(1)
The value of a later start, which many teachers and administrators call “the gift of time,” is an open secret in elite circles. And it’s a gift overwhelmingly given to boys. In the past few months, I’ve interviewed dozens of private-school teachers, parents, educational consultants, and admissions officers, largely in the D.C. metro area. I learned that a delayed school entry is now close to the norm for boys who would otherwise be on the young side. One former head of an elite private school who now consults with parents on school choice and admissions told me, “There are effectively two different cutoff dates for school entry: one for boys and one for girls.”
推迟/延迟入学的好处在精英圈层早已是公开的秘密,不少教师和教学管理者称之为“时间的馈赠”。而这份馈赠几乎全部给了男孩。数月来,我采访了数十位主要来自华盛顿都会区的私立学校校长、学生家长、教育顾问以及招生人员。我了解到,在年龄偏小的男孩群体中,延迟/推迟入学几乎已是常态。曾任某精英私立学校校长、如今为家长提供择校和入学咨询的人士告诉我:“实际上,男孩和女孩的入学截止年龄并不一样。”
1、 The value of a later start, which many teachers and administrators call “the gift of time,” is an open secret in elite circles.
这句话是主系表结构的主句外加一个定语从句,所以理解和翻译时必须分开两部分处理。
提取主干:The value of a later start is an open secret in elite circles.
主系表结构,其中核心难点是 a later start,第一句如无法理解later star所指,不妨先看看后面内容,因为后面提到a delayed school entry 延迟入学/推迟入学(指儿童比法定年龄更晚进入小学或幼儿园),且第一段反复都在围绕这个内容进行探讨。所以这里a later start 其实就是后面提到的a delayed school entry 延迟入学/推迟入学,所以主语The value of a later start 可处理为:延迟入学或推迟入学的价值/好处。
再看系动词和表语部分: is an open secret
open secret 为英语习语,意为“心照不宣的秘密”,指人人知晓,却从不公开讨论的事物;
in elite circles,这里用于限定主干信息范围,指高收入、高教育背景的家庭与教育决策者群体,可处理为精英圈层。
最后看非限制性定语部分:which many teachers and administrators call “the gift of time,”
which指代前文的 the value of a later start;
call... “the gift of time”是典型教育隐喻,将延迟入学视为一种“时间馈赠”——即给予孩子更多身心成熟的时间窗口。
译为:推迟/延迟入学的好处/价值在精英圈层早已是公开的秘密,不少教师和教学管理者称之为“时间的馈赠”。
2、I learned that a delayed school entry is now close to the norm for boys who would otherwise be on the young side.
这句话有两个难点:
(1)close to the norm 如何理解?
norm 名词 指 规范、标准或常态或普遍做法,close to 接近(但并非完全),所以close to the norms 可处理为 几乎已是常态/普遍做法
(2)who would otherwise be on the young side.
on……side 指偏向xxx方面,这里是 the young,即偏向小的方面,结合语境,指年龄概念,即年龄偏小
would otherwise”在此处的虚拟语气逻辑(即“如果没有延迟入学,他们会处于什么状态”),即如果不推迟入学,男生在班级里就会年纪偏小。
可译为:在年龄偏小的男孩群体中
初步译为:我了解到,推迟入学已成为那些若不延迟入学就会年龄偏小的男孩的普遍做法/常态。
或进一步译为:我了解到,在年龄偏小的男孩群体中,延迟/推迟入学几乎已是常态/普遍做法。
3、“There are effectively two different cutoff dates for school entry: one for boys and one for girls.”
提取主干:There are effectively two different cutoff dates for school entry
这里为there be 存在句型,其中:
effectively为副词,修饰整个存在判断,强调“在实际操作中”“虽无明文规定,但实际普遍存在”,可处理为“事实上/实际上”,相当于in effect。
再看后面同位语部分:one for boys and one for girls
(2)
Once boys begin school, they almost immediately start falling behind girls. A 6-percentage-point gender gap in reading proficiency in fourth grade widens to an 11-percentage-point gap by the end of eighth grade. Affluent parents and elite schools are tackling the issue by giving boys more time. But in fact it is boys from poorer backgrounds who struggle the most in the classroom, and these boys, who could benefit most from the gift of time, are the ones least likely to receive it. Public schools usually follow an industrial model, enrolling children automatically based on their birth date. Administrators in the public system rarely have the luxury of conversations with parents about school readiness.
男孩一旦入学,将几乎立刻落后于同龄女孩。四年级时,男孩的阅读能力落后于女孩6个百分点,而到八年级学期末时,差距扩大到11个百分点。为解决这一问题,富裕家庭和精英学校通常推迟男孩入学时间。但事实上,课堂上学习最吃力的男孩都来自贫困家庭,他们本可享受延迟入学带来的好处,如今却最难享受/最不可能享受这一待遇。公立学校则按照标准化模式,依据出生日期自动安排儿童入学,其管理者也无暇与家长探讨孩子的入学准备情况。
4、A 6-percentage-point gender gap in reading proficiency in fourth grade widens to an 11-percentage-point gap by the end of eighth grade.
