外研版新高中英语选择性必修一Unit 2语法讲解与练习

动名词和不定式作宾语

动词不定式与动名词是英语动词的两种非谓语形式,都具有名词的性质, 都可以作为某些动词的宾语。然而，

它们在用法、意义以及所表达的语气上存在一些显著的差异。以下是对这两者的详细比较：

一、基本概念解析

①动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成的非谓语动词形式，本质上兼具动词的动作性与名词的指代性。当

它作宾语时主要功能是充当及物动词的“动作对象”，直接说明核心动词的具体内容。

e.g.I want to eat an apple.(“want”是句子的核心动作，后面的“to eat an apple"就是动词)

不定式作宾语，清晰指向“想要”的具体内容---吃苹果这个动作。简单来说，不定式作宾语就是用“to+

动作”回答“动词在·要做什么””的问题。

②动名词是动词的“-ing”形式，兼具动词的动作性与名词的抽象性，本质更偏向名词, 它描述的是“动

作的概念”而非“具体的动作过程”。作宾语时主要依附两类词:一类是及物动词(如“'enjoy"“avoid”)；

另一类是介词(如“at”“about”)。

e.g.We enjoy watching movies.(“watching movies”是动名词短语作宾语说明“enjoy”(喜欢)的内容。)

They are good at playing football.(“at”是介词，“playing football”是动名词作宾语。)

二、语法特征

1、时态与语态变化:

A.一般式

①不定式的一般式“to do”表示动作发生在谓语动词之后

e.g.He plans to visit Paris next month.(“visit"在"plan"之后)

②动名词的一般式“doing”表示动作与谓语动词同时或之前发生

e.g.I remember seeing her yesterday. (“seeing"在“remember”之前)

B.完成式

①不定式的完成式"to have done”，强调不定式的动作比句子谓语动词的动作发生得更早。‌‌‌

e.g.He was delighted to have received the award. (“received”发生在“was delighted”之前)

②动名词的完成式“having done”强调动名词的动作比句子谓语动词的动作发生得更早。‌‌‌

e.g.She regretted having told him the secret.(“told"发生在“regret”之前)

C.被动式

①不定式的被动式“to be done”表示宾语动作是被动的

e.g.The room needs to cleaned”.(房间是“被打扫”的对象)

②动名词的被动式"being done”表示宾语动作是被动的

e.g.He hates being interrupted.(“interrupt”的对象是“他”)

2、逻辑主语:

①不定式的动作执行者通常是句子的主语或宾语

e.g.She asked me to open the door. (“me”是“to open"的逻辑主语--是“我”要去开门)

②动名词的逻辑主语通常用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格表示

e.g.His coming late made the teacher angry.(“His”是“coming late”的执行者，即逻辑主语)

3、介词搭配:

①动词不定式在特殊情况下可以充当特定介词（如：but等）的宾语

e.g.I have no choice but to stay here. (本句中but为介词，意为“除了”)

②所有介词(包括“to”作介词时，如“look forward to”)后面的宾语必须用动名词，这是它与不定式最核心的区别之一。

e.g.He insists on writing the letter at once.(本句中insist on动介词短语，后接动名词)

We are looking forward to meeting you soon.(本句中look forward to中to是介词)

4、功能

①动词不定式：通常表示目的、原因、结果或条件等。

②动名词：具有名词的性质和功能。

5、位置

①不定式做宾语：常见于一些表示意愿、决定、希望等的动词后，如want、hope、decide等。

这些动词后的不定式往往表达了主语的具体行为或目标。

e.g.I want to go home.

常用不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, 

help, agree, promise, decide, ...

②动名词做宾语：则多见于一些描述习惯性动作、爱好、经历等的动词后，如enjoy、mind、finish等。

这些动词后的动名词描述了主语正在进行或已经完成的动作。

e.g.I enjoy reading books.

常用动名词做宾语的动词及动词短语有：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, 

miss, consider, admit, deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, 

feel like, can't stand, can't help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from), keep …

from, stop…(from), protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used 

to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like,...

