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Grammar
词法、句法、长难句分析
Points
Reading Skills 做题方法和技巧
Background
日常拓展知识面
Information
Practice 坚持刷题常考体裁 常考话题
说明文
科学技术、政治经济
议论文
人文社科、风俗习惯
记叙文
教育教学、历史地理、环保类
应用文主要题型
01 主旨题：
归纳文章、段落内容
02 细节题： 定位关键句，对照选项
含义题：
03 推测词义/指代意义
推断题：
04 答案需要推测1.找出主题句
Example 1
A. creating a new work center for students
B. throwing away old ideas for school
C. working together in a workplace
D. fostering innovation in high school
Today, they are hot careers. So how do you prepare high school students to work in—or
create—a field that doesn’t exist?
By adding collaboration and creativity into the classroom, says Stephan Tumipseed...
...That could mean having students devise a solution to an irrigation issue, or build a
robot and then figure out how to make it go faster. Giving high school students
opportunities to create and solve problems—and the freedom to devise multiple
solutions—helps give classroom activities relevance and better prepares students for the
workplace.1.找出主题句
Example 2
Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Fallacies about Bilinguals B. Why Bilinguals Are Smarter
C. Odds and Ends of Bilinguals D. Bilinguals: Advantages or Disadvantages
【第一段】Speaking two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in
an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that
the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse
with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have
a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and
even shielding against dementia in old age.2.概括和归纳主题思想
Example 3
A. People like working in the office with lights.
B. Natural elements can bring health to the people.
C. Companies should offer a better environment to their employees.
D. Natural elements can make people work happily and efficiently.
For many of us, our workplace can be dark, depressing and dull. Windowless rooms and airless open-
plan floors can kill motivation and cause a loss to worker performance, possibly even their health.
But a refreshing trend is taking root in workplace design: nature. There’s growing evidence showing
that workplaces which include natural elements, such as plants, light, colors and shapes have noticeable
and measurable benefits for both companies and their employees.2.概括和归纳主题思想
Example 4
Which of the following is probably the most appropriate title for the passage?
A. Steve Jobs
B. Apple Computer
C. What Steve Jobs Left Untouched
D. The Companies Steve Jobs Founded2.概括和归纳主题思想
Example 4
Steve Jobs was the co-founder and CEO of Apple and formerly Pixar.
Steve Jobs was born in San Francisco, California to Joanne Simpson and a Syrian father. Paul and
Clara Jobs of Mountain View, California then adopted him. In 1972, Jobs graduated from Homestead
High School in Cupertino, California and enrolled in Reed College in Portland, Oregon. One
semester later, he dropped out, later taking up the study of philosophy and foreign cultures.
Steve Jobs had a deep-seated interest in technology, so he took up a job at Atari Inc., then a
leading manufacturer of video games. He struck a friendship with fellow designer Steve Wozniak
and attended Homebrew Computer Club meetings with him.
After saving up some money, Jobs took off for India in the search of enlightenment. Once he
returned, he convinced Wozniak to quit his job at Hewlett Packard to join him in his venture that
concerned personal computers. They sold items like scientific calculators to raise seed capital.2.概括和归纳主题思想
Example 4
In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak founded Apple Computer in the Jobs family garage. The first
personal computer was sold for $666.66. By 1980, Apple had already released three improved
versions of the personal computer. It had a wildly successful IPO (Initial Public Offering), which
made both founders millionaires many times over.
A tiff with the Apple’s Board of Directors and John Scully led to Jobs’ resignation. Steve Jobs
decided that he wanted to change the hardware industry. The company was called NeXTStep,
which produced the NeXT Computer. The machine was a commercial washout but helped with
future work in object-oriented programming, PostScript, and magnetooptical devices. Jobs
returned to his original company after Apple acquired NeXT in 1996.
Steve Jobs also started Pixar, which has produced multiple blockbuster films, including Toy
Story (1995); A Bug’s Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc. (2001); Finding Nemo
(2003); and The Incredibles (2004).2.概括和归纳主题思想
Example 4
In 2004, Jobs was diagnosed with a malignant tumor in his pancreas, which was successfully
treated.
Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple on August 24, 2011 and subsequently assumed the role of
Chairman of the Board.
On October 5, 2011, Jobs passed away.
What Steve Jobs Left Untouched? There were a lot of things Steve Jobs was right about.
Probably the most important thing he got right was realizing that you need to build a great stadium
before you can invent great sports. An example of this was the decision in 1986 to build every Mac
with networking.2.概括和归纳主题思想
Example 4
Which of the following is probably the most appropriate title for the passage?
A. Steve Jobs
B. Apple Computer
C. What Steve Jobs Left Untouched
D. The Companies Steve Jobs FoundedA、干扰项
可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。
B、干扰项
可能属从文中某些 (不完全的) 事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
C、干扰项
可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。
D、正确项
是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、
言过其实或以偏概全。主要题型
01 主旨题：
归纳文章、段落内容
02 细节题： 定位关键句，对照选项
含义题：
03 推测词义/指代意义
推断题：
04 答案需要推测（1）在题干或选项中找关键词
小贴士：
（2）以关键词为中心点，定位到原
（1）原词复现。
文前后两到三句话。
（3）对比选项，重点关注同义转述。 （2）同义词、近义词的表达复现。
（3）反义词复现。
（4）同源词复现。
（5）上义词复现。Example 5
Which of the following is true about the NeXT Computer?
A. It was a reduplication. B. It was a commercial failure.
C. It was a blockbuster success. D. It was a best seller at that time.
【第六段】 A tiff with the Apple’s Board of Directors and John Scully led to Jobs’
resignation. Steve Jobs decided that he wanted to change the hardware industry. The
company was called NeXTStep, which produced the NeXT Computer. The machine was a
commercial washout but helped with future work in object-oriented programming,
PostScript, and magnetooptical devices. Jobs returned to his original company after Apple
acquired NeXT in 1996.Example 6
Which of the following is TRUE of Garcia as a Latino writer according to the passage?
A. She offered insight into the confrontations between two cultures.
B. She emigrated from Santo Domingo when she was 10 years old.
C. She became popular for her translated works in America in the 1970s.
D. She described her transition from wealthy Dominicans to ragtag immigrants.
【第一段】With her magical first novel, Garcia joins a growing chorus of talented Latino
writers whose voices are suddenly reaching a far wider, more diverse audience. Unlike
Latin American writers such as Colombia’s Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Peru’s Mario
Vargas Llosa—whose translated works became popular here in the 1970s【C】—these
authors are writing in English and drawing their themes from two cultures.【A】Example 6
Which of the following is TRUE of Garcia as a Latino writer according to the passage?
A. She offered insight into the confrontations between two cultures.
B. She emigrated from Santo Domingo when she was 10 years old.
C. She became popular for her translated works in America in the 1970s.
D. She described her transition from wealthy Dominicans to ragtag immigrants.
【第一段】Their stories, from Dreaming in Cuba to Julia Alvarez’s How the Garcia Girls
Lost Their Accent and Victor Villasenor’s Rain of Gold, offer insight into the mixture of
economic opportunity and discrimination that Latinos encounter in the United States.
“Garcia Girls” for example, is the story of four sisters weathering their transition from
wealthy Dominicans to ragtag immigrants.【D】Example 6
Which of the following is TRUE of Garcia as a Latino writer according to the
passage?
A. She offered insight into the confrontations between two cultures.
B. She emigrated from Santo Domingo when she was 10 years old.
C. She became popular for her translated works in America in the 1970s.
D. She described her transition from wealthy Dominicans to ragtag immigrants.
【第一段】 Alvarez, a Middlebury College professor who emigrated from Santo
Domingo when she was 10【B】, says being an immigrant has given her a special
vantage point: “We travel on that border between two worlds and we can see both
points of view.”.1. 标志词：for example, case, illustrate/illustration, exemplify...
2. 例子向上读90%，向下读10%。
3. 解题的关键：不在于是否看懂例子，而在于例子支持的观点。
4. 错误选项设计方法：列举例子中的具体事例、列举无关常识。Example 7
The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______.
