m-
JIit) , until. .. 'UL /4JJ 1*t , ~ t£ ~ ~ Jl li ,t:,," utr ~ 111 4S ffi ;(£~ ~ ~1iff X 1J mi - ffi '1ft '' , IWJ a-t !Fa ~
x m
":itt.A 21 ffl: ga ~ FA , ~ 89 ~ 1l ;t~ P.Jr 1t1 t,, , ':fa.I Fc 1t- ~ ~ l±i Jt& ~ ~ 99 !fr ~ -ft ·f!t!lt-iltl ~ @/jj] ~ frJ
0
~Jx* JJiiE.fflBl~.~ routinely report profit. .. 40 %( routinely ffi"fflittit!!, ~~~?'~it!!") "3 the rest. ..
o
in an existential crisis~ at a time when ~ll): ,~Jm.e:kli~~ lii.&I. :Jt{t:±i Jt&®i~~tL>.lt~, 'E~~{.a ~~
,a ~~~.tt.ti5tm,~.~'.Wz~, z e
~ 1$.J , 1i mi ,!ff! ~nlt.tilli ...8 .s *
0
j! .= W: tl. f4 ~ lli Jt1i ~ e ~ Else, ier J::J f§:J, it fil ~ ~ lli Jt1i jllj ~ff*.~ Ill~ ffi ~ 1&. ,,1 o tl im ;kJ : J
im. ,
The Dutch giant Elsevier~; 2* ir.i~se unstoppabl) *
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26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a license to print 26. ~~ 1±1 Jt&~tlftJl!'1"-*Jj"J", ~~ fj
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money" partly because
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[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase CAJ ~~~mffi$-m*
[BJ its marketing strategy has been successful [BJ frfflmi!lB~~~
[ CJ its payment for peer review is reduced [CJ fiiJfiW~~ ili ~1>
[DJ its content acquisition costs nothing [DJ p;J~~llk.lit*'1~
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which relies on researchers passing on copies they have
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themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem '*-- *- a}l '¼ ff9 !£. i& i !t ~ Jfl ;, 'f e. !k.
h~s lost legitimacy® among its users and must be
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transformed® so that it works for all participants.
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(Ddrastic ['driestik] a. ~i1Ht9 ,g?.,H:1-Utaukopia] n. ~fflm t}ff -r Sci
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Hub), (legal ecosystem) must 'be transformed~-~ & !Wcf'F;ff ~~,C,, ~: Sci-Hub -flf At~m
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28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? 28. 1'F fir~ Set-Hub ~ @t J.jJ 1t fRJ lfi m?
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some ways it has been very successful. t) More than half #~a•~~•••A~ o a,(f.~~~M
of all British scientific research is now published under ~#~~~t~-4~~~*~--6?·
open access terms: either freely available from the .t.-*-- t a• ,
it tiuti. = - :1- ~ t1 * S 1 ~ 1t. iif ~ -1-
moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so L •-• L * ~ta a,
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that the publishers can make a profit before being placed ~t~a~~,(f.~~~?tL*tA~ o
on general release® .
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1! 0 Yet the new system has not yet worked out any
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free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are e. ..
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made by a few big firms who run<'JJ the market places. 49 In both
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cases~ , we need a rebalancing of power. [ 447 words]
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mandatesCD as a path to equality and a way to level the ~J1/.,A.A.f-,f-,~i£.~f-i: i!:&o ,(!!. i
playing field. 8 But all too often such policies are an
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JI O A pair of bills sponsored© by Massachusetts
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state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro ~6-~A«~•~«*M#XX · •~•
Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity~ "
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on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.
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ill O Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more
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than half the state-government boards are less than 40
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percent female. 8 In order to ensure that elite women 0
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have more such opportunities, they have proposed «~ff~Rl-~-~0-~~~•*••<«*
imposing government quotas©. C, U the bills become
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law, state boards and commissions will he required to
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set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
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discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law r
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VI 01 But are such government mandates even
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necessary? 8 Female participation on corporate boards may
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not currently mlrrorID the percentage of women in the general Ilic :k-•t1-. ~ ,tt. .A. o tr7 el.J Ji J:t. , 18 11~ 5t. :t # ?