6、逻辑宾语

①如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补

足语后面

e.g.Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 

(本句中it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式短语“to study the situation in Russia”)

②动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，真正的宾语（动名词）后置，放在宾语补足

语后面

e.g.We found it no good making fun of others.

(本句中it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是动名词短语“making fun of others”)

7、语气上的差异

①不定式：往往带有一种主观性、个人色彩或情感色彩，因为它更贴近于个人的意愿、决心或愿望。

②动名词：则更加客观、中性，因为它更多地是在描述一个事实或状态。

8、语义上的区别

①不定式：更多地强调特殊性、一次性、具体性的动作或未来的计划。它带有一种未完成性，常用于表达

尚未发生但即将发生的动作。

e.g.He promised to help me.”(这里的“帮助”是未来的、具体的行为。)

②动名词：则侧重于动作的一般性、经常性、连续性、抽象性或习惯性。它描述的是已经发生或正在进行

的动作，且这种动作可能已经成为了一种习惯或常态。

e.g.She likes swimming in the summer.”(这里的“游泳”是一种习惯性的活动。)

【注】语义区别具体体现在以下方面：

A、动词后接不定式或动名词意思相近但有细微差别。

①表“喜爱、厌恶、恐惧”类动词

常见词汇：like、love、prefer、dislike、dread、fear、hate、loath等

e.g.In winter，the boys love/like playing/to play football.冬季男孩子们喜欢踢足球。

[解析]playing（动名词）表习惯性、经常性行为，指冬天里男孩子们普遍喜欢踢足球这一日常爱好；to play

（不定式）表具体、一次性行为，可理解为“在某个特定的冬天里，男孩子们喜欢去踢一次足球”，强调

某次具体动作。

e.g.I'd hate to leave /leaving you like that.我真不愿意这样离开你。

[解析]leaving（动名词）表抽象、一般性态度，指“以这种方式离开你”这件事本身是我从心底里厌恶的，

不针对具体场景；to leave（不定式）表具体、一次性行为，特指当下或某个特定时刻，我不愿意以这种

状态离开你，有明确的场景指向。

②表“打算”类动词

常见词汇：intend、plan(on)等

e.g.What do you intend doing/to do?你打算做什么?

