2020年考研英语一真题解析_考研英语+作文模板_1.1980-2025考研英一真题+解析_03、2010-2024年考研英语真题+解析_2010-2024年考研英语一解析

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*)(~ ~ The Telegraph( {i 8 ~iRlfl> 2017 ~ 1 jj 23 8-~~'1 Hands off our roast potatoes(jjlj
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~ 8h ~•A·i·*~- Qi•-" ,J ~Jfi l ii- ii·~·~· ffl ~ ~ , ii~~ ~~1" it rfiJ .1Kr 1f $ 1'1 ~:et~-Jffl111ffi.\"89111 i/4.
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I O Even if families don't sit down to eat together
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as frequently as before, millions of Britons will ~ 't 1t r Al-~P£-K 1 ,~-*-Jll -*-4t 117i ~ 111
nonetheless<D have got a share this weekend of one of the
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nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast<%>. 8 1 •o® ~*-*-~-+a ., z.~
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a cold winter's day·, few culinary~ pleasures can 2 S"@*f•!i~m ,-JI~.-*-'15~1•n~~-tf~.,.1r1.ta-.~•{{~.J ~ ,"-t • ". • Yt ~ .9'
it. 8 Yet as we report now, the food police are
determined© that this 3 should be rendered® yet
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another guilty pleasure(!!) 4 to damage our health.
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1. [A] In t£ ( B;j a/ J=J J*;;-J~), t£ <- aaf fe]) P-J [BJ Towards t}c~Jtl ,~J!i(;fita;j~j)
[CJ On tE< B AA/ lLf.fJL/ ~~ B r ) [DJ Till 1I¥1J<~5:EB11iJ~)
[ :'f S ii~] 11' ffil jl ftG *-~~ ··· ···
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[ ffiliB I! d ] @1i) .:E-=f few. .. can. .. it(~::,r 'E ;~i:f:i it @]ffl the Sunday roast) JIID!;J1t1iJifl"
.Sli1r-~ffl~ir<*JJ!ffl~89.i'tf.J; f§ Jlt1i) tp ~ii_ _ a cold winter's day(··· ···~~89~ B ) ~1t1iJ tp ~
(Britons will. .. ) this weekend~!iiJ~ffl;T"if*~~~ S J!J*"i!~*r)E~-140 ~J:9ii:p ~ [9/4'ft~fflSiiJ ~
fi*lJ'MfaJ~~WJ ,jti:p on *a;jfa]af ,iM'm'ffi~!iEa{.J .. ii'ffi~a{.J;Jit-~, ~n-JWJ i:fl ~~-~(~O on Monday),
II*,; £l;: 8 ( j(Q on Christmas Day) ,Jl.1* B M <:!m on July 1st) ~; ~ on Fo ~ ~ ifi ~ 89 a1 leJ ( a ... day) 6't,
~d,-~;f/- ~ 13li~•i!J:(j(a on a cold day in April) ,J!ltft,f ~~*&E}r~a9,t1i)ftJJ!- lt,$[C] .iErefu
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[ffl!Ji~~ ~ ] [A]In ~a;jfeJ 8-t ,- M*7J'~!l~*89 a-f fiiJ <J=,Ff 51 i.llJB;j faJ7E ml), :ml" £Wl ,J=J '*,.~,tit
fil~" ,-tf! iiJ ~¼l7J';lit- ;x P-J~*a-ffe]Sf J.f 89" ..t lf-/t lf-/Pi...t"(j(O in the evening); Jlt;t~, in -tl!. ilT ~ti~lJ'
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~&ff;ffa]~~ ,.'1":tE liJ"(5.!iiimJ:tE~~a9 BtliJ ~ ~Jb. 7 ~flf:$1#), j(a We should remember that
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Rome was not built in a day. (~fl1mZ~ic-f£~ !'b*~~ - B Jllvto) ,10 &:fl ±:-=f" ~if ···'e0 1f~~. &~
~fi'189 ~ _mt, tit iiJ $IF~ [A] [BJ Towards 8-t 1iJ 8-t Ji 1it J! ffi "~ ¥1J/ti ilI ~ - ~ ~ 89 ll't fa]~ ( a
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particular/ point time)" , :fm towards the end of May ( ~ lli li J=J ~ ) , ~ ~ lfi ¾ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8-t fa] , tll. AJ 1I ti ~F ~
[B]o [DJ Till( =until"~······ Jl:") .~~IJ.tfaJii~tt(jt~f1:~fi-:h-Ol1£¥Af*flitl!Jz Mm ~~tf) , in I'll
stay here till the end of June. <~~:e:~ll!~JlJ 6 J=J ~ o) ,:!&7J'"6 J=J ~gt~~7; -,-,f" ,tlJ.ilTt=lF~[D]o
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2. [A] match ffl ~ ?& , ~ ••• ••• ~ ffl ..t ""f [BJ express ;&,ii ,~JJ\
[CJ satisfy {fnl:ft di.li!.(1/f>J<'.) ;,ffri.(fim [DJ influence ~lfaj ,~JIB ,"lr.ti
[~Bm~J _t~~~~ +~~Mffio
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[M~,~-H J ®'PJ .±ffi i:j:i ~ culinary pleasuresCffi~"iil~iilit"i:j:i ~~fri JE ~*11 ~ $) ~ s! ~ FA
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~~ift it H!*;)J;I.:~. :i!!f!.~ it ffift~¾<D'PJ i:j:i one of. .. traditions, HP" &Wl S ~ ~":i!-~g~;*IJ ,
~i!f few( JL ~ &~ B9) -ftlii ili- ~ ~ ~Jt;-fik ~~It;/.:.~ , IZ5l lit , ~ ~ !fJf tE 'PJ ~ fill j.J "&~- ff fiiJ ~ t.f: ¥ ~
~ ~~ffl._t 'E", [AJ match ~.m" ({£,ffl-{I ,:;klj'\~ rib ~~1Jffi) ~ ··· ··· ~ffl_t ""f", IE ~ .
[ ffi Iffi tt~ ~ ] 1i] i:p 3:: ij;f , ~ i!f j.J # ~J :* ~ i:p B9 fiij ~ • /fm • [BJ express ( ii j.J to show or make known a
feeling, an opinion, etc. ) Fo1t~JJ\"~~ ' .. ~ ~.ll * Y " .lt " 'tf ' f ~"~iiij ,~tt-~~ it Nrffi. lit~ [CJ satisfy ~ ~ffiim 11t 1iJ
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"(~A~ )?l>Jt .. ;~c;,1-J1t~) Wl ~ Jti:~~~ ~~ ~~ ~, $"6fii1F~[B] lfl [CJ. [DJ
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influence !it&JAffi~~3!-~-m~tiffi ,{§."~~*-~ ~ lltal/ it:ti' ~$] ~~ffi~,,~~fi-..t""fxiftJ/....
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3. [A] patience iit ,(., ; ~Ki?, , ffiA:, [BJ enjoyment itiJ'tJc;-**
[CJ surprise ~~~J)J tl1.HJ d~i.i, ~;,~ [DJ concern !!Ht ;~ §: ,.*,C.,
[~sm~] _t~~~~ + ~~mffio
[ ft!¥~,! ,§ ] ®'PJ'PJ11° Yet tlt:ff\*'tiJ ~ <D®'PJpg~(the Sunday roast ffi;fj;f~~ lt)~.$:~tfr, HP~~
~fi;J the food police are determined that. . . (determined*"tA~,/Jc~")fill~~:ii"{£.*~~ 13 ,1t£.OO:'!f$
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n~~::k1!tJxl... ,/Jc~~~fiaJIJt;~~l!I!~ ~ffi;fJ l¥J ~~ : ~~fct~--"agffi J/..., l!P this _ _ f1=1il
±it½, ftl~!Pf ml...tl:£-*$ ,Jl.~ 5i guilty pleasure m.tiltBE~, i&[BJenjoyment( =sth you enjoy doing) .iE~
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[ ffll9i~~ !Ji J [AJ patience fljffl"~ ~ ($5t'tl), ~·C~1f )"T~ ,{a ~~t!tffl~ ~~"~it jJ ,fijJ "x
x x
*., ffiJ ¾" ~~It~ 1J: ~", 1251 ffiJ r!- ~ pleasure ~ ~ X;j fill ii½ J/... o [ CJ surprise *1J ffl ~ 1rJ 'nt-m ~ "What a
surprise! CAil:·A wt#)"=f~ ,{§.~Sl ·@Wlir"~~~IIJ C;t.$J,t,'lff)" ,Jt;7X£$1 S ~~ ffl;IJfl=j.;1;ffil tt ~
,ffj::k~~, ANf i' ~ '~ Jlt~~ _t" :t:~r" [DJ concern ~ 1JJ T ~ ,c., Jl, tl1 flP "it~ ff~" B9 ~~ !:j ::k-A ~ ~
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(this · Hiffl ,x~1JJ1t Yet Nr~liitt9~--.
4. [A] intensified 1JD 5i ~, :bll l!J B9 [BJ privileged lf*V'tta9 ,~~,Jlj-ft~B9 ;~~
[CJ compelled Yl:i!! 99; (~jJ) ~-~~f ··· ··· [DJ guaranteed ~~89 ,-f*YEB<J
[~Bm~J ~~~~ + ~ff~mffio
[ M ~ ,~ fi!] _ _ to damage our health f1= FA ft~ ffi , ,m ~ guilty pleasure (lg~ A~/~ ll(ijJ , • flP : £ AA
8 ~ ~ ffi;IJ __f fl ~,at~ determine( B ""f t/c,t, 09, t/c#)-i.'sij !Fa ff\~" ~tic,~~", be guaranteed to
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do sth '1fffl~Jfl~ ,~.m"~,;&~(~~~$)", i&[DJ~.g-j:.W.Jit ~ pgffl~~~o
[ ffi l9i ~~ ~ ] [AJ intensified xl 1il "C t£ jJ ii: , It :Ii~~ It ..t) :bO sl ~ , :bJJ IIJ ~", ~a intensified effort/
scrutiny(~ jJ /1'~:bosl) ;lf, tl:i $ -=f be--to do sth ~~ 'Jjljj~~#~~fl=j.Jjfj?i§.~{tffl ' ffij ~ik;IJffi~
( intensify 10C Ji :t2l/ f;IJ ii.) "1Jll ~l , ~i 1t" Z Al ) , :f{a Efforts were intensified to converse and improve the
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ecological environment. ( ~ ~ ~ Jt ~ tF ~ ll ii jJ Il :bD ::k 11£1 ~ We be privileged to do sth, feel
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compelled to do sth 5}-jjlj~ff\";fi*-fi~$", "(~~¥$i Efe )~JIJ!IZ,@!1i\t~$", :11J~itffi J/...~ft
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<Dnonetheless [nAn&'Ies] ad. ?i.{ ifif, {1:1 P£ ; ,&!. ff :fUl Jlt , 'i © determined [d11te:mxnd] a. tk:,C., ;7}c~ d:k:~
c~J
® roast v. ~ n. ~~ ;(-ffi:)~~!IW @render ['rendar] v. iE~fFili (,tlt/c~) ,jl;(Jj(~.!ii!.~)
@culinary [ 'kAlln.n-1] a. ~ ~ 89 ; it !f?n B9 ~ @guilty pleasure i-.tA lf mHb~-~ ~ ~ .5f-
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ns ~"
~ ~ EB 1e A ti~ rn: }e l'fJ ~ ~ ~ JE. ~ M s ~ ~ " i3 I :±i ~ ~ ~ ~ ffi ,~ : ~ 1; ( 1t ~ ff~ fll ttJ ) x-t Jt l'fJ ~
iif i.A. ~" ~ ffi!J tt 8b ~ ~ 1ft h1t" o Q)'P] I),,{ Even if. .. , , .. nonetheless. .. (~ff . ~ ) ~!E JJ ~~I~~* ti: "i* ~ A
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1ntr~ffl1JfJ(¾9ffi::k-ttt!f.- £WI 13 ½~~~ ffl;tJ" ,# .m-~Jt;"~:Jt~ fiiI~jJIJ". ® 1JJm ~ Jl.1*~:il-<On
a cold winter's day. .. few. . . can match it. )fff~Jt~tp: :xium~;t.ft,j ,- ~.AOO;.'(iffl~, rlmiFtt~ i:j:i ;!tm
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~~o pleasure ffi"~ AfiW JE ag *$", t£ culinary(connected with cooking or food) ~)E, retffi~ ~< ~
2~)Z*,tlJ.ffl~$~11*Z-* @1ij~ffii~I tfi~Jxlj: Z$'. : ll-Jf/lj~!Lf ~~~-~o Yet 1f .stW·lf~~~
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~fR*.3-'4-M- fltig ~ *ffl f!) , xt~JFi; the food police, yet another(~~ ~J,k 89 !I 1JD) lffi"* 89 & ~ ~ ll
Rzffl, ~IIBJJ\fF;/f ,i:,,~ :eJrffl 89 tlllitX*"Y!.&~f@~~~", fF~~fll 89 ~~ are determined CF~ l/c,i:.,,
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tk<IIW) ~ guaranteed to damage. . . (guarantee jt:Jg to be certain that sth will happen"[ ±xW.]ir~ ...... ~,~~
~")-liiJ1*~1a-~ffJ!f11.tJJ,iJ~it~ ,ittf El 7Co t±:1 render #~ffJl..'-1"~······ Jit1-J('*fl51*i!•)" ,~
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Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by the earthquake. (Jvts _t =f 89 A l2if 1-J ffij .X~i iJ JE o) , X ~
llit111$Jl,ffl to deliver or pronounce formally"j:£5:ti(;ffj(~.!ii!.~) ,~J~" ,xi:p be rendered. . . guilty pleasure•
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II OThe Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a (D~ 111-t~ *;i;if!A] (F"S'A*)~Jt ~ T - -fl~
public warning about the risks of a compoun~ called -Jt--f-¼:~~~j it; ~.& ;t t l * if' .ft~-#
acrylamide~ that forms in some foods cooked 6 high inJ ,tt: ~ • a, £ 6" -ft. ¼- 4n , 't: 1} *- A rt-•
temperatmes~ . • This means that people should 7 ®~~~•Ama~•~~~A~a,4~
crisping® their roast potatoes, reject thin-crust pizzas and ~Jt.4&: ~ ,4e, ii~ _R ~ J1j ~ ~ ~ ~ o @ of it
.only 8 toast their bread. C)But where is the evidence to
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support such alarmist~ advice? 0 9 studies have shown JJJ-Jt.*- ~ ~ . -.~½ith\ ,J, J.# il-tl ,m ',f!!.
that acrylamide can cause neurological~ damage in mice, A&&-o
there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans .
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5. [A] issued .tst;(p , £ill ; ili Jtfi ,~~ [BJ received i&~J ;~~ ;!l~
[ CJ ignored ~ ~ ; ~ [ill ilfi'k ; ~ J.I H* [DJ cancelled Jfltr~ ; IIJ ~
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[ IHBLI! I&] fB The Food Standards Authority( @l J.iil..t:t food police), warning about the risks of. .. (~T
¥!I'm Jxt~ ~lfi§-)~j ~ '*~*_t i31 l±i'Ef1f" ,iJ) E~ ~ ~~" Ji,f*i,Ji!$, issue sth about. . . ~7J\"#~¥ffl ZSL
~ ili ··· ···", ffil m[_tx be rendered. . . guilty. . . <i til:~)Ett~ ··· ···) , 1*~Jst;(p;/f tll~!tffi-, i&[A]IE fdu
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[ttP:.i'i~~ ~ J "~ffi!JitiHilfiJ"¾ the food police ~ili 89, iffi-fmfll"i&~J/x~/ *r~W~":fti;J ~~~~* 1ffi"
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6. [AJ under :t£ ( ··· ····twtSl~*ftf:) ~ [BJ ?-t (ffl rl!ll, t~.$~) ~ 'i5
[CJ for f;§1-} ;(~7J\~~,ffl:ft~)!ti;'-1T [DJ by ~ffl,m ,imn
[~ ~tl~] 1tifflm12o
[.Jm,ffl..ffi] ~ ~ 1t~W:T cooked ~ high temperatures Z lsJ ,-f*,J)!"~ff:" ~"~7!1."Z lsJ ~~~, 8:1
.llt~1fli some foods,~~ )!)f:t£$*ml~~JJ'" ~~I~~ ~ll ?l $fj ITU Jvt tf9it~", at iiJ ffl T:&7J\ ",fft ~ , il
.$,fill, Jill~", $:[B] at IE iJo
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[ffl~ t-1~ Ii] [A] ,[D] ~*1J Jfl ~ :t~im Sl "tfi tl; ri ~ ~ifflJ" .. "ii nit r!!~ittJ "-=f ?Jt , {a under Jfl -=f sl ili
"<~~~•Ml¥i89>*fll=", w:iit=i"j\tlj7!1.":&1J\:k ~z@Jt ,#~~"-tt~~~,,~~{tt:; by m- rsl m " 1i~I
1J1i<*!t )'', :!lll The house is heated by gas. <, !o}-=f¾~t:;:,mlli 89 o) ,@X q:,"~11''*~1: "~ tf1 J~/~
~,,, ITff ¾1f;:1:Z~ ~ [C]for ?il7J'" El 89 .. ffi~" ,lm.~"~ tf"~¾'-1 T"jlljlffil"
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7. [A] forget ;Sic;~~ [BJ regret _sffi};ift~ [CJ finish ~,mt;#i* [DJ avoid :ilit~;~ilit
[~2S.J i ~xffl~+ ~WMffio
[illi/11&] This means that . . . (~-tii~¾i-Ji ··· ···) tllJJ' *'n] ~_t ,t;J "1l1Jtf i§-"51 ili ffi ml 89 ~ -~
~< llPE1JiA~89iiJ!Pl-ftt#s:), ITff~~ B:.fj"{~,~ "Afn~~ . ~±SI.~Dfe ,ffiffi;iJ1l.~1Ji··· ···"~:$fU
~"JbB±SI.Jt ~jlJJbBBl~~-~ , ~ 1-Jmffl;*1J 89jWj11i!;l-$1J1tJh'', ~t,9! i:p .R~[D]avoid ~ reject i!f Sl..-
!'£ ,avoid doing sth ~:}g"(~j~):ilit~-ftt~JJ"
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[ fflID!~~~J ;lt1t= ~&~~iiJtt d?ing sth,?tlJU~7J'"$ic-f4tM;lit$", "~f$-fttT ~lJ" ~lk "~~
T ;lit$" ,{B ~~1tj(jt
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8. [A] partially ~:rc~Jt!! ,$?t!& [BJ regularly ~ M ~ ; 1ft :t& ; ~ f* :Im :it!!
[CJ easily~ !)tj& ;~IAJ~;~~f9j [DJ initially :fi:11.J; 1t;'e
c ~ F.i.. m ~ J ~ r:*:l ffi 'ii.. + 11J 1ffl m * Jr o
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[MmL~ ffi J P.JrtE$* and only __ toast their bread ~ftr~J:Jj!Jl~Jt-fi ,only Pff~mi.f"lffi!Jffii
-f!!jJU~(l(J~Jl , im~ ~ lWW~im;bi.R.! toast,~~ r.p .R lf ilU i.R.! partially ~ ~ij ,ft" ;IJ f1= (toast)" 09 ~[l. ~ff\
"~:rc~:lm ,1:£-~fl.!l..t" ,[A].iEfife * *
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[ffiIM~~ 11* J [ BJ regularly - 1r W "ffi $", ~ -1f W "f:I~ JU• :Jf, ~ ~ ( evenly arranged or
shaped)" ;[C] easily :&m~;tit-09~Sh~J.l,jJ,ij"Jjf~ ~"•~¾::a~m_~ffj!J"JG*o [DJ initially ¾lftfe]
l'JWJ, ~7J\"1:E;tit$09:lifJJ ~~ tSl*t<~im ·~~ r.p raJ ~;,t-ftB~St>", im ;tc~~jf;~.z.lt-t~~ ,:15J ~mll~f~x~o
9. [A] Unless ~~I:, [BJ Since ~?&; EB T
[CJ If ifll* [DJ While ~ff
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[MM,'!,ffi J ©1i:JJA 1Dffi tf:l , __ E.fi"fiJf ~!&P,ij P9° ~M:~~llflx.1J, m.*11 ~ffl-m <e p «ri ~~fe:
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• • • >, ~ 11J ili , j9: fi" iiE t1 ~ PJHij *'Ii ntl!f ~ ~ JJcA. ~ ,tH~ <e p ~ • :iE ~ ,e; 11 .A. ~ • 11 ) ; m.w . £ ~ 1iJ
laJ#tEimH09$t~i!*1t ,-tf! ~®1iJ#~®'AJ1f 1rl!~~ ili 09 .&t~ffl ~ ~, [ D] While ,{ft r'AJ1t ~71\ "1il
~ ,~ff" t ~iEiifl~ 0 = *
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[ ffi IM~~ lit J ;Jt~ JJJ! JJU :& ff\" (;lit$ mtfi 09) ~ ~-t ~ {4"," <~ ~ ~ , ~ t.li: 09) ffi JJ." <~ ~ ~ $
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10. [ A] secondary ?X~09; r.p~09 [BJ external ;,~$09 ;;/k.0009
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[C] conclusive ~~tt_aq ')~~Qq [D] negative ffl, iii 89 ; iJli f& ~ ; 09
[:t',tf;\f!~] ~l*Jifi>l. + ~3ffilf#ffi"o
[M-G,'!,ffl J ~m~~$WJ1Ji'dJi eviden::e, im"if~*. im ~ll~" <RP~ ts ittt 1¥1/llft it 1¥1 iiEffl) ~ "~
~ __- ijf.~"z.fa]ffll'*-fstt.x,j' it-*~, i&[C] conclusive ~ft)(~
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cm
IM~~~ J ., ?X~; ;,~~ ~itt:ffl "~ ~ ntbo st ~it~ matt.».. im-m£t::f t~~~ f'F:ff •t£s! iJa1 ~ %e.R.(
"~ ~~i!f {EH~WJt", :t.lF~[A] ,[BJ negative evidence ftj;J" Jj_ im~ffl" ,~ ~ Xlfffif.j:, :t.lF~[D]
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1::~::~}~)ii:~j~:ft:t!C~::: ;/
<Dcomwund [ 1kDtnpaund] n. {t-fi~; m1:l-f?ll ~ @crisp [k.risp] v .. it··· ···?3t:D'B a • .llfBe<.J
® acrylamide [a'kr1lama1d] n. f.'g/#ffl:JfJc i ~ @alarmist [ a'la:mlSt] a. fe; ~ it PJf e<.J
® temperature ['tempratfar] n. r!!J.l ;i}t!ffl @neurological [,njuara1lod31k1] a. :Mit£~t/U1~
.. - ..... .................. - •••• ---- - . . ...... - ........... - ... - ......... - - - .. • ............. '. • + - - • • • -- ... ..... - - ...... -·. • • .......... - ............................. - ................... ---• -· ................... .... - - ..... . .
The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has issued a public warning about the risks of a compound called
acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked at high temperatures.
about the risks o.f a compound
The Food StaodaRls Alldtori1y (FSA) has issued! a public warning calle,d acrylamide
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. 3:ffi ilia ~ilt jEffi~1 il1
that forms in some foods cooked at high temperatures
lJJfi~j!ff =*-'aJ.:i:-r¾ The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has issued a public warning;about the
risks of a compound f'F,Foji~~, ijtf!ij a public warning~~~; called acrylamide '1n-**iP1f1=Fo~~~, &
f!IJ a compound 09~~;that forms in some foods cooked at higJ-i temo.eratures ~~*~,fij ,f~i'/fi acrylamideo
::.~:)~j~J~ ..' ;/
~
=
ffi $i ~Mt~ nil iSl l*J 3 * ffl PJj -f'F '1f ~ 1l : ii il JiJr 1' -=f 1¥1 ts it* ,c ~ iiE o (I) 1iJ ~ ,ft ..t X the food
police e Jetennitr~d tnac ... J§ff'ii·, ~'93'·g"73 ~:ffi" 891'~-ffl ,\!!!- some foods cooked at high temperatures
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4lllf J.iil..t:t roast,~ rdfi'g1f#X.f e<J £~.X;j'~" ~ ~lffi\~*1J !Wit~" ,compound called acrylamide !:j ...t.X a i-N
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{t 1W guilty pleasure (" $ "~ Xif tt Wf. i!ij , ~ 1f ~ tt ffi ,@, ~ $ warning t'.t9 "iE tJe., ~Jn" ® 1:iJ ~ This
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means. .. l ili "W 1!r J9r-ft~ t'.t9 F :m-J!t! i>l <should)", ;ft i:p avoid crisping, reject thin-crust, only partially
toast i$J~~~~~ffl,X;j- ,ix~ffiJPJ"flti!l~tf*" , ffi:~ lt3 ~1l1f~ilf:~~~ ~[i~~!Jt '~~tf"ll@ijij."z
~ - !:i NB ff J:t , NB It. iJf tk: ~~Ji iiJ ~, ~ ~ JJi ~ @ @/jjj ~ mi ~ "Ji ia ( But where. .. ? ) - § ~
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cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof. 8 12
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1s 13 to follow the FSA advice. C) 14 , it was
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rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before
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argued that it is. .. to follow the FSA advice(:«Jll! EEi /i:iJ ~ i-A'-7, Pfr JA 'mnJl~J!··· ··· 09) ~ !i:*t£5 1 ili fF#
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She saved him from the fire but at the cost of her own life (=she died). (~.b\:k ip fH1!?.tf T ili ,iflffitf!
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•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Part A
/ Text 1 "X 'f.t Z ffl"? ffi ffl-iit
:2fs:X~ El The Guardian ( J! flt ) 2018 ~ 12 ~ 30 S >C .. The Guardian view on Yvette Cooper's
'town of culture' proposal: a fine idea<<.:PJtl»ilflftf&~ • $JalW"X1tZfi"tl~ :m~~i!Do * ~>Cml
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I O A group of Labour MPs, among them Yvette
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Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to
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institute<I> a UK "town of culture" award. 8 The
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8proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city
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of culture ti tie, which w'as held by Hull in 2017 , and
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has been awarded to Coventry for 2021. C, Cooper and m 0
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her colleagues argue that the success of the crowna> for '* m *-
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Hull, where it brought in £ 220m of investment and an
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avalanchea> of arts, ought not to be confined® to cities. *
~ ' ~ ~ a? ,J, ctA- ii. ;If'. ,J. tJ ;, -it " .i:. ,ft. -t
0 Brit~in's towns, it is true, are not prevented from
~"i!:-#½ ,1£.'e1fJ¼~iik:~f-i).f. ~:.( ff.¼t\
applying, but they generally lack the resources to put
together a bldG> to beat their bigger competitors. 8 A -t :h ¼ ..1 .. Ji *- ~ :t • # + 0 ~ 1fl iA. 7-1 '" .i:.
1t.t.fA" ~ ii[ }l). ?J-il..-4- Ji.~ Ji*' }l). '!-.l. ~,
town of culture award could, it is argued, become an *
:t ½ ,t~ it tt .!lr. $t, ½
annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs. O
........ ... . . . ........... ·-..................................... -............................................. -...... , .................. ·-... ····--......... .
c~:-ffii:i~:~i:~~~~~-+Ir::~:1J
~•mac
<Dinstitote [1instI1tju:t] v. Jl.:rr.,~fi,7f:llf:t ~ •
® crown [kraun] n. li!mf ;iEii i~ (Da group of. . . (-lfoooooo)
@avalanche [1reva1a:ntJJ n. 11 JbJ ;Jtiiifl @sit alongside C#fi! ;#,iJ)
© confine [kan 1 fa.In] v. m~ '~ll~l ~ ®an avalanche of. . . (~~j;;::;lti!J31E~Jit4?n)
~s
@bid [bid] n. ~iat,~.iJi*-lflt ©be confined to (f.uj!fl-=;f)
-. . . . . .... -... -. -.. -..... -----............. ---.. - . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . ........... - ...... -.. -- ... -...... -.............. -.... -.. -.. - ... ----..... -.. . .. ....... -. . .. .. -........... - ....... --. .. . . . . ----............. .