这句话不难理解,但很容易受原文影响,导致汉语译文翻译腔很重。
比如本句主语A 6-percentage-point gender gap in reading proficiency in fourth grade 容易字面处理为“四年级阅读能力的性别差距为6个百分点”,但这样翻译,表述抽象,信息传达也不清晰,可化原文抽象为具体,即男孩的阅读能力落后于女孩6个百分点,且注意, reading proficiency 指阅读能力。
所以可进一步译为:四年级时,男孩的阅读能力落后于女孩6个百分点。
谓语:widens 扩大,结合语境,指比例扩大
宾语补足语:to an 11-percentage-point gap by the end of eighth grade
时间状语:by the end of eighth grade 到八年级学期末时/结束时
实际上这句话描述了男女生在阅读能力差距扩大的事实,从四年级6个百分点
的差距,扩大到八年级的11个百分点。所以可按照两个时间段,安排逻辑,让整体译文表述更地道。
译为:四年级时,男孩的阅读能力落后于女孩6个百分点,而到八年级学期末时/结束时,差距扩大到11个百分点。
5、Affluent parents and elite schools are tackling the issue by giving boys more time.
理解这句话,关键是两个点:
(1) tackling the issue 解决问题,那么这里the issue 指什么问题?结合前后文内容,明显,其指男孩学习能力和学习成绩全面落后于女孩这个问题或现象;
(2) by giving boys more time.
by这里表示方式,即如何解决男孩学习能力差这个问题,解决方案是 give boys more time 字面含义是“给予男孩更多时间”,但仅仅这么翻译,似乎并没有传达原文真实含义,可联系文章反复提到的一个核心主题:later start/a delayed school entry 即延迟入学,所以找乐所谓give boys more time ,其真实含义是指让男孩延迟入学或推迟男孩入学时间。
改为:为解决这一问题,富裕家庭和精英学校通常推迟男孩入学时间。
6、Public schools usually follow an industrial model, enrolling children automatically based on their birth date.
这句话不难,唯一值得思考的点是follow an industrial model,字面意思是 依照/依据工业/产业模式,但如果字面翻译,显然不符合这里语境,我们需要从该词基本含义出发,结合本文语境(学校招生入学)综合确认其在这个语境中的真实含义。工业生产有什么特点?是不是一般都有其固定生产流程和环节?这里实际上将公立学校招生入学流程比喻为固定的工业生产流程,表明公立学校并非根据学生实际情况,只是一味按照孩子出生年月自动招生和录取(enrolling children automatically based on their birth date),所以可处理为:按照标准化模式。
译为:公立学校则按照标准化模式,依据出生日期自动安排儿童入学。
7、Administrators in the public system rarely have the luxury of conversations with parents about school readiness.
这句话没有难点,唯一值得说的点是:have the luxury of conversations with 如何理解和翻译?
这里实际存在一个英文常见用法,afford/have/enjoy the luxury of sth,英文含义是to have something that is very pleasant or convenient, that you are not always able to have 难得能享受/拥有某种机会做某事,这里做某事明显指 conversations with parents 即很少有机会能与孩子父母充分交流,交流的内容是什么呢?后面 about school readiness(孩子入学准备情况) 就是具体的交流内容。
译为:公立学校的管理者也无暇与家长探讨孩子入学准备情况。
(3)
By high school, the female advantage has become entrenched. The most common high-school grade for girls is now an A; for boys, it is a B. Twice as many girls as boys are in the top 10 percent of students ranked by GPA, and twice as many boys as girls are among those with the lowest grades. It’s an international pattern: Across economically advanced nations, boys are 50 percent more likely than girls to fail at all three key school subjects: math, reading, and science. In the U.S., almost one in five boys does not graduate high school on time, compared with one in 10 girls—the rate for boys is about the same as that for students from low-income families.
到高中阶段,女孩的学业优势进一步强化/凸显。高中阶段女孩的学业成绩一般为A,而男孩通常为B。GPA成绩前10%的学生中,女生人数是男生的两倍,而在GPA成绩垫底的学生中,男生人数是女生的两倍。这是全球普遍现象/这并非某国特例。在发达国家,男生在数学、阅读和科学这三大主要学科的不及格率比女生高出50%。在美国,约五分之一的男生无法准时从高中毕业,而女生的这一比例仅为十分之一。男生的延期毕业率已经与低收入家庭孩子的延毕率旗鼓相当/不相上下。
8、By high school, the female advantage has become entrenched.
这里by high school 交代时间信息,即探讨的是高中阶段的情况;
the female advantage 女性优势,何种优势?必须明确,结合文章前面反复提到的事实,女生在学校比男生成绩更好(学业表现更好),所以这里female advantage可明确处理为 女生的学业优势;
最后是理解entrenched,其核心语义是“根深蒂固的、牢固确立的、难以改变的”,结合语境,指女性的学业优势进一步强化/确立/凸显。
译为:到高中阶段,女孩的学业优势进一步强化/凸显。
9、 It’s an international pattern:
结合语境,it 指本文反复提到的核心观点:相比男生,女生的学业成绩/学业表现更好,此外这里pattern并非泛指含义“模式或样式”,而指规律性和普遍性的模式或趋势或现象,前面添加international修饰,表明【女生比男生的学习成绩要好】这个属于国际普遍现象,并非某国孤例。
可译为:这是全球普遍现象/这并非某国特例
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