[解析]doing（动名词）表抽象、一般性的打算，指对未来一段时间内的计划，不明确具体时间和场景，比

如“你接下来有什么笼统的打算要做？”；to do（不定式）表具体、针对性的打算，指针对某个特定事项

或时间的计划，比如“你打算在接下来这一小时里做什么具体的事？”。

e.g.She's planned on doing/planned to do some work this afternoon.她打算今天下午干些活。

[解析]doing（动名词）表一般性、概括性的计划，指“今天下午干活”是一个笼统的安排，不明确具体干

哪种活；to do（不定式）表具体、一次性的计划，指她明确打算今天下午去完成某一项或几项具体的工作，

有清晰的动作指向。

③表“容忍”类动词

常见词汇：bear、endure、stand等

e.g.She can't bear being/to be laughed at.她忍受不了别人的嘲笑。

[解析]being laughed at（动名词短语）表抽象、一般性的容忍度，指“被别人嘲笑”这种行为本身是她

无法忍受的，是一种普遍的态度；to be laughed at（不定式短语）表具体、一次性的场景，指在某个特

定场合下被别人嘲笑，她无法忍受那一次的具体经历。

e.g.She can't stand being/to be kept waiting.她不能忍受让她久等。

[解析]being kept waiting（动名词短语）表习惯性、一般性的不耐受，指“被人长时间等待”这件事是

她平时就无法忍受的，不管发生在何时；to be kept waiting（不定式短语）表具体、一次性的不耐受，

指某一次被人久等的经历，让她无法忍受当下的状态。

④表“开始、停止、继续”类动词

常见词汇：begin、start、cease、continue等

e.g.They ceased watching/to watch TV.他们停止看电视。

[解析]watching（动名词）表习惯性、经常性行为，指他们停止了“看电视”这一日常习惯，比如之前每

天都看电视，现在不再有这个习惯；to watch（不定式）表具体、一次性行为，指他们停止了当下正在进

行的那一次看电视的动作，比如正看到一半，决定停下来。

e.g.The students began doing/to do the experiment.学生们开始做实验。

[解析]doing（动名词）表一般性、持续性的动作，指学生们开始了“做实验”这一过程，强调动作的持续

进行，不特指某一次具体实验；to do（不定式）表具体、一次性的动作，指学生们开始了某一次特定的实

验，有明确的动作对象和场景。

【特殊情况】

①begin/start用于进行时时，仅接不定式（不能接动名词）

e.g.He is beginning to see his mistakes.他开始认识到自己的错误。

②begin/start后接feel、realize、see、think、understand时，仅接不定式

e.g.He began to realize /to understand /to see the importance of learning foreign languages.他开始意识到/理解/懂得学习外语的重要性。

③主语为无生命名词时，通常接不定式

e.g.It began to rain.天开始下雨了。

5、自动/突然动作、表变化用不定式；有意识启动/持续动作用动名词

e.g.The barometer began to fall.气压计开始下降。

So I at once began making preparations for a trip home.所以，我立刻开始为回家的旅程做准备。

B、动名词与不定式作宾语：语义完全不同

部分动词接动名词和不定式时，语义差异显著，需逐个记忆核心用法，常见词汇及辨析如下：

①chance

chance doing sth.冒险试试、碰碰运气

e.g.He chanced climbing Mount Qomolangma without carrying the oxygen container.

他冒险试试不带氧气袋去登珠穆朗玛峰。

chance to do sth.碰巧做某事

e.g.We chanced to be out when he called.他来拜访时，碰巧我们不在家。

②forget

forget doing sth.：忘记曾做过某事（动作已发生）

e.g.I forget telling her about it.（= that I told her）我忘记了此事已经告诉过她。

forget to do sth.：忘记要做某事（动作未发生）

e.g.I forgot to lock the door.我忘了锁门。

③help

can't help doing sth.：禁不住、不由得做某事

e.g.We cannot help being impressed by their zeal.他们的热情不能不给我们以深刻印象。

can't help to do sth.：不能帮助做某事

e.g.I couldn't help to finish it.对了结此事我无能为力。

④learn

learn doing sth.：学习做某事（不一定学会）

e.g.She has learned typing.她学过打字。

learn to do sth.：学会做某事（掌握技能）

e.g.She has learned to type.她已学会打字。

⑤mean

mean doing sth.：意味着、意思是

e.g.Success means working very, very hard.成功意味着拼命工作。

mean to do sth.：打算、想要做某事

e.g.I didn't mean to hurt your feelings.我并不想伤害你的感情。

⑥regret

regret doing sth.：后悔做过某事（动作已发生）

e.g.I bitterly regret having told her about it.我非常后悔把此事告诉了她。

regret to do sth.：遗憾/抱歉要做某事（动作即将发生）

e.g.I regret to inform you that it is impossible.我很遗憾地告诉你那是不可能的。

⑦remember

remember doing sth.：记得曾做过某事（动作已发生）

e.g.I remember taking the medicine at the right time.我记得已按时服过药了。

remember to do sth.：记得要做某事（动作未发生）

e.g.Remember to post the letter for me.记住给我寄信。

⑧try

try doing sth.：尝试某种方法（看效果）

e.g.Try doing more exercises; you'll soon lose weight.试着多进行体育锻炼，你的体重会很快下降。

try to do sth.：努力做某事（克服困难）

e.g.I tried to get here early but couldn't.我想尽量早到这里，但未能做到。

⑨want

want doing sth.：需要做某事（主动表被动）

e.g.The machine wants repairing.这台机器需要修理。

want to do sth.：想要做某事

e.g.She wants to become a doctor.她想成为一名医生。

⑩stop

stop doing sth.：停止正在做的事

e.g.Stop talking please.请不要讲话了。

stop to do sth.：停下某事，去做另一件事（to do作目的状语）

e.g.They stopped to talk.他们停下手中的活，开始谈话。

⑪go on

go on doing sth.继续做原来的事

e.g.He went on talking about his teaching method.他继续谈他的教学方法。

go on to do sth.：停下原有事，接着做另一件事（to do作目的状语）

e.g.He went on to talk about the world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。