The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in
2017, and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021.
ffi~i}J~:
The proposal -is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title
- -
~
±ffi ~z;fjifij ~ 5l~WJ ±ffi mffi ~ift ''
~ffi)A-n]
which was held by Hull in 2017. and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021.
51~~ fltz;fj ~ i -J1i! 1 ~ :J:f:JtliiW ~~~jffl~2 ~~
lJJ ~ ii:ff: 'iiJ-=f :E-=f ¾ The proposal-is that. . . , Jt: 'fl that-51 ~~ffi-JA 'ii] o ~ffi-JA 1iJ :ET~ it should
sit alongside the existing city of culture titleo l!.ifi.Fo~ which 5l.ff~~J:m$1Jtt~ml>\1U ,~-twJtfi~ city
of culture title #tE~ 1iJ 'flf'F:Em, was held. .. ~ has been awarded ... ¾~ii ~ 1,J 1¥.1#.JU ifflm
o
~. ----~~•,tJrr .· :_:/
x«:ztl' ~"
tt;i'-1 jg-$~ 1tiB*i*"?itli!I~tto¼tlttii'tl.. '#M-~~ttiSI. ff Jstf]J1$o ~
I
t.1 ii) '-1 : Q) a UK "town of culture" award;@ attracting funding and creating jobs
0
(Diij1ff1 .IX!.w, sl til Wrtltt :-~I'.W:tt~f.lttiitI.11Jt«:zffl"~o ~1:i] k,{£1i~~#J~'*f~~a,t
feJ,A~,$flf:fir&fz.~,I~iSl.!'A%:'.B"ti.JL."X-ftZ.ffi" ~o A group of Labour MPs, among them
Yvette Cooper -1fffiiffi tf:l tfiSl~®.A1g- ~I~i;)l_M ,~ tm~ffl:i;)l~JjlJ~~iSl.vl W~ ,fhtA* jJ, :13-
1Jffiiiffi:i:1:ffi"Affi-~:EIJ5!iill;lt:{t~A~ Yvette Cooper(JttA~-=f 2020 ~# ~I~~~}t~) ,~FoXt:151
jt~~~fffftirlL a call ?&tml!<ifi;)ll¥.Jtt~t5l'-7-J3J!"%13, llfllf" ,{Tj~i.Sl~imno in the new year~
institute a UK "town of culture" award(institute 11:'1 to introduce a system, policy, etc. "ilJi: ,~fj-,ff
14:l")~fiij 8 .li it<tlli;)l ffii raJ flr~-t€ l3i:ffi~~ IW".irit"; a UK "town of culture-" award ¾.i>'l 1¥.1 ~ ,C,, P3 ~,
r x
ffi ~ ~ ;t,t Jt: 14--1* iJz. tm
o
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@fiJ1t!BtfiSl.:WFRacJJ1$:"lt~ittl"~B:J\t~fiI11ltit%.iJx"~ ~~~Yf, =:t-eJ.#~ 3l=!lf6o The
proposal is that. .. jj(~1t1,J SF a call,m~i~1 t&tm~iSl P3 ~ sit alongside(~ff, #~:ff~) ~"X 1tz.
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m, r x m r
JJ£,, f* ~ tfJ iJit '-1 ttt:-tp ~iil: ~ iSt. 89 ½ l.ffl ¥£ t.1 -f* ~
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e
@1ij tl!i tfj II">( 1t Z ~" ~ ~ tt,J JiJ. r:JJ ~ ilY. ~ ~& °T ~ rp Cooper and her colleagues· argue~ ..t. 'A)
o
The proposal is that. .. ~~ 'U] faj ~It, Jf :Mi lillti 5l tli5l£i§.A. 89 xW,,?.\ iiE f!fflt-fr Jll! tt o the success of
the crown for Hull ~..t.1iJmlk a(J~~rp ( HuU)fFJg~19tl-w:~ "jc{ tz.~"f$%~5X~~rp1fr* a(]§ *~J
~ :2. 2 {Z~-tfJtiWf ~£* 89;ft~~J;_Jl.(avalanche ~'-1 "~lb!", 8 ~ ~rfj£*®lJitilfJJ :b_N!t tfJ !i£
~) o ought not to be confined to cities<~~ 89Jvt~ . . . ~ml:f.u 13fl r~$) 1Fa7J'"X 1tzffl"tf¾i-5l89 El 89: ~
ititJ"X-ftZ.iJit"lOC~ 99 JD,-;gi. VJ i@ '1r1J,ffi~JI.
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@'AJD~ti 11x1tzffl"a>.J ~,~·ti : ,J,ffl~fii'~~ $ 1• 0 -x1tz~", j}jfii' ~Rff$~i::t*-fli1
m
~'AJiffi:i:i it is true .. . but. .. a(J"i1tv-~1'r"~m ,~filffijff(iA,*1ffiJ:~;J,.iiifl~~Wtt~ $-ijf")(
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-ftZJJit"JF~, ~Fo~tir-tt ili JIJl.~·111~: 1J,ffi;~~;,r ~Ii,~~~ -:k~m~1'*- nu -*1iJ are not prevented
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m~•fiij
from-applying(r,t~· l3fl ffitj f¥ it)~ mZ:..t>C ought not to be confined(~ 13fl), fJ(i:k1J,,ffiJ{.~ f¥ if
~t& ;"Fo-*1iJ lack the resources,put together a bid( bid jlJ;J"~ jJ $~")mu 8 ~,j,it{Wf ~~ ~ ,jff ~ ~-it
Jvts!*a(J.:IJ:it ~~$~,t~ bigger competitors<x'tlm~m)t/cffi, EB Jl:t!Yl~7-t4:JI.":t-ftzffi"~&,~tto
@1ij}l~11 :>e1tz.tl"tt-J,Rmff>1. ~1i)1[ft~"X-ftZ.it{"~~.±~CA town of culture award
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could. .*. ), , 1{~;jt~~1J,ffi1ir*~;f&~Plii) ffiA.i-8- it is argued ~..t)( Cooper and her colleagues argue
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-!*ffl ~~ti5I m:i-.>l~.®A.89%\1.,~ iiE ~ ~i-5[ ~ itffl!tt attracting funding(~ 51 ii~), creating jobs
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<~ ~~jf_)*!Yl"::t1 tzf fl"f*% AT iv.1rmtt;JJ11,•~~ ~~
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with a caU .. . the proposal is that .. . Cooper and her colleagues argu*e that. . . it is argued. .. 1$\ ® 'A) feJ ~
m, m
% ffi .¥ lJ4! 7 ~ ~ J:13 ~ ~ ~ ® ::M-tfJ JJI! <f !P ~ ~ 1J ~!.\L~) o Jlt ;,~ , £ q:i a ward, the title, the crown 1-J
Jsij .>(~~ ,ttsffi"~ ,f#F%"
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21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a " town of 21. 1$ Ja & lt fiiJ ff iA '1 "3t -ft ta"~ fiE
.
culture" award could ~
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[A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain [AJ ;tmsi~ iE fal tfJ~~
[BJ promote cooperation among Britain's towns [BJ {@j£ ~ 00 1j,f1i l'aJ ½ff:
[CJ increase the economic strength of Britain's towns [CJ :ttB!~mJ1j,it{a(J~t1f~jJ
r
[DJ focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events [D] :ftf ~ ~ 1i l3fl 89 Wt ml~ l'.fl >C 1tf fl ~
[*lit:iE:iu:J tr £@1iJffi ili ,WJB~A.iA.1-J"x1tz.ffi"~fm$"1!islii~ ,-€~iiitil!.", AJ ~-ffi:J.J"!tt
S!i~ ~1j,_ 89 ~#f ~ jJ", ~[C]iE fifu o
[fr;IBM~] .iErefD!JJl[C]¾x-J-1tm:@~1¥J-ftl!ffl;ffio IFF'P Cooper and her colleagues argue X'1°mlffi'
.Affi- it is argued, increase economic strengthJ<;J"mZ~MJ:.:f:;tffi- attracting funds and creating jobso .
m m, -ttz~,,~~i
[AJ m@ ©1ilf z fii . 5 . H " t ~ $r ~ " - :bns&,J,iJi~ilitm raJ ~11*~,, @1ilm "::t 89 mt~ ~miJ:Pu
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-*fflS?t-tfJ put together a bid dbfW'-1 cooperation among Britain's towns,@m[>(i:pffi(fj::fi!:1J,it{pgffl54}fitl~
ml89JI* 'w~~1J,ffizfil] a<J*~ [D]ff*®®1iJ 'Jf~JJ:IHfJttt,ll~ft!JiiITtt ©1iJz-*1iJiM. '~ lE (19,j,
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ffi Wt 'Xt! ~ JJ£ rp 1fJ ~ ")( {tz.JJ&"# % ; @/pJ.lku X -ft 1A "PI~ :Ji-Jvt-~-ll a(]!&~'* & ~
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10~~til.i!J®@-m.,®-mii:¥1J"x1tz~"llk~tl'.f9 ~~< e lii~Jf ~£*~M) ~mfru ~ -=r~m, lff ~1J,•-m
mZ$::,rt;*~»llU e ffi~!3f J ®1iJ:Rtlffi tli "Jt1tZffi"~iffr* ~ ~m: ~JI.. , lE~~~ 't' ~ increase
economic strength lE~x,fl !{Jt ~ Iii] J/..t,:~ o
....................................................................................... . ........... ............................. .......... . ..................................... ·····
Il OSome might see the proposal as a booby prize
~~A~*~R~ia~~~~~+~
for the fact that Britain is no longer able to apply for
~~' ~ f;J~OO ~~~~;frf"-f-~-¼ tt,jj~J!-1'
the much more prestigious(!) title of European capital of
~ {11.J " lit ~ j: ,f.t, ~ :ifs " # -t 7 lit i)tj j: ,f.t, ~
culture, a soogbt-afterCb award bagged~ by Glasgow in 0 "
:tis" }l-+.a-- ~ -t ~ ~ ~ ~ '-~;li.Nr-lf ~ ;f•J
1990 and Liverpool in 2008. • A cynic® might speculate®
qh;'j~ J•j -f 1990 Jf-~ 2008 Jf-,lt.A t 'P o ·~
that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an
·*~~~#~,~~~~~~~~~~~~
endless fever of self-celebration$ in its desperationcr.> to
~ Jl s.t fJi' 1fJ t.. , ir ~ it. il. -t ~ #-J1: ~ ro ~ ffi.. ~
reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after to~ of "*
{11.J ~ IA .t t : j: ,f.t, .t <tA-.t1 5 , ~ il ~ ~~it
culture, who knows what will follow-village of culture?
~-½~- j:,f.t,~f?j:~~~?j:~~#?
Suburb of culture? HamletG> of culture?
................................................................................................................................................................ ....................................................................................... ...................................... .
_ _.
::·~··ij·{c.itij}~~~-~{F{·;~::1
(Dprestigious [pre'stid3as] a. ~.Atffll'.19 ,JB:W:it&l'.19 i~5 (Z)desperation [1despa1re1Jan] n. tllli:ffltl;m1ftr
•~ -~ffc
® sought-after [ 1so:tafta] a. ,;,.;ffi~~il'.19 .~~ifl!a<J @hamlet ['haeml.n] n. Jj\t,j" El:
@bag [breg] v. ~ i5, i5~
~~
~~:i" ,-1:1'1£:i" ~
© cynic ['s1n1k] n. ~) (Dbooby prize (~it~)
@speculate [ 1spekjulett] v. Htffl!l ,fflffllj ~ ®on the verge of (.T ··· ···, llP~)
® self-celebration n. § Jltlxtsl, § ~Jr~ ~5 ®reinvent oneself (~i)r~~7J'A.)
-P~~P~;~i--~ -~- ·P;~~ ·
........ s~~~. ~ight.- ~~.t h~ -~i;;,· r~/th~-"i~~i-.th~t-Bribl~--is ~~. i~~g;r -~bi; ·to apply r o r the
much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990
and Liverpool in 2008.
ta~W~:
Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact
±ffi ft ~ffi ~1~ ffi!z;!~ffi-' ~
liiJmilt».
fact~ /jjJ
- that B - rit - ain i - s no longer able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture
"
~l~iffl ±ffi ~~iffj ~ffi '
European capital of culturetl9 lsiJ{u:~
I . . I
bagged by Glasgow m 1990 and L1verpool m. 2008 .1 Fctti-1½ " _ " I a soug ht- a ft:e r award
1 1
l)J ~ it ff : -ti) =f- .± T ~ Some might see the proposal as a booby prize, for the fact that. .. -f1= ffi 1:§ ~
ffi- ,that sl~~pij,&ffil>\1iJfff~ fact ~J\-f*P-lW o pij{rrffiJA1iJ~.±T.'1 Britain is no longer able to apply
for the much more prestigious title of European capital of cultureo ;it.ls'~ a sought-after award. .. 2008
¾ European capital of culture ~fiil&i!,:i:t~?t-jjjffiffi bagged by Glasgow·in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008
f1:.Fa•~m~1tfi
awardo
:··~··i1~~ *fi··;· ·:
:J,.,I
•=•1:1•=•~ •JI,
1. .......... ., ••••••• •••••
ll. ,Mn!JJtQ.,lflf!li.t~Wia =•iilmtitl&, ffil~>li.Jli $il"W:Hff Jtitz$" ,ill iffi
,Jt X>xutn''Jtitzta"• ,~l!A ~ ll!Xl!Atro ~ ft~ ~-7 o ~lliffl :©booby prlze;@cynico
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<Diil ~I tfj n! jJ! A1,. : u 1C it tl" .R JI~~ It !t Some might see 11¥ mi. 1t &: Cooper and her
O
colleagues argue,t;j~;l~liijpflftf9tfjJJL booby prize(a prize that is given as a joke to the person who is
11- - - - - - - - -
last in a competition[ fF:1-Jm~~~illii-~ ~]*~~ ,:ti:l~~){*JJ\! T ~~#Xt"::t1 tZ.ffl"~ ~iµ\~J ~
~ M for the fact. .. ~ fif:11!! {r] ~ Jlt ~ Jl 89 ffi ~ : ~ IE B ~ ~ 1f ~ ~ $ ii J! Jl. pr !I 89" ©( ~ ::t 1tZ $" f$ %
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7 ( ,PR W.Jtil! ii'ii>Jt;lt?Xi&t3'r. 7 ~~-,t-1j\~) no longer able to flft7J'4--tr"5C;J- tt ,i*m1.~ 00 B 4-~:!Ul 1r 89~
o
~ ; the much more prestigious( J!J l*. pi ffl 89) ~ W. lii]-{ft ifr sought-after( it-ffl iit $ ~) 3t, !R] ~iffi European capital
of culture, 8 ~" ~~ ::t 1 tzffl5"~ JE.~m Mi~ -ur, im Jl"©(?JH ::t 1tzffl5" ~, ~ Jjl£~ ffil "::t -ftZ. ~"~,Iii M
~~~ti:ftP-1¥-1Jv~,.f;t~..@.ilt bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008(bag fflfF;fjiiij,~]J'"~
0
··· ···~A~-r") ,--Jjffij ~ no longer W~X>t tt. .,3--Jriii"1Fc:t*i91J~!trWrtif#/l+ffl~o
@1il ~m<D1:il, ilt-if;-~~milll~~"~ i.t z Ui"~ ~ mi~~ 11: : -$ ~ ft!x~R~~I ~, ½,r-~ ~ ~
~ )i ~ A cynic might speculate . .. (cynic~ jJ a person who does not believe that sth good will happen
0
or that sth is important"~~~ ,t1'~:ff'" ,!P¥J]L.t.1ll tp some,~Mti!~~~.ll:Jir~f&~)Jlr-~5j{t,&t~
~ ~.!lo on the verge of <~r,eP~)~ disappearing into. .. <rlt~r··. . ·· ,li1tr······)ffl~it,3tliiJtt
li!~ OO~ffejE Ja] :if~ 89~~; an endless fever(x~ll:~H.~) ,self-celebration( El Jt~:m,) -f*l:IJ1.~@l ~lft
~:JJ:it!?.imu El AAttA.89n:rt1IE~ El a <~3'r." x1tz.f fi "~-ffl!~--t-{9iJ-r >., ea Jltmt ~ ~ x-t"x 1tzi i"~
Piz.W._.89;:5Il-f*J'1Jt~m1$.¥1o in its desperation to reinvent itself. .. ffff~OO"x1*.ll:: § ~~t~l/'89
§ ~ -J!'1 T lnJ Jm©(m ~ffl:.W.~il\Kifr~~, desperation(ffl.Jt ~ m; ~1fti) IJfiil\ ~ JJ:bfi'1 JLlli;/c ~ :FJI!~ !
o
+
% E W. Ii fll] f1~ It 1iJ :t; ( village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture? 1111 ml an endless fever of
self-celebration)~ 11ti: ~ ::f~~J ... EQ it Ml~ 1l ft lnJ T ffi Wi o
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[ ~ ffi M il] 1. iii i1t ~ $l CD-1U ffl tl1 iat j! ~ 89 tf ii XW. ~ ( some might see) , l!P "X 4t Z. ffi"
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~~~'&i~¼i¥ llt'(~l»l x-1-tz.$'~~~ E a<J El ~1i:~t(booby prize) ;®-1Uill-:W-Rt7J\~JtJ!tlllffi.~ a<J%\1.
a
§.<A cynic might speculate. .. ) , l!P "::t 1tZ.ffi" ~-J!-~ § AAAA A Mi§ ~l5t, :& ~ ~ 00 IEti: ~ rt o
* •
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m si ,
@1il tt <D 1iJ 8$ ..itt ~ ~ .91 :tt ~-lBl ~
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2. ~~~~Ae~•o
*mftffiffi.~MMm~89-~,~M-aa«~®A~m•A~r~~
II$1! ( Cooper ana her co'i'leagues VS some ... a cynic)
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3. ntiYl'Ji1:~~11: ~J*a'1 ll: ,fF~1J~ffJ~~ 7~-JfxW.~, El a ~JL.ti-**,~ ~ Jtfn-f&r&PT
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l1lb\fflw.J lfl ~JtfF~~Jt :(£ft~ EQ ~~xW.R.\ 8-t, ft# ffl T cynic -iiij, speculate l!~ffi"~;ff T !ff~$
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ffil il it ilff i ffl ~" , ~ :ijE i9!!I ft~ xt 11ti: • # Mi ~ ,~ %11 ~.It~: tf FJr -f* ffi a<J
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= ,
22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be 22. ffl ii~ ~ 3& 1Di tl it RT fi~ ~ f/!'. - @ A
.
regarded by some as Wi'F£
0
[A] a sensible compromise [AJ itJm~~~~tl}
[BJ a self-deceiving attempt [BJ El AA AAA~~~
[CJ an eye-catching bonus [CJ 51 Att § 89~lim
[DJ an inaccessible target [DJ X~~JJR,a<J § tj
[ ffl ;t:;.¥:fiL] *ti<D-'tiJffi ill,-~. A.iA:fg*~i5l¾~OO;tc~ $*"gxlfHx1tzt~"Wf~ Fm ~ § ft~!t;
@~Mfu~~~MAx~ll:~§ft~~Z.* o[~~£Mmt••~lla<Jit~~ffio
[ -tr;~ - ~ J .IE riful]Ji [B}~:i<,J- booby prize, self-celebration, desperation to reinvent itself. . . 89 .IE-liJfl~~
o
*fi~ ~«
i A] ·~ W-Xffl & o * Wi$ 7 f§r »t1'f :t-fi!~ tfj~~ ;:5 Lt, JA booby prize, self-celebration,
endless fever ... desperation •nt-# *PI• :ii -fm ff] «l*~ i A.J.Ji!~ IYJ !i' Z ~ [CJ~ lat • ~ X>t" ~ ml X ,ft Z
0
ffl5"~a<J·?i~~fFX>t"X-ftZ.ffi"~t,(j~ffto (D-ti]i:p the much more prestigious ... sought-after ffl5:f£i1t"!KX
"x-ttz•"~~ .fEm, {l!*m
~ ::t1tz.ffl5"~ 51 Aa: § , W. 8H ~ ~ eye-catching iE:!lf ffl.li J3 9~, ::t i:p
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j!J bonus J!- P-J ~ o [D]ffi-@,tij ifY:r fif•r~ ~:t-f~ml § ~~m~-v¥-fft"ii%& T"(endless/ desperation)~ ~
m
ft 1m-ITT 5(;j"" ~ • i>l" 89 ~ Jt :t-t =r i>l , ~ ~ .R ~iA ,i; it~ lllii1 JJ 1ll ~ £ m: , ¾ ~ oo '17 M iJ\ Yr~ ~ 89
o
§ AAAAAfr.1-J ,#~~~111:1¾~:W.x-.~$-!'M.
[tt!5 .~ ta] A 4m ;J.Q.,~ + ¥5i~ ± ~IB o W. "A!f#ll~-~ "Z% .~:ffx.t tift.± ~ ~~ffi o -~ J lt>ffia-t ml:
12* i!. *
1. 1fE qfA tE ti A~ 99 ~ ~ Jt , ~ :f:$ i:iJ ~ 1¥ iiE f-1~ Ii- $ :fr~ ffi ~ ~ ~ ~ * 99 ~ ~ ; 2. ~ '-7 A~ 99 x!l'. ,g -& ¾
~ ~ m: f& ~ ~ ' ~ ffl ..t "F Jt ?t ~ ffl; m' ~ ~ x-t Jjtz ~ ~ :gi! :!UPI~ Im ' ~ J]'Ff AJ t{ XE fil ¥0 CD 1iJ ' {a f{ ~
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booby prize x,J" T ffif. I! ii~ ffi Jt1J, ~ 1f1 R ~ ~ WJ T "F Jt the much more prestigious title of European
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capital of culture -f*~lli J!~ A.x-t"AA1J+I Jt«:.zfflS"~ ltiJ tt:ffiJl~, &tt lli -fm11l x-tffi~iSl tf9ffll3~ ~ J1t @
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~ £¾~7J\ ~ 00 ~ f-F-Mt¾" § ~ JJ:m 99 !£~", ~ ~ WJ ~qi~~~~~~ [BJ
a
m
Oit is also wise to recall that such titles are not a ~11l~t-J.ii5¼11JE.iA.-iJt.fJJ ,it.~#½
cure-aJl<I'. 8 A badly run "year of culture" washes in and
*~~~~~~~~¼~~o~~~~
washes out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence~ for ~")t_-ft.1f-"-jip;'f}J 7j(M_,/f:. - ,t-~-j; iili llf.ili
a spell~ but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. 8 th , if *-- ect e(J ~ :Jc , ~ -)f- ii. ~ ~ ~ Jt •
The really successful holders of such titles are those that do *-#A~*~o~~A~~~~~~¼
a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high }')f-#t~iif.iif.~ .ii:. -tit nJj /& ~ ~&4 ~, if
profile® arts events and good pressG> for a year. 0 They
*~~-~~~~~~~~- ~4 ~ ~
a~*~/[;~~
transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they iil:tl.i!o 't:111 it f: ,.:ff-~
nudge~ the self-image of the city into a bolder and more rfr~ tJ ~iA~~ffe ~I foJ ~ ro 1t ,~~-'J!.89
optimistic light. 8 It is hard to get right, and requires a -iii o A~1ttJtl i!~~it•, ~-fx. ~ ~~I=, JiJ
remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooper~tion between ~~ ~ ~Jt.f.yt '~ '.t-t-Jt-j; ~ k '~ ft
city authorities, the. private sector, community groups and ~ i1 ,il~Hl #-.~ )t_,ft,!ll ~fa)~¼~ ,f!!
O
cultural organisations. 0 But it can he done: Glasgow's year i!~~a~~~~~=~~~~~~~~
)t_1t~-~~-·~-~~~~i!-J~
as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of
f.*~-!-~~¼, i!~ ~ -t-f!.i!.&.Ml ifi A
a complex series of factors that have turned the city into the
powerhousea> of art, music and theatre that it remains today. :/.J ~ ~ '-t-~ .-;1. .&.~ ,ilj ~ 4.A-' -#-# ~ .f.~ 0
----... -..... --.......... - ----- ............... -.................................................... ,,. ..................................................................................................... -.... -...... -. -.. . . .. .. ...... -.. ----
•.................................... ., . .. . .,I
:.. ~.,~.t~.~~~~1:v.ftJ!f. ~ JI;.
CDcure-aH [kjuaro:l] n. ']j"~~ ~ @press [pres] n. ffi fii:J !f. , ff! ftJ
I
@prominence [1prommans] n. ~l:tl-,'.I~ ~ @nudge [nAd3] v. (10];Jit-1f.JP] ),ltp•i£
@spell [spel] n. (~~(fj)-ffl:lt-tlsJ cr)powerhouse [ 'pauahaus J n. ll! JI "'1 JI!! :If
© high-profile [ 1ha1 1 praufa1l] a. iWi ill l'f(J
.·························11
: • ilJl~ffi • : -
~
................................
• =!.. t. = \
im • '1 • mJ ~ , m. Mi~~ ,1 l.i. : w " 11:. x it'*~ RJ 1e.1. '1 ~ ii!!
m*
e
*
~J ~ , ~•,;:ii ffitt tt #
~ Jt t-tif *
0
• ::. Ji~ w, x it f$ -it ~ :2 n ~ 1l ~ , @ :tuJ Jf'd~ i-'F 1t J:JJ AJ 1e.1. " ~ itf! m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ • w" = ©
not a cure-all; @transform the aspirations; ®nudge the self-imageo
(D iij ~ ti J::. )t , ~ ill im • m A. ff1 , X it flit i!t ~~ff~ JiJr fl laJ Iii o It is also wise to recall that. .. 111 ml
fir~ St Cooper and her colleagues argue~ some might see, :1f :Jm ~I A ff:1'fi-B~ (also~ f!ij f1:1'f tl9i-B~~
~~-=Si~ rliJ taJ ~) such titles ffif-t.J:Jtti!IJ ~"~~HJt1tz~" /'Jt« :.z~" /'Jt «:.zfl"~4}filtf/F%;
1
not a cure-all<cure-all ~1il~n JR.~; lR.13-:lltP~")il!M.A ffJJt 1tf$%~~-~Ji.Jf;ff fnJ DI, fill:f mi..l:Jt~ ~
M~FA~r~n*~§~~m~~~~~~~,Xffi]J\~Jt~x-f~fPjg~*~~o
@@@iij,LA~&~niif~~Q)~.~MR~R~Jtitt$~~~m~$o
@~ M & iii~ Mm i~ ~ • a<J )tit$•~ ,c Ao washes in and washes out of a place like the tide(~
ffil}j(- ~ilfiil!Mi ttl) t{ lt~99--i$f3:lfflml badly run, i#,l!ijttfJ~, ~*fis;fj~~jffi*~~ ~; prominence
*i!
for a spell vs no lasting benefits ~n but ftJ.f&si~~ tt, ~lffll.i!lffli ~ tf9ffl7J<~-, ~'Yl :ii~:iF if B9
**!A
Jt1 t~~9¥ X~ , liiJ aiJ' X~J I ,C., rt:tE hut zFA , llff 7.J\ if 99 Jt 1t~ w. ~~~-fff tl9 ~:2t
o
®©~ >AIE. iii~ M .tilt J:JJ ~ ~ ~ R ~ :ff b11. ,-ft ttl J! ~ ~ tJ o The really successful holders of such
titles ~ ..t.Jt a badly run "year of culture"~Jlx-J-lt ,~f!ij~~~:f@ ~~~ really successful ffi do a great
o
13deal more si ifflJ tt~~ % z z ~ $ , ~ ffl ~ ii. ili ]I$~ jj ; fill hotel bedrooms ( ffi 1* WJ. ~ ~ • ~) , high
:it~*
profile arts events(l:Jtcffligj 09 ~~) ,good press(.i*iE iffi1r ~) l>l=~ Ji iffiffi tH -~ ~ ili 09 09
~ jJ , flf{ mffltr X (J(J bringing prominence for a spell; @'A)*~'® 'A) , JM :M they transform. . . they nudge. . .
ilt- tv~1ulit:gJ~~%~~,~~~ii ili ~1!~ .. J!1t~ ~~ .1J <P1~.A.1n ~ ~tt .Jf!ft ~m ~ § ~1A
m
~ ) , Jffl ...t :t tf9 lasting benefits to the community.