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population, but so what? 5.t ~ a JA- -r -ffi • /~ aJ ~ • ~ t 6lJ
W •DThe number of women on corporate boards has been
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• According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the Catalyst {JlJ - ,Ji ;Jt- ~ , 2010 .J_ 2015 Jf
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share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by fa] , ~ m ~ ~ ... ~ lf {JlJ -k •ti. ~t. .g~ JI
54 percent. -/J'fJ 1 54 %
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steadily increasing without government interference
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Writing in The New Republic,
w-he-re the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety ofb oards.
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J:JJfmitff:*-1:i.J±-=fj;J±iPJ~~~ Alice Lee notes that. .• o Writing in The New Public j;J~ffi-,ffi
lli Alice Lee~-~~~~!' that i31~1¥J~ffi~-1:i.J1rffi Alice Lee ~A-f*x!e.~ ,jt.i:p where 5l~B9~ffi~1i]
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~ :h fi ft i~ ~iii~ pja) ~ J£ U :i: II O it iaJ jg ; 3 U golden Skirt" phenomenon O
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3::ilt$?t W. increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the
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pool of qualified women. .. (;it r:p pool ft1g"°AJ"flLA.m., 4i fflA.lA ") ~ Jft)(ij ~, 81r2. ttj,1j Be~ itlJ ~1r
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iW ~$?} has led to. .. i>ilYB~#-fAt?i B ~Jr}. 89 ~ 61.Fo :W: where ... JA 1iJMff ~ 'L'~ a "golden skirt"
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phenomenon(~ffl"~~), ~ the same elite women( IA]-,j,f * flf fl.-j{ft) ... scoop up(fi&t!i&~® ,it®) ...
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multiple seats( $1'--*m) ,a variety of boardsC.1'-lifi~) ~m~fft iffi m!~, 8 .HP.i;tffi ~ Jit~: 1t if 1Jn -JJ:. 11 • }j4f ~ ~ if • ~ fj'ij Bi ~ .1i! " o J 1tr ~
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~ BJti-JUJ1J~ ulltiJ (~/\~@1:i]) That is exactly what happened when. .. * ~ f;!;J ;}c ~:
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inevitably lead to. .. : Requiring. .. jg"~" ;less experienced private sector boards jg"f*fi"j• JI*~ iJ,lj 1iJ iif ffl
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......................... -· ......... -................... -... -.. . . ... . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . ......... .
X O Next ·time somebody pushes corporate quotas
T~~*A#~••+E~~ -*~#~
* **
as a way to promote gender equity
' [ ~m~~] ::*m:~ * ~{ *JA!~tt &89 [film' lii}e;j--~ Ttt ffl:lll'-3M~89fifS?t 1'£.±{*iB-uE * M * fi* ,f'F
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35. Which of the foilo wing can be inferred from the text? 35. '"F ~J AJJI{ ijpif JA )t 'P fft ~ ?
[A] Women's need in employment should be considered. [AJ *tt~it~ffl~}N7 I;,(~~
o
[BJ Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking. [ B] ~ fi ttm l f1= ':19 i.t ffi ifi!J ~ ~ tt ~ ~ fi
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[CJ Everyone should try hard to promote social justice. [CJ AA 'f ml~.7.1~:ittt±~.iEJlo
[DJ Major social issu 7 es f . s hould be the focus of legislation. [DJ .1L 1!m l ffi'. .~ ;}c t± ft :*t ± ~ faJ RJL
=
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$Jo It :feasibility ftjg a plan or method that is feasible, is possible and is likely to work "~fitt" ,'elffi
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[A]Women's need in employment-1Affl'6j(.~t£,X;j"• =X*~tll'.t9¾"~~ttffl~/ fl$~ttjJIJffct/jf
$1J;t•" ,1t~l:"JCf!it~" ffiJ!:t•i.t~~li =*Xi.t~~:m:"~~/~jf{$1J
[CJ Everyone,social justice
o
~:ff ~~afiiJ-OE:i!lJZ-~" ,1t~l:"=ir-il*~~~afiiJ*l:i!i±~ .iEJl", [D]should be the focus of legislation ffi~
~*
J.lflf'F :ff ~Ji: : -f1:~#-~~ -U.'111. r¼ :ff X;J-•-:Jctt ~ raJ I!< tt§JIJ 3¥-•, tt lfZ->~•*It/ m ~ :bn ~It, mi¾
~~M~~~m~~tt~~~~~~o
[ ~!5 .~-~ ] ;~l]ilYJ':J.J*J.l'U$i'l! ,~jg± ti-:Jc•I! ffil.~Jlt~/lll~5{.j"Xft~~lil± §' T?&r'6 an entirely new *1't, *
All¾:f-il ~ fol ;v ~ i)lj f ¼ ( J!p Jfl i' )
tax on large multinationals@ that provide digital services to •*••a•~*~~~~ij•~-•
consumers or users in France. 8 Digital services include ¼~:f-ilf oA•a•~•*•~-A~
. everything from providing a platform for selling goods and •¾•• ~t~£Tmr a •a~•*
services online to targeting advertising based on user data,
f' ¼,c,Ji.Jf ~ ~ ,jc.~A!l4}-~ ,tt~ittli.~~·AA
and the tax applies to gross revenue© from such services.
