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专题 15 阅读理解议论文
2023年阅读理解议论文
Passage 1
【2023年全国乙卷】If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one
part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while
most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly
recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,
but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps
the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English
side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only
a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what
was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written
reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or
deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often
have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of
Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most
powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider
contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily
twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just
the texts, but the objects.
12. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
13. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
14. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
15. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
【答案】12. A 13. D 14. B 15. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳
入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not
privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had
texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and
until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in
things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，
因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚
的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”
可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters
of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结
合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历
史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the
English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we
have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我
们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男
子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从
自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
【14题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin
and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfullythrough the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联
系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only
one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都
出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述
的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第
一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that
conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读
文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果
我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以 conversation指的是“历史”。故选
B。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not
privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had
texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一
部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而
世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that
conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读
文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史
就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
2022年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2022年全国甲卷】Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The
city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there —
broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole
morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went
our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not
fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are
increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s,
Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she
said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that
we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a
thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me.
“What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the
Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a
drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
12. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
13. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?
A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.
14. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.
15. Which statement will the author probably agree with?
A. A city can be young and old at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C. modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
【答案】12. D 13. D 14. A 15. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。
【12题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The
city discovered its harbor. (20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口) ”
以及“But it is the harbor that makes the city. (但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关
键是港口。故选C项。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilot Sydney ferryboats for a
living. (30岁出头的Andrew Reynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生)”、第三段“I’ll
miss these old boats. (我会想念这些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and
they’re not fun to pilot. (双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员Andrew
Reynolds喜欢老式渡船。故选D项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to
modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. (悉尼的官方
历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了
一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。
故选A项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I
considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. (另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有
它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点)”以及最后一段“He is
right (他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。
Passage2
【2022 年北京卷】Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been
sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as
humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson
who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies
have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum
machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is
the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep.“What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing
researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the
public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises,
excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have
gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype,
Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And
that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about
PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those
concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful”
quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.”
He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what
we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know.
I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just
as I trust Johnson.
31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________.
A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited
32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing?
A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field.
C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies.
33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?
B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?
C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?
D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?
.
【答案】31 A 32. C 33. A 34. D【解题导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学
家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。
31.【解析】
推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may
mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers
can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着
量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的
工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最
后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于
约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀
疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。
32.【解析】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅
度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been
able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time
quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度
上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问
题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做
法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。
33.【解析】
词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype,
Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（
但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该
理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的
酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故 prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B.
Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。
34.【解析】
主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many
smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to
turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们
“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一
段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know.
I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像
泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投
资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像
它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。
所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。
Passage3
【2022年天津卷第二次】Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be
useful, to be loving, to make some difference in he world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely
try to follow them in our lives.
Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow
perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A
good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our
character, principles, ideals, and relationships.
What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a
destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their
happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only
when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work
accordingly to create a better world.
The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty,
we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only
enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.
However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently,
our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others
also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance.
If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, th car can’t move;
if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right
knowledge in mind can we lead a good life.With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the
impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness.
51. What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us?
A. Making us simple-minded B. Making us short-signted.
C. Leading us onto a busy road. D. Keeping us from comfort and luxury.
52. According to the author, how can one gain true happiness?
A. Through maintaining good health.
B. By going through pain and suffering.
C. By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations.
D. Through offering help much needed by others.
53. According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________.
A. less selfish B. less annoying
C. more motivated D. more responsible
54. In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results?
A. When we have wrong knowledge of the world.
B. When our love for the world is insufficient.
C. When we are insensitive to dangers in life.
D. When we stay blind to the reality.
55. According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________.
A. inspired by love and guided by knowledge
B. directed by love and pushed by knowledge
C. purified by love and enriched by knowledge
D. promoted by love and defined by knowledge
.
【答案】51 B 52. D 53. C 54. A 55. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生
而有益。
【51题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is
sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering.(这种对美好生活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处，但肯定会导
致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知，对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处，所以时间长了会让我们目光短浅、短视。故选B项。
【52题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in
return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness.(我们必须先为他人服务而不求回报，因
为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知，我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。
【53题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do,
but also do it with an effortless feeling.(然而，当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时，我们不仅享受我们做的事情，
而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知，带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情；越享受做某件事，
做事越有动力。故选C项。
【54题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段“False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance.(虚假的知识比无知更危
险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致不好的、违背预期的
结局。故选A项。
【55题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing
good to others.(带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，有爱
和知识，生活就会变得更美好。故选A项。
2021年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2021年全国甲卷】Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want
to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more
intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this
is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to
the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different
color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say
that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on thatbelief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our
planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the
answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes
of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender,
race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with
“intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative.
C. They're objective. D. They're strict.
13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They look up to great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
14. Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A. Improved global communication.
B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D. Changes in people's social positions.
15. What is the best title for the text?
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
【答案】12. A 13. D 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上
“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that history is written by victors, and those victors set the standards for
admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club-women, or people of a
different color or belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡
献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置
的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief. Around age six they start
to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这
个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩
容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to
see flashes of genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才
的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最后一
段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple
geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、
毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一
方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。
Passage2
【2021年全国乙卷】When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian
homes still paying for a landline（座机）?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile
phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls
anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only
on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third
concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it
while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor
（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of BabyBoomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do
with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone
rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever
ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling
before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）.
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk
deliveries?
24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity.
C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design.
25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit. B. Argue.
C. Remember. D. Remark.
26. What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A. They like smartphone games. B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family.
27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall out of use some day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as important as the gas light.
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. C 27. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必
需品的观点。
【24题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15
who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can
make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，
很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。
【25题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的
澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's not really
necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent
keep it in case of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从
未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥
有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的
非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A项。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50
years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“That said, to be
honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents (也就是说，老实说，唯一
打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas
street lamps and morning milk deliveries? (你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛
奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明
了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。
Passage3
【2021年北京卷】Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time
was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies
depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein
right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question
you're asking．
Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time
to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're
increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we
need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？
Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，
conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museumthat reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental
changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If
the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll
see the opposite effect．
The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of
observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us
to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will
live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a
major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies．
Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time
to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting
dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to
their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage
environmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable
qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as
praiseworthy as its purpose．
.
31 What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？
A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature．
B. Everyone can define time on their own terms．
C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it．
D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists．
32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________．
A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument
C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach
33. What can we learn from this passage？
A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life．
B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems．
C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower．
D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame．34. What can we infer from this passage？
A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time．
B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C. We should live in harmony with nature．
D. History is a mirror reflecting reality．
【答案】31. B 32. D 33. C 34. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the
answer depends on the question you're asking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，
因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，
第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with
engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我
们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要
调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些
会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to
ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？(如果我们不考
虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏
呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow
at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If
they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，
匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速
度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选
C项。
【34题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with
engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我
们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要
调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．
Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness(时
间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能
会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选
C。
Passage4
【2021年天津卷第一次】About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard was growing dusty. It
worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning.
Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.
I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst
into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the
months.
The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lost his job. The
uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special.
“Let's make a cake for Dad!” I cried.
My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons
on the walls! Flowers on the table!
Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a
glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed
loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.
Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful
attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary series The Last Dance.
The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to
make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it
with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had.
Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after
everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is
tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.
Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we
begin.
40．What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1?
A．Its tank grew dirty. B．Its old skin came off.
C．It got a skin disease. D．It went missing.
41．Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday?
A．The birthday cake was ruined. B．The author made good puddings.
C．Pudding was his favorite dessert. D．They couldn't afford a birthday cake.
42．Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage?
A．To prove a theory. B．To define a concept.
C．To develop the theme. D．To provide the background.
43．The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as .
A．letting go of the past B．looking for a new job
C．getting rid of a bad habit D．giving up an opportunity
44．What does the author most likely want to tell us?
A．Love of family helps us survive great hardships. B．It's not the end of the world if we break things.
C．We should move on no matter what happens.D．Past experiences should be treasured.
【分析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者的丈夫刚刚丢了工作，这种不确定性开始影响到家人，直到作
者看到家里的宠物蜥蜴换皮和观看了Michael Jordan的纪录片《最后的舞蹈》后，领悟到我们必须学会把
过去抛在脑后，像蜥蜴一样，用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，作为人生的起点。
40．细节理解题。根据第一段中“I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and
children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.(第二
天早上，我向丈夫和孩子们报告了蜥蜴皮肤上奇怪的表面。几秒钟后，我们的蜥蜴从水箱里出来，旧皮肤
蜕了下来)”可知，宠物蜥蜴旧的皮肤脱落了。故选B。
41．细节理解题。根据第六段“Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my
daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass
were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.
(就在我丈夫参加另一场工作面试回家前两个小时，我女儿爬到一个高高的架子上，抓起一个玻璃花瓶。它掉下来摔碎在蛋糕旁边。到处都是细小的玻璃碎片。我把蛋糕扔掉时，她大声抽泣。我丈夫生日吃了香蕉
布丁)”可知，作者的丈夫过生日吃了香蕉布丁是因为生日蛋糕毁了。故选A。
42．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The poignancy of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play
baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off
his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer
served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to
live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past
behind.( Jordan从心爱的篮球退役，转而打棒球，这是多么令人痛心的事情，是什么促使他做出如此艰难的
决定，让我感到惊讶。当我看着他脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，我看到他脱下了那层不再适合他的衣服，
就像我们的蜥蜴一样。他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都
变了。就像我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”以及最后一段“Jordan said that no matter
how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jordan说，不管结局如何，
都是以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者在文章中提到The
Last Dance是为了展开文章关于放手过去，重新开始的主题。故选C。
43．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had
to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the
past behind.(他们都没有选择那个改变了他们的时刻。但他们必须和自己生活在一起因为一切都变了。就像
我们一样。我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后)”可知，作者看着乔丹脱下篮球服，换上棒球服时，意
识到看到他放开了过去，把过去抛在脑后了。即画线词意思是“放开过去”。故选A。
44．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Humans do not shed skin as easily as other animals. The beginning of
change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly
new.(人类不像其他动物那样容易蜕皮。变革的开始令人不安。这个过程很累人。伤害在我们准备好之前就
改变了我们。我看到了我们生嫩的、几乎是全新的蜥蜴)”以及最后一段“Jordan said that no matter how it
ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.( Jordan说，不管结局如何，都是
以希望开始的。用我们柔嫩、充满希望的皮肤，那是我们的起点)”可推知，作者最有可能想告诉我们无论
发生什么，我们都应该继续前进。故选C。
Passage5
【2021年天津卷第一次】There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist.
Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation,branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less
and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing
levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also
weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and
realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled
to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold
back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its
connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into
specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who
can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your
interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor
Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by
the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese
philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit."
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the
interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad,
general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.
51．To become a specialist, one may have to_____.
A．narrow his range of knowledge
B．avoid responsibilities at work
C．know more about the society
D．broaden his perspective on life
52．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______.
A．treasure their freedom
B．travel around the world
C．spend most time working
D．enjoy meeting funny people53．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____.
A．is fully aware of his talent and ability
B．is a pure specialist in medicine
C．should love poetry and philosophy
D．brings knowledge of other fields to work
54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?
A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
55．What could be the best title for the passage?
A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B．Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide
C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D．Ways to Become a Generalist
【分析】本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。
51．推理判断题。文章第二段中提到“This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or
research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less.（成为专
家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越
多。）”根据“know … about less and less”可知，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩
小他的知识范围。故选A。
52．细节理解题。第三段中提到“Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty.
…These specialists could work at the office until ten each night (有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继
日地工作。…… 这些专家可以每天晚上在办公室工作到十点。)”由此可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间
在工作上。故选C。
53．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one
who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. (这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一
位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。)”可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将
其他领域的知识带到工作中。故选D。
54．推理判断题。文章第五段中提到“Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passionsin all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you
discover that they are.（事物之间是有联系的。让你在一个领域的专长激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的
一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。）”；下文举出Toni的
例子“My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese
history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn
more about Chinese philosophy.（我的编辑Toni也是一位作家，她编辑过几本历史书。她已决定学习中国历
史。作为一名画家，她痴迷于紫禁城的建筑之美，同时也对更多地了解中国哲学感兴趣。）”由此可以推
断，作者想通过Toni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选
D。
55．主旨大意题。文章第一段提出观点“There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a
specialist.”作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；文章第二段提出“The drawback to being
specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. ”说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常
对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四段中提到“Generalists, …, know a lot about a wide range of
subjects and view the whole with all its connections.”说明当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从
整体上来看其中的所有的联系。作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为“Be More a
Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）”。故选A。
2020年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2020年新课标Ⅱ】I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I
was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me
and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the
library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job and I did
everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had
several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go
to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read ,using different voices ,as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It
was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library
lives on form generation to generation.
As a novelist, I’ve found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when
they can’t afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that
helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think
all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share
library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
32. Which word best describes the author’s relationship with books as a child?
A. Cooperative. B. Uneasy. C. Inseparable. D. Casual.
33. What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Pleasure from working in the library.
B. Joy of reading passed on in the family.
C. Wonderment from acting out the stories.
D. A closer bond developed with the readers.
34. What does the author call on other writers to do?
A. Sponsor book fairs. B. Write for social media.
C. Support libraries. D. Purchase her novels.
35. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B. My Idea about writing
C. Library: A Haven for the Young
D. My Love of the Library
【解析】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者是一个热情的读者，孩提时热衷读书，第一份工作在图书馆。
有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去。作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图
书馆，宣传图书馆。
32. 推理判断题。根据第一段的 I was always an enthusiastic reader，sometimes reading up to three books a day
as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties. I lived out adventures
through the books I checked out from the library.(我一直是一个热情的读者，孩提时，有时候每天读多达三本
书。故事对我来说就像空气，而其他孩子则打球或参加聚会。我通过从图书馆借阅来的书籍经历冒险)可推
断，作者小时候与书是密不可分的。故选C。
33. 词句猜测题。根据上文As I grew older and became a mother可知，我长大了成了一位母亲，结合下文Ihad several children and books were our main source (来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up
and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them(我
有几个孩子，书是我们娱乐的主要来源。对于我们来说，坐上车去当地的图书馆是件大事，在那里我的孩
子们可以挑选要阅读的书或者想让我给他们读的书)可推断，作者成了母亲以后，带着孩子去图书馆，孩子
挑选书籍来阅读，或者作者读给他们听，因此可知图书馆在作者的生活中又增添了新的意义，阅读的乐趣
在家庭中代代相传”。故选B。
34. 细节理解题。根据最后一段的I think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can.
Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk
about them when you can.( 我认为所有的作家都应该在他们可以的时候以有意义的方式支持图书馆。鼓励读
者使用图书馆。在社交媒体上分享图书馆公告。可以的时候常去图书馆，谈论图书馆)可知，作者呼吁其他
的作家们支持图书馆。故选C。
35. 主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章讲述了作者是一名热情地读者，孩提时喜欢阅读，工作在图书馆。
有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去，作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图
书馆，宣传图书馆。因此推断全文围绕“作者对图书馆的爱”展开讲述。故D项“我对图书馆的爱”为最
佳标题。故选D。
Passage 2
【2020年北京卷】Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法)
carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our
smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more
perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been
designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change.
Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong”
or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful
computing machines already make our brains look weak. A GI could, its advocates say, work for us around the
clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the
development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads,
“we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”
Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an
imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…
that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggestthat “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.”
Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by
many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does
eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with
recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University
philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn
against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else.
The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities
presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s
foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever.
42. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean?
A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily.
C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere.
43. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters?
A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active.
C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases.
,
44. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines the author is ____________.
A. supportive B. disapproving
C. fearful D. uncertain
45. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage?
A. It may be only a dream.
B. It will come into being soon.
C. It will be controlled by humans.
D. It may be more dangerous than ever.
【答案】42. D 43. A 44. B 45. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。
【42题详解】
词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on
our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one
language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，
划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present
everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all
available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并
利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用
人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help to tackle problems(帮助
解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable.
In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent
machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能
的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台
“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving
Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不
赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe
there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智
能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）
或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。
Passage 3
【2020年江苏卷】I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical
researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know the
customs, and more often than not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign.
We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village
without running water or electricity It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little
misunderstood.
Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer.I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same
language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match
ended, the goal keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, “In your home, do you have a
moon too?” I was surprised.
After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe
(敬畏) at the possibilities that existed in his world. In Juan’s world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan’s
world. the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was possible.
In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and
found all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan’s
village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that
way.
Yet, as I thought about Juan’s question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out. I am, in part,
an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the world of
insects remains unknown. How much, though? How ignorant (无知的) are we? The question of what we know
and do not know constantly bothered me.
I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider…, and on and on they
appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system
discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The
second drawer began to fill and as it did I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just
species, but life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started a third drawer for
these big discoveries. It fills more slowly, but all the same, it fills.
In looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of
scientists, usually brilliant occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see the
same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the point of
exhaustion (穷尽), and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the
stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world.
We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to think that
insects were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when
something new turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name.
65. How did the author feel on his arrival in the Amazon?A. Out of place. B. Full of joy. C. Sleepy. D. Regretful.
66. What made that Amazonian evening wonderful?
A. He learned more about the local language.
B. They had a nice conversation with each other.
C. They understood each other while playing.
D. He won the soccer game with the goal keeper.
67. Why was the author surprised at Juan’s question about the moon?
A. The question was too straightforward.
B. Juan knew so little about the world.
C. The author didn’t know how to answer.
D. The author didn’t think Juan was sincere.
68. What was the author’s initial purpose of collecting newspaper articles?
A. To sort out what we have known.
B. To deepen his research into Amazonians.
C. To improve his reputation as a biologist.
D. To learn more about local cultures.
69. How did those brilliant scientists make great discoveries?
A. They shifted their viewpoints frequently.
B. They followed other scientists closely.
C. They often criticized their fellow scientists.
D. They conducted in-depth and close studies.
70. What could be the most suitable title for the passage?
A. The Possible and the Impossible .
B. The Known and the Unknown .
C. The Civilized and the Uncivilized .
D. The Ignorant and the Intelligent.
【文章大意】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者和妻子来到了亚马逊，妻子是一名医学研究者。一踏上这里，作
者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在生物多样性发现的
过程中，作者意识到，很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。
65. 推理判断题。根据第一段“We didn’t speak the local language, did not know the customs and more often
than not, didn’t entirely recognize the food. We couldn’t have felt more foreign.”可知，我们不会说当地的语言，不了解当地的风俗习惯，而且往往我们不能完全认识食物，我们感觉非常陌生。由此可知，作者一到达亚
马逊感觉格格不入。故选A项。
66. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots.
We understood one another perfectly.”可知，每个人都知道规则，在传球和射门方面，我们说着同样的语言，
彼此非常了解。由此可知，踢球时他们的彼此理解使得他们的亚马逊夜晚很美好。故选C项。
67. 推理判断题。根据第四段“In Juan’s world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous.”可知，
在胡安的世界里，未知的东西和未被发现的东西是浩瀚而神奇的。由此判断，胡安对这个世界知之甚少。
故选B项。
68. 推理判断题。根据第七段“I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new spider...,and on and
on they appear, my drawer quickly filled, I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system
discovered with dozens of nameless species ...I started a third drawer for these big discoveries.”可知，我开始收集
报纸上关于新物种、新蜘蛛的文章……它们源源不断地出现，我的抽屉很快就填满了。我开始用第二个抽
屉来储存更普遍的发现:在新的洞穴系统发现了几十个无名的物种……我还为这些重大发现准备了第三个抽
屉。由此判断，作者收集报纸文章的初始目的是为了分类我们所知道的事情。故选A项。
69. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“but they pay more attention to them ,and they focus on them to the point of
exhaustion ,and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers.”可知，但他们更多地关注这些发现，他们把注意力集
中在这些发现上直到精疲力竭的地步，冒着被同龄人嘲笑的风险。由此可知，杰出的科学家进行深入细致
的研究，做出重大的发现。故选D项。
70. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者和妻子来到了亚马逊。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与
当地人的接触，作者了解到一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在对这里的风土人情和多样化生物的研究过程
中，作者提高了认识，意识到很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。所以短文的最佳标题为
“已知和未知的事物”。故选B项。
2019年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2019年江苏卷】Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences
than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?