A. gains of technology have been erased
B. job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
C. factories are making much less money than before
D. new jobs and services have been offered
【文章第四段】Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s
been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, U.S. factories shed
workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out
of every three manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total—disappeared.”读题干看结果 关键词定位 找信息（前后一句话）
(1) -- --
对比选项，重点关注词汇复现。
(2)Example 8
The author argued that our bodies have stopped evolving because ______.
A. life has been improved by technological advance
B. the number of female babies has been declining
C. our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
D. the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it
has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in
the past 100,000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our
bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin
had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a
savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”Example 9
Which of the following is likely to be the reason for most companies to favor the word “innovation”
according to this passage?
A. They want to improve their products and service.
B. They are interested in technological innovations.
C. They are on the cutting edge of everything.
D. They are trying to attract investments.
【文章第二、三段】But that doesn’t mean the companies are actually doing any innovating. Instead
they are using the word to convey monumental change when the progress they’re describing is quite
ordinary. Like the once ubiquitous buzzwords “synergy” and “optimization”, innovation is in
danger of becoming a cliche—if it isn’t one already.
“Most companies say they’re innovative in the hope they can somehow con investors into
thinking there is growth when there isn’t,” says Clayton Christensen, a professor at Harvard
Business School.（二）细节题--小结主要题型
01 主旨题：
归纳文章、段落内容
02 细节题： 定位关键句，对照选项
含义题：
03 推测词义/指代意义
推断题：
04 答案需要推测1. 词义猜测
◇ What does the underlined word “...” in the first paragraph mean?
◇ Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word?
◇ The underlined word “...” most probably means ______.
◇ The underlined word “...” could best be replaced by ______.
◇ According to the passage, the underlined word “...” is the closest in meaning to “____”.
2. 指代内容
◇ The underlined word “it” in the passage refers to ______.（1）根据定义或解释猜测词义。
信号词：be, be called, means, be defined as, that is, that is to say, in other words, --(破折
号)等。
It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is, it will break easily.（2）根据情境和逻辑进行判断。
逻辑关系：并列、比较、因果、转折、对比、同位语/同位语从句。Example 11
What does the underlined word “menacing” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. Peaceful. B. Threatening. C. Gentle. D. Awkward.
For decades, Hollywood filmmakers have described sharks as toothy killing machines
with a taste for human flesh. But shark attacks are probably much rarer than you think.
Some species of sharks, like the whale shark and the basking shark, don’t pose a threat to
humans at all, despite looking pretty menacing. On average, sharks are responsible for six
human deaths a year.（3）根据同义词或反义词关系猜测词义。
Example12
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “illiterate” ?
A. repeat B. reiterated C. uneducated D. sick
Most women in Ghana—the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and
old—work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and
mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well
known and well deserved.（4）根据上下文猜测代词指代的内容。
The underlined word “it” in the passage refers to ______.
代词指代：it, something, somebody, somewhere...
名词指代：the word, the phrase...
Tips:
1. 所有格代词指代前面位置上最近的名词。（his/her/their/it等）
2. 指代词与被指代词在数和格上是一致的。Example 13
What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The financial crisis. B. The unemployment rate.
C. The promise of a degree. D. The shadow over their future.
Almost five years after the crisis began, the overall unemployment rate is still above 8
percent while that for recent university graduates is stuck at 6.8 percent. For many young
Americans, the promise of a degree has turned to disappointment as they find themselves
struggling to get their first job, still burdened by student debt.含义题
A B
词义猜测 指代内容主要题型
01 主旨题：
归纳文章、段落内容
02 细节题： 定位关键句，对照选项
含义题：
03 推测词义/指代意义
推断题：
04 答案需要推测◇ What is the tone/mood of the passage?
1. 态度
◇ The author’s attitude towards...might
◇ In the next part, the author would most
推断
be summarized as/seems to be ______.
probably discuss _____.
4. 后续
◇ What is most likely to be discussed in
内容推
◇ The last sentence of the first paragraph most the paragraph that follows?
断
probably implies that ______.
2. 细节
◇ What does the image that the author
推断
◇ The passage is most likely to be taken
presents to her students suggest?
from _____.
5. 出处
◇ Where would this passage most
推断
◇ It can be inferred/concluded that... probably appear?