@®~ii u iJ: W--~ jfi ,s P,ij f1= ~~Ii : ,oc lJJ 1ttl f1J iX - tJJ flf. Jl , ffl ~ :t Rf ~j 1#« i~ WJ 1iJ Jin it is
o
hard to get right. .. But it can be done~$"i.tiv- ~~,,~-,iitJli1,C.,~tf~ifi-zf€;,8~f'F:M-~"li
*1~ Wr•
u~ J J ~JJ».litJ;b"B1) *~~[jf ~ e ,C,., requires. .. as well as . .. ~J $~~f .$;J;JJ 89 ~flt, 1iE ~ Jt
o
if
~J.l::k<it is hard),Glasgow lit:W~1J!Jr!JlUX-i!EIYl~-W~~ey~~l};\1.(it can be done)o Glasgow~
{9iJ-=fr:p ,turned the city into the powerhouse of art, music and theatre IIP-!1i....t::t.@t~tf9$%Yt~i~8'9~R-\
nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light; it remains today sl i1IJ Jt~~ lt-t fa]
z
-ff: JJ92 ml J: ::t la*sti ng* b enefits
[ f ~ ~ Klfl. ~ ] 19: ~ tt jcJ O i'F «- ~!\'. ,~ ' ~ m :m : iX lm 7t ~ ' ffi )(. • ,c.~ 1£ .. ~ " tt j6J M u not a cure-all ffi
0
tl:L~4t;f$%.-1'~7Jtm.9l~, mi.€Jin a badly run "year of culture"*° the really successful holders .J.Aif.!i
WJ ~1.f mi~ it -Oi -Oi ~ ~t ::t 1t $ % ;lik z ~ ~ $ £1'9, ~~~ii ili J! $ ~ 1J , :Al E iffi n It is hard* to get .
m
n.
right. .. but it can be done. .. ~ "iJ: ~-~ tfj-" ~. tti , 1f ~ jJ ~~It {_a Jc½ ilJ ~ ~ :gJ' ffi WJ
Glasgow lit J;/J a<.J ;'6~J JZ!:fr{§IJ iiE ~ Jlt, fF ~ "Ji 1#1.fr~ i$l 89 ~,!r.D~ Z ~ tti
o o
:.. .":1'
~:.~-~-~~
m
23. The author suggests that a title bolder is successful 23. i~ ~ i-A '1 , q ~ ~ ffi lY-J ijl .R fl°
only if it ;t • /oc J:JJ
• 0
~.1J~t~;lt*~
[A] endeavours to maintain its image [A]
[BJ meets the aspiration of its people [BJ ~~~:l:li!.A~a<.J~:i(
[ CJ brings its local arts to prominence [CJ ~~:tl!rl:*~~lii~
~.1Jr*~~~
[DJ commits to its long-term growth [DJ
cm
il ~ urJ 11=@:®1Unt~~Y& a<.J"x-ft~" Jl 1lr*-a-t ~ Jxt.1G w~¾*z 89*'J ~, ~~" litJ;JJ a<.Jf*
%l1t{~~"w.i.t<'-1 ~:l&1'**:®89;flJ~ o @©1:iJlE ffii~tfX;f lit=F}J(J(Jf11'%~~i~~i-ei£, ~P~=F}J:M-~.tl:. r
..
~M~mm~~m~ *~~§~£Jtcm~~~-~~~~m~m,~ma~~~.A.~~m~
(transform the aspirations of the people who live there) Jf~nf £1'9 ~ ~i:AffliJI IPJ£1JO*XW.A9-ffii(nudge
,i!~~:t£5jifjj*WJ~Mo
the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light) if.fd@JJl[D]~
.JJiXi4!,~ bS'~~til$r
o
[ 11t;~M~J .IEfiffll:Ji[DJ¾~rffi=~®@© 1UffEmili a<.J" Jvt:g] ~f*%Yt~t~" ~ ~~, #-ti:*1i1
Glasgow ~f91Jr'tl~~W. iiE~(Glasgow ~~89litJ;/J~~~~[it remains today])
o
[A]• T nudge the self-image of the city into a !bolder and more optimistic light, ffi( X nudge. .. into ¾-
,~~m
1'-~ ~ $t!tl ~ ;i:J: ~ ~ l£1Affl1t!Pl"£:bD-*~B9-im", im~l:- .mt~1£ maintain ~1u"~!P, ~~",
o
ffi.ffli:Xltltf [BJ illr transform the aspirations of the people who live there,mtX transform ffi~~"P.t~"mj
o
*~~~"I~i~i (meets)"
o
[CJ ~®-1:U bringing p*ro minence(1'f*pfi!Dffi@1ij bring in high*-p rofile arts events(1lr*
rr m:
§ ~ £ 7tc ffl i9J) ill: 1k ff , X cp jf ilJ "~ ~ J& £:;if(~ JJA1. 1iI ·~" ~ ~~ ffl@1iJ do a great deal
o ,
more J:iJJq}, "~MA9l:*J!irR"#-=f~J:lt.~8<.Jl$%~~~~~,r:,,~1( ,~~-f:tlmT'tl only ~~>Jto
[~~~~Jam•Mmoilt~~§~~-~~-89~--~*~~~-~~ito~•iltma-tm:
* * -
1. 1E JJI!~ Im~ , *'1 ffl lli-=f .. ~ JJl! s:f:t 89 ~ ii~ tt ilJ ~ JiY. a<.J .ffli: X , ?l fe 1fHI ~ lJi ~ ~ x ¾ 1!f 1'£ ~ Jl ..t ~
JJc,2. *'lRL.l:.rxzfaJ89:i!.$i*lU1tfi1tJM:ffl,ili~~o :lm*l!,~tHIIJFf'tl a title holder is successful 1:iJW.
ffif/fi~uz¥1J~_fi@@1ij ,[A] [B]'tl 89*mlP.1t£©1U 'tlilJ W.ttilJ~ mi. ,{a ftfif#t 7 f9J~, transform~ meet
~)t~lw]. ITff nudge~ maintain -ttl.~~J!iJl ~, i&f:IF~[A] [B]o [CJ!Ji:tf.mt:X cpilJ ~ jt§Jtl:t£@®1Utti!J~
ml , ©.¾lm =f 'P ~ - ~~tt-rn ,~ only, tl!. RP iE fifu ~~~·~¾"lit :gJ 89 f* % ~~ #" ~ !tl r" ~ 9&." 89 ~ ,g ,
14.
24.•~~m&ffl~~w~~7•W
24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present
0
[A] a contrasting case [A] &f9!J
[BJ a supporting example [BJ ,(,lji!I
[ C] a background story [CJ ~:I':$:.
[DJ a related topic [DJ ffl~ffi/m
[ff ;ft~~] 2uLJJJffi_,@:@1iJ ,Glasgow tlHJ1;(£ But it can be-done zf§" ,A~% ZJ§" B9~iil:~ ~
~ o
~r# Glasgow B9 =9J llHl~fdft 2$ ffii B9 it Jifrffi tt @I# ,@©@1iJ t!StE fiffl ~ ~ ,fiiJ ;i-fm Jvt '1 lb. =91 B9 ~% YHt.
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,it ffift1¥J~",:&1-J !:&=91 a<Jf$%~~f;ff"J!14., mi Glasgow PJr;(£1¥J1iJrm:1¥J iEHEE ~~"~ml Jt itZt!S"
Fo ~=91~~'l1f£.* , il"-*~".&~.@!Jllfi ,#M=~:?£~, !:JJ:Jt:i!fl!W,g-, ~llt¾- 1'-iEimf9iHiE ,[B]iEfifft
o
[ *Bl1Hf] But it can be done ¾-.l/'xW.t.(10 ,MiFoB9 I'%§ ~~51 ili~ffllA.iEiffi~-%e.t.( ,iEflft~
[B] ¾ x-t 'UJ ~ B91l fdft !l!Hti
o
[A] ~Jt i:f:i ~-it~fflli [CJ [D] ~~~,g-~_,~ZFoiin ~ %51i li~ffl B9i~iiE:i!Jt, 1[~$1~~
o o
[~15 $!Ii] 1i~ § (J(Jlllo ~*tf.Xifltisl.«A~-;; ,lt!W~¾~f9iJiffi 11t¾'17 sl ili ±lm~~i4I%e.
:un*
±Im,
~ ,~*i1<pg~ili~t£R1t1iltlim #fflr51 ili ili Imt£~*1iltl-:k~ ffl*~ilXW..~ ~~, '17@
o
~.iEfifi, ~J.i!Z:~ ~J: "FJt ~ ~i£fif!JbiA o ~ll*N!, Glasgow B!i:f£%e..~ 1iJ But it can be done z.Fo, -:k"fiiiT V,,{
fifft~~=91~'1~ffl ,N~-~Jt~8~iiT-- ~~2~A- 1'-.iEffiilt9~--iil:o
........... ·········- ... ......... . .. - -····· ---~---· . ........... . .................................... - ....................................................
IV O A "town of culture" could be not just about *+~'*-,~Ill}-
":t.1t.t..4,A."-jf-~ .R ,l ~
the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities(l) -~,J,fA.# ~- , 1/J ~#Jt. illi ~,fjj-, .t.#
helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities
~ Jl!!.i.t~Jtj_t, .... ~~ Jl ,.qj .fh ~ Jl!!.A.~o
and above all celebrating~ its people. 8 Jeremy Wright, ~~kE~X*•M # S M3~~-~
the culture secretary, should welcome this positive,
foJ.l., Jt ~ --~ ~ J,t. iSt *~~,f,f-*-ff#J
f 0
hope-filled proposal, and turn it into action. [ 435 words]
............ -. ....... ··-··· ...... -. . . .... ··-· .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... -·· ............ ·-· ......................................................................
~
.-························· ················· . ,I
:.. ~--~-~1;;Jt~-~·~-,t-~--~--:_;/(;
(DpecuJiarity [ p11kju:li 1serati] n. * R.\ ,~13 ~~ ® celebrate [ 1se11bre1t] v. ,t~ ,~ih
:I
~:-.Q~jf: ~::i
C ~-ii],.,
w
• ll9ii~ ~~: m~-~jg-tliS(#flJ'i,fff~ :welcomeo
O 1t-t•
(DtHt:ff S.~ ~ 2~11XitZta"tt-.1•~ :~.R~lJ1'!:*, laJ ~,J,tt~f9o Not just. . . but. .. $®
-*"'ifi-
"X-ftZifi"tf{)~ffi:~>l, >lli ,C.,ft:tf but Zfti,, HP honouring a town's peculiarities(peculiarity lt -J;J a
feature that only belongs to one particular person, thing, place, etc. "*1-@.") ,~:tR-FozftiM~~,m"f!~1j,
ffi ~ e " ~ • .IE Pi lil sustain high street. , , its people ~ ~ ffi = a©1 iJ .lit =91 ~ ~ % ~ ~i ~ " (J(] l*1 ~
®~~~"~O ~*~~----M~-~*~~,.o *~@U ~--~~~,.«x~-:x0f il•~
( welcome) :iX- -~#~~1-Tiifi~ ( turn it into action) ,-f*~H'}:;;ff x,f~-i.>l B9 ,m fifi ~ ~~Jl fl=~ ~
o
positive, hope-filled -*~?IJ:iXJJ!•i;( ,N?'X~-~~ >t~,xl]n. i)l B9 ffi f5I ¾1t~1f -*f'J~ , ~lruX~i£
- ~ ffl* o * * •
=
( )1it Jl 11Ht l 1. ft 1§1 Ai 1f a tl tt , ff i,t ~ 1§1 fU 8 tt o • ~ s I ili • ~# ~ ~ m: i>l ~ %e. t.( , ffi ~
l*it.&*t~ ;ffmt.( ,ffi= , ll!l•fFit;i":Jf~~~ § B (J(J * ~t i. o ffi--~i-t~£t9MfllA • i2:t&i>lB9"XitZ
"r-- z ~"," m: mi >l* ,
ffi ¥1J" X1 t X ,ft~f fi" ?f- ~ X 1t~ % , N @I ¥1J ~ ~ %: ~ 5& •
2. fifilit«~ /J:o fF~~J.f Jf~~ ~~ !Yl fie, ooy;~;ff immo 1Affi= €iffl ¥1J~ ~ ~ Bt ~ cynic,
speculate ~ffi~ ,JIJ~= m~~ El 2%e.~tfit~it~16~ '~~B9~~~.lt#-~~.R-f*~;(£:li:Fo-~, mi~
}\t~ll(~ .. ~~ ,fjt~
0
15······················. J
: • A~fflM • : -
~
. . . . . . . . . . . .
m w
25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal? 25. 11= =t1t ~ ~ i.Sl ~ ~ ~ 11t 1
[AJ Skeptical [AJ ~~
[BJ Objective [BJ ~XW,
[CJ Favourable [CJ~*
[DJ Critical [DJ ffl:~J
[ ffl,t~{t!] *~*1iJf'F~f!ijfifft}li,5ljc{t~*lil.~"frX~~~",X-~t}llti]...t,Jt:~~fflt¥J~i,5l,{*~
a
tfj jt:x rJ" i)(. l¥J j: M : ~ Lt C] JJf lE liJ6
o [ o
»..
[ 'tfrr ~ M\ f;] iE liJ6 ~ [ C] ¾ :X1 fF ~ ~ ll 89 lE riffi tl 15 M =&:ff: ~ :X1 ~ • ~ 89 tit ill <cynic,
o
speculate) ,M=~f'F~M>C1t~%fmtJ~~l&:rol¥J~fEffi°,t:.,(But it can be done)jf:tf5I Glasgow 1¥J.lit~
_$tf9ij, ~&*~l':f9}ti)l( welcome this positive, hope-filled pr,oposal, and turn it into action)~PJ ~~ffflf'F
~ x-t i.1< $% iSl 1':19 ~~~ft
o
[~[m•••=·~--09~J.tSM~fl:-~mofF·~--«mfiTgS09~ffi,fil¾~f!llB
09j:~~Il
,[B]~1*0
[it~.~~] XW.~~lll!io ~~Jlt~Nlia-tmL:1. 1itt~fifo~iiif'F~~.!ll':t9WJ1iJ ,,ei,m%?iJ.WJ ,~~,1M
*'J
WJ ---~ WJ~ ,l'JJflWJmt¥J~·lff-@.~i1r~i*tl$r ;2. but ~~tfiWJFo ,iifrJ lffi:~, PI ltUtfflH~~~J.Jt; 3. *rfl=~
x-t ;;t1t!tA. ~ •-~ t¥J ~ 1l ml*~ , ff=~ =A:* 'R] Jl ts( >t {t -;k ~ ~ ~ ~ • iJl , ffij Ji i£ -ft Jfl T positive ~ hope-
o
,»..ftix-m
filled 5~JJ~~JH&89~¥[*f~im~ai5l.,j:~~ll~S~ilo ~?~ i:iJ k,(ltl ltJr tlJfF•a<J~ll tt16,
o
-ff~=A:f*~~i!-S,~a-fJ fl cynic *ffif* ,~JJ\fF.XtJ-J.m:~-89~lt¾~~~89 ;Zla ,M=&:-ff~~~ §
i3 -~ ft,J ,~J!~~!ff Jit:fb tf<Jf*IP¥~~f- ,#- ..§. k,( but it can be done ~jfi, ~f!ijfp;ff j:~j!-~iJ(
o
*X~
~ The Guardian« JI ft! »2 019. 3. 4 -ffi 11! J;J The Guardian view on academic publishing:
~*
w~ : x.- nJl$ w
disastrous capitalism(Jijfl tf$.ilc .ffl~ ~ ~*.3:,.>() ~ f'F ~Ji IDJ /ffi"#$ Jt!fiffi
0
IJl!J , $.ilc X~-fft~ i*j , ~ ~ 11k "jf:~A giJ *1r ~~mi x,t ~ ~ a<J Nu mt t , ft~ l!ll fifft %Yi~ : &, ®'f fr lit~~ ili Jt&
~Y~e~~~l':t9~~,~~*xffl~~~~l':t9W~o
=,
~~; illt~~AliitBfflM
I #•~a~*•~•-~-~~~ o#
O Scientific publishing has long been a licence to
print money. 8 Scientists need journals in which to
•~s4M~*LAt~~~~A*,~~
•~a~¼--~~~~*-·o~~#•
publish their research, so they will supply the articles
~·~--ff~ff*~~•~~i~,~~
without monetary<D reward(7). C) Other scientists
perfo rmCl> the specialised© work of peer review also for
~~~~~~~~~~~~a~~#~~~
free, because it is a central~ element in the acquisition$
a'J-Jl~,~~-t
0
of status(!) and the production of scientific knowledge.
----·-· ......... _ . ··----- --------...................................... _.. .......................................... _.. ................................... .
J
-~:-ijJt·>t~:~)tfe:frffl::~..
s~
CDmonetary [1mAn1tri] a. ~ffl (311 ,~(311 @reward [ri'wo:d] n. ~DIJJ' @I~
16@perform [pa1fo:m] v. .1fl fi, ~fi i }) • ~•m1c
n
©specialised [ 1spefalaizd] a. ~ ~ tt<J '~ tt<J <Da licence to print money(~:ft~~.::k<fll ,-*Jf~j)
@central [ 1sentral] a. :fill~ tt<J , fl< ,(., tt<J i
}) @peer review( ~fii,\fi$0
1
@acquisition [1rekw1 zifn] n. ~~{l ,f{ljlj @for free(Jl~:t& ,xffiim)
(L)status [1stertas] n. ~~JIR-& ,tt~i&'Ul
:I
:~: ) ~j!/,fi::~:::
*
w ,.,t~
• - ~ - ~ ;9 jg-$ ,t !ii~ ja] Ii : ff~ n& ~ ~ fJi f4 ~ ~ ff~ I i1= ~ R ~ )t ll! tfJ ~ fft t& ~
I 1 O
jg- fisl W~1Buf4~Wn&£fla~J~tt", #JAF~ ( x~) 1¥-Jnl* 1ft nit~ ~tliil :tJ : (i)a
o
licence to print money;@without monetary reward;@for frtt
0
CD-aJmtffi afffi: ff~ Wn &~ - *:n '1J o Scientific publishing iUE ~:t~ ~ "f4~ l:tl JI&(~)";~ j!tJl
~ 33 ffi a license to print money(~ '-1 used to describe a business or an activity which allows people to
make a lot of money with little effort or responsibility "[;Jitfi~/m~J~J!~/~ffijtf~::k~dl~~"))fff
M•w~~~~~~m~.~~-•~w•fi~**X~~••o
Ji*~ z
®@-aJ JAF ~ ( 3t li:} 1¥-J ~ F :& 1f iffi ffl. ~1.1 ff~ Wn & ~ .6l * ilf without monetary reward/
O
also for free,so/ because ~IYrWii1PJfe].#ftl~~
o
®ii.J 1ttB" nl*flf "1¥-Jmt ~ z- : '4~~ x{i{~m o so. .. *{W.flif ff~if~-Wi#I:~ffi~, ~Jjltl ~~~
~ ttl Jl&t'ru~*rttNr :~?vf;g-§Jljx~~ o it: *1D ~~ffl ~~T~~~~"X needs Y to do sth"8* ~" § ~ /
z
*-ftJ:tt", lilJ lt-t XttHOOt11-i$t~ journals ~ their research fa]~~~ diJf ~ <~~) :t£M ftJ J:, i& Jt1t 7 in
which to do sth i!fiti~-*3F-#~1H~~~~(lf$##Z'1"~!:fi;~~ffi-JA1ij" ,iE#~.i:f:'1 in which they
publish their research) ~ ~ll: This was thought to ·be the only area in which to do business. ~¾.A.1rJik'-1119
o
JJi - fm < :( £ Jt lfl ) ~ iffi 119 IR ~
o
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position"iti /€i.JIR fir , tt~:t&m "> IV..& the production of scientific knowledge :frJJU ffi fPJ "fA" ~ "0", ~i im1 f-4
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®@1PJ need. .. to publish their research,a central element. .. ffl ~mJ!~:kfiiJ"ffilf", ~ fflx,j" lttt P-J ~ supply
VS without monetary reward,specialised work VS for free ,t{g**~I~=tf")fff § B:$-*~*~Jit.*IV..&
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~$ I fF~ ~ T ~ ~ :tm uL , '11'" X '9t I!~ utr A9 ~ $ tli fi& #t ~ -t4t P.J-ffi ~ , im ~ ~ has long been(* R IV.*
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---·------· ....................................................... ............... . .................................................... - .......................................................... . ............. -· ............. ..
ll O With the content of papers secureda> for free, the 1t-illl.t. f 4' *- 69 ~ i:., tl! Jta. ~ ~ 1;
publisher needs only find a market for its journal. 8 Until this
~~~~h~--~~o *~~~•,
century, university libraries were not very price sensitive.
k~m~~~*~*~~¾-~ o ~~
C,Scientific publishers routinely(}) report profit margins 1t!i di ~jk~;J: f- i.JE.-ff-,:-t•~fi;F.! ,r.# ~ th ,;&.
approaching~ 40 % on their operations® , at a time when the -l}t.;fl:J JHl IEJ $t:.Jll.Jt.-*-~;f1J P1 40%
o
rest of the publishing industry is in an existential~ crisis. ~it(#~ tl:Jta.) e.1'~,$~
m- ro
fil The Dutch giant~ Elsevier, which claims to publish # di Jta. ¼ ~ 2s% *{r(J ' # ~ i{?;
25 % of the scientific papers produced in the world, made :.t.-¾ 1f- jl ;f1 J ~ ii 9 1!. ~ Iii 7':. .,t_
profits of more than £ 900m last year, while UK universities *O*O {r(Jk~ 20161rtt-1t.t T~i± 2.1
alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to {i 4k *-1t JJf Jt ;ff t~ ~ ~ Jflt-ftl!. {11 t1 *c.i
{r(J , Tb ~ f f- JiJ {r(J JJf ,t ; ~ f- A.111 ~
access<%> their own publicly funded® research; both figures seem J@..
+
a.
,t! ~ )ij - #1 jJ ~ i!. sllj 4t !f-' ,{!t
to rise unstoppablyG> despite increasingly desperate41> efforts to
't:1fJ{,;J.-f-~~~ ~i&-$1JJ!k,J:*o
change them.
. -............... -- .... ------.................................. -.............................. ---.................................... ·-· ------- ----... --- ................... ··-· ...... -. -....................... --.
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~- 'Rl~~fi • : ~' -
• ffi)j[ ~ff
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(!)secure [s11kjua] v. (jtffi ~:ii~ jJ) ~~, Jet~~ ~ @fund LfAndJ v. :,g ....... ~~ii
(2)routinely [ru:1ti:nli] ad. l! #:I:&, •~:t:?l-:1:& I ® unstoppably [Ans 1 topabli] ad. :x ~ ii ifjlj :I:&,~ ft~ m
@approach [a1prautI] v. 3ilr ,3lilr t:'ii&
@operation [,opa're1Jn] n. (Iffli.llk)ffl;fj ,~~ ®desperate [ 1despar.)t] a. ;1s:filitf9 ,m!.t1-!$tf9
~
@existential [,egzi'stenJal] a. ~~(~~)tf:tEA9 e t£!1V:mE
@giant ['«se.1ant] n. e,A.,:k~iil i., (l)profit margin(~J1ffl.$; *1J 1ffl t1.lf)
el:laccess [ 1rekses] v. inriiJ ,.ffllk(i.tJt:tJtj:flj:) ~, ®make a profit(~5f1j)
. ........................................ ........................................................................ ..
______ ___ ___
~
The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25 % of the scientific papers produced in the world,
made profits of more than £ 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £ 210m in 2016 to
enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite
increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
ffi~tJJ~:
I I
which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world while UK universities alone
spent more than £210m in
, , ~ffil>\10
2016 to enable researchers
The Dutch giant Elsevier :made profits ofm ore than £900m last year
~- ,-J to access their own publicly
: .±ffi iii! ~ffi ~ii ~)A-a]
funded research
both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
~=:
* ;ti§ ilffi 1i:i.tttffi iJ:tv-ttffi
'J:JJ fm ~ ff : 1iJ ¾ Eb ?t % !!ii :3f 89 # JIJ 1;J o ?t 1i] - 3:: -=f -J-J The Dutch giant Elsevier made * ~ p rofits of
more than ;f 900m last year; which. .. in the world ':fa.I ~F ~~ $11 ft~ i.fi-JA /jjJ , )(;j Elsevier ill: fi 3t ~ ~ ;
=
while ... funded research '-1 tt ffi- JA 1i] , ~ 3:. 1i] ~ It )(q' t~ ,t 1iJ 3:. -=f '-1 both figures seem to rise
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unstoppably, despite. . . them jgiJ:~~i.fi-
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heet wit'n ~u.mlj .. Ji~») ~J: jWj ili Jt!iffij 1k. Jt~~~ ~ /~ifie:X:"iX-'lf~, the publisher needs
only. . . J.s ""F s .l .tf:I* i¾ '.i:f Jffe ~ J, jtb St ¥b )\Q. .-( ja If; ;-le JG. .tf T-, > R ~.,.,gm * W ,~-1?
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":itt.A 21 ffl: ga ~ FA , ~ 89 ~ 1l ;t~ P.Jr 1t1 t,, , ':fa.I Fc 1t- ~ ~ l±i Jt& ~ ~ 99 !fr ~ -ft ·f!t!lt-iltl ~ @/jj] ~ frJ
0
~Jx* JJiiE.fflBl~.~ routinely report profit. .. 40 %( routinely ffi"fflittit!!, ~~~?'~it!!") "3 the rest. ..
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in an existential crisis~ at a time when ~ll): ,~Jm.e:kli~~ lii.&I. :Jt{t:±i Jt&®i~~tL>.lt~, 'E~~{.a ~~
,a ~~~.tt.ti5tm,~.~'.Wz~, z e
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The Dutch giant Elsevier~; 2* ir.i~se unstoppabl) *
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9}-,~mtfim-~a~,'xtr'ttr!l:I~-.- publish 25% .. . in the world,more than ;f900m last year ~Jm. Elsevier
18m~ffi--zj;:, m
&¥*'Jffijze ;alone spent more than £ 21om ~ ffiBI jij-()l~ 00-IE lf9j;:~ ~ttitt£::t~
W;J~_tttAej;: ,-:tfffi~J!Jl~~:k~,~~fflJ!j.JpJxW, ,J¾-:tfffix,f lt Elsevier =Ji;&¥e9~J ~ (~ lJJ :k~
2016 ~89!$1~,t J:fH'lllrJt lm?tz.-) , i$t~~~ lli Jt&0 ~ ~ ~~~~J*~-fl¾:k~
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1-tJi;rise unstoppably !:j increasingly desperate efforts 31:ri: despite(JflriJl~"!il*8 A B?£1m.lf: B 89~
~ ,B ~-0};& ~~ ")-ii] f!ij ifu M 3!.~*, ~Ji5j ~ fR ~ 89 desperate(giving little hope of success; tried
when everything else has failed"mlti:-~89 ;•fmjE ~i: ~") N~ increasingly(M:tli&){t11fi, ~#jt.liiJ ISll
:Al*~
~ efforts(::Jt ffi m• tt.J ~tit .. ~ :JJ) , Yf ;& ~ ~ tb ~~!¥-"~ff~ -z. iJt ~, -m tH ~ ~ 7 (~~ ili JI& ;ff ~j
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~ilill&ifu*®:•~J", ~ltfflltl:fi~~o A~*ti' ,fl::ff{£* .ffl.frfeJ ,::Jt.Jt¾3mitxtltliiJ».~~iiJ e<J-!t
ffl , & ~ .. ~ TAI i& ~ 31 X>t ~ fiiJ I! ~ l1ffl ~ ~ ~ fF , :!m ( needs) only .. routinely ( report profit• . . 40 %) , more
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than,alone(spent) .. (their) own publicly funded (ijff~-lf § B ~ jJ 89 .. fm 11:1!0* ~ !lb 89 *W, :BS~f
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26. Scientific publishing is seen as "a license to print 26. ~~ 1±1 Jt&~tlftJl!'1"-*Jj"J", ~~ fj
.
money" partly because
~~
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[BJ its marketing strategy has been successful [BJ frfflmi!lB~~~
[ CJ its payment for peer review is reduced [CJ fiiJfiW~~ ili ~1>
[DJ its content acquisition costs nothing [DJ p;J~~llk.lit*'1~
[ffi$'.iE13LJ tt ffl:tt 1i:H& tb ~~ m J t&~--*JJ~J <a licence to print money), ®®1U ,}jjrJffi tb , f-4~ x
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[CJ reviewed the publishing industry [ CJ ~ ili JI& fi }It ilt fi 7 & Ml-
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N O The most drastic<D , and thoroughly(?) illegal,
~ /.J 3 ~l .. -d!.. Jf.. ~¼it~ a9 .f*. iM Jf.. Sci
reaction has been the emergenceCD of Sci-Huh, a kind of
H ub a9 ~ th *~ o Sci-Hub- 'E ;If ,Ii, ~ 1~ ¼ ~
global photocopier© for scientific papers, set up in 2012, j:_
•t½ ~ # Jj ~p ~ - ~J ..il. -f" 2012 1t=-, JR.
which now claims to offer access to every paywalled *-
* J; ~ "1" y). .tit. -#t- 2015 Jf- y). ~-*. ~ .PJr 4f # f
article published since 2015. & The success of Sci-Hub,
j: ~ it fol ~ o Sci-Hub ~ A>}]- *" ~ -f"
which relies on researchers passing on copies they have
~ ~¼~• tt ~¼* ~~ - - ~j:_- ~
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themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem '*-- *- a}l '¼ ff9 !£. i& i !t ~ Jfl ;, 'f e. !k.
h~s lost legitimacy® among its users and must be
-¼ .£ ~ *•t± , ix.' jJi ~ .tJ !. -fr 1t. ~ y..J. -ft. 'E ~ ~ All
transformed® so that it works for all participants.