It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people's opinions. However, they have real
impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by theInternet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday" that they should try
to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing
sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.
Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the
international community to worry about the "digital divide" between the rich countries and the poor countries. This
has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and
Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps
giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making
more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop
computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more
important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term
costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the
technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world".
As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening
today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back.
Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-
border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.
Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the
national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our
fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all
sorts of wrong directions.
61. Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to __________.
A. a lack of confidence in technology
B. a slow progress in technology
C. a conflict of public opinions
D. a waste of limited resources
62. The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should __________.
A. take people's essential needs into account
B. make their programmes attractive to peopleC. ensure that each child gets financial support
D. provide more affordable internet facilities
63. What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?
A. Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.
B. Believing that the world has become borderless.
C. Ignoring the power of economic development.
D. Over-emphasizing the role of international communication.
64. What can we learn from the passage?
A. People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B. Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C. Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D. Economic policies should follow technological trends.
【答案】61. D 62. A 63. B 64. B
【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述对信息技术的过分迷恋对国家，对个人，对慈善事业都会有不利
的影响。
61.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段However, they have reak impacts, as they result in misguided use of
scarce resources. 可知，对信息技术的错误判断会导致有限资源的错误使用，也就是资源的浪费，故
选D。
62.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging
wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved
people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages,
I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy
programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their
money.可知，与其给那些贫困地区孩子笔记本电脑或者建网络中心，还不如给钱打井，铺电网或者
生产他们买得起的洗衣机，这些东西更能改善他们的生活。作者不是说这些东西一定更重要，但是
很多捐赠者没有仔细考虑捐赠的东西的长期成本，因此作者建议捐赠者要考虑接受捐赠的人的实际
情况，而不是一味地追求信息化，故选A。
63.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to
believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so
revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world". 以及Believing in such a world, many governmentshave put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and
goods, with poor results.可知，对新东西的迷恋让人们认为如今通讯技术和交通的变革让我们生活在
一个无国界的世界。正是认为我们生活在这样一个世界，很多政府取消了关于跨国界的资本、劳动
力以及商品流动的法律法规，故选B。
64.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段 The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication
Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making
things is so "yesterday" that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those
countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.可知，对
互联网呈现的通讯技术变革的迷恋让很多富裕国家做出一个错误的结论，制造产品已经过时了，他们应该
靠创意生活，因而忽略了制造业，从而对经济造成不利影响，故可知传统的技术依然传统的技术依然有它
的地位，不能新兴的信息技术取代，故选B。
Passage 2
【2019年天津卷】I must have always known reading was very important because the first memories I have
as a child deal with books. There was not one night that I don't remember mom reading me a storybook by my
bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the words sounded.
I always wanted to know what my mom was reading. Hearing mom say," I can't believe what's printed in the
newspaper this morning," made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself. I wanted to be like my mom
and know all of the things she knew. So I carried around a book, and each night, just to be like her, I would pretend
to be reading.
This is how everyone learned to read. We would start off with sentences, then paragraphs, and then stories. It
seemed an unending journey, but even as a six-year-old girl I realized that knowing how to read could open many
doors. When mom said," The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden on the top shelf," I knew where the candy was. My progress in
reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to know everything. I often found myself telling my mom to drive more
slowly, so that I could read all of the road signs we passed.
Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading. I read for knowledge, and to
make A's on my tests. Occasionally, I would read a novel that was assigned, but I didn't enjoy this type of reading. I
liked facts, things that are concrete. I thought anything abstract left too much room for argument.
Yet, now that I'm growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex, I find
myself needing a way to escape. By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and
mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these worlds I can become anyone. I don't have to writedown what happened or what technique the author was using when he or she wrote this. I just read to relax.
We're taught to read because it's necessary for much of human understanding. Reading is a vital part of my
life. Reading satisfies my desire to keep learning. And I've found that the possibilities that lie within books are
limitless.
41. Why did the author want to grab the newspaper out of mom's hands？
A. She wanted mom to read the news to her.
B. She was anxious to know what had happened.
C. She couldn't wait to tear the newspaper apart.
D. She couldn't help but stop mom from reading.
42. According to Paragraph 3，the author's reading of road signs indicates___________
A. her unique way to locate herself
B. her eagerness to develop her reading ability
C. her effort to remind mom to obey traffic rules
D. her growing desire to know the world around her.
43. What was the author's view on factual reading？
A. It would help her update test-taking skills.
B. It would allow much room for free thinking.
C. It would provide true and objective information.
D. It would help shape a realistic and serious attitude to life.
44. The author takes novel reading as a way to___________.
A. explore a fantasy land
B. develop a passion for leaning
C. learn about the adult community
D. get away from a confusing world
45. What could be the best title for the passage？
A. The Magic of Reading B. The Pleasure of Reading
C. Growing Up with Reading D. Reading Makes a Full Man
【答案】41. B 42. D 43. C 44. D 45. C
【语篇解读】本文为夹叙夹议文，作者讲述了自己的读书经历和感悟。
41.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段主题句I always wanted to know what my mom was reading.和Hearing
mom say … made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself可知，作者一直想知道妈妈在读什么。作者抢过妈妈读的报纸，因为作者自己迫切想看一看报纸上写的内容，故选B。
42. D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段 My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to know
everything，可以推断出，让妈妈开车开慢一点，他能够读出所有路标，正是作者在阅读方面的进步
引起了他的好奇心，想要了解周围的一切，故选D。
43.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段第一句Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school
was factual reading. I read for knowledge, and to make A’s on my test.可知，小学和中学阶段的阅读都
是事实性阅读，读书是为了获取知识，考试得A。因此事实性阅读能够提供真实的客观的信息，故
选 C。
44. D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段 By opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a
wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these worlds I can become anyone.(
打开一本小说，我可以摆脱我的负担，进入一个奇妙而神秘的世界，我现在是一个新的角色。在这
个世界上，我可以成为任何人。) 可知，阅读小说可以让作者避开复杂的现实而投入到小说中的世
界中去，故选D。
45.C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据上下文可知，作者以时间顺序回忆了自己的阅读经历和感悟，伴着阅读
成长，故选项C符合题意。
Passage 3
【2019年天津卷】Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has
been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he
has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was
Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why
do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about
those who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on
growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization
and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But，if we are willing to lean，
the opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we
can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please，some people are nevergoing to love us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to
have meaning in our life. However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something
larger than our own little egos（自我），whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral
concept.
Many of us equate（视……等同于）“commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing.
But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such
excellence whether they are driving a truck，or running a store-make the world better just by being the kind of
people they are. They've learned life's most valuable lesson.
51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_________.
A. loss of freedom stimulates one's creativity
B. age is not a barrier to achieving one's goal
C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate
D. disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success
52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？
A. End one's struggle for liberty.
B. Waste one's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D. Lose the interest to continue learning.
53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？
A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.
B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.
C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.
D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.
54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？
A. A tough man can tolerate suffering.
.
B. A wise man can live without self-pity
C. A man should try to satisfy people around him.
.
D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life
55. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？
A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.
D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.
【答案】51. B 52. D 53. C 54. D 55. A
【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。
51.B 【解析】推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还
身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都
没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。
52.D 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段 I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing
because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.故可
知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知 run out of
steam可知，停止学习，故选D。
53.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段 we lose the sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the
opportunities are everywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故
可知，机会总是留给那些好奇心的人，故选C。
54. D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段we learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid
self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea
that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，
也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之
后会让我们释怀，故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。
55.A 【解析】主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者
的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选A。
2018年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2018年全国Ⅱ卷】We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by
people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely
that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and
unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble.
Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t
even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says
Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every
great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small
talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into
a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when
necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive
feelings and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your
husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our
well-being also.＂
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond
with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis
of good manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addiction to smartphones.
B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C. Absence of communication between strangers.
D. Impatience with slow service.
33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.
C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals.
34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence.
C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D 35. C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，
陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。
32. 推理判断题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在
飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人
之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人之
间缺乏沟通。D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。
33. 推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句“The
key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them”（成功闲聊的
关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断C符合题意。A项意为：表现出良好的
礼貌。B项意为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为：做商业交易。故选B项。
34. 推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服
务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善
了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊
让人感觉很好。故选D项。
35. 主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟
通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么
样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服
的沉默。故选C项。
点睛：我们在做阅读理解时，尽量找出每段的主讲内容（可能是一句话或是一个短语），这样有利于整篇
文章的把握，有利于做文章大意题。如35题，很显然本文讲的不是重要性也不是方法更不是沉默，所以
ABD都可以轻松排除。
Passage 2
【2018年全国Ⅲ卷】Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often
assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own
kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked.
Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother
was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used
when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金）(our kindergarten daughter is serious about
becoming a doctor)
For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how dowe train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to
test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I
expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball-
simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on
it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to
move on to lunch.
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My
little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.
32. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. The more, the better. B. Enough is enough.
C. More money, more worries. D. Earn more and spend more.
33. What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?
A. Saving up for her holiday B. Raising money for a poor girl
C. Adding the money to her fund D. Giving the money to a sick mother
34. Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?