A* ~~~~ o *l*~~~A±~-~
8 Many French politicians and media oµtlets have ref erred « ",
i!. tJi A !f All ¾ :f-il ;v " GAFA ;f; .~
to this as a "GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to -e
.,l, ~ ~ i i~..J-l~t ~ .# i.~. ,t_~:fJk_' 1'- ~ '!t·-:ft
ij T
apply primarily to companies ·such as Google, Apple,
-t ~, .~.;,s~
~~ ,-tl ~ ~
Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech
{r(i 1lt ~ #.t.l-'~ al
companies based in the United States. 0
.... ..... --· -............ ·- -----.............. ---................ -. -··------.......... -- -..... -· .. -- -------............................. --. ----............................................... ----... -----........... --
r. ~--ffii-it~t.fij~fiij~·m·-~ : ~ !
.................................................... ]Ii.
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(l)Senate ['senat] n. <~IE .. ~~~mi-Jl~B9) ~i,Jl~ ~Jff!t5fit
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® impose [rm1pauz] v. ~fl,~iifi!J~ff l CD media outlet tCit-f*; tCit-fr-.lit~
@multinational [ 1mAlti 1 n~Jnal] n. ~ ~-0 ~
®refer t~ •j!J; ~JU
© revenue [ 1rev.>nju:J n. !&A
ii
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=
m-..
Ii '3 ffi-$ ~ , ~I W" ~ ri1 M: *Di~~~*"*-1l-iB 1t rt.J 3 .. x.f at .. i11: ff H.~ PiaJ o
ttl- fi 1l-ffi ~ • R9 A f.* l*J 3 R. J.t at o ~ it ffil '1 : CD an entirely new tax ;@apply primarily too
©filsl tti~lilt*~l*~~~o -tiJP3:« :JJ#Mi~~h.lf fill :-,Mm passed"~~licimi:i:l !p~~:ii:iir ,b\~-*Hll4r
& f'J "GAFA " & , b\ s!i ~ ~ & ~"MT" f'J si iim Jt" ffl: & ffi: Ill j , $i Jl ~ "N ¥tl Jt" # X.J" tt si" , ~ & ~ ~ ~ ~
~~,ft,--li!,}M; ~l.!l!,multinationals-GAFA-companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and
Amazon-multinational tech companies based in the United States li~ffi.ffi&ffl:t&X,J-~,~~~~~{t,
,;J;Jrx~
~im~~m&~&~ ,~ml:kffi!'4tt¾ ~1t ~Jt?lfl mJ)(if .tlt&~09&1.iil14t•~
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.