4}--f Ji}f ~~ ¼
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i:-~~:~f~iij:~.~}f#t:~::i ;/
(Ddrastic ['driestik] a. ~i1Ht9 ,g?.,H:1-<J ~) ® legitimacy [11' d31trm~i] n. 1t1 1! tt , iE ~ tt
® thoroughly [ 18arali] ad. ~m; ,%½ ~ @transform [trams1fo:mJ v. ~~, P.k~
@emergence [11m3:d3ans] n. 1±1 ~ .~~ i~) e ~Aftic
@photocopier [ 1f.:>Utaukopia] n. ~fflm <Dpass on ([fflfti]ii!1t,~ii)
................................... ... .. ........................................... ..
The most drastic, and thoronghly illegal, reaction bas been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global
photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article
published since 2015.
~~t}J~:
and thoroughly illegal a kind ofg lobal photocopier for scientific papers
set up in2012
The most drastic reaction bas been the emergence of Sci-Hub
which now claims to offer access to every
~ffi-lA1 iJ paywalled article published since 2015.
20IJJ~itff =*1:iJ.±-r:1-J The most drastic reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub and thoroughly
0
illegal '1ti A iB', ~ Jl..t .!j most drastic #Jtl, .xf reaction :ill:fii~ JEi)l~ a kind of. .. papers Jg ls'] -fiL ~,
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Sci-Hub 1-.J'JPJ~, set up in 2012 1-; Sci-Hub e<JlfiI~i-a, i}l!!ijJ(:-t€l'iI..El-tfaJ; which i31 ~=IF~ifi1Jtt~i-a
.M. 'A)~ifp Sci-bub,:i!-= - *t~ ,~ 1 - fi .. . .. ~-f.fj.j Sci-Hub . 8 9 . . £ . . . l . i . t . t . < R · - ..,
:: ~:-j~j}ft~f:~::1 ;/
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iji! o ~ it ifil .'-1 : CD the most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction; @must he transf'ormed
0
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=Fi*
action" Lim .. ~m") @J mlffi increasingly desperate efforts, 'JI tt .x,r #"~it ~ -ifLrX., Pr rlr ~ ~ )'ffii, :ft 1=J
~ ~-fip mZ5t9"(drastic "lt.:1-J extreme in effect), {E 1<~ 3ttt~ IW thoroughly illegal R f!JJ ~~iJ.. J tf¥:(£ ~ it
Jl!tt, ~ a kind of(~1-; not exact"~ JL?t,fflffi" ,-tf;ep :Sci-hub l{:~~;f;f- 1'?W~-€t~e<J~fil,~'Ul.)~~
-l!ij-Dff ,~~ifitfffl:~.x,f Sci-Hub e<J~.1[~~.JJt o tl:: global photocopier 1-; tl:; llfr1 ffl ~, fF~:11f Sci-Hub
mm~tt'1"~3*tt:t~j!EfJVl.", !=j offer access to every paywalled article(access to sth ffi".xiJ';!tt$a9~
JflVI.fi~~~J")-®,~f!JlJt~~e *'~IJliiJzr-a9 ~a,t ,£~.ilP.Jt"il~/~-frf*:tt" :~ivf:t~tf(Jj[~
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success ilt...t. tft ffi Sci-Huh ~ 1Jtr5.i ~ ~ ~ )lt ~~--,which )Et~ 1' 'i:iJ ~ .rz¼ lbt. ~ ~ - :,c. AA J} :!¥-~ ~ ~.ij-"$1)-}c ffl:
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~ 'tfilf&ill~t&ffi~J~~-.ffi!imo shows ~I tfi Sci-Hub J/1.~iffr-*~Js.m ;has lost legitimacy 1iffi.iE~X!t
~mr
~Jlilf*~fll]IJIF'.ffl: ,~ffii½t! ,3tJilU~1tJ11! B:il~~ffl.PW*L ~ ;must be transformed JilUffi'U·~~i ~,
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-f* ~&,~~DP , W1 la; D.k ~ o tl: •1ij ~ tfi ~ ~ ~ ~ "~ • "ffl tf9 ~:iii , legally assessed ~ legal ecosystem {JIU It
r"~-ft ilf / ~Jt!. jE a<J, it~ a<J <legal)", ffii has lost l,egitimacy }jlU -ffiU ffi'. r ".iE ~ ~ , , & it ! · ~ ~ ~ ½ - J . . I a<J, ..i E t!f. a<J
(legitimate)" ·=~-r:p~IY) ~frr~HifftfiNif*~li½t!fllB:(fffl,P ~~:Ji:Jt:1tJ:ltt
(~~-~] *il:£-r
..tx"fll]jj"sl tfj "~~-~~-(reaction)"' ii~ i:f:i drastic,offer access to
e.very paywalled article,the success,the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy {~3¥-.isJffiffiJ"Sci-Hub ~a,fft
~£, ft~1i"~ff ~l'i:iJl1I" ,© m:tt thoroughly illegal,claims to<...t.:::tffl rliff~1tm tfi Jtli ffJi, ~~..>t}ff -r Sci
~11~*~
Hub), (legal ecosystem) must 'be transformed~-~ & !Wcf'F;ff ~~,C,, ~: Sci-Hub -flf At~m
~~~½t¼ ,~~1*-PJf1i" A~~J~~ ,~~~RJ~li mi~~~ ,.ill!..W-mZ~M~~i:WL"!f.~~1*~, mi¾
~~~w~~~~ff~¥.u••~~~m~a~~•~~p
~::~::-.:ijw.f :~:::; /
28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub? 28. 1'F fir~ Set-Hub ~ @t J.jJ 1t fRJ lfi m?
[A] Relieved. [A] ~a~m:~o
[BJ Puzzled. [BJ ~~~Mo
[ CJ Concerned. [ CJ tt ,t:., # •fip o
[DJ Encouraged. [DJ !{1$,A,C.,
o
[ffl)t:iEf.n:] lijjtll~lQm*;*(D 1Q thoroughly illegal(7t3!-~1t~)f1Ji:Plli.7J\f'l::?f:;tf Sci-Hub ~,m~~lt ;@1i]
m
e.
W ~ Sci-Hub tf(J ~ ls m : ~ ~ WR li )lk {t i¼ ~ ~ ~-f* ~ :(£ Jt }ff F r:p ~-¼ ft 3'./ .iE tt <t he legal
ecosystem has lost legitimacy) ,~½t¼-f*~~,~~*i!Jc~<must be transforme~), IJ.Cm:SttCoot/½i.l!tto
w~AJ .fil ,f'l:~31u~l:t!<~Jt&~f¥$~) ~16~*l1tJit~li.(DJ 8lll~ftr~~WJl&~~~~~zm, i!Jc._
Zia {7J <:fnt~i!fr El ~P.k:iJ, -~AJh~J!-~ ~{t, -fl~l!~~ll~1 iitt!~~J ~ ~I: t!$ ~), AJ .00.f'F
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Sci-Hub ·~l:t¼~~~Jvt~lt~~~JljffltJt(t(J, [C].iE~ o
21( •BM;~] *j!::faJfl=~~,~~Jfl12I ,~~fi=~~fk.J1Jt~""f~~Y5 Sci-Hub a9~1f
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[A] ,[D]?tJJ~~~" fllJl!~tftffHk:", ";ff 7 ffl JL' ,~1/l"Z~, :MJ '-1 .iE ffii ~If, ~ X i:p thoroughly illegal,
lost legitimacy ~ must be transformed J9r~i!le9fl=~ffl~" ~,ffi~.f' .iE~ ':bO ~ ~1fi, l;..(jlfk.' ii~,~~~?.&"
ffl;r Ji [B]i*~"~J.IJW"Z:il ,@-~...t.fi=~X;j Sci-hub a~~jg)J:~ lv.lk~®a<JJa 7J'ti5ffi ~ f!ij 7
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O
c~~~~J ~~~~~~~J.t~~f!ij~~ili~,~~-~~~m~~lk~~~m~~~~~~~
h-~lf ffi ID1&:<D~ thoroughly illegal mtiJfi=;g-~ Sci-Hub a<Jffl:W~J.t, ®~ =-t-"it~tt"ffl;lca<J tit~
o
legally accessed,the legal ecosystem ~ has lost legitimacy :i!Jfl ,~?Ximu"it~'f*~ 89.iE~tt&,ffi~ilJ
!liF"-*sEdJWJ Sci-Hub 89-=IF~·~ ,:izt-zv-l~JHifefl=~M Sci-Hub A9.:iFmf~ffr ,must be transformed l;..($i'~e9
~x
ffi~~i/lJltiEe91Wlicif}#;;-W~~1f.JJ\1.1f~~tl:1.lllii*~ <~ff~ff: EH -=IF~~M~tj£Ji) , lliJa;j-tl!
*~:I
il:tll.1J ffi:~311-ir"ffi~
~~~~"tr~fr~~$r~~
I 0
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
V O In Britain the moveQ) towards open access 1t.aa• 6?
.(f.~ 11, fol th ~ <:tl~) ~it
publishing has been dri~en~ by funding bodiesCI>. 8 In
¼~~M~~~~~~ o ~~#~~~,~
some ways it has been very successful. t) More than half #~a•~~•••A~ o a,(f.~~~M
of all British scientific research is now published under ~#~~~t~-4~~~*~--6?·
open access terms: either freely available from the .t.-*-- t a• ,
it tiuti. = - :1- ~ t1 * S 1 ~ 1t. iif ~ -1-
moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so L •-• L * ~ta a,
~ .(f. ~ ~ ~ ~ iif
that the publishers can make a profit before being placed ~t~a~~,(f.~~~?tL*tA~ o
on general release® .
~~:i 1'
. r:~::~:{t~i:~.1-iift.#f
I :,:•~~~] ..
<Dmove [mu:v] n. fj;IJ ,ffl'n([
:it fi •£ ;/ji
® drive [ dra.lV J v. -OE:i£; jl:i£
@body ['bodi] n. m*1J; ill~ ~ <Deither. .. or. .. ([~j:l;Jj.~f:19~~]~.z.······~.Z.)
~•if#t~:r,
=::i.
* * *
• .n , Ji ( ~ M ** iaJ lil , 1l- ta ~~ wit~ ll t -r ,·aJ a P1i i/Q tt-1 jJ - " a€ - ;~ tt-1 " & tt" : »t ~ ~ w ,w m ~
tf.J~fi
0 * '°
m w w
• .:fi ~;.t ~ Ii ,, iJIJ t 1t-ffi 66 :tt ~ Jill It& n tf.J ill Hi It& ~ ~ O ;*: • ii.I ,, : CD In some ways. • • very
successful; ® so that the publishers can make a profit
0
<Dii.J 1t-!B *~~Jli W ~ -~ tf.J *ffj: Ea~ ltJ *'1.~flliUJ~.&l has been driven by funding bodies(body
o
ffi a group of people who work or act together, often for an official purpose) !:¥iLX~1 Sci-hub a<J".~3!:"
~tt(a kind of global photocopier) ffl ~ '~~ "3f:f&~JliU:tl * Jtl i"a9F1"t lv.lkit~tt :1f .iE~/8f ~5l~ ;f.§~
oo , m: rt* m m m,
-1.f i! ~ ~ ~ =t~ te JI& ~ <§ ~~•FA) ~ ~ 1Fa 7J' Jt 2t M :$ ~ # ;(£ ~11JJ
'*' o
<%>®fil 1t !B *!l~llll Wl tillAtf.Jill Ii: f£¥~1riti ~~ .fill}J o ®~ very successful~ ~jt£JiJ®i
ftJ ,~it¥?&,© In some ways ,U!tl ffi JJ\Jt~~A~~ ~~tt, Hi lJ'f:& ?&1¥1£ 1'511! ®~ 1l-ffl "Jb.~" ag A
o
1**$ More than half *~~~A Jb. ~ ~ ~, B Jb. '-1 ~ ~ X ~ a9 3: ~ ili Jt& ff& 3!:; under open access
o
terms( under :m"nt !ffl[~$~$1J J.l]", terms ffi"i?fJ.i.>l.~ (J<J*f4 -~~"):ffl: ~ Jt-%~tt ,#-JIJ ~~ either. . .
or .. . .i1t mi ffil ff::9k~ 1¥.J Jt~J9rffi (~~~-{Jt;fj ~ f+~~ ) : a. ili Jt*& z EJ.t~ ::!(!. Ji 7f ~<freely available from
mi& m
the moment of publication) 'b. ili JI& Jt- fi EJ.t fiiJ , mi ~ Jt "Ill. ( paywalled for a year or more) ; so
that publishers can make a profit 1rttffl~-!k~=etm #: iJ: ili Ni Tfi;ff ~JiiJ Ill tl: paywalled ::t.Jff&~WJ
mi* , o I f
m ~ w.l paywall C # fl itl) ffi ~ ffi ~ r/i ...t. m . Ll: ffi P tr 3f ~ jij] Jfi #- ~ ~ ffl P # fl tt9 Jfi ffii , tfil itt
~fF"1-f ~89"
paywalled
o
l ~ ~ MilJ lt~ the move < t owards. .. ) <fi~ ,11'~ ).!§i J:m: reaction JFJIJ~mz ,~~ ~~3::Jtffi: 001¥.J
"~m" (Sci-hub)ult~ ~it~ IE*± a<J "~tit", funding bodies, very successful ~ ~ f!ij ;;l:t;itJ.11! ~ lkJb.:-fh
22* (
tt , lit B-t rli. El l'a"J : fF ~¾~~lit~~< fflP :ff Vi.~ 1Dt tli .It& #t ~ ~ ¾ faJ Jm B9 !ff tk: Lilt) ? {B ~ ~ lt PJf JLJ :i2t
JJz=A9~fi.Jfl)so that. . . can make a profit before. .. XJY}B.fm&flliJ;a.:~fJ*;)(:ql~ijS¾~:J;Jilift§.iff
!ffltt\Bll47, iiT .fil ,*Ei:JYru" &m"-f&?&~~-YF1'f~ iiJ ~ ~1!; ~ ;~~tt•~~, m~~~ i:r mr~#~*
0
¾J®imZfl1-iffM1*ilf>Jt B9 (freely available from the moment of publication) , ITff ~Hiff*~?&iiJ I.;,( :®~fffiir
m( x r )( m
fifl Iii m ftr-fifl ~ ~ -ti?." 8-t Dif¾° ~ ~ ~ Yt ~t)" '1 ffl m jt: j'o] ~ ~
t t O
..................... ............................................ ............................................................................................ ·········· ............................................................................ .
1! 0 Yet the new system has not yet worked out any
t&imX-r*-,~6iJ tlJ~~J.lt<j-.k!f
cheaper for the universities. 8 Publishers have responded<D to
im~~*~X~~ o ~~~~•~~
the demand that they make their product free to readers by
*~~~~6iJ~~,tlJ~~~~~~~
...
charging their writers fees to cover~ the costs of preparing an
¾~~tm o ~
*~**~~~~
article. 8 These range from around £ 500 to $ 5 , 000 , and t4-.. hl 500 ~it.I. 5,000 ~Jt~.-,
apparently the work gets more expensive the more that .a. Im,., *
Jt' th ~~~ 6iJ 4-_r.,~~ j'
publishers do it. 0 A report last year pointed out that the
~~•~«~~·0 ~•6iJ-···
*
costs both of subscriptions~ and of these "article preparation
-ti th , .Jtil f•J iT J)fJ f Jl.,( J.l" ~ .:i:. 4- * t " -
costs" had been steadily rising at a rate® above inflation®.
j_ ,(f_ ~;{ ~ -t ii-'* ... 6iJ ii.*#~ }f
0
-~--ffii·ta·ij•iii¾ffi-··;
·i ~-,,
-----........................................................... jlJ;,
t
<Drespond [r11spond] v. -1tt lli liml, P(siJ ml @inflation [m'fle1Jn] n. il:fR~JJIH.$)
®cover ['kAva] v. Jl~~1'1" ~ • ~•mnc
-rroo *
@subscription [sab1skrrpJn] n. Ji ~ <Dwork out #J:"f
©rate [rert] n. Jiff ,i!.$ ~ <ID range from .. . to .. . ( [ ~ - ~ 1'19 ~ 00 ~ ] 5t ~ , 5t ;11 )
r- ~-)~•~:~--~·::
~
*
M1 ' ft tl ~ "/11 R ~ WJ i • it ff 1:E t(.J fa) Iii : lit - ~ 18 -.; ~ , & ~ iE ~ WJ i jffj o ;E II ~ 1-J : CD not
yet •. . any cheaper;®steadily rising at a rate above inflationo
©iiJ•~~~ffWffttR~W~-~#*1t•~M•W~~~~~~-o ~mr1tJ#"•m•~
r.:a r~
~tfr1c~ "89iiiiJ Yet, 1tJ i:p B9 yet :J;J itliiJ <:§: '1" Mj / ~ <*) "), ffl ~ffi j£ loJ 1tJ, ffl ~ Mj *~~{a
iiJ fm ~ ~ ~ $ , .Lit~ ~ has not worked out ffi any cheaper ~ Jfl , 3t- FR.) 5! imJ 7f $:. St 1l ill Jt& !il ~ Hl ~ B;f , lll: M
~lf ,ffi~d;'i'JJJe:tE~iE~~~"~ft" § ~ It : work out (at· sth) 1u lffl~Jfl~, ff :J;J"ttjt:, tt)l: ill", :!lll
o
works out at $ 3(,~ tt'1 3 ~7G) ,Fo-m #t'&•~x:f.i.ti•ij ,~m"~®*<:tJ-~:;tc,t~)"
o
*tta~ wJ l&~a& m * aJ£a& • *ll
®@©1illiff lffi ffl : "il~"$t'1"1tff', #
o
(Z)iiJ 1'tffl*:ttR~ tiHIB"!Ja&fl•~ : jaJ 1f ~1Ht Ji o have responded to the demand( [fil J.itr/nl ~ ...... 89
*) ~m
115 ~ IY} 7f iit~ }tjt ili Jt& .R ¾ ill Jt&tJL~ X;j" ~~ iJl *~~it f;J @l M, ffil ~~ ~ f;J ~ ffl t&. ~ ¥ , ~ m i:iJ fm ~
Jl* «
t!Jt:iEfff lk:fiilllf; by charging their writers fees il£ ffij IYHiffJJt"~~ ~~~"~ ~: i\t i& IS, ..R ~1* T
~ ,~ Yffi~X;j"~-iliJt&illrbV'~:$;1tht"~'1"'12t~Wat4&-Ii'F" ,'41iJf* El fit$J~~1-t~~ll*
0
®~ ~:!A1*1t~ilPJi*"li'1R~tfHl&t(.JIHtJ!~tt :ffl Mt z a o range from £ 500 to $ 5 ,ooo ~~ iiitai
f{~~jpjp;f-W,~:Gif~~,ijtf!13Jt-tfi8''1: ILJ~ apparently (Jllf&):IJO~T the work get more expensive the
0
more that publishers do it i:p ~"*-*tiJ:ft"Z.~--~j(jt~~*iff~~-# W ,Ji~;# tti Jt1i 1ftHl4i .If F,
,~.:a
ffiJW:I~X ~:tlllfiiJ~f! ill Jt&Jlli ~ B iM. 7-?
@iiJ~:.{illJfffllit~~:1fil*PJ i*"li'1R~WHitf.Ja&Jt~~ :r.i:!l~ao ~ffi- at a rate above inflation '11t
z~ ,
1iJ ~ 16' x;J- tt ~ tft tR m, iJ;a. ~j ili Jt& ~ : ..t. ~ it If Ji tt <B ~ iJJ jftj 89) ii~$~ iWi both of. .. and
o
of. .. ( ~ ,& · •. ... ffij 1l •• • •• • ) li ,i:., r£ Fc : Wl ffJ i T l)ll Jl ~ ffl iM. ffi" ~ Ji!:~ it~ ~ ~ , ffiJ "~ X ri 4i-:ft "jt ffi ~ -
m: a:~~~ :« m
~ , ~ M. ffi ~ * ~wH·Jc = ~ fiiJ o
( j1tt Ni M il] & ~ ffi =, & ~ {tl , ~ • W ~ ":& t1Ji, ifr-;ff"~ ffl ,ffl. ( not any cheaper, range from
£ 500 to $ 5,000 ,more expensive,steadily rising at a rate above inflation),~ 1iiJ ffi fsiJ tfr ~ tl:I .It& ~5:t~~
23* *
*~*~it
1ff lk: ~ raJ ,m , lli xiriffi" ~ trrn Yffll , ~ t& ii~ z*1J , ~~ii mi 1! :no 7 ~HiJf ;f 09 5'~ :t£ fA m, &, @'i
m
,i ~*~x~ M~*~f.b t¥J ~
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................. .. .. .. . ',J
!:.~.. ..• i.
~.~~~
29. It can be learned from Paragraphs S and 6 that
29. M.~1i,7'~iifjl~ ,3f:tt~~~~
.
0
open access terms
~-r
[A] allow publishers some room to make money [ A] T tl:L!Ui tfL ¥41- ~ ~ l!J ~ faJ
[BJ render publishing much easier for scientists [BJ ~ieX~~.Xt~~~*i#.£~~
[CJ reduce the cost of publication substantially [CJ -:k.$1~f~T~:1k09~ffl
[DJ free universities from financial burdens [DJ -~7-j(~~!M~fAt§
[~$lEUi] ffili ,-Affl:fll~"3f$:. lli ll&*~"~ *ie~ ,;Jti:f=tffiliffl:®1iJffi 1:11 "Ji\1~7f$:.fJtltRili JI&"~
ilW~1J~z.=--f-rJ1-~~J!R ,Z.Fo~'-1~:ti!~ltt(paywalled for a year or more) ,.#-ffi W~ #ffi
~-Ol!lliJt&tfl.tt;J;ff-Ji:1:jatfaJJlt1iMf..flJ(so that the publishers can make a profit). 1251Jlt[A].iE-iif@.
[ $a:-~] -*.11'1 $~~it I!,"~ T + .iE fdil :rJl "¾ ;{ij ~ .li .@:@'AJ paywalled for a year. . . general
release ~ liiJ 5(.Pi~
o
[BJ ,[C]li rtJ al!•ffl-A~®~©ltiJ":ffn!J.~!Ikttl Jt& rtJ ~~X~B9fF~< llP~~~) t&Jflt iffi ~ 09~X rf£
* *
-a-:m m,
1 3.-1r: t£ 11c 3m ~~it :bo" ; [DJ & inJ !HJ• ffi-A S: <D ltiJ
"*
:t&~ ltt
w
J t&xif
r
~
rro ;;-
.#- 1i! ~ 5t ~"
o
[~15 ,~-~] M. ~ JJ! [ BJ, [CJ, [DJ~ ;ff f!Jl lifu tf(J 1f laJ tt ( much easier for ... , reduce the cost, free
universities from. . . ~ l!fifF=ff1A ilJJt,ffl-ffi) iiJ ~, *mI~~;{ijffili, fa,@- ~l.tiff Z?~, lE ~~fF~~ll , ~
Jlt~~fQrife~~~Z?~ ,iEEtr~~~fF*~r-=f":ff:fitj.\~Jflt*'"lt/fflj.\"09#~, im~.@: ~ so that. .. can
make a profit,not. . . any cheaper,rising at a rate above. . . ±'91~:izsfF;ff~~"~*1Jliim.lt7=E~1:r~,Jtffl
-/4\N:~ ,iE~*~~,,, iiJffl R~[A]IEr'81*$,f'F;ff$Jl:: :ff:l&fJt~fflj.\~J.lJ:~~ Jt&iftj~~*1JIA-o
1:11
.......................................................................... ,. ... . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . ·.· ... . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .............................................................. .
W O In some ways the scientific publishing model
~~# ;f!A.J:,#~ tb Jt&.:fli(.~ ~.f.
resembles<D the eoonomy of the social internet: labour is provided
~ ~ ~ ~ > * if-; ffl 1~ , A 1n Jt, ~ :tit.'* ;, #; , ~~
free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are e. ..
'13 ~ ~ ;#J:. ;I!!. -{9:. ' if, • ~ ,f1 )Jl) ~ jp
made by a few big firms who run<'JJ the market places. 49 In both
~-~ ·-~ ~-*~~ o ~~~~#
cases~ , we need a rebalancing of power. [ 447 words]
Jlt Q{. f ~ {fl • f; -l--il. ~ :h :t: flj-~, j!J -t .ftr 0
.............................................................................................................................................................................. .... .... . ··········-·· .......... ·······+····· ..
.-.····~···;·····························-····, ,,J
:. . ~. .~ }~.j$.~.~~1:iJ.~~!f. .~ ..: 11J;.
i •
I ~~mnc.
<Dresemble [r11zembl] v. "9 ...... ffi,(tt
(2)run [rAn] v. ~ff, ~$1J (!) in exchange for( f!< 1;/ :It lf!)
<IDcase [keis] n. A~1f~ ,.,&!J
:·.:~::j-~:~::- ii
~ -t:fi: ,gtg:t:x, ttl-tfaJlll ~ M jj!,?i. : M$ W ~ )JI! *li.l: ~ tl ffitt IJ:, ~ ffi fi ~ tt tT~ ~ lffi ~ iti o
~-~ '1 :© labour is provided free;~need a rebalancin~ of power
0
<Dfil lID itJ'4$ Wl ti~*A , ffi W } tm* 1iiJ Ill : 1" ft W. Iii e ~ ~ frfi ~ resembles i31 tii ~ tt, ~ f);.Eff
o
~;-.n ~"t±~jij]~~tlf#l~"ffl7J' wJt&~agfflfal~.mi = s~ jij] e~~Wrr ,Afn 1-JtA .@.~ ~tt~~~, 1t
l!AJ& § ~~~<eP :x~•fitll~flffl), ffiilf *i-#ffi.iltJl!Jil.etm~J~JJ, fiiJJ.!I! ,~~ tf:l Jt&-tti:.1!11" § ~~
WT~~ , ~if~ 11 ~ ~ ~f J& fft" , ~ ffii *1J ffl -ftB frJ 89 x-ffi ~ ~ ~ *1J. free in exchange for. . . , while huge
profits are made by* a few big firms who run the market places !El.llilllirX"-11~~~~ ,--Jj~®:fl.f!J",
m:- tt-f!ll fde ta l.J\ m ffi ~ = 1 > Jx m Jt & e: ~ ~ $r •-t-tr ~ , ~It~. :h ~ if o
24r
@'Al ii ilt , t! WM ,R !11' 5i : x-t fr~~ !Jf ~ t/J-ilt fr fJi -tJ ~ ift. ftr In both cases ~~ii ffi , ffl: ~ ~ ~ ~
O
*Xtt~"~~tl1 Ji&~" J: ,5.iifGH*~fWfrR:Z'.Jft: ~S:~ ~ ~$r fiu (ftj ~ fltrit-f-t, ~$ ili ~~-m~~tr
~ il:txJJ ffi:lfrlJZ-{$j ~-.iE~~~~~;u= jJ
-~ t t 0
(~!ii Mill #t2:WJ$;tm7ffF~~~z"~" : lfrf =~NtJ.ml'SJJN!z~& ,ffi cm~*~~f~7f P.ts1f-tB faJB!a<J
ir~*~
~:t-j"#}f!;, ffi. ~ !I! frfaJ!p mi:iifF# 89"~iA. ~ "~.ll , ~ we need a rebalancing of power ~ ?iffi: Ji
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fr. illd1r :fr ffiJ ~ ~ 1fi , trl it~~ , :tza .tlt ;tf ltli iE ft i;J '4$ ~JI
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r·~--i -iiiffiif -~-!~ ,!