A. To try out an idea
B. To show a parent's love
C. To train his attention
D. To help him start a hobby
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Take It or Leave It B. A Lesson from Kids
C. Live More with Less D. The Pleasure of Giving
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. A 35. C
【解析】这是一片夹叙夹议文。文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐的做
法。
32. 词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句…I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more
with less可以推断出，人们通常认为越多越好。故选A。
33. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we
promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)可知，当我们承诺给她把卖玩具的钱放到她的教育基金
里时，她同意卖玩具。故选C。
34. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for bothof us.表明，跟Shepherd玩球是为了测试自己的一种想法是否可行。故选A。
35. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段可知，作者想要教会孩子how to live more with less，而二三段是作者的
尝试，故C作标题适合。
【点睛】 高考中词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断，既可以是
生词意义，也可以是熟词新意；还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短
语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测
尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。词义猜测主要的解题策略有：语境猜词、语法猜词和常识猜词。
语境既上下文。由于上下文中的生词不是孤立存在的，其词义与句中其它词的词义或具体的语境有着
密切的联系。因此在阅读过程中，许多生词的词义可以充分利用上下文中相关的词汇，短语并结合具体的
语境来推测。此题中第一题为词义猜测题。根据文章第一段的第三句the good news is that I can …可以推断
出，前后语义相反，后句中是live more with less，所以前句应该是“越多越好”的意思。
Passage 3
【2018年北京卷】 Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from
materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles
began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared
the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services.
California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities
across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long
it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse,
depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so),
policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排
放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make
sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where
most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed
highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They
take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for
parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus.The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have
already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars
worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80%
and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and
cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be
fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance
issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become
comfortable with the technology. zxxk
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t
extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological
advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more
people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
47. According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment
D. make some people lose jobs
48. As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern?
A. Safety. B. Side effects.
C. Affordability. D. Management.
49. What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Employed. B. Replaced.
C. Shared. D. Reduced.
50. What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful. B. Positive.
C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic.
【答案】47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B
【解析】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。
47. 推理判断题。根据第二段While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless
cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce trafficjams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. 可知，政策制定者应该讨论
无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该
多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选A。
48. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our
transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. 可
知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如
何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。
49. 词义猜测题。根据第四段The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded
by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance
issues(责任与维护问题). 可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会
被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A. Employed被应用；B. Replaced被取代；C.
Shared被分享；D. Reduced被减少。故选A。
50. 观点态度题。根据文章最后一段The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and
states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the
future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 中的 advancement，move more people, and more affordably. 以
及plan for it可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选B。
点睛：根据用词风格，推断情感态度。一篇好的文章，其用词风格常常直接流露或蕴含作者的内心世界和
情感态度。所以阅读时要善于捕捉表达或暗示情感态度的词句或短语，捕捉那些烘托气氛，渲染情感的词
句，进而很好地洞察作者的思想倾向，是支持、反对抑或中立？对于选项而言，要分清选项中的褒义词、
中性词和贬义词，以此对照全文。
如本题最后一题为观点态度题，根据文中reduce carbon emissions，cut the cost of transportation
infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% ，appealing，comfortable，advancement，move more people, and
more affordably. ，等词汇可以推断出作者对无人驾驶汽车持积极态度。故选B。
Passage 4
【2018年江苏卷】In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有) a special meat
soup called consommé. Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze's chain shops also set a new standard for
dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.
Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that
influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their platesmatched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers
recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.
Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn't tell how much they'd
had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they
were just as ready for dessert.
Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food
places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and
order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特).When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners
spent more. Fast music hurried diners out.
Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer and spent
more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.
Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding. high prices — don't
necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next to the kitchen door, say — spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It
can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly concerned about ‘bad’ tables," given that they're
profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant's reputation, suggesting great
food at fair prices. And doubling a buffet's price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
58. The underlined phrase "none the wiser" in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were
.
A. not aware of eating more than usual
B. not willing to share food with others
C. not conscious of the food quality
D. not fond of the food provided
59. How could a fine dining shop make more profit?
A. Playing classical music.
B. Introducing lemon scent.
C. Making the light brighter,
D. Using plates of larger size.
60. What does the last paragraph talk about?
A. Tips to attract more customers.
B. Problems restaurants are faced with.
C. Ways to improve restaurants' reputation.D. Common misunderstandings about restaurants.
【答案】58. A 59. A 60. D
【解析】本文为议论文，介绍了现代餐馆面临的经营困境和解决方案，介绍了刺激消费和食欲的几种方法，
以及人们对餐厅就餐的一些错误认识。
58. 词义猜测题。根据文章第三段划线部分的前句they couldn't tell how much they'd had: those given extra-
large shares ate more than everyone else,可知在黑暗中，他们说不清自己吃了多少，再根据划线后 的句子
they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.可知他们虽然吃得很多，但并没有感觉更饱，仍
然在等着吃甜点，所以他们没有意识到自己吃多了，所以A正确。
59. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on
some Mozart(莫扎特）可知，要想让客人呆的时间更长应该播放莫扎特等古典音乐而不是流行音乐。
Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer and spent more
than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.引入薰衣草香而不是柠檬香，而D项文章没有提及，所以用排除方
法可以选A。
60. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段第一句Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending
—"bad" tables, crowding，high prices — don't necessarily.可知你认为可能会影响人们消费的因素如不好的桌
子，拥挤以及高价等不一定会真影响人们的消费，然后依次举例进行了证明，所以本段主要讲的是人们对
于饭店的几个误解，故选D。
点睛：概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来
概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容
词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一
些转折词，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点
时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。
本题的最后一题是主旨大意类，要求概括本段的主旨大意，根据寻找主旨大意的方法，通过阅读第一
句话可以简单地总结出主旨大意为人们对于饭店的几个误解。在通过阅读下文可以找到支持这一观点的例
子，因此可以确定主旨大意。
Passage 5
【2018年江苏卷】Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-
worth, a major study warned.
It found many youngsters(少年）now measure their status by how much public approval they get online, often
through “likes”. Some change their behaviour in real life to improve their image on the web.The report into youngsters aged from 8 to 12 was carried out by Children's Commissioner (专员）Anne
Longfield. She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks, with some youngsters
starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online.
Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least
13.The youngsters admitted planning trips around potential photo-opportunities and then messaging friends—and
friends of friends — to demand “likes” for their online posts.
The report found that youngsters felt their friendships could be at risk if they did not respond to social media
posts quickly, and around the clock.
Children aged 8 to 10 were "starting to feel happy" when others liked their posts. However, those in the 10 to
12 age group were "concerned with how many people like their posts", suggesting a “need” for social recognition
that gets stronger the older they become.
Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up "worried about their appearance and
image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off
due to the constant demands of social media.
She said: "Children are using social media with family and friends and to play games when they are in primary
school. But what starts as fun usage of apps turns into tremendous pressure in real social media interaction at
secondary school."
As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was "hugely
damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop
themselves".
Miss Longfield added: "Then there is this push to connect—if you go offline, will you miss something, will
you miss out, will you show that you don't care about those people you are following, all of those come together in
a huge way at once." "For children it is very, very difficult to cope with emotionally." The Children's Commissioner
for England's study—life in Likes—found that children as young as 8 were using social media platforms largely for
play.
However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed
toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.
By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image
online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.
However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incompetence theymight feel if they compared themselves to celebrities(名人）or more brilliant friends online. The report said they
also faced pressure to respond to messages at all hours of the day—especially at secondary school when more
youngsters have mobile phones.
The Children’s Commissioner said schools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the
emotional minefield(雷区）they faced online. And she said social media companies must also "take more
responsibility". They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they
should adjust their websites to the needs of younger users.
Javed Khan, of children's charity Bamardo's, said: "It's vital that new compulsory age- appropriate relationship
and sex education lessons in England should help equip children to deal with the growing demands of social media.
“It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.”
65. Why did some secondary school students feel too much pressure?
A. They were not provided with adequate equipment.
B. They were not well prepared for emotional risks.
C. They were required to give quick responses.
D. They were prevented from using mobile phones.
66. Some social app companies were to blame because .
A. they didn't adequately check their users' registration
B. they organized photo trips to attract more youngsters
C. they encouraged youngsters to post more photos
D. they didn't stop youngsters from staying up late
67. Children's comparing themselves to others online may lead to .
A. less friendliness to each other
B. lower self-identity and confidence
C. an increase in online cheating
D. a stronger desire to stay online
68. According to Life in Likes, as children grew, they became more anxious to .
A. circulate their posts quickly
B. know the qualities of their posts
C. use mobile phones for play
D. get more public approval
69. What should parents do to solve the problem?A. Communicate more with secondary schools.
B. Urge media companies to create safer apps.
C. Keep track of children's use of social media.
D. Forbid their children from visiting the web.
70. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. The influence of social media on children.