36. The French Senate has passed a bill to 36. itfE~iS£~ilM7-IDi" "tl{J it~
• 0
[A] regulate digital services platforms [A] ~ffl:fi* Bll*JJl- ~
[BJ protect French companies' interests [BJ {¥tf~ffil¾ ii.J~J~
[CJ impose a levy on tech multinationals [CJ X.J"~OO~tt1}lUffl:&
[DJ curb the influence of advertising [DJ ilifi!Jj~~P~jJ
* * *
[ ff ii~ w: J x s 10 ffi ill , ~ 00 #~~iii i:t-JJJ!" ~ Bll & ~ $ , ~ rtiJ 1-J tii: IE j~ •~I ffi P Sl ~ fX
Bll*l¥1::kffll~l@i~ ii.I ffl:1&-J.m½frt#.Jl, ~[C]lEfiffl
o
[ $ ~ ~ WJ i E ?ifA ~ [ CJ impose a levy, tech multinationals ,tJJIJ ~ Jl D.!(~ X B 1U i:p impose an entirely
new tax,multinationals that provide digital serviceso *Bi*~
*,
[A]l!J ffl ®10ffi-5j-,fij i:p i$ J:t ffi ,ti!- Digital services,platform ~ # im © i.fl." ftPAJ .ftJtili~~)
o
.... ··-··· ······ ..................................... ····- ...................................................... - .................... .
* *
[ 0 The digital services tax now awaitsa> the
m A t ~ Ha. ~ M. ~ a 1m J£. -tt -~- M.
signature~ of President Emmanuel Macron, who has ~~ !H.~ it: • J¼ Jt~ ~;J-' ( -1--t) Jt 1W ~
expressed support for the measure, and it could go into
e.,,t~~~~~~~#,M~~*~~*
effect within the next few weeks. 8 But it has already of i~,ff. =*- At JL fol 11.J i. 3tt o 1!!~, *•e.. {I
sparkedl3> significant controversy®, with the United States £Yk.~,*~~i~~e..~~~~~
trade representative opening an investigation into whether ~•«*~~~«*OO¼~,~~of~~
*
the tax discriminatesG> against American companies, which a. ~ liJ ,t 00 ~ ~ ff ~ '*1) ~ •
in turn could lead to trade sanctions(6) against France.
.... ········-······ ......................... ............. . ················ .............................................................. _ . .......................... - ........................ .
35.--···~---~-----·······-·-------·········-·· :I
3-1:l]~~fr • ::':
.: • -- 1 -. . f . f . . l . ; . [ . . ) . i . . f . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ~
ifYl
w - hi - ch i - n tu - rn c - ould lead to trade sanctions against France.
3::i! tt l' .n£ 'lf f i ! .: , ; ~ l.c , ,;JJi'r " !J l ' ffl l'r..£i ~-m· .ffitt~~
IjJ ft~~ ff: 'QJ =f-1:T ~ it has already sparked significant controversy with Jg FJrlf 1:13 ~ ~ ~i 'SL 1: ~
o
~~ ,M7J'ii*-$i->lffll~< l!P~ii ~ :1:=f zraJ ~ ~**~) ,Jtr:p*~-1'- which ~ffi JA 1iJ (which @lffi
the tax discriminates against American companies)m~J.1t.¼.13sl.~~~-~.$Jtt~.~~{p-,lvMJ,@_~ ;
L~: ftJ~f
)j j :~_:l ;/
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=
ffl" ~ 1t iB ~ 89 i1t f¥ & ~ Pia) o ~ it ffiJ : CD ~o into effect within the next few weeks; ® trade
sanctions against Francc *
0 *
Q) 1:iJ now, within the next few weeks 111¥ tii. 7f _. Last Thursday, t~ PJJ ff* in: fi : § wJ 1E ffl .~, ~ ~ ~ ,
~'*
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who ~ffiJA'ilJ~~~~w;i~,t1i] laJ ~**lf*a{Jffi:~(and Bi•~**~)" .R~
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37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the
. 37. fflt!~=m:AJ~, ~~~*~i*~
digital services tax 0
[A] may trigger countermeasures against France [ A] i:iJ ff~ 5 I.~ tt :;t;f 7! ~ (fJ & mtJ ffi Ms
36[BJ is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroaq [BJ ~irsl£OOJt-J?'~ffl:W
*
[ CJ aims to ease international trade tensions [ CJ ~ tE ~ *1 00 ~ fi ~ ~ f.u ~
[DJ will prompt the tech giants to quit France [D] ~ {fE 151! ~ tt e ~ iEl lli t! 00