.......................................
,~
30. Which of the following characterizes the scientific
~-~~~~-M~W~ffi~~-~?
publishing model?
[A] Trial subscription is offered. [A] ~~~ffllTl)a] o
[BJ Labour triumphs over status. [BJ 9!{i;J&iJltTt±~:imulo
[ CJ Costs are well controlled. [CJ 1t*~¥1JT~lt~fag~$1L
[DJ The few feed on the many. [ DJ 1,,-f'l ,f& 3 $ J!I mi.~ JI )It :k o
[ ffl *~fit] *EiCD1iJffi ili, <~$'4~~) 1-t ili ~Jr 9!i i;1J, ffil lfUlk e tMlO ~FJ a<J¾.I ¾t£$1J fi .ill!. 89 ~~:k
0u.J, EE JttiiJ~ ,~ * $ :J t:f I :L ~ lt& • .ill !. i:p ,~~<:k0 ~) ~$fi<~~~09:fR.fli9!ii;fJ) 1-1~ ,lA iffl£m!tt * * o [D]iE~ o
c lt ri lffi ~ ~ J P,lr it~i!~ " ~ ~ ::e Jl& m~ " a<J !Wt ,e: , i E roe~ I! x.t ffi -t ~ © 1iJ 89 111H1 r&
o
[AJ~xJl~~
m
'*~*•apm ilif4~ X&it-*nl!J ,-f&8:k~m ~ffil'f.J~ l!filTOO !!J!~~5*1J, ~
*
.Fc :1r ~ ~ lru tl:i ~ l'f.J-~ !fr l'f.J tl:i Xii #t :it , ~ ~ ~F ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , Ji ii'ff J! 1JD ffi: ~ iJf t2 ~ 1h. ffl , # t1l El.
"it}fl iT 00 (Trial subscription)"; [B]~Ffffi-t ~)l 1iJ labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of
status,{a if<1iJiM.~*-4~*~ rJi~!1}, R fmffl 9.f~*~~t±~:itf!in:, iffi=IFJt9!f i;J ~lit Ttt~iti?.-u'l; [ CJ fffl ~
ffi1'@:©1iJ, ~1:iJffi tl:i "i-e::tifE~11 ( llP $;*)"?£~~*1JD , fm=IF" $;*~i¥tl 7 qi-Jff 89~$tl"
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ti 1t1 iJ 1IJj J.l ,~!ti, 1f.-;;- ~ ~ ili Jl& .ill!. labour is provided free. .. while huge profits are made by a few big
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firms,~ Jtt[D]~ X~ :£ i-~, . §. 1-J x.tffi-t Ei<D1iJ 89 tit ffi r& [A] dB 1m X .>l; [BJ 5i [ C] ~ 19 iE 00 W
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*X~ El The Boston Globe (( ~ ± ~ffi. ~ 3* ffl. » 2 019. 08. 05 jt # Corporate gender quotas re"miorce
privil~ge(li$~tt§Jtllc~$1Bi {t~;fJO ~!!--Am! 89ffl:~ ~>C., fF =If~ ,t, xtY.~ 1-J., ~ ® *1-M i,ti,t
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25I O Progressives(!) often support diversity<Z> ~ ~ ~ '*" 'f i..# j, *f ,ij.:f . t ti l ) ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~
mandatesCD as a path to equality and a way to level the ~J1/.,A.A.f-,f-,~i£.~f-i: i!:&o ,(!!. i
playing field. 8 But all too often such policies are an
~~~~~•aa~-~~~~~~~½ ,
insincere© form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the 1x.~~1J-tl.~#a¼ JL-t ~M-t¼i!A.o
,.jp
most privilegedGl and does little to help average people.
......... ....... ...~. ..-..1..i..J..~...,.J..f.. ... : ! -I . .. ., .... -....... - .. . . . . .
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(Dprogressive [pra 1 gres1v J n. ur~ A±; P.:!(1fi~ © insincere [11nsm 1 s1a] a. ~ 1/t.ldl~; !!Ht ~
@diversity [da1 1 v3:S.3ti] n. $fff£ ;$ff.ft ~ @privileged [ 1 ~r1val1<i3d] a. ~~til~ ;~~j;lj{tf.ftf9
@mandate [1mamde1t] n. [~;litA1J,IUJ1.f1Jtf9]1ftr~,iJII~ ~) ·
:_:~:)~ift#f . :; /
1t m: ~ W~ )t jl.Q. ,rfi, : ~ ~ tt i~ ~~-&~ft~ ii ill: 112-~ , & mi~~{ t ~ fJl. o ;A; it 'ffiJ : ©diversity mandates;®
does little to help average people
0
(Di:i] 1t ~B ¥ii~ u. *m: ~~'Ii }N ~ :m: - ~ ii ft" .iJZ, ~ .. ~ .iF-" :Z ffl Progressives often support. ..
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as . .. m ~ :ifi 1/f ~ x-t u $ f-F tt m 4 1- (diversity mandates),, ·Wt~ 89 j[ ~ ~ ~ ' # i)t l!ij jt J.!I! EEJ a path to sth
O
and a way to do sth ui>l.#ftl it sl ~~, 8 H1t fflt q:i $ ~ -tt ffi 41-A9 sl ::k fF ffl level .1tt ~ m fF i9.J im,. 1g
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"ftljl-,~ljl-", level the playing field ~'1"~~0-V-~~ Ef9 mi iii" it: ~:ff~ ~ltWJ diversity mandates
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ia .'.¥ ~ , li mi~ ~I it~ fJl. ) But all too often(all too often it ffl ~ fm 1g used to say that something sad or
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annoying happens too much) 5 I lli "1it ~ 89 ( ~ 6l) 'Ii W", _§_ [fil !1l ..t. ~ often, tE ~ J3f ..t ~ Jvt .ffi fjJ Z. ~
o
insincere(~ Jti /£89, _gt-t,) 89), virtue--signaling(iltffim ~, lli-r"-ilPJttt~Jti!.mWC: § ~mi JE" § 89 im::k ~ n'i
!t #Ji ili Ef9:iliffifi1g~,a ~ ) V,,( ~Jt~J( ~iif'I= ~ ~" $~tl:ffi~ ( such policies= diversity mandates) "5j
?.~ Ef9~i-A ~: tttE ,R ¾Em 1'J Ef9, ~~~jf(ffi!J)E~~fU i'.f(Jilffif~% JEii J>\ -ii] i11:im V,,( x.j It benefits only the
o
most privileged Vs does little to help average people Jil~.ltt~$Jfi89.Efi~ ,X3l!C~~~~JJtlio
[ ~ @ fflfi ~ ] 1t '3t V,,( Progressives often support diversity mandates ... But all too ofte*n such
~-=~
policies . . . ~ .$;"~:ffi-ffl:~"~~, ffi >(~,~ tEJ§ ( ~X£ ~), f§;J ii lt-f fG -1* <¥-ffJr ~ ~ X f'I=
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JI O A pair of bills sponsored© by Massachusetts
.!!, F.F it • rli ( flj # "$. rli ,, ) ~-a .vi ~ • •
state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro ~6-~A«~•~«*M#XX · •~•
Tempore<Z> Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity~ "
1/j" :!J...~~ ~~ ~ ~JJll~~~ }l ¼"•ttJ1J f-~"
on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.
~ ~~-ft..,t.-+•t¼ ~ •~ * •I .~
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ill O Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more
~i!.-ft ;fp j!J ~ ~ pfj" (y.J );i] :Ji .,t_ , ~ ii -
*
than half the state-government boards are less than 40
..f 6lJ 11i ~ Rl- ~ .M ½ t ,ij: ~ j! #J ~ Jtl 40 %
percent female. 8 In order to ensure that elite women 0
jlJ.JJl~1t-~*·t!.-ffl~;tf ~j Jlt.~*11,*,,f\!,-ff)~
have more such opportunities, they have proposed «~ff~Rl-~-~0-~~~•*••<«*
imposing government quotas©. C, U the bills become
iii!)~ ;'i *l!t, ~ ~ !tl 2022 .!f-, -ii 1'i ~~ _M
law, state boards and commissions will he required to
~~--:i-.;Jl fl{ ~ 50 %6 'J .,f 1i$¼*•tt
0
set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
26:~::~:i~:~i}jjjjj~Jf :;:::
~
e
<Dsponsor ['spDnsa] v. 1lHSl,tl5E<~~~) ~ ~!f!!.f!ffic
@Speake\ Pro T~mpore llffi flit~* ~ <Da 1,;11:sc:: : 1 pui11t( 1t! {9lJ , f§!J iil:)
@parity [ pserat1] n. (n~cf•fi lf~~:l&fti).ljl-~ ,~;j'• ~ @set aside( Ii tli)
@quota [ 1kw3Uta] n. ,~t@i }~
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~ i§lj ijt PJl U ~ *¥ ·Ii j~ ~ JI f # ~JJ :$-Hi ~ Jt 11-f* !P. ~ !f;j =t'-11 a{) ·Ii /M * : o
"*
~u
~=Ji 5I A ~1:$: $ f§IJ : • ffi ~ tE ?i1ft u.t }(if~~~ 0 1/i .iJl ~ .. a{) p;fj ~ 51 ~ itffil : A pair of billso
0
· 1J:JJ'f'~#.~ A pair of bills. .. provide a ca:se in .1Jui11t it!W;A,t J:.~0~{11.la,~pc,1.·.;)c,xc.cl ~:, ••• ~RJHt.*£
a
®~J kJi]f #I ; to ensure" gender parity" on boards and commissions iM, !Yl U;. ~ ~ JL' pg ~, f!ij i.fB diversity
m: "~ m
mandates/ such policies JiJf ~ ~ .!J! ~ ~ !JJ tt §.m -ffi fil , ~ 1¥: tt JJtl .ijt-~" 09 fiJ- ~ / ~. <l !P : diversity
"tt§JU .. ~~~89~~tt" ,ffl.*1c~"fiJ~;ktt"tt§JU~~tt")
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~.=.Ji Ai* 1t i~ • ~·I 51 ~ ffil : imposing government quotas
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CD 'AJ 1t ~B 51 tt ~ tt,J ffl Jf~ : Ja !Jii ~Ii®:~~ ~ ~ q:i -k 1 /i i5 ~tilt -=f 40 % J:t ~ x,J- more than half, less
than 40 percent 8 Ji. ~ ~ ~ ~ rfu ft :iii 11 ~ "'.!,J. 11: j,· ::Y-~ t±." ~ m T li 0 t ~ 89 concerned m. )@! ._ 1t &:
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insincere form of virtue-signaling 89"! flf'J"-fg~, ~~ltk;lt'ilt fil.Sl worried about sth"ffl tt 89, ~~ 89" ( f1g
*11' S) , mi :l!ltk~ -Jl}Ji! believing that sth is important" ;k,C., 89, ;kit 89" ( ffl .X;j ~ tt)
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@m 1t tB ~ ;i a{) ~ a{)~ 1ft 1:1:i a{) ffl »1§ In order to. .. they have proposed. .. M fifu" § ~---¥ &: ";k
0
@Im.
~ : ensure that ehte women have more such opportunities ...t~ ensure "gender parity" on boards and
a<J: .fefD-{¥:}!$--J;E:tt:itfA~
commissions,~-:lv'Yli!D~~ § Jj! ~ imposing government quotas(impose ~
o
J:J"5i$1J~fi")ffi iliA{**ffi: 5iittJ~fi~JM~tJii*1J
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®m P,ij ?i1t i~ Ai* i.m ~ . so percent, by 2022 ~ f!ij fifu 89 ffctn.&A-f* 89 B;f faJ .f*$ ffi ffi!J tt AAUE : f!J 2022
~ ,4§.~~lxl ~®l~ oCI½ ~~{rr Ii ~j(tt If the bills become law iJi~ r!~ ~fir~~: fllo *~~im:i:tnl
o
7-Jf!:~o
(~~Mw;] ffi=,-R~ A pair of bills. .. provide a case in point 51 IB~11tRl'fJA.f*-01JiiE,$ffl~[:Jm
J;i. ~ ~ ~) 1ll: ~ ~ : CD ensure "gender parity", ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, impose
government quotas iM.Ma &: diversity mandatesC$f-fttm4-) pg ti: 5.!il ffi!J <~ .M ~ )~~Tf.£jj1Jnc•ffi1J 99;t.Jff ffi
~;@boards and commissions,the state-government boards,state boards and commissions ~bt elite women~
f.&1tR benefits only the most privileged,iJtM~~ttt~4-{¥tPx,J"~:ffl~A±/fi:1f~~#
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31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis 31. f1=:i'-~j:J ~J iJ WT~ 11i€~ -tl 1:1:i a{] pij"J9i*
. .
and Haddad will
[A] help little to reduce gender bias [A] ~~j>f!jjlj{iuJQ.xt!r~~
[BJ pose a threat to the state government [BJ ~g}H ~JM~ Jvt llt !Ji
[CJ raise women's position in politics [ CJ m: ;ij 31: tt tE ~ .W-89 :t& 'Ul
:m
[DJ greatly broaden career options [ D] :k: k1 Ei 1JJ{ ]k~ ~
= ,
[ ffl it '.lE {ft J *Im~: lf fF # ~ 1!§ 1Ji ~ 1H ~ ~ 119 # ~ , "fiJ ~'UL~~= , ~ ~ $ p;§" JJi r! ~ ~ t£ iiJu 1¥ ~
~ 1Jl ~'t1 ~~11:ltllfl-~"(IIP :~1>ttjjtJ~~) W~~tk~:hx.ttr &:®1iJfF~~R.\" .ttt~~jfitttt¾-~
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r x~ -r
~ "'1 89 ii ffl {~ % , ,& ;ff ~J :ll: ;ff~~~ , !JJ ft~ A." l¥J -01J iiE 'fiJ JA!. f'F ~ il '1 , 1* ~ # ~ tm :tlll ~ ~A.
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P.Jr ~ 2-lt 1" tt §JU ~ It , [ AJ .iE fifu
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[ $~MW] .iEiiJDJJi![AJ~½1t ~fF~M Jlt~i§tjfil'.m-Wfft: &1!$"fiJ~$lfl-~, i!Eizt¾lfl-j[f!-(a path
to equality and a way to level the playing field) ,~!iltl-Ot~~Jrlll~~-t1(# ,!JJxflfJr'.&5AA<henefits only
27the most pri,·ileged and does little to help average people)
o
[BJJ>\ffi-=~"tt~ ~tEliffl-f*tt§J1JJfZ-~"®ffi = m<D1iJ" rH ;tJ&~ .m. ~ lf:1 ::9:tt~JA ~ §p_ 1,-,=-~ tt" £
~ t,l lli "ti~X-tfN ®:Jt-f~ mtwtMJ-" ,©.X lf:1 #*il.&Jlt ~ *~l{x [C]~-=f 'tltt}ltt , Ea ffi _ffl:@1iJ J,r,t
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t1~1*1$"~*7H 1*1*~~.m.~ffi lli so%a<J~&~-J;,.:tt"ii.1JtttWTl:tl::9:tttE®:~a<J~&~~tf!j@j [ DJ
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ll4f-ffi=ffl:®1iJ ensure that elite women have more such opportunities(~-f*ffl~j(ft;fj]!~tJL~:iltAiitJ&
~ .9l ~ ) Hh fr# 1J " ::k ::k 10 ~ 7 A 1n (fJ llR }lk. ~ ff:"
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ea
ffi-~xte.h.. a<J{9}Jici£ JJimffi-~ i:p a<Jf'F~xte.R : ;tc ffi=ffl: A pair of bills. . . provide a case in point -ey
~19iJYE~~ ,~jlfr:i£rJ)lJ~m_i*Jll'.ffi-3:fF~ ~~~~ -M-~fflffi-ffl: Progressives often support. .. But
0
all too often sue!) policies. .. ~1t ,~, Jt~"(D'ii]:fttB fm,A.~R,\ , ®'iiJ fF~'T ~ &~'', ilt-~refQ ~:iE ~ J.'j!J5}l
~@/4:i]ffl~ ilFo~~JJi ~®'ii] ffl~: [A]h~lp little to reduce gender bias ~ does little to help average
0
m,
people i!r Sl, 11 iE liiftlJi ; [BJ, [CJ, [D]ft9-f*~ti~ (fJ si ::kfF ffl , ~ f'I:~ %i1R,\~ iiJ 1-IF~
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• ·-·-----······-········ ...................... ¥ •• ··-···· - ................................................................... ••••••••••• ......... ................................... .
N O The bills are similar ·to a measure recently J:.~** ~.
?'Ii •ut.i!i:t. s(J -"Ji --
• +~~
adopted in California, which last year became the first state r • m
~~~ o ¾~,-/JP ffl A~
to require gender quotas for private companies. @In signing
~¼iff~m~- - ~ ~ o • ¾Ma~
* *
the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted
acj- , mi rij 11i :!-. 1'- • ;ip IJt ,J(.. iA , i!. Jji ~
that the law, which expressty<D classifies people on the basis
II}! ~ ,lJ_,ii,~J1J ~ * A ..1fl ~~ ,~ll PJ"~il~ o
of sex, is probably unconstitutional® . ~ l!l ~ ii; ~ ~ f- ~ ~ i" ·~ Ji) s(J 51-
·V O The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based
~ , fit.-~~ Jl ~ 1 WI- tJt " 't: :k." It ¥. ~·l Ji liiJ
classifications unless they are designed to address an "important''
~ ~ mi ffl ~i!.~*~~m T ~~ ~
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policy interest. 8 Because the California law applies to all t•+,~L~#•&•~a#~~~ ~
* , * *
boards, even where there is no history of priora>
a(J ~ :f: JiJr 1;tl. JtAll of tt * . ½ ~ ~ it ~
discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law r
il .&. "-t ~ ~ ;!P,, l!. - 3t 1* ff
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violates® the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".
J
::·:··$:{t)iij:~. .~ :~:~::~ ::l
(Dexpressly [1k1spresli] ad. IYHifut&, $1.!iit!!. ~) © violate [ 1 va1a1lert] v. '1.&
i •
(Z) unconstitutionaJ [ 1Ankan.st1 1tju:J3 nal] a. ,1 = w ~ i! 1¥1 ~•mAl
@prior [ 'prara] a. ~fr.ii¥] ,~1,!1¥] ...............~.. ... < .. D . f 1 row ' n on(~,t. @t)
:' :-ffi-~'1[ • : ::': -
--. - . -... --.. -. -..... -..
• Im .. .D. Ji ~;.t 1111 ffl ~ ~ '1 iJIJ ' Jl ~ Jlt ~ l.i • ~ ~ ~ '~
0
~~*ffi
IHl!I ii SI tl:i 1JQ ffl tl:i ~~M1 iiTft~it 3¥: o *lliffl :<Da measure;@ probably unconstitutionalo
(D iiJ sI W1 Jn ffl ~ ~ o The bills are similar to. .. s1 1:tl ~ ~ 1N t1 ~ ~ {~ ~ ffi nf¥,/ ~ -JJ! ~ W tt ffi 1r-: ha
fH:•i1l:tit! riitta{J-J'.9!ffini(a measure recently adopted in California)
o
require gender quotas iM.~1.mfHffiMB
5j t!~*~ffl fiij: ~31<:~mstt§JIJffc~L for private companies ~ttrx state-government boards~ tt '
-f*~=~ttx-tx-t•~ lii1 =•7H ~*fl-X;j®:.Rl~ .9l ~ dJO fHffl'Ms#x;ffb1Ef!•~ adopted, which last year
o
*11:~
became the first state ... h.. P)J = ~~- ffiUl&:~#: lru~ ~ ,Fo ~ B~J&'1 .iE~~~
o
® -aJ ffi ffl ~ Z t:J , mW 51' Me Rf~ i!!i 3¥: o ljjJ =f ~ i* In signing the measure, .. . admitted that. .. ~ f:¥ ~
f;Jfl: ffi ili: ffinfslil~f ~ ~~, f.B ;)t~~E*! i iJ ~Ji% ( unconstitutional ~ '1"ii&%~ (fJ, ii&%• tJ(J")
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which l>\ 1iJ g ~ J»: f5I : B ~ f!fD id?.~ .A.-fn fflfijlj ,t~ ( expressly classifies people on the basis of sex)
o
• .n $ii!-~ P_ij ii 1JP !Ni ~ ~ ft f* it i: Z. ~ : ~ & 11 lp. ~ -fi iP" jg - ~ ~ -1* IIt o ~ ii ii] : violates the
constitutional guarantee of "equal protection"
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a (
<D~ 1t ~ M rl ~ ~ II ~ ~ ~ ~ 1¥J Iii ff • ) 'g/; iR: ~ tit /jJ. ~ T '1i §Jlj l¥J ~ ~ o sex-based
28E2:®1iJ m #I
classifications ::l~ffi mi expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, (tiJ ":iJU fkJJe. ( ~ .&Jtft!!~
m,
f~ ~ ffi)"; frowns on ( X;j · · · .. · ~ ~ ,r $;) l!ij ~ it iWi t¼ ~ ;<;j Jt ~ Jt ; unless . .. f~ 1t: ~ i9tJ , i,3i 1!ij :ii: jWj t¼ ~ jf
~~ -JJ w, * ¾= ,i T ffif: ~m -J::. ~~ *'1 # foJ ~ . t11.Jt ilf ~tt j1J ?t~
0
® 'Al~ T <D 'Al , ffi ~ ~Ji!~& RT ft~ ft~ bn ~ 51 ~ it & 7 ° 3¥-$1 ~ jp" i! - 3't ~ ~ Ill because JA ii] VJ
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applies to all boards, even where . .. S.i iffil bu 1H iL M-1ii 1iiJ Yf ;f4' 'Ji.•½ , B.~ 1f 'l{:f rJt. 'l{:f t!: §jlj JI;!~ 89 JJj 5E
(discrimination i!~~m"ttiUJ;ttl4!"), f!P :~t$-JJW~tt'11J,t~ ,Jljt:~~¾1-.J 7~tk:1t*i!tm~J~ liiJ
/JJL courts are likely to rule that. .. (rule ~~"1&tk:,#tltk:")~T ..t.i£"iliWi#d~Y&"ul"l;,{lk,":/mfH~~tt
~ ,,, ffei9!~ ~ ~ iiJ ~11 ili 1¥.J ltl tk: o violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection". :A'tt/f ~ ?gu 11111-H
=-•~*tF"~-~~~-0
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[ ~ ~ M ii]~ Im 'Ji~ fB mr )( ~ .. f# ~~"*A ~ ~ ~§ {i;J. ~ •• ;IJIJ :HI ~ ~,, ' £ ,R 1I ~ ~ ~ :tm 1-H t!
-iiJ~~~,~-~~.ltt:~£~tt~:fr~89t¼M/ ~~-mJi7··~~~- %t¼~-o N•~--iiJ
~ .1tt:~~-~iiJff :Jn.:*fltfflft=jj(tiJlfZ-~,0JJZ-z~ ,{a~~..t. EJ ~t~t& iiJfmii& 7":ifl-~-f*~"mt9ltl ,tit
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./
.-·········.···············,
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32. Which of the following is true_o f the California measure? 32. i:1 ""F lfflB !ffi ~ .:i: 1111 ffl 1'i tf9 i~ jt lE • 1
[A] It has irritated private business owners. [A] £Ilg 7 ~ tf it~elr1f :f
o
[BJ It is welcomed by the Supreme Court. [BJ B~¥1J7fi:iWi~~li9~~0
[ CJ It may go against the Constitution. [CJ 'EiiJ~ii& 7 ~t!
o
[DJ It will settle the prior controversies. [DJ 'E ~fflHR: 1c. lru it~
o
* *
m
[*111 ii ~fl'r] ffi =f ~-~ the California measure~ { ft~ffi ll9, 1iffl: ffi ll9.fi®1iJffi ili ,#1 i:k1m
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m
ttl tlf.v&1M iiJ ~:i!.~ ffinStffi !l:i'iTi~~JJJtmtt~'E:i:l!Ji "~~-f*tF"i!-*i*-f*llt f;§ .1tt:[cJ.IEfle
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[ 1ftill M. W] [ CJ It may go against the Constitution ffl ffi ffi ll9 Fil® ii] the law. . . is probably
unconstitutional.&~ 1i•@1ij likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of. ..
o
[~~-lm~<D1iJM•M~:~~RmW1mfflffi·~~~-w7••~~~··~-*'**•w~
7JtM 7 ~itl!1r1f :f o [B]ii "Wffi 1ifi<D1:il":ll ~ !!W l~,t $; ( :/Jn ffl '1k -~f tf1) £ Ttt JJ 1J 89 :fr~"~.& ® 1iJ" f!:
fll~i iiJtm~,U~:bOfH~~~*" o [D]#fffili.~®1:iJ C-alifornia law applies to all boards . .. prior discrimination
<1Jotl'.ij~,~-~ ,JD:F§t.sii:~4ttW.JJj~;(£~(t,JFJr~:i1$~)1iB!ff:1-J"1JajM~~~~fHk:5tlltrFJr~i*-iSl"
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[ tt l5 .~ ta J :~ Im gtffi fill , .li • i-t ~ 89" ;Im fH t! ~"fir *1J lJ ~ ffiI "iJ »J1 Nli Ji~l-B! ~ : 1c ~J Jfl RE -=f *if~
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refu5E:kffi: ml ,N~Jffl*~~-~:frjJIJjE'Ul, ttM-: -1c.~fflllll =f ~it~ the California law 5E-©:~ffi mi, Ji
St; ~Fo~ mi-t-~l:Jii:frJJU5E'Ul ttm-: [A]private business owners ~-izg~(1)1:i] private companies m-EY:, {a
irritated:;JG~~J~;[B]the Supreme Courtffi1i.f3t<D®1iJ~~,&,{a is welcomed !ey@:::t frowns on,rule
that the law violates. .. ,f*~~&,x,f~lJ:ffli¥ ;[C]the Constitution X>tmffitmfi®iiJ unconstitutional .&ffi
Ji•@1ij constitutional,.§. may go against ~ unconstitutional, violate*s *thje! lcioln stitutional guarantee. .. {1{
,m_-~; [DJ prior ili ~ rffi1iEi® 1iJ, {B ffiX~ prior discrimination, prior controversieso 1& ~
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VI 01 But are such government mandates even
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necessary? 8 Female participation on corporate boards may
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not currently mlrrorID the percentage of women in the general Ilic :k-•t1-. ~ ,tt. .A. o tr7 el.J Ji J:t. , 18 11~ 5t. :t # ?