B. The importance of social media to children.
C. The problem in building a healthy relationship.
D. The measure to reduce risks from social media.
【答案】65. B 66. A 67. B 68. D 69. C 70. A
【解析】本文为议论文，主要介绍了社交媒体(social media ) 使得8-12 岁的孩子面临很多压力，并分析了
原因，提出了建议。
65. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句话She said social media firms were exposing children to major
emotional risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure
they faced online.可知一些社会媒体公司使孩子们处于大的情感压力下，从而使孩子们感到巨大的压力，故
B正确。
66. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句话Some social apps were popular among the children even though
they supposedly require users to be at least 13.可知一些apps 很受孩子们欢迎，尽管它们要求使用者不低于13
岁，言外之意，他们没有对孩子的年龄进行监管，故选A。
67. 细节理解题。根据文章第九段children compared themselves to others online in a way that was "hugely
damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop
themselves".可知孩子在网上与其他人比较损害他们的自尊心，自信心以及自我发展的能力，故B正确。
68. 推理判断题。根据文章第12段However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—
suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.可知随着孩子年龄的增
长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据13段By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were
already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the
report found.可以推断出他们的压力源于他们渴望自己的发帖能受欢迎、被认可，由此可见他们渴望得到公
众的认可。故选D。
69. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are
using.可以推断出父母需要了解孩子在使用什么apps，所以应该时刻跟踪了解孩子对于社交app的使用。故选C。
70. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their
sense of self-worth, a major study warned.可知本文为新闻报道体，文章主要介绍teens 变得越来越依赖社交
媒体。再根据全文内容可知文章主要介绍了社交媒体对孩子的影响，所以A正确。
点睛：推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推
理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，
在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之
音”。推理判断题常常可以分为如下几类：（1）细节推断。如时间、地点、人物关系等；（2）逻辑推断。
根据已知的结果推断导致结果产生的可能原因；（3）目的、意图、态度推断。根据文章的论述，推断作
者的写作目的以及作者情感态度；（4）预测想象推断。文章没有明确说明，要求根据语篇对文章可能涉
及的内容进行预测判断。
本题的第二和第四小题都属于细节推理，解答此类题目首先要准确定位信息句，然后根据信息句进行合理
判断，如第二小题根据原文信息Some social apps were popular among the children even though they
supposedly require users to be at least 13.中关键信息为even though 后的内容，即尽管他们要求使用者要13
岁以上，但在小于13的孩子中仍很受欢迎，说明他们的监管不力。
再如第四小题也属于细节推理题。根据文章第12段However, the research—involving eight groups of 32
children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.
可知随着孩子年龄的增长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据13段By the time they started secondary school—at
age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their
posts were popular, the report found.可以推断出他们的压力源于他们渴望自己的发帖能受欢迎，被认可，由
此可见他们渴望得到公众的认可。
Passage 6
【2018年天津卷】Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers
can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering
these questions.
Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination,
newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children
become unclear; we are numb(麻木的) to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world
around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. Thisblocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that
we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We
reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a
hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first.
Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers
who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crowned kinglet" and checked it off.
They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.
The pressures of "time" and "destination" are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who
were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to
wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they
said. They seemed bent on their destinations.
Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take
in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your
life.
51. According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more ________.
A. anxious to do wonders
B. sensitive to others’ feelings
C. likely to develop unpleasant habits
D. eager to explore the world around them
52. What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3?
A. To avoid jumping to conclusions.
B. To stop complaining all the time.
C. To follow the teacher’s advice.
D. To admit mistakes honestly.
53. The bird watchers’ behavior shows that they ________.
A. are very patient in their observation
B. are really fascinated by nature
C. care only about the names of birds
D. question the accuracy of the field guides
54. Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey?
A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive to them.B. They focus on arriving at the camp in time.
C. The forest in the dark is dangerous for them.
D. They are keen to see rare birds at the destination.
55. In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should ________.
A. fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world
B. get rid of some bad habits in our daily life
C. open our mind to new things and ideas
D. try our best to protect nature
【答案】51. D 52. A 53. C 54. B 55. A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。我们有多久没有仔细观察我们周围的世界了。作者通过此文要告诉我们：放
慢脚步，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。
51. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s
day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder.可知，与成人相比较，孩子观察得更多，孩子的一天充满了
魔力、新奇和惊奇。从而可以推断出孩子更急于探索他们周围的世界。故选D。
52. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段作者叙述在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅行穿过一条小溪的时候，
学生们抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为了向读者传递这样
的观念：避免过早下结论。故选A。
53. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段全段及首句Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us
have with naming things.可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。故选C。
54. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with
just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see
what’s around them.可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。故选B。
55. 推理判断题。文章作者想要通过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，带着我
们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙吧。故选A。
2017年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2017年浙江卷】Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new
survey(调查)by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school
nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-
olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest; most of them sleep about 18
hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new
National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess
what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.
"More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会)to stay awake, with more
homework, the Internet and the phone," says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical
School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and
sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not
only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before
11 pm.
Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school
classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am
to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.
25.What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?
A. American kids’ sleeping habits. B. Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases.
C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness. D. Learning problems and lack of sleep.
26.How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?
A.7 hours. B.8 hours. C.10 hours. D.18 hours.
27.Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?
A. They are affected by certain body chemicals.
B. They tend to do things that excite them.
C. They follow their parents’ examples.
D. They don’t need to go to school early.
【解析】试题分析：本文属于议论文，首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子的睡眠状况堪忧，接着告诉我们孩子
在不同年龄段需要的睡眠时间不同，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更
多的睡眠时间而推迟了上课的时间。
25. A 【解析】细节理解题。文中第一段列举了一些数据，向我们说明美国有51%的10到18岁的孩子上
床睡觉的时间偏晚，也调查了60%的7到12岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着，
所以这些调查都是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的，故选A。
26. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段＂For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal＂可知11岁正在上学的小孩子的理想睡眠时间是10个小时，故选C。
27. B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段＂She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and
make it hard for them to calm down and sleep＂可知她认为孩子们睡觉晚的原因是他们会在睡前做一些
让他们兴奋的活动，故选B。
Passage 2
【2017年浙江卷】FLORENCE, Italy — Svetlana Cojochru feels hurt. The Moldovan has lived here seven
years as a caregiver to Italian kids and the elderly, but in order to stay she’s had to prove her language skills by
taking a test which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad.
Italy is the latest Western European country trying to control a growing immigrant(移民)population by
demanding language skills in exchange for work permits, or in some cases, citizenship.
Some immigrant advocates worry that as hard financial times make it more difficult for natives to keep jobs,
such measures will become more a vehicle for intolerance than integration(融合).Others say it’s only natural that
newcomers learn the language of their host nation, seeing it as a condition to ensure they can contribute to society.
Other European countries laid down a similar requirement for immigrants, and some terms are even tougher.
The governments argue that this will help foreigners better join the society and promote understanding across
cultures.
Italy, which has a much weaker tradition of immigration, has witnessed a sharp increase in immigration in
recent years. In 1990, immigrants numbered some 1.14 million out of Italy’s then 56.7 million people, or about 2
percent. At the start of this year, foreigners living in Italy amounted to 4.56 million of a total population of 60.6
million, or 7.5 percent, with immigrants’ children accounting for an ever larger percentage of births in Italy.
Cojochru, the Moldovan caregiver, hoped obtaining permanent residence (居住权) would help her bring her
two children to Italy; they live with her sister in Moldova, where salaries are among the lowest in Europe. She was
skeptical that the language requirement would encourage integration.
Italians always "see me as a foreigner," an outsider, even though she’s stayed in the country for years and can
speak the local language fluently, she said.
28.Why does Cojochru have to take a language test?
A. To continue to stay in Italy. B. To teach her children Italian.
C. To find a better job in Italy. D. To better mix with the Italians.
29.Some people worry that the new language requirement may .
A. reduce Italy’s population quickly B. cause conflicts among people
C. lead to financial difficulties D. put pressure on schools30.What do we know about Cojochru?
A. She lives with her sister now in Italy.
B. She enjoys learning the Italian language.
C. She speaks Italian well enough for her job.
D. She wishes to go back to her home country.
【解析】试题分析：本文属于夹叙夹议文，首先叙述了一个叫Svetlana Cojochru的摩尔多瓦人移民到意大
利，但为了能够继续留在意大利，她必须进行语言测试；接着向我们阐述对外来人进行语言测试的原因以
及对此的不同声音，然后介绍了意大利的移民史，最后告诉我们 Cojochru的居住现状：工资水平很低，而
且虽然在意大利生活多年，但意大利本地居民仍会把她当作外国人来看。
28. A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的＂but in order to stay she’s had to prove her language skills by
taking a test…＂可知，Cojochru是为了能够继续留在意大利才要参加语言考试的，故选A。
29. B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中的＂such measures will become more a vehicle for intolerance than
integration＂可知一些人担心对语言水平的要求可能会引起人与人之间的不包容，即冲突，故选B。
30. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的＂even though she’s stayed in the country for years and can
speak the local language fluently＂可知Cojochru的意大利语已经说的得很流利了，故选C。
Passage 3
【2017年北京卷】Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer
robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become
extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known
mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: ＂If we
use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干
预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really
desire.＂
A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living
things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it
something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot
achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of
fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even
killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind ofglobal chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our
own, with the real world as the chessboard.
The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer
scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to
answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems
unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super
intelligent machines.
Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.
There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the
problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that
humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless
machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just ＂switch them off＂ as if super intelligent
machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never
happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, ＂Anyone
who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.＂ However, on
September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.
67. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ____________.
A. run out of human control
B. satisfy human’s real desires
C. command armies of killer robots
D. work faster than a mathematician
68. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to
____________.
A. prevent themselves from being destroyed
B. achieve their original goals independently
C. do anything successfully with given orders
D. beat humans in international chess matches
69. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to ____________.
A. help super intelligent machines work betterB. be secure against evil human beings
C. keep machines from being harmed
D. avoid robots’ affecting the world
70. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?
A. It will disappear with the development of AI.
B. It will get worse with human interference.
C. It will be solved but with difficulty.
D. It will stay for a decade.
【答案】67 A 68 A 69 D 70 C
【解析】试题分析：本文主要介绍了人工智能及它给我们的生活带来的影响。
67. 推理判断题。根据第一段The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may
become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.可知人工智能可能会
出现的真正问题是AI会非常擅长取得某个成就而不是我们真正想要的东西，也就是说 AI可能会超出
人的控制去做一些事情，故选A。
68. 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we
usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence.可知，原因是保护它自己的
存在的一种愿望，也就是说，它具有有生命的物体的一种品质是因为它要保护自己不被破坏，继续存
在下去，故选A。
69. 推理判断题。根据第三段using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real
world.可知可以用防火墙来回答那些困难的问题但是却永远不要让他们影响这个真正的现实世界，所
以选D。
70. 推理判断题。根据最后一段 Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be
possible but not easy.可知作者认为解决人工智能机器的安全问题是可能的，但是并不容易，也就是很
困难，故选C。
Passage 4
【2017年江苏卷】Old Problem, New Approaches
While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will continue for some decades after
CO emissions(排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today, we would still face the challenge
2
of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.