⑫leave off

leave off doing sth.停止做某事

e.g.He has left off working.他停止了工作。

leave off to do sth.：离开某地去做某事（to do作目的状语）

e.g.That day he left off to work earlier than usual.那天他离家去上班比平时早。

C、动名词主动表被动

动词demand、deserve、need、require、stand、want、(won't) bear后接动名词时，用主动形式表达被

动含义，等同于“不定式被动式”，可互换使用：

e.g.My room needs whitewashing./My room needs to be whitewashed.我的房间需要粉刷。

What he said just wouldn't bear repeating./What he said just wouldn't bear to be repeated.他的话不宜重复。

He deserves praising./He deserves to be praised.他应该受到表扬。

9、特殊情况：

①动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用

e.g.He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些学英语的建议。

三、怎么判断该用哪种形式

①‌看时间含义‌：动名词通常表示已经存在或经常性的行为，不定式通常表示将来或具体的目的。

e.g.I like swimming（我喜欢游泳这项运动）

I want to swim today（我今天想去游泳）。

②‌看语态差异‌：need/want/require 等词后接 doing 时，doing 用主动形式表示被动意义。

e.g.The flowers need watering（花需要被浇水）= The flowers need to be watered。‌‌‌

③‌看介词搭配‌：大部分介词后面只能接动名词，不能接不定式。

e.g.I'm interested in learning English（我对学英语感兴趣），不能说 in to learn。‌‌‌

④部分及物动词可同时接动名词或不定式作宾语，但语义指向不同：动名词表一般、习惯、抽象、经常性

行为；不定式表特殊、具体、一次性行为。

语法练习

1.I happened(meet) my primary school teacher in the supermarket yesterday; we talked 

for a long time.

2.The rescuers attempted(reach) the trapped hiker before the heavy rain started. 

3.Faced with a series of unexpected difficulties, we had no choice but(put off) 

the task until the next day.

4.We foundalmost impossible(communicate) with him because he was 

very stubborn.

5.She pretended(study) when her mother opened the door.

6.The community committee bans(burn) waste in the yard to keep the air clean. 

7.The company acknowledged(receive) the customer’s complaint and promised to solve 

it soon.

8.We take turns(make) dinner because we are all very busy.

9.The mobile phone is running out of power so it needs(charge).

10.Overusing natural resources without limit may lead to the balance of nature

(destroy).

11.We managed(get) to the airport in time.

12.The animal welfare committee has been devoted to(draw) public attention 

recently.

13.The President has arranged(join) a picnic party. 

14.The official refused(comment) on the accident before the complete 

investigation.

15.The help you give to others will be paid back, so never hesitate(offer) a helping 

hand whenever someone needs help.

16.When Lattanzi came back to China six months later with the pair of shoes he made for Liu, he 

insisted on(deliver) the shoes to Liu himself.

17.Then she just lost it and started(scream). 

18.The sailors steered the ship carefully to escape(harm) by the powerful waves. 

19.I look forward to(explore) the museum soon. 

20.My tutor recommended(put) the finishing touches to my essay and I did as he told 

me.

21.I find ________ impossible ________ (solve) such a complex problem without teamwork.

22.The English teacher knows how(stimulate) her students in class when they are 

in low spirits.

23.The traditional snack recipe is believed(keep) in the family for over a 

century.

24.The engine won’t start. Something seems(go) wrong with it.

25.He is said(return) to his country last month because a new president came into 

power.

26.Large amounts of dangerous materials end up(release) into the surrounding air 

and water.

27.She regretted(not take) her teacher’s advice when making the decision.

28.Only after they had performed hundreds of experiments did they succeed in(solve) 

the problem.

29.I don’t think his article deserves(read). 

30.Those scientists who dedicate their lives to the outer space exploration are worth 

(learn) from. 

参考答案：to meet; to reach; to put off; it/to communicate; to be studying; burning; receiving