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population, but so what? 5.t ~ a JA- -r -ffi • /~ aJ ~ • ~ t 6lJ
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29steadily increasing without government interference~. .~A lt ~ _ :i.. ~ # ~ ~ ~ ~ /Jr1 ~J. 41-
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share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by fa] , ~ m ~ ~ ... ~ lf {JlJ -k •ti. ~t. .g~ JI
54 percent. -/J'fJ 1 54 %
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33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to
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illustrate •~tit 0
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[ AJ the harm from arbitrary board decision [ AJ 11 ltlr ?Jc ffi B11 fe; ii
[BJ the importance of constitutional guarantees [BJ ~t!~~~li~tt
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[CJ the pressure on women in global corporations [ CJ ~ IE 0 r:p fr. tt ~ ~ Bi JJ
[DJ the needlessness of government interventions [DJ ~J(;f=fffi B1J~&f~!tt
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VI O Requiring companies to make gender the primary
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qualificationa> for board membership will inevitably lead to
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less experienced private sector boards. • That is exactly
*
what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide
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corporate gender quota.
IX O Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes ~ {{ fJr ~ ;f'!7)) ~ ,t t ' :t. iiif ~ • ~ ~i th '
that increasing the number of opportunities for board -~"1*~A*Lf~t•+t*~tt?~
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membership without increasing the poole1) of qualified a*~.®
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women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt" .. jJ f_- ' e.i ~·-#"½#" .oc ~' Ii] - (.,J,)
phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up --4*~&&$# ••½ ~J+#~o
multiple seats on a variety of boards.
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Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board
membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt"
phenomenon, where the ·same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
~~tJJ~:
Alice Lee n-otes ~ffi~,fi] ~,t~haiiti .I increasing the number ofo pportunities for board membership has led to a "golden skirt" phenomenon,
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j without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards ~ifl>\1iJ
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Writing in The New Republic,
w-he-re the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety ofb oards.
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J:JJfmitff:*-1:i.J±-=fj;J±iPJ~~~ Alice Lee notes that. .• o Writing in The New Public j;J~ffi-,ffi
lli Alice Lee~-~~~~!' that i31~1¥J~ffi~-1:i.J1rffi Alice Lee ~A-f*x!e.~ ,jt.i:p where 5l~B9~ffi~1i]
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3::ilt$?t W. increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the
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34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender 34 •. ma~1£~005i!lffl r:t:1 ~tr••~~~u
quota has led to ffcl9HM8%~
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[A] the underestimation of elite women's role [A] ~ffl~y:ttfFffl ~fi#i
[BJ the objection to female participation on boards [BJ ~-:!;: tt: /Jn A JI$~~ Ji ~;j
[CJ the entry of unqualified candidates into the board [CJ ~½*&891~~A1JllAlf$~
[DJ the growing tension between labour and management [DJ ~I ~1JJl~faJ* ~ B ~:bnJJ
[ ffl tl ~ Ui J EE Im T ~ -~ No:rway' s adoption oJf ia• n~ati onwide corporate gender quota jE {ft~ ffi /\.~.
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X O Next ·time somebody pushes corporate quotas
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as a way to promote gender equity<D , remember that
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such p0licies are largely self-serving(l} measures that
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make their sponsors feel good but do little to help
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average women. [380 words]
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l;,(t}r,fj!ilJ Next time. . . remember that. .. fft ITIJ l!!I@. FJU X, {± 7 e 1$. t-e\if !5 1l ~ fl:: pushes
corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity@l~ftIX;}ct±~~1H~~--:bU1H?'!~,l;,(Jilti"f:i(D1:i)
~:i\tffi:#~~ ,Jt.* pushes corporate· quotas as a way to promote gender equity 00 riff! diversity mandates
FJrffl; are largely self-serving measures that. .. ffi: ff! 1t '3! ® 10 f1= :# xW. ,a, ;Jt * self-serving measures that
make their sponsors feel good f!JJ f98 an insincere form of virtue-signaling 1*J ii
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35. Which of the foilo wing can be inferred from the text? 35. '"F ~J AJJI{ ijpif JA )t 'P fft ~ ?
[A] Women's need in employment should be considered. [AJ *tt~it~ffl~}N7 I;,(~~
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[BJ Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking. [ B] ~ fi ttm l f1= ':19 i.t ffi ifi!J ~ ~ tt ~ ~ fi
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[CJ Everyone should try hard to promote social justice. [CJ AA 'f ml~.7.1~:ittt±~.iEJlo
[DJ Major social issu 7 es f . s hould be the focus of legislation. [DJ .1L 1!m l ffi'. .~ ;}c t± ft :*t ± ~ faJ RJL
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$Jo It :feasibility ftjg a plan or method that is feasible, is possible and is likely to work "~fitt" ,'elffi
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[CJ Everyone,social justice
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/ Text 4
*X~ § The New York Times«i.H~a;J-~ ))2019 ~ 7 A 15 S- -j!;l;J Beware. Other Nations Will
Follow France With Their Own Digital Tax(~'L'! ;lt{-&®~Vlf ~~~{n~®ttl 'Ei'Ji*&D139Xtto ½
xmi~~li~i5l.~ffilli:imnl39Ji*Brl*&<GAFA t#.) Jiff ,ffi ttl ~® ~ *Brl* &li~ T Ii ~&®:1*iff!J
mr !frr~~~Rl*1¥'~"F139 Ii !Sti*.tt~ , ffi71'1=t~mu~5l il~lil#:;tt~ lil1E:~li9- * 1tlJi*& ,~-ft~
~ 1e ~ & flt itm: , ~ !!t iitr q-r 1tx rli: ~«" 5 I t±PJ flf: <f fi - .. = m : )-'.fr ttr • flf:-W !fr lffi lz;J lk 1t m2 xt m :o oi <f fi
o
=~:n~)-,~ W•f4~nr:u i&r:m~~ <ffi*~)"li9 JI,j(~frx
o
=,
;~~ il•~ffilliitlitflM
a•
l O Last Thursday, the French Senate<D passed a * 1-•
J:.JIJ 'l!I , ~ ~1stl9tii:it
digital services tax, ·which would impose<Z> an entirely new *1't, *
All¾:f-il ~ fol ;v ~ i)lj f ¼ ( J!p Jfl i' )
tax on large multinationals@ that provide digital services to •*••a•~*~~~~ij•~-•
consumers or users in France. 8 Digital services include ¼~:f-ilf oA•a•~•*•~-A~
. everything from providing a platform for selling goods and •¾•• ~t~£Tmr a •a~•*
services online to targeting advertising based on user data,
f' ¼,c,Ji.Jf ~ ~ ,jc.~A!l4}-~ ,tt~ittli.~~·AA
and the tax applies to gross revenue© from such services.
A* ~~~~ o *l*~~~A±~-~
8 Many French politicians and media oµtlets have ref erred « ",
i!. tJi A !f All ¾ :f-il ;v " GAFA ;f; .~
to this as a "GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to -e
.,l, ~ ~ i i~..J-l~t ~ .# i.~. ,t_~:fJk_' 1'- ~ '!t·-:ft
ij T
apply primarily to companies ·such as Google, Apple,
-t ~, .~.;,s~
~~ ,-tl ~ ~
Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech
{r(i 1lt ~ #.t.l-'~ al
companies based in the United States. 0
.... ..... --· -............ ·- -----.............. ---................ -. -··------.......... -- -..... -· .. -- -------............................. --. ----............................................... ----... -----........... --
r. ~--ffii-it~t.fij~fiij~·m·-~ : ~ !
.................................................... ]Ii.
i •
(l)Senate ['senat] n. <~IE .. ~~~mi-Jl~B9) ~i,Jl~ ~Jff!t5fit
i
® impose [rm1pauz] v. ~fl,~iifi!J~ff l CD media outlet tCit-f*; tCit-fr-.lit~
@multinational [ 1mAlti 1 n~Jnal] n. ~ ~-0 ~
®refer t~ •j!J; ~JU
© revenue [ 1rev.>nju:J n. !&A
ii
:r.~:)iitfffr:·~.::
=
m-..
Ii '3 ffi-$ ~ , ~I W" ~ ri1 M: *Di~~~*"*-1l-iB 1t rt.J 3 .. x.f at .. i11: ff H.~ PiaJ o
ttl- fi 1l-ffi ~ • R9 A f.* l*J 3 R. J.t at o ~ it ffil '1 : CD an entirely new tax ;@apply primarily too
©filsl tti~lilt*~l*~~~o -tiJP3:« :JJ#Mi~~h.lf fill :-,Mm passed"~~licimi:i:<f9Ji1 .. ~~
;=
~)" ,impose"tilr ,*ffl <~ ilitfJ/Jt) ,~si~~q-r"tlJlfi a digital services tax ~~ffi rtil"Ji¥Hll9tl#.*~" ,*Ltffl
entirely new ffil~X~"t!OO~~jf~{ifl&Ji¥B!l~&j'f;fiiJ"~J$rt!~~~I*,ffi71'JfrX~~ ~ ~jt:~P~ ;·_ ,
,m ffl on Fo .X;J-~ large multinationals ~J lfi ~ & t! tt ~ ~ ~ ;kJ "-:k, ~ ~ IE z} ~ "; fill , .fli ffl that ~~JA 1iJ if:i
~~,u
provide sth to sb l'fJr*tiE &xt~"* ffll~~0~"A91e:iUd1:~ :1. 3'£~~ *Hll* ;2. Hll*xt ~¾~~¾ ~
It* *~ 18 o
(i) iiJ ii! mi PJ.J i111 ffll R9 A 1* l*l i'9 , $ ~ 1f ~ ffl. ~ R9 g ,ol ffffiilf , i,nc lude everything from. .. t*o. ;. . "JA
o
~~~ J:. ffl tf-V-i€' ~J ffl ll fi "hJ:., -15- x Eli~ 'Pl." 8 ~Ji* Hit*~ w. ~ JilU~ ~ ~ & ~ IIJl!J m: 00 gross
34-.,i
revenue(gross being the total amount of sth before anything is taken away",~89 ;~89")~mW:.fflAiE1&~
iiJ~~~~oo0 ~1'*mm::fA m
~~f..fi,
o
® ~ ilt-~ P,ij ~ ~ ~ i! a{] ± ~ it M x.f ~ o 1U =f 16 ffi refer to A as B ~ f4*) li , t- " fi !¥ H!l ~ & "~ ~ '1
"GAFA & " , Fc ffi meaning that ~ f1g f!ij fiffl "GAFA & "£~ ffl: t& ~,J-~ ¾ ~ ~ ~ , 1(l ~ 45 ® SIE Q, ~ '1 £ 1¥.1 ::k
ffll~OO~H:1}~ ,j}Fc,Nfflit~%Fc in other words (used to introduce an* e xplanation of sth "~~~~;-tglt~
oo oo oo m oo a
~; ~ ;;-z.") ~ro:&X.J"aut1:-~l ffl ~ 1-1 ~ ~ ~tt0 ~ , ~ itt ~ fl B!l ~ & ~ 1¥.1 ~ ~ iaJ "~ ~ tt
~"~;&ffi;_t is designed to"~?£" ,apply primarily to" £~~.m r''8 ~ ~&7¼#5<.ff.£5j, § ~f&.:!k}f!ijfiffl
O 0
(~~M~l -,a**i*:fftl, ffi~~3t±~~ll1I :7f·1U~ftll'tl'sJ ,1:-f* ,$# ,.:!kJAffll~irJlflW~
=,
ffi!~ff:=ft!, ffi~~X!f1f 00 ~ a digital services tax ~ - ~/ffi ~7f~i£ o (D@@1:iJ lfff ijlffi )t ii1 i!: a
'*
digital services tax-an entirely new ta~the ta~GAFA tax ffl.~ ~ffi& ..>l !p~~:ii:iir ,b\~-*Hll4r
& f'J "GAFA " & , b\ s!i ~ ~ & ~"MT" f'J si iim Jt" ffl: & ffi: Ill j , $i Jl ~ "N ¥tl Jt" # X.J" tt si" , ~ & ~ ~ ~ ~
~~,ft,--li!,}M; ~l.!l!,multinationals-GAFA-companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and
Amazon-multinational tech companies based in the United States li~ffi.ffi&ffl:t&X,J-~,~~~~~{t,
,;J;Jrx~
~im~~m&~&~ ,~ml:kffi!'4tt¾ ~1t ~Jt?lfl mJ)(if .tlt&~09&1.iil14t•~
o
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.
36. The French Senate has passed a bill to 36. itfE~iS£~ilM7-IDi" "tl{J it~
• 0
[A] regulate digital services platforms [A] ~ffl:fi* Bll*JJl- ~
[BJ protect French companies' interests [BJ {¥tf~ffil¾ ii.J~J~
[CJ impose a levy on tech multinationals [CJ X.J"~OO~tt1}lUffl:&
[DJ curb the influence of advertising [DJ ilifi!Jj~~P~jJ
* * *
[ ff ii~ w: J x s 10 ffi ill , ~ 00 #~~iii i:t-JJJ!" ~ Bll & ~ $ , ~ rtiJ 1-J tii: IE j~ •~I ffi P Sl ~ fX
Bll*l¥1::kffll~l@i~ ii.I ffl:1&-J.m½frt#.Jl, ~[C]lEfiffl
o
[ $ ~ ~ WJ i E ?ifA ~ [ CJ impose a levy, tech multinationals ,tJJIJ ~ Jl D.!(~ X B 1U i:p impose an entirely
new tax,multinationals that provide digital serviceso *Bi*~
*,
[A]l!J ffl ®10ffi-5j-,fij i:p i$ J:t ffi ,ti!- Digital services,platform ~ # im © i.f<ffiS5j-j: t£fff ff fl
t¼;t i:p"fi-*Hll*"~-$" Jl = ,J:r~ Fffi ialt!$ r'-1 W, [BJ*1Jffl~tR~~~~t\1 * -J "t¼®X.J"~!E1}ir.J t&&".1£"{¥
tF-* ± ¾ ~ ~J tt", ffi m f fi & 1t ~ in need of revenue iiJ ~ , rt: ml fi Bll :91-& 1t 1£ "W: ~-* I@ JM~ l&A",
r
[D]*1J Jfl@~ i:p targeting advertising based on user data Nr~l!1 * ll i ~ j {5-~ ptt;J JJ "~ ffl P f.t ffl llP iiJ ffl 1l~
*•
~ "ffi Ji ffij°3f € , ffi -e ffl Wt,-tt lfi'J [ A] , X.J" EiZ ~ m{ X ffi fDl ~ ~ "fi Bll ~" ~ A-1* l*1 ~ , im ~Ft¼ ;t-* ~ 09 rf-1 ~
o
-r:
[ jtJ:5 .~, !is] *J!IM~~1t~t£ IY=l ?ifAJIFf i:p bill ffi ftiJ 10 i:p a digital° services taxo iW ;f 99~,t~~~
iiJ ~ ,ff! lb a digital services tax DU passed"~~llclin ( ~iSl.. ~$~)" ,)ii impose" jlf f,* ffl ( ~ •ifi!J Jl) , ~j
~~fi""~iii]Jtl 1'r ?'&.Fc-NM EB which~' sl]Nf li!JJ' 09 a digital services tax A-f* P-1 ~" rtiJ ~,fjt~~ Bll:91-09 ::k
O
ffll~ !E1} ~ffl:1&-JJ!½frmf+"i!l!~lEfft~[C](ffl!)""~~ J3 ;l-tf ~..R ffi !lb"tax -iiij ~ [CJ i:p levy -iii]~
..>l." ftPAJ .ftJtili~~)
o
.... ··-··· ······ ..................................... ····- ...................................................... - .................... .
* *
[ 0 The digital services tax now awaitsa> the
m A t ~ Ha. ~ M. ~ a 1m J£. -tt -~- M.
signature~ of President Emmanuel Macron, who has ~~ !H.~ it: • J¼ Jt~ ~;J-' ( -1--t) Jt 1W ~
expressed support for the measure, and it could go into
e.,,t~~~~~~~#,M~~*~~*
effect within the next few weeks. 8 But it has already of i~,ff. =*- At JL fol 11.J i. 3tt o 1!!~, *•e.. {I
sparkedl3> significant controversy®, with the United States £Yk.~,*~~i~~e..~~~~~
trade representative opening an investigation into whether ~•«*~~~«*OO¼~,~~of~~
*
the tax discriminatesG> against American companies, which a. ~ liJ ,t 00 ~ ~ ff ~ '*1) ~ •
in turn could lead to trade sanctions(6) against France.
.... ········-······ ......................... ............. . ················ .............................................................. _ . .......................... - ........................ .
35.--···~---~-----·······-·-------·········-·· :I
3-1:l]~~fr • ::':
.: • -- 1 -. . f . f . . l . ; . [ . . ) . i . . f . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ~
<Dawait [a1wert] v. ($'.{tf:~)~*(~J!ID @discriminate ldl1skr1mmen] v. IK.JJU~* ;ti~
~
® signature [ 1s1gnatfar] n. ~*;~5 i @sanction [ 1SEe!lkfn] 11. 11ltJ~
@spark [spa:k] v. 51~ ;ti~ • ~ !ll! m 1 r.
© controversy ['kontr3V3:Si.] n. $i\t ~ Q)go into effect~~
............ ·····4"············· . ................ .. ... . ... .. ....... ..... ·········· ........... .
But it bas already sparked significant controversy, with the United ~tates trade representative opening an
investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to
trade sanctions against France.
~~t}J~:
1il:r±.-=f: B - ut -it has already sparked significant controversy,
~*
ii i iij ±.ffi i!~ii}
t
with 5l~l¥J~.Il3::~~~-.i:1iJl¥JDP-:~:l*ffi
with the United States trade representative opening an investigation into whether ... companies
-
tJl~iiu !Jnt:E~
t
)Eift1 A ' A]~whether~i1f 1 A1 iJ ~it$~1~1 E 1->ifYl
w - hi - ch i - n tu - rn c - ould lead to trade sanctions against France.
3::i! tt l' .n£ 'lf f i ! .: , ; ~ l.c , ,;JJi'r " !J l ' ffl l'r..£i ~-m· .ffitt~~
IjJ ft~~ ff: 'QJ =f-1:T ~ it has already sparked significant controversy with Jg FJrlf 1:13 ~ ~ ~i 'SL 1: ~
o
~~ ,M7J'ii*-$i->lffll~< l!P~ii ~ :1:=f zraJ ~ ~**~) ,Jtr:p*~-1'- which ~ffi JA 1iJ (which @lffi
the tax discriminates against American companies)m~J.1t.¼.13sl.~~~-~.$Jtt~.~~{p-,lvMJ,@_~ ;
L~: ftJ~f
)j j :~_:l ;/
*
=
ffl" ~ 1t iB ~ 89 i1t f¥ & ~ Pia) o ~ it ffiJ : CD ~o into effect within the next few weeks; ® trade
sanctions against Francc *
0 *
Q) 1:iJ now, within the next few weeks 111¥ tii. 7f _. Last Thursday, t~ PJJ ff* in: fi : § wJ 1E ffl .~, ~ ~ ~ ,
~'*
J fF L} ~ !] } r J f;J f ~ RJ ? ° t ~ - ~ 8 ~ 9 ~~ o awaits"~f~, ~{~"1t~ ""]J${a:~, fl :X* Jx1-,t:J1E.~~" tl~ o 1fJ 9,~'l ~-1~11~'.J*t
who ~ffiJA'ilJ~~~~w;i~,t1i] laJ ~**lf*a{Jffi:~(and Bi•~**~)" .R~
-mi fB -=f ,~~lltftf B ~7J'~5i:~~~*ffi-~ mi*& i:iJfilaJLJaJ Jg RP i:iJ ~3'& <JLJiJ .R. l2Sl ~1¥ a,t fa] FJr~ mi~~
m
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*
@1:i] But i!~-~, tli tli 5t Rf fm 1 '1~ Piol : ffi i.t ~ 00 M~ $1J ~ o ~ ,tij sparked"5 I~,~~" ,significant"~*
*:
w:m~
~, ~Tifil) 7*Z ,controversy\\< t!Y 71~1f .flJJiB-t)... 1W, 07f a~) $i>l" ~ ~ ffi ltiJ ~ 1Imtt.Fo 5I :/t. ~ 1r
~'h
*)...:;f-f*,x-f**•#:/t.Ji~Pl'i]ffi:*-89$~, Sff /J\iffe:~~Bfr·~ ~ -f*jJ ttftmffi 89 ~~ with. .. ~!R.3L~
o
~*:<Pl11.&.l! ,~,IU!l.9;1t.1'l,JN ffi ~:fltE,ff,1¥ E~ ~ ftflil*&lJ?t*tit- ;fttlfJlff_lllilt{l)s ~~~r5fis11 lJt~!jJKJt~ ~
r.M,. o
[ f* ~ 1fR. ~ ] But ~ff~ f.2: ii 'JI.. lli ,rfi_ ~ ~ ® 1:iJ ~ 1:iJ 'xl .§. ii 'JI.. fl ~ ' ~ ff till ' ii. lffi ii a : i:i] =f ffi
I
WJ ~ ii.;, ~ ~~ f =-t;J 1iiJ ii '.m, spar'kea s'1gnir1cant controversy, opening an investigation, discriminates against
m
American companies' trade sanctions against France ~-- ~ ili-ltl "~ 7! Wj ~ 1$ x,t ~ 1£ ~{if~ I~~ X;f
1$~MiJ!~ $1J~"A9~r-J-ft~:fl ;lli°.ffi.Qb fill-f-lzg*~llx~ sparked, with(~f~ ~ mn 'Off jl ~*),in turn( as
a< •raestutl•t •oof soth~ in~ a8 s9eri>e•s •of~ ev•e&nts"-ff•lm~r~•.tt•if•fi•")f,lte•a~d t•o •$~:lf~*~¾m1§'-$X~:~/t•.~~ItWt~~•*oiio~"~?'¼~~-l!•:c•t ·
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--~--~-~ffi~ -~.
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37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the
. 37. fflt!~=m:AJ~, ~~~*~i*~
digital services tax 0
[A] may trigger countermeasures against France [ A] i:iJ ff~ 5 I.~ tt :;t;f 7! ~ (fJ & mtJ ffi Ms
36[BJ is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroaq [BJ ~irsl£OOJt-J?'~ffl:W
*
[ CJ aims to ease international trade tensions [ CJ ~ tE ~ *1 00 ~ fi ~ ~ f.u ~
[DJ will prompt the tech giants to quit France [D] ~ {fE 151! ~ tt e ~ iEl lli t! 00
[**-i llEfn:] f*fi. =ti@1iJffi ili :~ 00 'ii. ~ft~ B 7f ~ttx.t"i! IE~* JJll*~-¾~¾x-t~ 001e)lr (f(J ~
~JM* m
~,, !fk ii1 ~ , <~ o ~ 1t :b.~~~ , ) ~ oo ~ <t &) m·r m ~ ~ oo ~ nm: fi ~ 1b!J ~ m f il , 1t ;tf m ; m i3 I
0
£ C~ l~D #Xift!-IE B9 & iMffi»m, $[A].iE fl.ffl
o
[ fr,-,S M \f J .iE rot!~~ X;f ® 1i] could lead to trade sanctions against France 09 ~>I..~~, :Jt 'P
countermeasures"~mffi I&, ffe. 1fi!Jffili&" ¾ trade sanctions" (~.f ¥ 00 09) M ~ ftlJ •"09 ..t.5l~i:5
o
[B]~JJfl@1i) has already sparked significant controversy~-=, ffi ffi~;;fi - : - ,~ R1t;tf $~" B ~ 51
~ (has already)" {tu~ '1 # ~ i~ IO] "~ T ··· ··· ( is apt to)",.=, #f "~ 1)l (controversy)" -f1fu ~ 1-J "ffl; Vl2
(criticism)",= .. ~°f[ Ill EB "00?'~ * ( ffrioimj~ A~m-e, rica)"~~ 1-;" ~ Jf-1 ?'~ ( at home and abroad)"; [ C] *'J Jfl ® 1iJ
w:~m ml~* *:
trade sanctions Nrft:il 09 M£ ~ {B IPJ i! Hll*ffl. 09"iij" fmttFo 51 :b.~ 00 x.t ~
00 09 J.i. ~ ffilJ ~" ffij ~~" El 09: ~ *1 00 ~ 1:1. £ ~ 5* !ffl ~" ; [DJ EB @ 1iJ discriminates against American
companies" <i! ffil~¥Hll*& )x-J~ 000 lsJ <:Jtffi~ OO~tt e ~) 09Jtt~"ti~ W* ,ill1 t1 6" ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~*
illl~zi:fl ,~• i:iJiil" ,:Jttc" ttPff~~~?k ,:JtFo*ffi 10J 09¾ '~oo iJ".~jt£tJ~ 'w~~ 'f4tt e: ~:ifi!
*•
.t t!- ~ ' " , ffif Jl x * i:fl @ :M * t~ ~ # .& ~ 00 ie ~ 09 i:iJ &~ f * r '1 *
o
c ~ x, ,~ ~ J ll1i r xt 1iJ ~ ~ tt ~ tJr tlt ~ ll1I , ff.f ~ ~ 1£ -m m m ~ , i ; ~ <i ~ iH ~ 1t-fiu~1-) fJ1! ~ 1iJ
• 11 ~ , -11} )ftf ~ ]Ji ffi jPJ !:j 1iJ ~ ffi IPJ l:t x,t , ~ J.11! ?JG ili .iE ~ ~ tJL llY -1' ~ J:u! cp [A] , [ D] ffi IPl i:iJ ~ tt ~ :W: , [ B]
ffi IP] .M£tt/~~ ,[C]ffi fP1 § (f(J; mi ffl EB 1iJ ~ ~ ,t:.,ifflffi{~ ,ti°!, "has already sparked significant controversy
opening an investigation-discriminates against-could lead to trade sanctions against France""fiJ ~:llijf 5l1i
h-ffilPJ".Ti€ *li:iJ~tt~*: B~i31 ~'.l::kitiJl, 13 FoAJi~~~~.fr! IE J.i.~$tl~", EB Jftf-fF~ffi l"l~-fl:
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o
······------··-··-- ..................... ----·-····· ·¥·······----· ......... -··· .. . ............ . .
ffi OThe French tax is not just a unilateral(]) move(,!) by • ~ JIil ~ ;!it. ~ -1.st -1.st J!. 5!- 00 - 00 ;/.J Jt
one country in need of revenue. 8 Instead, the digital
~M~~Am~~~~~~~ o ~li..,~
services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries ~*-- ~ -+ ~ :k. ~ ~ ~, .3- 00 ,/£ i:t¾ Jt.4
over the past few years proposingCD or putting in place an I •t4~~1-J~~••~u¼•
alphabet soup of new international tax provisions®. @They ~~oo~«~••o ~~~-~oo~#
have included Britain's DPT ( diverted profits tax), ;f;$ '1: 1J iM ;f;l ( DPT) , ~ :k. ~,J JE. I ~ f. J*t 00 /~ ~ Ji..
Australia's MAAL (multinational anti-avoidance law), and
il!.;Ji* ( MAAL) ;fp ~17 Ji..~ f§. ~,If,(£
India's SEP ( significant economic presence) test, to name (SE * P) ~l -a_ , ~ -f o ~ ~ ~ i;J- , it .I. , ~ JJl
but a few. OAt the same time, the European Union, .t , 00 :fi7 Jt. -kl!-JL t- 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ A- .$ •M-ii
Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously ~•a~4to
contemplated~ digital services taxes.
.. . .. .. . .. ... . . ··-· .. . . . . ... .. .. .. . ............ . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . .. .. . ... --... ----................................... - ................ --....... .