When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore
not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part atleast, the US National Climate Assessment says that: "There is no ‘one-size fits all’ adaptation." Nevertheless, there
are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.
Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries. Floods have
become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw
only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health
clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating
connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level:
his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.
Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous
region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers(冰川) there due to global warming
represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it
can damage crops. Norphel’s inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed.
He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice
supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has
stored about 200,000m3of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphel’s ice reserves will not last
forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be
able to find other means of adapting.
Increasing Earth’s reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of
greenhouses(which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the
region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This
example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming
process.
In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have
begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving
ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of "100 ideas to save
the planet".
More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in
western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade
declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like
this — either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But somesuggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the battle to control carbon
pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it’s a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.
Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the
most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we
adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.
65. The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies .
A. adaptation is an ever-changing process
B. the cost of adaptation varies with time
C. global warming affects adaptation forms
D. adaptation to climate change is challenging
66. What is special with regard to Rezwan’s project?
A. The project receives government support.
B. Different organizations work with each other.
C. His organization makes the best of a bad situation.
D. The project connects flooded roads and highways.
67. What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?
A. Storing ice for future use.
B. Protecting the glaciers from melting.
C. Changing the irrigation time.
D. Postponing the melting of the glaciers.
68. What do we learn from the Peru example?
A. White paint is usually safe for buildings.
B. The global warming trend cannot be stopped.
C. This country is heating up too quickly.
D. Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.
69. According to the author, polluting industries should .
A. adapt to carbon pollution B. plant highly profitable crops
C. leave carbon emission alone D. fight against carbon pollution
70. What’s the author’s preferred solution to global warming?
A. Setting up a new standard. B. Reducing carbon emission.
C. Adapting to climate change. D. Monitoring polluting industries.【答案】65. A 66. C 67. A 68.D 69.D 70. B
【解析】文章大意：文章关注的是我们熟悉的话题——气候变暖，不同的是，文章给出了一些应对气
候变暖的新途径。
65.A 【解析】考查句意理解。根据上文中的"We are therefore...but to a constantly shifting set of
conditions"可知，对于不断变化的环境，没有一个通用的方法来解决所有这样的问题。故画线部分
暗示的是适应环境也是一个不断变化的过程。故A正确。
66.C 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段首句可知，世界范围内尤其是一些贫穷地区的人们使用了令人
意想不到的方法去适应环境的改变，化劣势为优势，再结合下文的内容可知，Rezwan就是这么做的，
故答案为C。
67.A 【解析】考查细节理解。由第四段中的"...He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it
froze， and was stored until the spring..."可知，他把水引入盆地，水在那里结冰并被存储到春天使用，
故A正确。
68.D 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第六段的内容可知，在秘鲁当地的农民会把整个山峰涂成白色来增强
对阳光的反射，希望借此来保护冰不被融化，再结合第五段的内容可知，反射太阳光可能会减轻全
球变暖，故D项正确。
69.D 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第七段中的"When the polluting industries argue that we’ve lost the battle
to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt"可知，污染行业辩称因为人们没有赢得治理
碳污染的战役，只能适应，再结合下文的"it’s a nonsense designed to make the case for business as
usual"可知，作者认为污染行业的这种说法是荒谬的，其目的是给自己的商业行为制造借口。由此
可推知，对于污染行业来说，负责任的做法是同碳污染抗争，以减少碳排放，故D正确。
70.B 【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段第二句"But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to
adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution"可知，作者认为最明智的应对全球变暖的方法是
减少碳排放，故B正确。
Passage 5
【2017年天津卷】I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are
we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the
issue, let’s take a look at three types of “waits”.
The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait. It is without doubt the most annoying of
all. Take filling up the kitchen sink(洗碗池) as an example. There is absolutely nothing you can do while
this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it’s full. During these waits, the brain slipsaway from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your
socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.
A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly
preparing packaged noodle soup requires a Forced Wait. Directions are very specific. “Bring three cups
of water to boil, add mix, simmer three minutes, remove from heat, let stand five minutes.” I have my
doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly. After all, Forced Waiting requires
patience.
Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This type of wait is unusual in
that it is for the most part voluntary. Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your
lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.
Turning one’s life into a waiting game requires faith and hope, and is strictly for the optimists
among us. On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes, but the
Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it. As long as one doesn’t come to rely on it,
wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody.
We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting. The next time you’re standing at the sink
waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you’ll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out
of the sky, don’t be desperate. You’re probably just as busy as the next guy.
51. While doing a Watched-Pot Wait, we tend to ___________.
A. keep ourselves busy
B. get absent-minded
C. grow anxious
D. stay focused
52. What is the difference between the Forced Wait and the Watched-Pot Wait?
A. The Forced Wait requires some self-control.
B. The Forced Wait makes people passive.
C. The Watched-Pot Wait needs directions.
D. The Watched-Pot Wait engages body and brain.
53. What can we learn about the Lucky-Break Wait?
A. It is less voluntary than the Forced Wait.
B. It doesn’t always bring the desired result.C. It is more fruitful than the Forced Wait.
D. It doesn’t give people faith and hope.
54. What does the author advise us to do the next time we are waiting?
A. Take it seriously.
B. Don’t rely on others.
C. Do something else.
D. Don’t lose heart.
55. The author supports his view by ____________.
A. exploring various causes of “waits”
B. describing detailed processes of “waits”
C. analyzing different categories of “waits”
D. revealing frustrating consequences of “waits”
【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。文章主要通过介绍三种不同种类的等待来论述我们花费大量的时间来
等待，而且作者陈述了自己的观点，即充满希望和信念地等待。
51.B 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段的句子During these waits, the brain slips away from the body
and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This
kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless. 可知选B。
52.A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段内容，尤其是 This one requires a bit of discipline. 及After all,
Forced Waiting requires patience. 可知选A。
53.B 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第四段的句子 Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting
for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.可知选B。
54.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段第二句可以判断出下次当我们等待的时候作者建议我们不要灰
心、绝望。故选D。
55.C【解析】考查推理判断。通读全文可以知道，作者在二、三、四段列举了三种类型的等待，所以判断
出作者是通过分析不同种类的等待来支持自己的观点的。故选C。
2016年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2016年新课标Ⅲ卷】Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no
news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information isbeing spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-
mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob
stories.
＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,＂ says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of
Pennsylvania. ＂They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your
friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂
Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face
conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean
people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more
good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of
news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the ＂most
e-mailed＂ list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more
likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want
to share this positive feeling with others.
Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger
or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and
they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger
explains in his new book, ＂Contagious: Why Things Catch On.＂
32. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?
A. News reports. B. Research papers.
C. Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations.
33. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?
A. They’re socially inactive.
B. They’re good at telling stories.
C. They’re inconsiderate of others.
D. They’re careful with their words.
34. Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger’s research?
A. Sports news. B. Science articles.
C. Personal accounts. D. Financial reviews.
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide.
B. Online News Attracts More People.
C. Reading Habits Change with the Times.
D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks.
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. B 35. D
【解析】试题分析：人们常说＂没有消息就是最好的消息＂。类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体，在网络
普及的时代，好消息在网络上的传播速度比坏消息要快很多。
32. A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media＂可知，像＂it
bleeds＂这样的传统说法适用于大众媒体，故选A。
33. C 推理判断题。根据＂you care a lot more how they react＂可知，你非常在乎朋友听完你讲的故事
后的反应，根据＂You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂可知，你不想被当
作一个＂Debbie Downer＂，说明Debbie Downer指的是＂一个不为他人考虑的人＂，故选C。
34. B 细节理解题。根据第三段中的＂articles in the science section were much more likely to make the
list than non-science articles＂可知，科技类的文章比非科技类的更有可能被人们讨论，故选B。
35. D 标题选择题。根据第一段中的＂By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have
found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.＂可知，好消息
在网络上传播得更快，影响更深远，说明文章主要讲的是好消息通过网络的传播，故选D。
Passage 2
【2016年浙江卷】"Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday?" Lindsey whispers to Tori.
With her eyes shining, Tori brags, "You bet I did. Sean told me two days ago."
Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happens to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that
what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren’t very different from most
students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话). I have noticed
three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social
pressures in a group.
An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads
information about a topic — breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out — that a person would rather keep
secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of
gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.
If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of
gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor(传言) can make a person feel important because he orshe knows something that others don’t. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the
"in group." In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority(优
越感).
Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act.
Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high
school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said,
then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The
do’s and don’ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.
The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest
news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your "juicy story" might have.
41.The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to ___________.
A. introduce a topic B. present an argument
C. describe the characters D. clarify his writing purpose
42.An important negative effect of gossip is that it ___________.
A. breaks up relationships B. embarrasses the listener
C. spreads information around D. causes unpleasant experiences
43.In the author’s opinion, many people like to gossip because it ___________.
A. gives them a feeling of pleasure
B. helps them to make more friends
C. makes them better at telling stories
D. enables them to meet important people
44.Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can ___________.
A. provide students with written rules
B. help people watch their own behaviors
C. force schools to improve student handbooks
D. attract the police’s attention to group behaviors
45.What advice does the author give in the passage?
A. Never become a gossiper. B. Stay away from gossipers.
C. Don’t let gossip turn into lies. D. Think twice before you gossip.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传言的危害和人们为什么喜欢传闲话。
41. 【答案】A【解析】根据文章第三段的Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话)可知开头的对话是为了引入本文的主
题， 故选A。
42. 【答案】D
【解析】根据文章第四段的 An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked
about可知其主要危害是会给被讨论的人带来不愉快的经历，故选D。
43. 【答案】A
【解析】根据文章第五段的The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us可知人们散播
传言是因为它会给他们带来满足感，故选A。
44. 【答案】B
【解析】根据文章第六段的Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a
group可知他认为传言能帮助人们监督、观察自身的行为，故选B。
45. 【答案】D
【解析】根据文章最后一段的 The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you
want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have可知作者的建议是让人们在传闲话之前三思而后
行。故选D。
Passage 3
【2016年北京卷】Why College Is Not Home
The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of
adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s
students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.