[**-i llEfn:] f*fi. =ti@1iJffi ili :~ 00 'ii. ~ft~ B 7f ~ttx.t"i! IE~* JJll*~-¾~¾x-t~ 001e)lr (f(J ~
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~,, !fk ii1 ~ , <~ o ~ 1t :b.~~~ , ) ~ oo ~ I..~~, :Jt 'P
countermeasures"~mffi I&, ffe. 1fi!Jffili&" ¾ trade sanctions" (~.f ¥ 00 09) M ~ ftlJ •"09 ..t.5l~i:5
o
[B]~JJfl@1i) has already sparked significant controversy~-=, ffi ffi~;;fi - : - ,~ R1t;tf $~" B ~ 51
~ (has already)" {tu~ '1 # ~ i~ IO] "~ T ··· ··· ( is apt to)",.=, #f "~ 1)l (controversy)" -f1fu ~ 1-J "ffl; Vl2
(criticism)",= .. ~°f[ Ill EB "00?'~ * ( ffrioimj~ A~m-e, rica)"~~ 1-;" ~ Jf-1 ?'~ ( at home and abroad)"; [ C] *'J Jfl ® 1iJ
w:~m ml~* *:
trade sanctions Nrft:il 09 M£ ~ {B IPJ i! Hll*ffl. 09"iij" fmttFo 51 :b.~ 00 x.t ~
00 09 J.i. ~ ffilJ ~" ffij ~~" El 09: ~ *1 00 ~ 1:1. £ ~ 5* !ffl ~" ; [DJ EB @ 1iJ discriminates against American
companies" l fl !.!\! iil P/i ~ ~ ~ ii >l ffi: ,t, : St St fri In other words ~ ® ~ ~ Z fa] *1f
-*
~ , IYHifftJ};J 1iJ iaJ l'!t 5( Jt-10 1x ( ® 's:iJ 1lfF ~ CD 1TJ) ; :p:j. ffi- beii eve ~ share a view B9 ffi-.>l !l ~ 1YJ feffl ~ 'UJ ifi-Sl :ffi:
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........ -··--·-- ...................... ----·-· ····· . .. ................ . . .. .......
V O In response to .these many unilateral measures, the ;/.J ~ il i!.~ ~ itl..tt ~, ~ >Jl-¼1-f
+
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Jij £/l.tttY-(OECD) ~ ~ ..iE.~ 131
(OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a 00 ~ ½ ,ft , VJ- '1] ,ff. 2 O2 0 if At ~ i!. A
*
consensusl. : 4S- 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 00 ~ ~ ~ ).11! 1n
"~ "l!trff itiffl '1 : ©a clear warning; (i)follow suit ;@a cascade of differe*nt ta*xes o
O -~
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[ fi;~ffjlHf] [A] lll § ffi .=m:* 1iJ ,@_~~ ffiil;f:i .=: - ,~ )( ~f;f iiJfmtt$# (could lead
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to . . . )" fgjj~j;J"ft~-~ ( is confronted with. . . )"'=,.f fl '1 )( r'-l .t(i?X ~..& ~ ffil"'W ffi 'xt!~ ~~
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~ ml nl*~~ , )(*/ pJ ffi ili 7* ~ *ffi "ilJ ft~ 51 £~fm ii~~ {fj, [BJ ifl Leads the Charge on Digital
-~~~-fn'•
Tax~~iiJC1t{i)cp passed a digital services tax"®:lt~.ffl.".Jt~Jl)(*-fi]i:p France's planned tax is a
clear warning. .. other nations are likely to follow suit"Jt;{t IE 00 89:ff StfiiIZ*", 1&.iEflA o
[A] ,[CJ ,[DJ £?& 3::~M~~¾a ~ ,©.F,Jr~~-ffi ,@, Confronted with Trade Sanctions,Says "No" to
Tech Multinationals,Demands a Role in the Digital Economy ~~~*X~~~R.\-fifi&~!¥nli*m
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x•
;$:Jt:J2t § www. psychologytoday. corn 1it.
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8 Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact:
.-....................................... ····. . ,I
:.. ..~ .5~.~~.~·~.ff.-*!r.- ~..:
~ 1/J;
i •
i. -f.: "OJ.# ~½~,ta~"~ Y.A~~" ~-f; ~
0
attention in a crowded room. 8 "Eye contact and smile" $/.f..,, ~ ",ft ,fr ~ -jj- " ali 1t ½ ' ·~ J!. q: ~ ~ ~
can signal availability~ and confidence, a common-sense * · #$~~~~~1~--~~R«o
notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
. .. . -....................................................................................
r_:·:1~HtJtij:ijij~i~f~lf :; ::/
-ft{~.~-
(Dattachment [a'tsatJmant] n. ~~ @a J vail ability [a1vet1a1b1lati] n. iiJ ffltt
:. ~-~t,J .f.. .....: '
@complimentary [ ,komplI 1 mentri] a. "11'.lt ~ ,.,. ..............