:··~--~}~)ti·~~~:~:ir-::~::i:J
(Dunilateral [iju:n11lretral] a. lf!1fat] ,lp.,tiat)
i~) e
~Amie
@move [mu:v] n. ~ffi,fii;j <Dan alphabet soup of ~-BJ:~ 1 [Pfu Jjc~~
® propose [pr31pauz] v. t!\Sl ;@\SL I }~ @put in place~~
@provision [pra1vl3D] n. (~~Jt#e<.J)!W.~ .~~
@contemplate ['kontamplett] v. ~.Lt ;,Flit ,,mtt
1::~:::jiiJft::~::i:1
m=~~-~~=$~.~-~-~--~~~~•g•~m~-~~-~--~$ffl,ffiW~~
~-iil~
=m:
ffli.R OECD ~Bi.~ZMo
ffl ~ -~~-~X~~~ , a~ifn OO~r-,Jt~*.~o :a much larger trendo
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not ju ffi lli Jlt
$:Jf~F~ffil-OOM:'1 ,ffi~Fo:t~1tl*Jt{iBffil~~{!U$3'i;a unilateral move (unilateral ~:'1 done by one
member of a group or an organization without the agreement of the other members "ltl1f89").!i!U*l!,ijt!!E.Jlt
$#-*-'=3#X1X1~(~00)1W-iffi"-~ ,~Jt-1Jffii~~ ;in need of revenue iH;Tffll!,ijf!fo;ltlt~ :liiirPJ~OOf4
tt e~fil:i&tt*Dli9J-ffl. ~ 9$i~ 00 t*J !M~i&A~ 1fj1c
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0
Jl 11 .~ 11-r a much larger trend, IJHofl 1!-00 ~~Hit*~#-~F 1'-i9tJ , mi~~ ~ :k JI} M JPl ; over the past few
years ~iimlft-tfii]Zffi ,an alphabet soup"1t~-BJ:~~:k~~(a hodgepodge especially of initials)"(:!lllr )(~
~JB9 OPT ,MAAL,jtg:'1&i&*~a{J1t*-H1:~~)*l!,ij ~ ~&i&ffii_m:tmffi Fo#~JlHtnfi $ .. ~~j[~ ,flti~
*
e e
f);.$ 'M $~~ ii im] ml ~i:k~~-~ .. ~ IE Cf4tt ~ )ffl®:BiJJ
0 mztaJ
@@1:i)f§1Ji.iE i.lP_ij 00 ll,j*~ ~ "ffi,f-t-wJ (They) +1tl$-wl ( included)"~$ 'UJ i9tJ-iiE-*~; At the
0
same time ;j; ~ 1i]ff Pi! $;):f: Jtl ~~ o
@1:iJ J1j ¥ 001w. ~ iii RP ~ lli ~ i,1t ~ 8 ~ !m t(..J ~ if 00 ~ ~ i& if t!,i! They lfil ffi fiJ 1iJ new international
0
tax provisions; to name but a few"~$ JL{9lj"iJtPJI ffi-*&®:~~~ llttt:-*, Jlt~Wf $ JJ lJj( LlJ-ifi , j[Jm@
1iJ a much larger trend" IE ~:k~M tu] "zg Ctf iu $ tl: : OPT § 2015 ~ 4 Jl iE5:.\~Mi, ¾ ~ 11::~J ~ ~~
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IE~#t'.fgffi:~ffi * nm : ,-m~f*-jg''ftt~ffl" ;MAAL ~1£~.tl:fYf l;N~~~ffl~#*IJ~¥1890 W.i ~ft; SEP ffi~
~ ~J m f I * tt ~ ~.m ~ :tt!!. M: ~ ~ !:j - oo ~ ~ ~ m 1 m ~ :t£ ~ oo ffil ~ ¥11 J.m fi. tE ~ mw o )
@ii] 4~ 1f fi Wt tM.&ltim !ii ~~It ¥~11 §m,'! • 8 ~ have all seriously contemplated (seriously" Fffl"
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:ttP., iA * A :t-t * l!" , contemplate"~.ffl-!\.tt ,lJL~")ffilm:t£%.m * t Bt~ gij f!ffl t[XM.&Jtfm ii lE-'f.:tf ~ 00 ~:fij" Z filit B
~-t fI Dll ffl F ffi" iffi JI.. iA --~~ ,~J'!Htt ii , .R :iF M~ ttl a ,~ ~Fa 7 J\ t! 00 ~-ff~~~ 7PJ Z ~ ~ ~ JJ: ¾-'=3
;lt{t!?.~ ~" ,t,~ gl,1$" ,l!~ffil~~lc;-ilf)i4J.:t£t! 00 a{J{Wffir~~~fn
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(~ Iii j4,l] *$i: m• -t Iii iii J:.7¼-1£.lil ~.@iii : JfJt ~~~ A is not just. . . Instead. . . is . . . ~~)(
~fpm1JJ Ea"~IE"~JPJ"~{it!i!E~/½tit.W." ,a,tfa]~ffi At the same time ~"~ftBffli&if~JQ." !:j"~*Dli*
ffl"#-fi ,~la'JM~= -t-~l.i. : (1) ~ ~J:-*~ffli&ffi~~tfj~~ ,~ OO~JJJIW!~im:'1,1I~fltfj fI*Dll~
ffl; (2)~~Hll*f#.*~~~lE-~Z@.:,;ltfmr@ ~'elm©t'.M:(£ t*Jlj! B,ffl-:fi:11iR, r! ~ z-*1& i:iJfm 51 :ti* IE
* * * *
m a ; e: ~) wx -r m
fI lli <3 ) ~ ~ <~ tt ~*~mi&~~~ Bt. t& ~ 1:iJ "~ ~ll 1-m ~ ~~ nfi ~ ~ ~ JJll
m, mmrfi,
~ w,lffi~£&ffl ,fmfn~:tmfaJffl fil3~.ffl-~
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............. ¥ • •• ·-· • -- ••••••• •• • •••• .............................................................. ...... • ......... - .... • ••••••••••• ---- •••• • ... • ..... .
N O These unilateral developments differ<D in their -i-!. ~ ~~ i - a. ~m . ~ ffl-1~\ t& ~ m • i a i - • 3- :.f. :~ ;tQ~ fij •, 1 • £
specifics~ , but they are all designed to tax multinationals
~ ~
on income and revenue that countries believe they should oo ;;ff'~
;fJt.. , ~ Jtb ~ ~ iJ.... :h ~ 1n ;f•J it. ~ •,
have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not •~oof.t-~•*~*~;;ff'•~~~~#
grant~ them that right. f) In other words, they all share a
~ f•L .:tt 67 ~ iJL , 11t 1fl - It -i-J.. :h , @I f.t- ~
view that the international tax system has failed to keep up
Jlt1*.lJJ.~J:.~1Jlf~~~,l_-ffe~o
with the current economy.
....................... ..... . ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................
(:~::~}~-~~:~i~}t.m: 1'
.~:.l
(Ddiffer ['d.Ifar] v. ffl~ ;~ l&jjlj ' @grant [ gra:nt] v. <Jtffl iE~:tm~~$J:) ftitf
@specifics [spa'sif1ks] <!ilt) n. Wffi ; ffil-;; \~
These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on
income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do
not grant them that right.
38'.fr1ij 1: These unilateral developments differ in their specifics,
?t1iJ2: but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries. ..t ax
itW ±ffi ~;t;~ §(J(J:f;tifi ~ilfJ }..1iJhincome and revenue
t
il:~tti§J}..' ,ij
e - ven - if international tax rules do not grant - them that right
sl~~ ±ffi- iii§ fiij ~;if€ fi ][fi~f fi
l11~~- Slxr
:1Ur7'6ffr but :ff~1U5t1-J~-t-if tta<J7i-1U: <-*!Eifliil*ffi)flH~-*~ffl liiJ vs 13 ~ffi ftiJ
tt-~;Nfff even if ttxr~=7i-1iJ'1='"-*00iA1-J Ba~ . ilt:&~J"~~it~~1'r: OO~*f9iJ#*J!at-r.ilt*Xo
i ft}ft:
;:: ~ :: ~j :~::1 :/
~ gg ~ ffl ,1' 00 ~j *~ff I§ tt-J # IEJ i-A ~ "00 !ftj ffl. I& i* ~ fflf I§" o ~ Ul ii} : failed to keep up with
0
CD~ ~ .. tJ~ W-§ ~ • itl ¥ffi l't-J ~ l't-J, 1:f: il P/i ~ fr '1 ~ I§ I'(.] i.A ~ tax. .. income and revenue '1f mZ...t.
0
Ei"B 'nJ in need of revenue, Sl tmi-*ml•uim.Mtdt~lt~ Ei &<J: i&~ 1-!J.~~* ffil !M~~J, ;~ 1.-t.~il udic::~e they
•shsou ld have a right vs do not grant them that right -1rffii~1£5!i~-*OOmftiJ~OO~tte~ID:&a<Jsi?.:~
,;J-1Jffii.1£ffi"-*IE~/®tOO~&i&!kf9lJJf:-*tft( mJs!fijl ili if!.itJ.ffl.t&ffiJ;i"*IFa71' ~fir ffii jtjffl.
i&•~~~~~~~-~r~~~ffiffl&~~~~~~~~~---mo
@~A-f.ti-A~ : ~ ~f.ffl.!&1* ~fflf ~, ,c5!m.&. ~fiI~gf ~fi:1¥JJ;, ~ c.Sl:ttto In other words ~IYJ*'UJ
Sst~J,r;f;J).k-J,!c.;;¥:"AA1:)i3il.*ffia<J~~Jl.~~
.{£/m~i#,l!ij_t/4:i]iA~(share a viewlfi))(tf~ beheve)o all
~-!k:; has failed to keep up with ~ JJMt£1c~a-t~ l!ij fifD ~ fir Ii~& i&f* tJ !:j ~ ~ ~.Ji~-fj;z(ii] ly! e }1#.
i!J , ~~ ~-~ jjJ ~ & I&~$ 11 ~ ~.ft-~~ ft
0 =*
( ~ lR m~ ] ff 1ltJ {tj tl iii] , ii >l fl !.!\! iil P/i ~ ~ ~ ii >l ffi: ,t, : St St fri In other words ~ ® ~ ~ Z fa] *1f
-*
~ , IYHifftJ};J 1iJ iaJ l'!t 5( Jt-10 1x ( ® 's:iJ 1lfF ~ CD 1TJ) ; :p:j. ffi- beii eve ~ share a view B9 ffi-.>l !l ~ 1YJ feffl ~ 'UJ ifi-Sl :ffi:
.~fir*JOClp.3iJ.*ffia<J
IE~a<J ~i.R: (l)~ffil~*XX-tJIJf 000 ~ 89 C,~)l&~i&&; (2) ~ml ffil ~&i&f*tJffir
FA~~ ~Hl , ~ i3J!: "ll- ~ ill!il- ~ m fii J ~ m ¾ ~ ~&z111 _; ~a-.. JJlU Ill~ :x~ -B , ~ ili 1'i ,a& i& *ffi
o
:::~::~:~~-~::~:.:_;/
*
38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share 38. llR Jt1 ill ffi M! l't-J ~ ~ - ~ iA fcl " "
.
the opinion that ,Z- ~,'ao
[AJ redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured [ AJ ®Hifu {¥ ~ tt e ~ i&A-flJ. 7t ffc
[BJ the current international tax system needs upgrading [BJ ~Duffil~&i&f*~~:ft~
[CJ [CJ mZ~Jl:~~~tt0~~AA
tech multinationals' monopoly sh'ou~d be prevented
[DJ all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights [DJ Jiff~ IN ~ml$~ ~~ID:~tl
fill~* *
Cffi;t '.iE: 11rJ ffi 'iiJffl ili fmfn <@ffl"1J~Jtb*lfJt1't,nmn& l'.t9 oo ~")-~iA1-1 iE ~m i&f*tJ rm
=
JiiJ: ;!iliif~~~.Ji~ft,-mNP, ~fif OO~&i&f*~rl~1t-~, 1it.[B].iEfifD
o
[ 1ft; ~ - ~ J iE feftl :t)J! [BJ ,:P needs upgrading" 1/S ~ i& ,11: i& fl " ;Ii! ~ has failed to keep up with the
current economy"-*fi~ii.£:.~~W-f!f'a(J{tJ11!~1 $
o
[A]~ CD 1iJ "x-t JIJf 00 0 ~ 89 ~ i& ~ ~ .~ i& ~ i1r fr fil & <t ax)" fit !1e '1 "x-t i& ~ i1t *fi, . Pf 7t ffc
(redistribution)"; [C]~".X,t~ IE¾ ii] ilrfrfil&"~ #i:R "~ IE~!t 0 ~ ~ ~it!!-&"~#~ii im © X 'f'
-z.
~xfffiiJm,m-~~ ;[DJtttfflQ)1iJ"JiJf;fff oo~•i!!:;fff it.M-rffl:&~~J ,@ itsff1iA'1 ~ a ::fi~~J~ -f4t"jl
ltJr ill "Jiff~-~ 1;[.Jil 1lt MT~& ~ ~J" , {a ".lfl-~ ( equal) "X{ f: 1PJ ff! ,f*fl_ 5 l ~
o
*la~ m m
[ it J., .~ ~ J ffi if!< 11Ff ~ ~ r1E ij!u ~ 1u: ~ ffi IDl fi 1iJ) , ~ ~ ~ fff g lfi-mi~ 19! i41 ffi fli1 5t
39<~ +
~ ,MrJlt~J!llJJ:5~~:i:ff! ~~11i ,@- ~ ;tJ~) !:j ~'UL~ tti.f IIP -aJ~if ff:~: [BJ a:p the current
international tax system 1f!tl:Jll r~u['U] 'P, ffij needs upgrading"m~fl-~ ( 1tJtJ!1i JJ ,:;ff~~)" JJ!IJ:I:
~ has failed to keep up with"* ~~Hit.tilt ft" Wrfti Jiliji >l "11~ :ba ~zjtfi; '-~i!J(ff "~ Iii] >l~~ 't&iE fJffi
0
........ -··--·-- ...................... ----·-· ····· . .. ................ . . .. .......
V O In response to .these many unilateral measures, the ;/.J ~ il i!.~ ~ itl..tt ~, ~ >Jl-¼1-f
+
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Jij £/l.tttY-(OECD) ~ ~ ..iE.~ 131
(OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a 00 ~ ½ ,ft , VJ- '1] ,ff. 2 O2 0 if At ~ i!. A
*
consensus<D by the end of 2020 on an international solution. - +
00 JW; ~ ;Jt ~* • 00 :ft, l: 00 :.itS
0
8 Both France and the United States are involved(2) in the t.J~~ Jt. t ,-{!?. ~ (tlJ 4i: ~ ,ijl4j-;fjt. ),~
organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the ~ l. *~ { < .; f ] .J &.. B. ~ :/.J 00 JW; ~ ~ 1*-tl <f.J
American response raise questions about what the future holds *-*-
:tr J:. 1 1"1 ½
0
for the -international tax system.
................ . . ..... ...................................................................................................................................................................... .
,·························· ............ ·, . JI
: ~--~-tc;_~~ -~~~.fr.~--· :
2/;
~) • t£~m~
<Dconsensus [kan1sensas] n. -~~~.!ii!. ;;.lti,R
@involve [tn1volv] v. (-{f!)~1JD , 1.m.A i~ (Dbe involved in. .. ~.!5 ··· ···
® raise questions m l: il ~ fii]
1'
i fr.Jif -~:
C~: ~~
*
ffi 1i ii 5I W0 0 Jt.j ffl ~ OECD tt-l S. x,f Z. jft Ut PJJ X fir f¼ ~ ii iffl ;l:J : CD working ••• on an international
0
im.
solution; @raise questions * *
0
n
CD 'AJ it tB OECD S. ~ z ffl : #J, ~ ~ 00 3t ~ ~ ~ - 1-~ ~ ii M ~ $ o in response to llsJ ~
"~ffilffl~ ili ~ ltiill&l&*ffi-OECD ffi~$ ffil ~ lii]~~-1--~ ~tt.~~1J~"; 131 countries,reach a
consensus,by the end of 2020,international solution ~~_t1~Jiili OECD 89!t C.,)f±~,~.!iltlf~iitl:l~-ffi'
1
tf,c.,tt~~~~Jvt~Ilz~ :ftY~~z.$ ,~!Jit*~z•~ ,~~~:nfflst~~ ,~fiir~~
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@'AJ IIJJ-l1i~OO IJ,j•l'!fi]jtn.tr-JlliJil~PJJ o but 1iJ l*J~~ ,Jtlffl ~ are involved in .tc~ "ff.iJti!fl~r! WJ ~
i5JB~~ OECD ~ iJ!Jifl:,JtFo.!illJff raise questions ~feffl~r! ~ iJ!JMdlifi-'1(France's digital services tax
epffif! ~#x-.t~~f.4tt § ~~ GAFA & , the American response JJ!ljffi~ B.Jiffil!l~, "iiJl~X;fr! ~_®jt ~
fli!J~)-{t qJ OECD ~ftfI 11: 89 **x" iiJ tiliffltl, !E ~ffl.i&-f* ~ iW:ft:1Emi~feffl ~ tt 6:: raise questions about
o
what the future holds for ... (hold"~~, W~") 1I~ ~p ~"){,f' •·• ••• 89 **It~f.F ' ~ 7 ~ ftiJ", ~ #~~
~19" '1 ··· ··· 89**1'T _t 7 fij] %", tt~;tt a:p ~ questions ffi fPJ" lllJ B.fil, R lllJ"mi~~"'I*~, ~ ~,,
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tfr~t l±I a<Ji.A~ ( ~t/f JEt ~ )-ttMi.A~PJr &~t±I ~ faJllim *lC{~fifdJ ( M~ fcJ~ )"fix: =,@:}A "r!OOfili*&
oo
GAFA ffl. ~ ~ !)i1 --~.i ll fi '1 "¥1J" ~ 1--IE ~ ~ tl:I Et~ »ffi 7 • i!l * ffl'-" , 1IJ. ¥1J " ~ IE ~ & ®: ,f* ~ 7l.t ~ ~
*~ iv. m,@ ~ ~ :6t me z m" , r & Fo ¥1J "ltJJ -=r- -t- ffi1 ~* m ~ m » ffi,, , :1« Fo .pJ. ¥1J" ~ ~ & i& -1* ~ 1 ~ iw. ~ lkJtl ilE
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~mr:a ~feffl )E", Jiff\ ili-ltl ffi1 $ ffi ma #M Btf 00 P] ~ 1ti 3tJ. & i& *ni, OECD '1 ~ m~ tt ~tk: -Ji ;t
w~~~oo~JJfirfi.,~tE!N~f£~r!WJ rm~Alfm"~m1rftoo:m:
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I
39. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the m• • r.r
39. 1iJ t RT~ , oEc o ia ~ I i1=
OECD's current work 0
• *
[A] is being resisted by US companies I [A] iE~ iU ~ ~ l¥J ~ 1ft ifi!J
[BJ needs to be readjusted immediately [BJ ~~ "Sl. l!Pm:19fi}jJ~
[ CJ is faced with uncertain prospects [ CJ fffi tlffi ~ ilu.~ 89 ftr.
~llt*
-~J!~
[DJ needs to involve more countries [DJ 1¥)~~
40cm•m~J MEa®1iJffiill:~mr~®•*•*•~i~®~&~M~~•i&f*•~**~~n
_t T laJ % , rrff ffl EE CD 1iJ AJ ~ , IE ~ ffl. i& 1* ft!J l!P '1 IE ~ ffl ~ OECD ~ 1ro iE t£ :ff JI 89-J.'fli I fl: , EE .ilt AJ ~ ,
OECD § lru 89 I fl: ffif ljffi IF ifu ~ 89 litr ~ , i& [ CJ iE ?ifD
o
[ 'lfi;'IMNH!] iE iiJu J.'fli is faced with uncertain prospects ¾ X;J"@ 1iJ i:p raise questions about what the
future holds f.19jAJJ(~~ ,R31Ff E:fl the OECD's current work ¾»J@1i*j f or Fo5l ili f.19X.f~ the international
tax system a{] fAJ Jl.~~CiW"~'11L ffi ~. )-Jll! ~ i!-ti. -m HdOf. !al a<J ~ tle!r ;a: o
[A]~Jm•=m"t!ffilJJt~Bfl*ijt;g~~.&~ 7-1':k~~ :ilf~~*ffiHlill~~Mi7ttX.J-(~ffilf4tt
*t,)}
*e~ FJr-{Jtl'f9)JJt:~Bll* a<Jffl~ffl.l&*~" ~ i*aCD1iJ"OECD iEtE ey 1311'-ffil jJ 12,( Jt.§ ~~-1'
®~fi~:iismt~iJHm ffil ~~i&f*• "ft~ ill "OECD ~lru~J.Jiifp-mn:ttx.J-~ IE ie~ '~ ffilie~~~'~
tfJi!J:D!Ifl:" ,@ ey@1i)"~ 00-lt!.~ eyi]J OECD l!~Ifl: i:p (~ffil ~AJi~ttX.f* ~{e:~)"ffiit, liX i:p §
Mt ~~#*~itl~ ffil1i:':~l'f9~f! ~n-'1; [BJ EE ®1iJ raise questions ffi aiI W* ,{B 'Effi JP.J "iru~-foJ ltm:,
*)
+?t~~ Wi"W~~"film~ ,~ltttrillJm" ;[D]~@1i]Jtl~X;J"~ "(~ § J!fr7!P 1311'-ffil* i:p,fQ ~ 00 ~~
ffil"aiI ~ '1" § fir .Rtf i!IW-1' IE*~ "3 <i£~]!$ ffil *~~)"
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w-;;-z
Wf '~" jt i:p[A] ,[C]ffi IP) ~filjfcij~, [BJ ,[D]ffi IP) &@:n IP.) ~ ·*N!~~fl:;ff X;J- OECD ~ntr I fl:
O
f.19-1'-Wfft W IID !1:J ~'UL-~~, llltf 3K 1iJ but Fo raise questions about what the future holds ft:ii fp ~
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xW. R-\ ~ If , i& rrff iiJ ~ iE ifu J'fli ~ ~ t£ ~ , bl im tl!UE ~ zx i~ Rdt IPl , ~¾Ji« qJg $$f fl ~ Be 89 [ CJ
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.............................................................................................................................................................................................
Y.I France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a
*~~~~~«~-+~~¥%:~
broad consensus can be reached on reforming the
••a*•~~«~~~~~r~~~,
international tax system, other nations are likely to follow
~~~~~~~ft½••~#,~A~¼
suit, and Ameriean companies will face a cascade of
A-~-·~-~+~~-~,~~~
different taxes from 'dozens of nations that w11l prove<D
,ft .tl ' ~ ~ ~ f l. 15 ;It- :t ~, 41.-1: J1. ilj !fi
0
burdensome(%) and costly~. [ 436 words]
(Dprove [pru.'V] v. iiEl91~J~*~ ~ e ~Rf!Dc
® burdensome [1b3:dnsam] a. ~V,.C~fflf.19 ,~ffi:f.19 ~ <Da cascade of -it lif!l 89
@costly [ 1kostli] a. :lt-tla $ {f1] 1 Ea :ft {f1J ~ ®follow suit ~{b-;JitA. 1 fl~~fMc
:I
iJi::~ ::l
~jij
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=-
M* . Ji '1 M $ ~ , .~ i:ifi i1l lil ~ ftll ~ ~ tr-J If~ :I >l. : 4S- 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 00 ~ ~ ~ ).11! 1n
"~ "l!trff itiffl '1 : ©a clear warning; (i)follow suit ;@a cascade of differe*nt ta*xes o
O -~
J!ll 1iJ nt Jl: , ii -iJ-ts ,t1 S1 ~ ~ ffl , I Ji} fir f{r !J!U *r 1U ~ A is B IYl rifft ~ ffil ~ Bfl ffl ~ If 71\ :ro lla <a cl ear
warning), jf-ij-Ji§'~fmf8¥~itA1*tfll\ P-J !/J., ;it; ,:P unless"~~!:'""', ~O.*~ "' ···"51 ill t-lF~~ ~.Fo.* ~ 4k
+
{4: : ml ~ $t ®: 1* $1J i3Jr 1/i 12i nt3't iR , f!P , ~Yr~ ft:~ IE ~jfm tk: 1i ~ 12i ~ , {B ffl EH ..t & 3K 1iJ "!fr ff: Ml aJ '.i: ii , ?t
~r!ijw:J"iiJ~iX-~{tf:~Jil~~itllt;1iJrffi:,C.,~~ti?:E3:.1U are likely to ... and. .. (and Hffjl[z51.*if Jl.~
J0c) ,5.l~t!IEfl*ffl.f.19~ ~~Plfij :1tftB ffil~~~li iij"j~~~~{jj~ IE ,~ !Eit~~~tl~ffi'.fflf!J. ii'il~ll~l3tr
fr; follo*wf fslu it" 3'a {Ji" ,a cascade of" 1j, • ~ JJi ~", dozens of" itf ~"JA fl :I: .*.t 5 1 ~ 3'a ,tJj IE ~ Z ~ , ~ ml it~ ffii
11$ ~ ~ 4f ~ J burdensome and costly ~ .fft ffl ft jij er; , ~ ~ ~ ffil it~ i rf mffl: fA ffl , J! iffi ~ Pjaj jt; ~ Ji o
1~ ~ •~1 *li~lt 'Rl *il.: ~, 11fi 11J 4*a ~~ ~il*'liffl ,~ tiiffl, 1ifl~lffl utfr11.,w : <1)1tWJ, ~
~Jli'r~Ei" ,m.-~"*~ :1e,m.i#.tfmf'Fffl ,.f:IJ.?t~ tfm r*J~; (2){1 !fJ Unless 1U1'rl ~ Ja"*{lf-~~"~
l0c: ..R.~tliJJ Ii ~j·~-lk:-Jr• ,~ ~~P(ii]~~-~, (3){1 !fJ and f9l ill" ffltfzsl-iit*''~~: ~ fi~#i'1*
m---~ ,o
~{e~ ffiillai.§~fl*ffl , (4)ff lib a cascade of ... burdensome,costly $i-~;1-Jt.: t! ffilfl*ffl iij"ft~
i3l ~3'&,fjj, 1e:~}!f~t1mmmf!t
~~ ~ ~
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41························· . ,I
i~.. ~ .~--~·-·
:$
*
40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text? 40. 7' 91J e - 1Jpif tm ~ 3t a<.J II ft~ Im?
[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions [A] #;. (E ffil l!Qi ~ ~ i&J ~
[BJ France Leads the Charge on Digital Tax [BJ #:-00:ff~tlfiEt&~*ffl~StfiiJ
[CJ France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals [ CJ 7* lE ~ ~ IE ~tt0 P]-m" ~"
[DJ France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy [DJ 7*1E~>it:(£fi*~t,'f ip 61=f-Jrz:t&
[~$~tu:] X :lJEt St s I W4 J: {4 : #:. IE ft ili fl * Hit :9} ffl #I. ; IS11iFo st i1< fi {4 Jll :ff ?t t1r : iff ~ 00 • El ftf -m B
tflili:toc~mBT#~~001£ft~ IE ~&i&f9TiJe. ,#;.00 ,R~~IE ~j(~ ifl ~-:M imB ; ~ftj OECD .iE-~ 131
~~••mttw-~*IE•~~-•~oo~ai&~• ,m•~~••oo~•oo~•~~nl,§ftf•ai&~
•rir:ft~'Yl WJ ;:M:Fo7t~±Jm =~~miaai&~•x•Jt~~m,~ fmoo•i ~~~~~{n ill fi1t~a ,~IE
1£}Jk.)j4J-ffif11Qieffi&J1 ,~½Km::ftl. o iiJ m , ~xoo~#:.IE:fffiEl'l*&J&7ff~f~i",C*B* J¾x•± ~~itlitt•~
o
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;$:Jt:J2t § www. psychologytoday. corn 1it<J M 2016 ~ 9 A 11 13 H ow Eye Contact Brings You
Together (or Pulls You Apart) ( § :Yfi~~:flllfiiJ {j!{$fl1:toc"ft"!oc"?t") X~3::~:1r~ T ~T" § 7't!&ti"
o
J'tt&tiA1=i~IPJ :~ii~M- vs
~-~?M,l~~ ,11iJ~ffi!Ylr,J~ :ffi- tt~~ffi ili § :g;fm ?&l:5:at~; Milfi
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[A] Eye fixations are brief
[A] Q ~~~et faJ~~-
[BJ Too much eye contact is instinctively(]) felt to be rude [B] ~ 5t-ii! iii j ~il:.A-f. t~kl?, ~ 1t ~~L
[ CJ Eye contact can be a friendly social signal [ C] Q 5t4~ if V-A:..t. -#-&.M -<r-J ~.i~1 i½
[DJ Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye [D] + •l!t tt. JJ "'6J - + A ,t fl J'c. 4i ,e {r{)
contact Jj_J!i
42[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are
[ E] A ~11 .if. ,(I 'ff Jt ~ Jt:, 4i .ti ,W J&- t? ~
being investigated
~~~*
[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye [F] :k. j !ltA .t; Ri ~ A ~ 7':. -1:i-~Bir~
contact with strangers ~~ j!J ~ tJ ,(l
[G] Ey~ contact can also be aggressive~ [G] 1§1 .;\:.~~~ 'iiJ"~,l-1Jt*ft,t1 ~
.-----~---~---·······························, . ,I
.~·1:Uft.f!r. . ..