For previous generations, college was a decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed to
come from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with
and dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some
parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter
of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide
the same environment as that of the home.
To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and
experimentation. This process involves ＂ trying on ＂ new ways of thinking about oneself bother
intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide ＂safe spaces＂ within colleges, we must
also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fosteredby strict debate and questioning.
Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from
the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate
their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger
and complex community.
Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another
characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too
strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to
minimize may actually be encouraged.
It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our
generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict
between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire
for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.
Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of
the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and
self-discovery.
67. What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?
A. Sympathetic. B. Disapproving.
C. Supportive. D. Neutral.
68. The underlined word ＂passage＂ in Paragraph 2 means _________.
A. change B. choice
C. text D. extension
69. According to the author, what role should college play?
A. To develop a shared identity among students.
B. To define and regulate students’ social behavior.
C. To provide a safe world without tension for students.
D. To foster students’ intellectual and personal development.70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?
I: Introduction P:Point Sp:Sub-point(次要点) C:Conclusion
【答案】67. B 68. A 69. D 70. C
【解析】试题分析：大学并不是温暖的家，也不能成为学生的家。大学时期应该是培养自主性和自我同一
性的重要时期，大学是孩子脱离父母控制的决定性时期，因此，学校不应该成为像家庭一样让孩子依赖的
地方。
67. B 观点态度题。根据第一段＂The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in
autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However...＂可知，作者认为，大学不应该成
为孩子们依赖的＂家＂，说明作者不赞成父母继续指导上大学的孩子，故选B。
68. A词义猜测题。根据＂from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility＂可知，从受家庭
的庇护到有自主性和肩负成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故选A。
69. D推理判断题。每个人的个性都是不同的，排除A；根据第四段＂If students rely on administrators to
regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing...＂可知，作者不赞成大学管理者
约束学生的社会行为，排除B；大学不应该是一个无忧无虑的场所，排除C；大学应该是获得知识
和促进学生成长的地方，故选D。
70. C篇章结构题。根据第四段＂Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.＂中的＂equally
important＂和第五段的＂Moreover＂可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要论点，故选C。
Passage 4
【2016年上海卷】 Is there link between humans and climate change or not? This question was first studied in
the early 1900s. Since then, many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference. In 1997, the Kyoto
Protocol explained our role in the Earth’s changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions(排放)from 2008 to 2012. Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020. More recently, the Paris
Agreement, stuck by nearly 200 countries, also aims to limit global warming. But just now how much warmer it
will get depends on how deeply countries cut carbon emissions.
3.5℃
This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to the initial Paris promises to
reduce carbon emissions; this rise could still put coastal cities under water and drive over half of all species
to extinction.
2℃
To meet this minimum goal, the Agreement requires countries to tighten emissions targets every five years.
Even this increase could sink some islands, worse drought(干旱) and drive a decline of up to a third in the
number of species.
1.5℃
This is the most ambitious goal for temperature rise set by the Paris Agreement, after a push by low-lying
island nations like Kiribati, which say limiting temperature rise to 1.5℃ could save them from sinking.
0.8℃
This is how much temperatures have risen since the industrial age began, putting us 40% of the way to the
2℃ point.
0℃
The baseline here is average global temperature before the start of the industrial age.
70. It can be concluded from paragraph 1 that _______.
A. the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020
B. gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countries
C. the Paris Agreements is more influential than the Kyoto Protocol
D. humans have made continuous efforts to slow down global warming
71. If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement, what would happen by the year 2100?
A. The human population would increase by one third.
B. Little over 50% of all species would still exist.
C. Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets.
D. The Agreement’s minimum goal would not be reached.
72. If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive, the maximum temperature rise, since the start ofthe industrial age, should be_______.
A. 0.8℃ B. 1.5℃
C. 2℃ D. 3.5℃
【答案】70. D 71. D 72. B
【解析】试题分析：本文介绍了人们一直努力减少温室气体的排放，并设立了到2100年我们应该达成的目
标以及达成目标要符合的条件。
70.D 推理判断题。根据文章第一段第三句至第六句＂Since then, many scientists have thought that our actions
do make a difference. In 1997, the Kyoto ......stuck by nearly 200 countries, also aims to limit global warming.＂
可知自从20世纪早期开始人类就一直在努力减少温室气体的排放，希望能减缓全球变暖的趋势。故 D项
正确。
71.D 推理判断题。根据文章第二段This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to
the initial Paris promises to reduce carbon emissions…可知如果各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求，到
2100年气温会比现在高三度。而根据第三段To meet this minimum goal可知最小的目标是上升两度。也就
是说即使各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求，也达不到最小的目标。故D正确。
72.B 细节理解题。根据第四段1.5℃中的This is the most ambitious goal for temperature rise set by the Paris
Agreement, after a push by low-lying island nations like Kiribati, which say limiting temperature rise to 1.5℃
could save them from sinking.可知对于那些低海拔的国家来说温度上升不超过1.5度，就可以避免他们被淹
没。故B正确。
Passage 5
【2016年四川卷】If you could have one superpower, what would it be?
Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may
sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life .
Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the
world.
They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of
others.
We’re not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor. Your lives are busy enough doing
homework, playing sports, making friends, seeking after your dreams. But we do think that you can live a more
powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself. Find an issue
you are interested in and learn more. Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause. Whatever you do,don’t be a bystander. Get involved. You may have the opportunity to make your biggest difference when you’re
older. But why not start now?
Our own experience working together on health, development, and energy the last twenty years has been one
of the most rewarding parts of our lives. It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how
much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.
24.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Your life style. B. Your life value.
C. Your trouble in life. D. Your life experience.
25.Why does the author say they are inspired every day?
A. They possess different kinds of superpowers.
B. They have got the power to change the world.
C. Some people around them are making the world better.
D. There are many powerful people in their life and work.
26.What does the author stress in Paragraph 5?
A. Learning more and contributing more to a cause.
B. Rising above self and acting to help others.
C. Working hard to get a bigger opportunity.
D. Trying your best to help the poor.
27.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.
B. Much more progress will be made in the near future.
C. The work on health is the most valuable experience.
D. People’s efforts have been materially rewarded.
【答案】24.B 25.C 26.B 27.A
【解析】试题分析：本文以虚拟语气的问句形式开头，鼓励人们奉献自己的一些时间和精力去帮助别人，
最穷人的生活将会变得更好。
24.B 词义猜测题。此处是说，梦想着能读懂别人心思，看穿墙，或者拥有超能力，这些可能听起来很荒唐，
但是实际上它是你生活的价值的核心。故选B。
25.C 细节理解题。根据第三段 Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing
extraordinary things to improve the world.可知每天在我们的工作中，我们会受到一些人的鼓舞，他们在做一
些特别的事情来改善世界。故选C。26.B 推理判断题。综合第五段内容可知，作者想要告诉我们，提升自己，行动起来帮助别人。故选B。
27.A 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，它已经改变了我们是谁，并将在以后的这些年里继续点燃
我们对改善穷人生活的乐观情绪。故选A。
Passage 6
【2016 年天津卷】Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is
nothing more tiring than not succeeding.
We experience this tiredness in two ways: as start-up fatigue(疲惫) and performance fatigue. In the
former case, we keep putting off a task because it has either too boring or too difficult. And the longer
we delay it, the more tired we feel.
Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if not actually physical, not something in our muscles and
bones. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always handle the most difficult job
first.
Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous authors. Applying my
own rule, I determined to write them in alphabetical order(按字母顺序), never letting myself leave out a
tough idea. And I always started the day’s work with the difficult task of essay-writing. Experience
proved that the rule works.
Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we cannot seem to do
the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we work, we fail again and again. In
such a situation, I work as hard as I can — then let the unconscious take over.
When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica (《大英百科全书》), I had to create a table of contents
based on the topics of its articles. Nothing like this had ever been done before, and day after day I kept
coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My fatigue became almost unbearable.
One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could not be solved. I
tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself, not with me. Relieved, I sat back
in an easy chair and fell asleep.
An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind. In the weeks that followed, the
solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at every step. Though I worked as
hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as exciting as failure had been depressing.
Human beings, I believe must try to succeed. Success, then, means never feeling tired.
51. People with start-up fatigue are most likely to _____________.A. delay tasks B. work hard C. seek help D. accept failure
52. What does the author recommend doing to prevent start-up fatigue?
A. Writing essays in strict order. B. Building up physical strength.
C. Leaving out the toughest ideas. D. Dealing with the hardest task first.
53. On what occasion does a person probably suffer from performance fatigue?
A. Before starting a difficult task.
B. When all the solutions fail.
C. If the job is rather boring.
D. After finding a way out.
54. According to the author, the unconscious mind may help us _____________.
A. ignore mental problems B. get some nice sleep
C. gain complete relief D. find the right solution
55. What could be the best title for the passage?
A. Success Is Built upon Failure
B. How to Handle Performance Fatigue
C. Getting over Fatigue: A Way to Success
D. Fatigue: An Early Sign of Health Problems
【语篇解读】这是一篇夹叙夹议文章。文章主要介绍每个人都希望成功，但是人们在实施任务的时候会出
现启动疲惫和表现疲惫，这是造成失败的两种原因，并介绍了如何克服这两种疲惫。
51.A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段的句子In the former case, we keep putting off a task可知，有
启动疲惫的人更可能拖延任务。故选A。
52.D 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段的句子 The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to
apply: always handle the most difficult job first可知，为了防止启动疲惫，作者建议首先处理最难的任
务。故选D。
53.B【解析】考查细节理解。根据第五段的句子Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle可知，当
所有的解决方法都失败的时候，一个人可能会有表现疲惫。故选B。
54.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第五段的最后一句话可知，无意识的行为可能帮助我们发现正确的解决
方法。故选D。
55.C【解析】考查标题归纳。根据全篇文章，尤其是最后一段的内容可知，文章主要介绍造成失败的两种
疲惫以及如何克服疲惫。故选C。
2015年阅读理解议论文Passage1
【2015 年新课标Ⅱ卷】More students than ever before are taking a gap year(间隔年) before going to
university. It used to be the “year off” between school and university. The gap-year phenomenon originated(起源)
with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next
academic year.