3. 结论
◇ Which of the following conclusions ◇ In which of the following publication
推断
can we draw according to the passage? would this passage most likely be printed?态度类型（选项中）
1.
积极类： （有帮助的）； （正确的）； （支持的）， （关心的）；
helpful positive supporting concerned
（自信的）； （给人深刻印象的）； （乐观的）等
confident impressive optimistic
中立类： （中立的，中性的）； （不带个人色彩的）等
neutral impersonal
消极类： （批评的）； （否定的）； （悲观的）等
critical negative pessimistic
2. 解题技巧
（1）根据讨论事物的利弊判断
（2）根据用词的褒贬性去判断（
wonderful(y), successful(y), positive(ly), active(ly), negative(ly),
）
unfortunate(ly), doubtful(ly)
（3）有的选项一定不是正确选项：比如 ，
uninterested indifferent
（4）不要加入自己的主观态度Example 14
What is the author’s attitude towards the companies’ use of the term “innovation”?
A. Cynical. B. Negative.
C. Positive. D. Neutral.
Businesses throw around the term to show they’re on the cutting edge of everything from
technology and medicine to snacks and cosmetics. Companies are touting chief innovation officers,
innovation teams, innovation strategies and even innovation days.
But that doesn’t mean the companies are actually doing any innovating. Instead they are using
the word to convey monumental change when the progress they’re describing is quite ordinary.
Like the once ubiquitous buzzwords “synergy” and “optimization”, innovation is in danger of
becoming a cliche—if it isn’t one already.Example15
From the last sentence in this paragraph, we can infer that ______.
A. Grandpa treasured love from family B. Grandpa was used to living alone
C. Grandpa was too weak to feel anything D. Grandpa was optimistic about his health
About the time I entered high school and started guitar, Grandpa got cancer. The last time I
saw him alive was Thanksgiving weekend in 1985...We had all gathered in Ohio for the holiday,
and I’m sure we all knew we were there to say goodbye. I can see now that Grandpa held on long
enough to see us each one more time. I remember how we ate in the dining room and laughed and
talked while Grandpa rested in his hospital bed. I wonder if it was sad for him to be alone with our
voices and laughter. Knowing Grandpa, he was probably content.Example 16
What may be discussed by the author in subsequent paragraphs?
A. The impact of biases on human intelligence.
B. The reasons why intelligence improves thinking.
C. The relationship between intelligence and thinking errors.
D. The correlation between intuitive thinking and mental performance.
【文章最后一段】The results were quite disturbing. For one thing, self-awareness was not
particularly useful: as the scientists note, “people who were aware of their own biases were not
better able to overcome them.” This finding wouldn’t surprise Kahneman, who admits in “Thinking,
Fast and Slow” that his decades of groundbreaking research have failed to significantly improve his
own mental performance. “My intuitive thinking is just as prone to overconfidence, extreme
predictions, and the planning fallacy”—a tendency to underestimate how long it will take to
complete a task— “as it was before I made a study of these issues,” he writes.Example 17
We can learn from the passage that ______.
A. most of us can really grow from success
B. growing and improving are based on mistakes
C. we learn to make mistakes by trial and error
D. we read about something and know how to do it right away
Yet without mistakes, we could not learn or grow. If you think about it that way, mistake
should be cherished and celebrated for being one of the most amazing things in the world.
They make learning possible; they make growth and improvement possible.u 常见出处
Newspaper News report Magazine
Product A guidebook Website
SpecificationExample 18
In what column of a newspaper can you read the passage?
A. Education. B. Technology.
C. Entertainment. D. Science.
Global Positioning Systems are now a part of everyday driving in many countries. These satellite-
based systems provide turn-by-turn directions to help people get to where they want to go. But,
they can also cause a lot of problems, send you to the wrong place or leave you completely lost.
Many times, the driver is to blame. Sometimes a GPS error is responsible. Most often, says Barry
Brown, it is a combination of the two.小结
主旨题 含义题
01 03
主题类、目的类、标题类 词义猜测、指代内容
阅读
理解
推断题
细节题 02 04
态度推断、细节推断、结论推
是非题、例证题、内容题
断、后续内容推断、出处推断