:. . ~. .~ }~.~ff ~ :j/Ji;.
<D instinctively [m1stIDktivli] ad. *~:i&(B ~ ) ~5 <ID aggressive [a1gres1v] a. ~4 (f(J ,~t-(f(J (G ~ )
(~ ::~ ,~~ij
iJi{ ~::; ;/
~jj!Jl\tliJifi°~IJi: JLJF-~'*° eye contact, Rf P~ift" ~ *.~M/ ffi~ ~mt":m:~Jti-t~i!B, ~ ~11= ~ ~
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(brief)"
o
[BJ ~ f!ij •~&ffl:,~ i..f~" § -ft~.tt:i:J:~ (Too much eye contact)"~~~, Ji1i:?£iJt f!ij iX ~~ A.~
¥1J"ffl l-/5t1L/flt Im
(rude)"
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[ CJ ~ f!Jl 4i-~&mlffl:~ 1t-ffi § -fttl. tt~ J!J 89" ~ Jlf 89 *±3C % < f riendly social signal) ":ro ffl
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[DJ ~ f!Jl 4,-~ ffl:J.i!Z ili lJ.ll ~" tt*! / ~tt (personality) "ffl ~{"if,@- , ~~&A 11'1 ~ § jt~ ti 89 "~ IA] Ji Ni.
(reacts)" ,llffl:1':f~M=~~~
o
[E] ~f!ij4,-~~.±~~,&~1$] § j6~,ti09"~~~~#(biological factors)" ,~ili31-i!~~~ffl~i~HCo
[F] ~ M -1- ~~ft 1I ~ i'B .A. fr] ~"~~.A.< strangers)"~ fr § ft ti ti a-t 89 "~ § Z£ ~ <not
comfortable)", PJ~~~ _&1gft,z. ~:fmM~ § tE
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[G] ~f!ij4,-~ffl:±~~i£ § jtit.tiiiJ 1V, "Ji~l.&itrtt/~~-tt (aggressive)":i&-i$., .§. also -ij] lfff
~$XB~,&§jttlM89~~~~:ro~o
I O In a social situation, eye contact with another
~ ~ ~ fh ½ , .ti ~ A l!A-f ij :Jt .Ji~ 'iiJ"
person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly
~~~~~~*~*~~~o~£~'ii]"
way. 8 But it can also be antagonistic<D , such as when a
ti¼~# ~ it-.t , -lfil ~--&Jlt~1li&.A,tl
political candidate turns toward their competitor during a ~*" +*~~~+,
~Jt:.-li.-¼it~~ Q
debate and makes eye contact that signals@ hostilityCI>.
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8 Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact:
.-....................................... ····. . ,I
:.. ..~ .5~.~~.~·~.ff.-*!r.- ~..:
~ 1/J;
i •
<Dantagonistic [fen1trega 1 rust1k] a. Mc~(f(J ,.&:~B-9 ~•m1t
®signal ['Signal] v. ~ffi~ .~i6 .~~ !~ <Din a social situation :tEtt~~it
@hostility [ho1strlati] n. ~-1~X;J- ® make eye contact i!fi § ~?&M
.-· ..................... ·, .
-iti~~- o
:.. ·. ..~ -ft.~ .. ..: ~
~
jg-J.i:ffiW ~ ~tfi!llAfi°~ ioJ J:}J~: ftii~ff VS (D'n)\i~·ll:ft"tt~JjJ~(ln a social
situation)",~ ili ~tl:5t,t~" § jtfl .ti ( eye contact)", Jf ffi WJ t~~:ro ~" IPl M7J~ i5~ :flf ~t£ ( paying
atte~tion in a friendly way)" o ® 'A] ffi But it can also. .. 51 lli § ft tl .ti '1 - :ro ~ "~ l2i ~ ~
(antagonistic)" ,#*'-,(9'JA-f**±i~½(such as when. . . );1ffiiJtf!ij (signals hostility .!§i be a~tagonistic iEc
x"
Jl) @'nJiJI W" FX: D!~~Wfffl 7J\ 89 § J'Gtl ti~ ~'elf W o Here's ... .:li!:1J,f,j/ffi:1(jJ A~~ "51 Ai£
o
*1iic ;reveal ~'1"ti7J' ,mtm", aff7J\"FX~·~~1rJ-®~'1 A.~~ 89 .. if~ 89~31-i!o jt: D!~~<hard
43science)¾ § ~~?¥: ~!t*~~3c:Jl~~~ ,-el.~fi~ ,~4mfJt.~~, ~!f'A~~(soft science. $f"t El ~f-4
$~tt~M$~X£~wm•~-~-~-~tt~-~~~ff)ffi~o
. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . ................................... ····· .................. .
(41) --------- (41) ________
II OWe know that a typical infant will instinctively a fn ~ il, ~ JL-At :iJt ½-*- ~ ~ ii.~-It
gaze into its mother's eyes. and ~he will look back. ffe{JlJfflfft,-/jj:-ft- jiltJ½\!?1:tJl.o i!.#~~,{_-Jt-f-
*~* '~*~
@This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment<D
t alJY~~a~~o ~~~
between mother and child. 8 In adulthood. looking at
~:tYl.~A~~~~~~~~~~*a~~o
someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary® i!.#-ali .fr 5i9 1il ~ 4*- ~ A (r(J & fa] if' 11 ~~A
sign of paying attention. 0 It can catch someone's
>i. -f.: "OJ.# ~½~,ta~"~ Y.A~~" ~-f; ~
0
attention in a crowded room. 8 "Eye contact and smile" $/.f..,, ~ ",ft ,fr ~ -jj- " ali 1t ½ ' ·~ J!. q: ~ ~ ~
can signal availability~ and confidence, a common-sense * · #$~~~~~1~--~~R«o
notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.
. .. . -....................................................................................
r_:·:1~HtJtij:ijij~i~f~lf :; ::/
-ft{~.~-
(Dattachment [a'tsatJmant] n. ~~ @a J vail ability [a1vet1a1b1lati] n. iiJ ffltt
:. ~-~t,J .f.. .....: '
@complimentary [ ,komplI 1 mentri] a. "11'.lt ~ ,.,. ..............
~
........*.... ...........
Bl=* m
CD@1U fli W ~ JL ~ tt-l~~:M*T~ ~ ~ a<J ~ ffl /il ~ # o ~-1:ij faJ ii )1 This mutual gaze !ID
ffitiHi <f fi tt<D-1:iJ ~ "-BJ: §lt 5(,t~ * ~: ffl:") Jt st:i <D1iJ typical< Affll ~ ) , instinctively<* fm :!& ) s! ilm" tl: ~-BJ:~
o
~ Dl fl#" JL lji- ~A~ ~ - ~ fm (2) 1iJ a major part of. the attachment between mother and child
O
(attachment -;i'1"-f:/i.~ ,~g" ,-i*~sll~ ~·M~~ffl) 8 :«i5tif l!-\tx1T-BJ:-=f•lf ~ ~ ffi: ~fl:J:M ®© ~ ffi l±i
o
lil ~ ls 1fW 11! i1t! 11 ~ 1tt! .A. iiJ ~;.t ff 1ii ~ j:f a<J tt ~ il 4;- o looking at someone else in a pleasant way, It ffi ~ "~
1ff-½t!?J.t~{tEA"iX-fi''1; can be a complimentary sign of paying attention(complimentary •'1"~'.lt1¥-J,
,t~MJ") ,can catch someone's attention in a* c rowded room(-f:.*P,;fc~ It someone vs. a crowded room f!lf Ji
m x
JJ\! a<J ·If m) ~ 1aJ ~ ~fr:,; AJ V,,{ Jii • nt si ~ ~ 1ff 1± 3e 1~ % ~ ~ 1f ~ ~ f$ ~ AA ~ !i!?. ;1c tt fm 1 ~ , :t£ ff
=
~~Aff J:P ~1JJ51~5(ij"1fMJtt# @~ffltt!UiW11 ~ *.tittiiJ ~;.t,ft~~iffE·/i~ffif.r~ "Jr"i&-m"iR1
0 ~
i.A i.R 8 ~ itJ 'L' II~ at if~ lit.~ can signal availability and confidence ( availability ~ '1 "i:iJ ffl tt, i:iJ t:1t ~f
o
11:" ,3X11! i:iJ~I Ef3 '1"~3emc•ll" ;confidence i:'-i"f~Hf ,ft~'' ,Ai*m"{t{f 5(-tn ,#~~1Emfflt-l-");(£ftr
=-1:iJ~iilil..t, • 1.l~~ § *t&ti~~m = ~ X11J~IYJf$1~ffft/~ ,ffl• ~z~ffit o
(42)
--------- (42)
m ---------
O Neuroscientist Bonnie Auyeung found that the
# ~ # et t: ~ *- • Bt Fa ii. ii j~ ~
hormone<D oxytocin<Z> increased the amount of eye contact from men ~~-jj-foJ.t,&,,f!. iWi tt~ tiJii. t ,1J/£ -t
*•·~~~~~t~~~-ti.~#
toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of
~-~~--•~to$·-~·~·
their gaze was recorded. 0 This was also found in high-functioning
~~~~•~aa+•~m~-~~I
men with some autistic~ spectrum® symptoms~ , who may tend
to avoid eye contact. C, Specific brain regions that respond
,f•J M 31:.4 (r(J :k. Rti l::1 .#6 ~t ~ , ~ ~ .t. -ii->i.
during direct gaze are being explored by other researchers,
~ -ft!!. A. at ?- !!_ &. B. (r(J # ~ :k. Hi I&. sit
0
using advanced methods of brain scanning.
m~•
!
<D hormone [ 1ho:maun] n. ~) © spectrum [ 1spektram] n. ftl 00 ; J'til
(2) oxytocin [,oks11tausxn] n. -flF# <ID symptom [ 1sunptam] n. (iE ~; tiE ~Ii
@ autistic [o:1tistik] a. ~ fij:JiE(ro
44~::11'
~ ~~ )jjfj_"tfr ~
<D@iil 1ttlH$~~~~ Bonnie Auyeung ff(]~ 13\! :11.F If ft~ ii 1JD ~ :)It fi Mio WJ 'UJ ~ -.. found that ...
This was also found in. .. ffitl, fer ttl x~~Xiir"iffiut t:p 1¥.J .iE ~ ~ tt ( men. . . during a brief interview) "if
¾Xitr"im 'nt~~ § J't~.til¥.J~~fm § l~HiEl!;ff J!-~!*flf-f* (high-functioning men with . .. )" ,1if=1(
ffl5fm:tl1JU § J't~ti(This= that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact) (3)ii]flf lfj 1t
o
1tl! fuf ~ ~ lE. 1£ ~ ~ a9 ~ jt : .11 tl it ~ ft! A fJtt F ~ Ji J§l. t(.J ~ ~ *. JJi I& ~ are being explored by other
0
researchers @I mZlruWJ 1iJ Neuroscientist Bonnie Auyeung found that. . . , 5I tf:i .ffi 1¥.J .ijff ~1,f ~; Specific brain
m
regions that respond during d * ire ct gaze i#. l!fHi1f~;ff .*ti .~: A {111[ mftBAlt-t 00~ JH:; ::k»i IK~~ilf:fi ;:IJ ,
=
:«ll 1PJ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ 'R) iif ~ ¥i Ji.If~~~ tfJ ~fa]~~~-: 13 ::)1t~ .ti (gaze, eye contact, direct gaze) ff fr5
o
1¥.1~:tfo~~~(hormone oxytocin,brain regions that respond lli&~4m~ffi:-)
o
. .. . - . --·-· . ..... .. .. ............ ..
(43)
---------
(43)
---------
N O With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia
1*-Jl/J DJ.*i!~.fi.*-,~1* :k. ~if R..i!Jlt
Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government JA- * Bt ~ *- '1rr ~ • aJJ ~A¥- w 1 ii ~ : ~ ~ ·tf 1fJ
concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds r , w
~ f§J .¾.. .fi ~ ft i!. ~ 1t ~ ii1"" ~ .fQ A -l-.i& •
of messages, depending on the situation. 8 While eye
~,f,(f. ~ M-6!1·1t~t, f§J ;;l:,,ti-~,iJ"~Jl"*
contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly
J"~" fi#:"~ if-~ ,1!?.,(f.it~~·ltVL r, 't
situations, it's more likely to be associated with
J!.. iiJ"i~ ~ "~ ~J ~ ~ Vf "-ltli! "Jl~it-Jl
1' U O
dominance<D or: intimidationrz> in adversariala> ~ituations.
Jl.t~J£1l~*'*~~ ri!.?i-~#-~½;f:f~
*°
8 "Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be Jl/J : -*'1 *- -1.t-Jl,(!. ~ W- iJL All - + t° ~ - ~ it
helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact
-1' ~ 6!J1t.$-~ A.., 1J~it5i-~#DJ.#.fi.4* ii]"" k~
may backfire® if you're trying to convinceG> someone who
~ • ]fr ~ ii lf}J ..- Jtt, ,l- ijf.. il.
t " 0
has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.
. -·· .................................... .. -- . ·····-·· --- ... ---· ........... .. ............................................................................................................... .
:::~::~}t~ij:~. ~:ftJ!f ::::;/
(i)dominance [1dommans] n. ~~,X~ i~) @ • c onvince [kan1v1ns] v. ~HlldiffiHll
~•mnl
® intimidation [m1tJm1 1 de.1Jn] n. ~11f ,Jix.MJ.
® adversarial [ 1redvd 1 sedridl] a. Xlt 1L a<J ; ~x,J-a<J ~~ CD be likely to do :« iiJ fm , {!iii fiiJ T
~
© backfire [1brek'fa1d] v. $.!§;JS:il @be associated with ~ -.. ···;ft°~/11*~:tf- ®
"Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye
contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.
Whether you're a politician or a parent, that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire
1:iJr it might be helpful to keep in mind if you 're trying to convince someone
±T %~±~ ffl~~~ ~~~ ~m.i:i*
~~
who has a different set of beliefs than you
l)Jft~~ff :1it&5le"$7t:1DT£T'1 it might be helpful to. . . ,~M.A.fl1t£~,;Jti:p itfF%A.±iiL
x.t•.
JeiE 1¥.J .±iit~ to keep in mind that. . . Whether. . . or. . . sl ~iJ:ffi-~iit JA 'UJ, i#. IY] jli)l~ffl * that
0
s I ~ ~ ffi JA 1i) iji l!Jj A ,f* ~ i)l p;J ?i]. , ;J=t .± =f '1 trying to ma~ntain eye contact may backfire, if 5I ~ f4 JA
s
1iJ 'who I ~~*JA' UJ '~tfrj someone
O
45-~
...
······················,
:- ·---~--fr..ffl .•
:7,r
r, tfJ-m
CD~li W~~~ Julia Minson ~-=f ~ ,t.jii!Rl¥.J~ij! =~~ffl~Z § ~~ti~~ tli ,I iiJ~ffl
s!
~~z very different ~:kffi~ll (Z)~-ff(D'iij 1f::tl ~ ji~ nt f lj"it~ffl ~ While eye contact
O O I II O
may. .. it's more likely to. .. $ Jf*xr It ( in friendly situations vs. in adversarial situations !:¥i connection or
trust vs. dominance or intimidation)~J91 ~f+~ liiJ'lf~ ,fff ~Q)1i]; 1iiJ lt-f ~ Ji1tiJ:~~1'r, iiJ lffi:.#.Fo~: tE
tt:m- a<J'll<Sr. r, § J'tilti.J!JU !~¾ !:=§"~ifftJ Cdominance)"S..X:"~ llf c i ntimidation) "ffi ii @-iij if~~ ut rm
o
~"ftj.fft.Y i.R. "tl Wi i iSl/~iJ& Cit might be helpful to keep in mind that. .. .1-.7 ~ ffll a<J lliSCsl tli tj-i2.) if
o
you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you @l Iii. in adversarial
situations ffi M " ~:5(,j'lf <Sr."; Whether you're a politician or a parent ~A\~ iffi 'rz ffi £Jr:ff ttxr·lf ~ J trying
I
to maintain eye contact may backfire ~J!~:ff JliSl/lf~: iffiX;f ial {$,Et#l~-a<Jxr:1.f '~~i*t 1 11-11: !:=§xr
1.r lll: fr 01 ~ tl tt , :a mu AJ it* !:¥i 11 a * <A J ~~it :m-1i m,. , ~t ~ , ~ w ~ tt x-t :rt~) f! 1* w m, < D 1D ,.,
o
5I A 1U @ 1U ,., ~ ,i:~ 1U , @ 1U ,., ~~ 1t: , tt ~ .1-.7" ~ M •If~ s:p 89 § :)'t il ti"
I 0
.......................................................................................................... -- - ........ . ........................................................................ .
(44)
--------- (44)
---------
v
O When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes ~Affi•~---4~~~,Affi~M~¼
+
pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or - *. ,ff i' f-- ,?i, JL , Ji. 't :l. ffll. A 'f . it~ ,ff ffi
mouth. 8 These pauses typically occur at about three ~L~~•~-t:l.•e~3~,A*a~-~~
per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, ~~~*~L~-A,~Lm•~~+t4~A
·--~~~-#~~-T•.~~~~4+
until several important points in the image are registered
like a series of snapsbotsQ) . C) How the whole image is
m•~~~«m½~~~#~~~~~~+~ ,
then assembl~ and perceived(!) is still a mystery
~iti!:l. ~ ~#]f-JC ~ .i."10
although it is the subject of current research .
............................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................................. .
~::~}~:i ij:~•~:~tm::~::l:/
r.. I
(j) snapshot [ 1snrepJot] n. ~!ffl; t:i~ ® perceive [pa1si:v] v. ~~ , '.!At~ dA.'1
@ assemble [a1sembl] v. Ml-ft-;ffi.~
l~i)~jft}ft:~~:~
<D®~m~ftin f!9 ~ ~-t£~nttJ:.( it-*Jm ~ J:.) "~lffl:iE1aPl1at" f!9t1,i : § *-?X~ur--t-.~
(pause on one spot at a time) ,XE1ft~.$.1-J4it9 3 ~(occur at about three per second) ,~{rr~~fli!!dl
~~-*~J
,JL-t-11~ tkJm-#~ic~r*z.Fo nrM:~~* m-~u~ s:p~:ff ffi
(jump) ~ ~ ( until. .. )
0
fib" A-f*fl!i 89-f:tffl (about three per second)" ... ";IJ Wl 89-ffit ~ ~ffl (spot, pauses,jump)" ... "~ It 89 ~ ~ ~
ffl (like a series of snapshots)"~~ f!ij iJG1rJ a<J § *~"iBd!~~~1 .ft" @ ~ fc~ ,e Ui t±I "~ii '.iE ~ Z fis, ft
o
m
111 :fzD {iiJ ~ ~ ffi ~ .6.l lll-tl i~ B. :fzD fpJ s ~ 1111*" jg - i:! tt fa] ::.F Rf ~ is still a mystery, is the subject of
0
current research ffi ili~-ffto/G.mtZm*JMiagJg~&ztJJIM:*lifA j~1Vf~ o !i1**t1 '*~~St.. * "§ J'ttEM:1.f ~
..t. ;,J! ~ It- t-11 ~ ~ 89 n w" ~»..MI m " :k!i ~ Jt i1f rr m .mt f!tJt· lll: rr ~ ~ 89 u ~,, , @ m x .±: 1m <1 r m:
m~m:~:erftfp;§1i)
3K1iJ) ~l!t..*~i:t:i is still a mystery
O
(45)
--------- (45)
---------
VI O In people who score high in a test of neuroticisma; ,
~ 3t #]f- ,t ;i- f X . •~"r.&.%1:f
a personality dimensional associated with self-consciousness ;f.t-,j;}--f~~~#~...t<~" m~ -1;~";fi,
* +·ti
and anxiety, eye contact triggered~ more actiyity associated "j,Jl",f:Q ~ ~Ji.) ~J ~ if:' ,ff-~ jtj
with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari ~A,ij~3~~L1Ll~-~~L
Hietanen and colleagues. 8 "Our findings indicate that a a 10 ~ #]f-1t ~ ~ *- RJJ , A 111 ..(!. A :*
O ,,
46- - -- - - --
~*'ii..
people do not only feel different when they are the centre of
,?i, at , ~ 15t ~ i: ~ ~ Ji] ' ~ .il :k
attention but that their brain reactions also differ." C, A
AiJl.b.-d!,~ Jil o"- 1Jf ~j_~t¥},t_~;.il,.{£.
more direct finding is that people who scored highly for
&4•~~tt-~~t~~~1¥JA~«
negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter '*-
-ft!!. A ~ lit fliJ .t. ti , ,Jf- if. ro c., ~ ~ ,ft!. A i.
periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when
~at !£Jtl ~~,I!.
others did not look directly at thein. [540 words] 0
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In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self
consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the
Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues.
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eye contact
triggered more activity ~2 I di th F' . h h J . H'
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neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety i:fl ,C,, WJ ~ personality,
iJi~~-~i;it~ (people)~ ?t~~ 1l" .iF Iii]~ -t-tt"; eye contact triggered more activity associated with
avoidance ~ I!,§ if~~ It~~" § -JG~ fA!k 5 I $t ~ Ii. 1Ji" ; score high . .. triggered more. . . .PlU ffl 7l\ Jt fal ~ ~
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~fi*'1~falo when they are the centre of attention iJtl!,§Jl.~fflgi;it~ff:-"it.iFl'iil-t-tta<J.A.~~~t£~
R-\" 1 not only feel different. .. but that their brain reactions also differ .PlU ~ im1 iY!tl ~$tl.m" :JG~ ~,C,, Jll!~ ~
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][~ft,jJ! § :(£(more comfortable when others did not look directly at them) o
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feel different, their brain reactions also differ, looked at others for shorter periods of time ... reported more
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:rt~~mff"~-'ittiRttiAi-.RB~-t¥JJ,i:.,m~~if~1il:~o [CJ Eye contact can be a friendly social signal
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rude i:iJ'?tjjtl~@;$:'3ti:p trying to maintain eye cont'act may backfire fa dominance or intimidation,l!]JltJi
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The Student Union of your university1
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has assigned you to inform the
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&. international students2 about an
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(i)There is wonderful news! ® The annual Chinese Songs CD~ rttl! ®-~ - lf~ ffi ~~
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Singing Competition for overseas students will kick off at 7 p. m. "~ffitx lib~ Pffl lt." #I * - ""F mi f,:;. ( 12
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next Saturday, December 28th JI 28 Ill 7 R ff i1t
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<D This year's competition, which is to be held in the CD~~ 09 It ff~ :t£ ftc ~ ½ ffi tr J'6
auditorium boasting brand-new lighting and sound equipment, if lfi ~ -ti 09 -Jc 1L ~ ~ fi , iX ~ ~ 1$ ~
will be a marvelous opportunity to showcase your passion for $ ~ ~ ~ 1f , if tf-ffl Pffl tt J5 ~ ;'fg -fi ffl.
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music and hone your performance skills. ® The contest, ~ ®*?X it• 5t ,i -Ol. Pll
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consisting of three rounds, is for solo performances only. ® To @~~!Jbu tt• ,1$W~il~--~ 1;1
enter it, you need to submit a list of Chinese songs you'd like to Bl!-~ Pffl 09~i! IX1't, W~#J-}}.. 9=l
perform, from which the judges will choose the song you will sing ~ili1$:fi~ t~~~Pffl ~~a!J @ftr+
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in each round. @Handsome prizes await the top 10 winners! ~ YEJtt~~~flJ$JJ~~i\1t !
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(DThose who want to participate can find our desk by the ©~ ~ 110 l'.f(J IRJ~AJ fi;R lt3
dining hall around 12 a. m. every da:y this week. ®We look lf: 12 ~tr.ti:t£4i ff ~'11.tt JIJ ~ 1n 09
forward to your participation. ff i1U ~ ® WH~ ~ ~ ~ '=3
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The Student Union ~t:E~
December 16th , 2019 2019 ~ 12 }] 16 8
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But it can also be a great opportunity to learn the nuts and bolts of your chosen career, to hone your
networkjng skills, and to prove that you are an ambitious, creative, and competent professional.
--The Guardian
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improve/ sharpen one's skills
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1. This year'~s c-ompetition, which is •to~ b~e -h~eld- )i}n. t.h6eJ a uditorium boasting brand-new lighting
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and sound equipment, will be a marvelous opportunity to showcase your passion for music and hone
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your performance skills.
1t-t$opportunity
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This year's competition is to be held in the auditorium.
The auditorium has lighting and sound equipment.
The competition will be an opportunity to show your passion for music.
The competition will be an opportunity to improve your performance skills
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This year's competition, which is to be held in the auditorium equipped with lighting and sound equipment,
will be an opportunity .to show your passion for music and improve your performance skills.
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This year's competition, which is to be held in the auditorium boasting brand-new lighting and sound
equipment, will be a marvelous opportunity to showcase your passion for music and hone your
per{o rmance skills.
2. To enter it, you need to submit a list of Chinese songs you'd like to perform,
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To enter the competition, you need to hand in a list of Chinese songs.
You'd like to perform a list of Chinese songs.
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You will sing the song chosen by the judges in each round.
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To enter the competition, you need to hand in a list of Chinese songs (that) you'd like to perform,
from which the judges will choose the song ( that) you will sing in each round.
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To enter it, you need to submit a list of Chinese songs you'd like to perform, from which the judges
will choose the song you will sing in each round.
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There is wonder£ ul news! ffi ijJ ~ ~ will kick off on ffi ijJ 13 :W.l at ffi igj ~ '~
The event, which features/boasts ffligj~~ , will be a marvelous opportunity to ~:tJa ffl~ i'.l(J
§ l'.l(J/ ~J(. • It will involve Jl.-f*ffligjpg~ . To enter/attend it, you need to ffligj~}jt
Those who want to participate can find our desk by the dining hall §-PU/*~ R-t fa) • We look.
forward to your participation.
The Student Union.
December 16111 2019
,
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• Please pay close attention to this announcement. iff~tJJ~tl:Jft:im~
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• To celebrate the forthcoming. .. /To enrich students' campus life/To facilitate students' academic
learning and cultivate* th eir practical s*ki• lls , our university has decided to organize. ..
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• More appealingly, our beloved professor, Dr. XXX, will be invited to• . . , so it's definitely a
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-It Those who intend to participate should inform our monitor/submit your request form to our staH
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Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your name in the notice. ( 10 points)
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(D In the left picture, a girl is concentrating on her <D:tiffi i:p ,-~3l"~iE~t£-=f §
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significance of self-discipline, the ability to make ourselves do ~tt, (=I -llPfmtf&~ft!!A'-t~~·llm.
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This in turn ensures quality and productivity. @Those who lack HJ:ffijftMfl,{¥~-~3'&$0 @~z. f9 ~
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(Din summary, self-discipline brings us lifelong benefits. §
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1. Of course, consumers may be waiting until the last minute to buy some smaller-ticket items
(including beer). --The Economist
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transportation companies. - - Forbes
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They will end up either rushing through their assignments or missing the deadlines, which 1s
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4 Happiness is dependent on self-discipline. We are the biggest obstacles to our own happiness. It is
much easier to do battle with society and with others than to fight our own nature. (Dennis Prager)
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634 Time management is an oxymoron. Time is beyond our control, and the clock keeps ticking
regardless of how we lead our lives. Priority management is the answer to maximizing the time we have.
(John C. Maxwell)
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4 Lack of self-discipline in time mana~ement leads people to procrastinate continually on their top
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Directions:
Write an essay. of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
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<Dcomplacent [a. ] F-l TA~ ;@a thirst for knowledge ~>Jt~i.R;
, ®intellectual curiosity >Jt~~;©lifelong learning !l~~.3:1
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