~
........*.... ...........
Bl=* m
CD@1U fli W ~ JL ~ tt-l~~:M*T~ ~ ~ a increased the amount of eye contact from men ~~-jj-foJ.t,&,,f!. iWi tt~ tiJii. t ,1J/£ -t
*•·~~~~~t~~~-ti.~#
toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of
~-~~--•~to$·-~·~·
their gaze was recorded. 0 This was also found in high-functioning
~~~~•~aa+•~m~-~~I
men with some autistic~ spectrum® symptoms~ , who may tend
to avoid eye contact. C, Specific brain regions that respond
,f•J M 31:.4 (r(J :k. Rti l::1 .#6 ~t ~ , ~ ~ .t. -ii->i.
during direct gaze are being explored by other researchers,
~ -ft!!. A. at ?- !!_ &. B. (r(J # ~ :k. Hi I&. sit
0
using advanced methods of brain scanning.
m~•
!
in adversariala> ~ituations.
Jl.t~J£1l~*'*~~ ri!.?i-~#-~½;f:f~
*°
8 "Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be Jl/J : -*'1 *- -1.t-Jl,(!. ~ W- iJL All - + t° ~ - ~ it
helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact
-1' ~ 6!J1t.$-~ A.., 1J~it5i-~#DJ.#.fi.4* ii]"" k~
may backfire® if you're trying to convinceG> someone who
~ • ]fr ~ ii lf}J ..- Jtt, ,l- ijf.. il.
t " 0
has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.
. -·· .................................... .. -- . ·····-·· --- ... ---· ........... .. ............................................................................................................... .
:::~::~}t~ij:~. ~:ftJ!f ::::;/
(i)dominance [1dommans] n. ~~,X~ i~) @ • c onvince [kan1v1ns] v. ~HlldiffiHll
~•mnl
® intimidation [m1tJm1 1 de.1Jn] n. ~11f ,Jix.MJ.
® adversarial [ 1redvd 1 sedridl] a. Xlt 1L al lfL~ rt;(£" !iJ{;j'tf % ": § :W:; ti frullJ! l:iJ i~ f * t~ 1¥J ~" ~ ffi!J "]jjt "ifPJ
m: m
ITf" ( dominance or intimidation) 1ij ili i>l : ii1 G :t£ ~ ~ 1i% "F ' ii~, f* ~ § ~ ti l:iJ ~ ~. ~ 11
0
ilo El:f JltiiJ .fil,*@:it~# M 89 ~ § J'titM*li. "~--- ~itr, M-4 "{~~ 89'~%, [G] 1Jfft ~ ~~,
aggressive fflffi St i:f:' dominance or intimidationo
[ T #t Iili i!i: Ji J (B]Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude 'f', too much eye contact *1l
rude i:iJ'?tjjtl~@;$:'3ti:p trying to maintain eye cont'act may backfire fa dominance or intimidation,l!]JltJi
~ ~ si ~ =f tt tt o @. -f* lI f8¥ i:iJ £ ~ : [BJ 5i iffiJ 89 ~" ii ~ § ft~ M 5 I ~ l¥J 1'-A~~" , im &: rt tt x-t l¥J ~
r.z
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in about 100 words for the Student Union to inform students of the lecture and call on students to attend.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your name in the notice. ( 10 points)
60Part B >3'tB!
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4 Happiness is dependent on self-discipline. We are the biggest obstacles to our own happiness. It is
much easier to do battle with society and with others than to fight our own nature. (Dennis Prager)
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634 Time management is an oxymoron. Time is beyond our control, and the clock keeps ticking
regardless of how we lead our lives. Priority management is the answer to maximizing the time we have.
(John C. Maxwell)
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Directions:
Write an essay. of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
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, ®intellectual curiosity >Jt~~;©lifelong learning !l~~.3:1
64