This year, 25,310 students who have accepted places in higher education institutions have put off their entry
until next year, according to statistics on university entrance provided by the University and College Admissions
Service (UCAS).
That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year. Tony Higgins from UCAS said
that the statistics are good news for everyone in higher education. “Students who take a well-planned year out are
more likely to be satisfied with, and complete, their chosen course. Students who take a gap year are often more
mature and responsible,” he said.
But not everyone is happy. Owain James, the president of the National Union of Students (NUS), argued that
the increase is evidence of student hardship – young people are being forced into earning money before finishing
their education. “New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to￡15,000 in debt. It is not
surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree.
NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to work during term time and the figure increases to 90%
during vacating periods,” he said.
29. What do we learn about the gap year from the text?
A. It is flexible in length.
B. It is a time for relaxation
C. It is increasingly popular
D. It is required by universities
30. According to Tony Higgins. students taking a gap year ____.
A. are better prepared for college studies
B. know a lot more about their future job
C. are more likely to leave university in debt
D. have a better chance to enter top universities
31. How does Owain James feel about the gap-year phenomenon?
A. He’s puzzled
B. He’s worried
C. He’s surprisedD. He’s annoyed
32. What would most students do on their vacation according to NUS statistics?
A. Attend additional courses.
B. Make plans for the new term
C. Earn money for their education
D. Prepare for their graduate studies
【解析】试题分析: 本文提到大学的学费高使得很多大学生在上学学前就要先去挣钱然后再上大学学习。
这样的好处是让学生更珍惜大学的时光，更成熟有责任感。但是也给人们带来了思考。
29.C 推理判断题。由短文第一段 More students than ever before are taking a gap year(间隔年) before
going to university.可知，过间隔年学生比以前多了，第二段第一句话 That is a record 14.7% increase in
the number (of students taking a gap year.可知体验间隔年数量上升了 14.7%，说明越来越受到欢迎，因
此选 C。
30.A 细节理解题。由人名定位到短文第三段。Students who take a well-planned year out are more likely to be
satisfied with, and complete, their chosen course. Students who take a gap year are often more mature and
responsible,” he said.第三段在说它的优点，有间隔年之后再去上大学，会让人更成熟有责任感，对大学的
学习有帮助。故选A。
31.B 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段 But not everyone is happy. 然后提到 Owain，Owain James, the
president of the National Union of Students (NUS), argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship，这证
明学生很难；…more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree.
他说越来越多的学生会在gap year期间是要去挣大学的费用。故选B。
32. C细节理解题。根据文章最后一句话可知：NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to
work during term time and the figure increases to 90% during vacating periods,” 数据表明，40%多的学生在学
校兼职，90%的学生要在假期打工挣学费。
Passage 2
【2015年浙江卷】If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars，we would go in
darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal(夜间活动的) species
on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun's light. This is a basic
evolutionary fact, even though most of us don't think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it's the only way to
explain what we've done to the night: We've engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.
The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences — called light pollution — whose effects
scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, whichallows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky. Ⅲ-designed lighting washes out the darkness of
night and completely changes the light levels — and light rhythms — to which many forms of life, including,
ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life is affected.
In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze(霾) that
mirrors our fear of the dark. We've grown so used to this orange haze that the original glory of an unlit nigh, -
dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadow on Earth, is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory
almost.
We’ve lit up the night as if it were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further from the truth.
Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing, Light is a powerful biological force, and
on many species it acts as a magnet(磁铁). The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and
seabirds being“captured”by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms. Migrating
at night, birds tend to collide with brightly lit tall buildings.
Frogs living near brightly lit highways suffer nocturnal light levels that are as much as a million times
brighter than normal, throwing nearly every aspect of their behavior out of joint, including their nighttime
breeding choruses. Humans are no less trapped by light pollution than the frogs. Like most other
creatures, we do need darkness .Darkness is as essential to our biological welfare, to our internal clockwork, as
light itself.
Living in a glare of our making, we have cut ourselves off from our evolutionary and cultural heritage—the
light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night .In a very real sense, light pollution causes us to lose sight of
our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a
deep night with the Milky Way — the edge of our galaxy — arching overhead.
50. According to the passage, human beings .
A. prefer to live in the darkness
B. are used to living in the day light
C. were curious about the midnight world
D. had to stay at home with the light of the moon
51. What does “it”(Paragraph 1) most probably refer to?
A. The night. B. The moon
C. The sky D. The planet
52. The writer mentions birds and frogs to .A. provide examples of animal protection
B. show how light pollution affects animals
C. compare the living habits of both species
D. explain why the number of certain species has declined
53. It is implied in the last paragraph that .
A. light pollution dose harm to the eyesight of animals
B. light pollution has destroyed some of the world heritages
C. human beings cannot go to the outer space
D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe
54.What might be the best title for the passage?
A. The Magic Light. B. The Orange Haze.
C. The Disappearing Night. D. The Rhythms of Nature.
【解析】试题分析：文章介绍了光污染对于动物和人类的影响，呼吁我们反思我们的行为。
50. B 细节理解题 根据第一段第三行“ with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light眼睛适应了太阳的光
线” 可以知道答案。其中adapted to 和used to 同义，意为习惯于。
53. D 推理题，最后一段的意思是” Living in a glare of our making ,we have cut ourselves off from our
evolutionary and cultural heritage—the light of the stars and the rhythms of day and night .In a very real sense
light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is
best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way—the edge of our galaxy arching
overhead.生活在一个刺眼世界，我们已经远离了进化和文化遗产：星星和昼夜节律的光。在一个非常真
实的意义上，光污染使我们在宇宙中失去真我，而这些失去的正好就是最好的测量银河系银河深夜的工
具。“ 根据语意，不难得出答案是D. human beings should reflect on their position in the universe 人类应该
反思自己的行为。但此题易错选B，之所以不选B是因为some of 的表达是扩大了说法，以偏概全。
54. C 标题题，根据，文章出现最多的就是light和night, 我们可以知道答案是C。之所以不选A，是因为它所使用的形容词Magic意思是奇幻的，这个单词具有褒义的意思。而C选项的disappearing 是消失的，
这符合本文的语境，让我们反思。
Passage 3
【2015年重庆卷】
Join the discussion…
LakeLander ·2 hours ago
Today, a man talked very loud on his phone on a train between Malvern and Reading, making many
passengers upset. I wonder how he would react if I were to read my newspaper out loud on the train, I have never
had the courage to do it, though.
Pak50 ·57 minutes ago
Why not give it a try? Perhaps you should take lessons on a musical instrument. The late musician Dennis
Brian is said to have asked a fellow train passenger to turn off his radio. When his request was refused, he took out
his French horn(号) and started to practice.
Angie O’Edema·42 minutes ago
I don’t see how musical instruments can help improve manners in public. Don’t do to others what you
wouldn’t like to be done to yourself. Once, a passenger next to me talked out loud on his mobile phone. I left my
seat quietly, giving him some privacy to finish his conversation. He realized this and apologised to me. When his
phone rang again later, he left his seat to answer it. You see, a bit of respect and cooperation can do the job better.
Taodas ·29 minutes ago
I did read my newspaper out loud on a train, and it turned out well. The guy took it in good part, and we
chatted happily all the way to Edinbergh.
Sophie 76 ·13minutes agoI have not tried reading my newspaper out loud on a train, but, several years ago, I read some chapters from
Harry Porter to my bored and noisy children. Several passengers seemed to appreciate what I did.
44. The passenger made an apology to Angie O’Edema because____.
A. he offered his seat to someone else
B. he spoke very loudly on his phone
C. he refused to talk with Angie
D. he ignored Angie’s request
45. Who once read a newspaper out loud on a train?
A. Pak50. B. Angie O’Edema. C. Taodas. D. Sophie76.
46. What is the discussion mainly about?
A. How to react to bad behavior. B. How to kill time on a train.
C. How to chat with strangers. D. How to make a phone call.
47. Where is the passage most probably taken from?
A. A webpage. B. A newspaper. C. A novel. D. A report.
【解析】试题分析: 主要讲述了Lake Lander在论坛上描述了自己遇到的不文明现象后，众人发表的关于自
己经历的
不文明现象的描述和看法。
46.A 主旨大意。本文主要是对别人的不文明行为如何做出反应的一个讨论，故选A项。
47.A 推断题。本文是篇对于社会现象的讨论，根据出现的讨论的时间，彼此隔开时间不长，可知来自网络，
故选A项。
Passage 4
【2015年北京卷】 Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better.
However, social changes are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.
An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college.
Surveys (调查) on this topic suggests that parents today continue to be ＂very＂or ＂somewhat＂overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the
rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that
today’s parents are trying to manage their children’s lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.
However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their ＂
adult＂ children.
In the context (背景) of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of
parents’ involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with
their college-age children frequently, would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the
possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn’t present a generation ago? Many
studies show that older parents — today’s grandparents — would have called their children more often if the
means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.
Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and
their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor
are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad; it is a fact of
college life, today and in the past.
Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications
well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is
useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to
keep their children under their wings.
67. The surveys inform us of __________.
A. the development of technology
B. the changes of adult children’s behavior
C. the parents’ over-protection of their college children
D. the means and expenses of students’ communication
68. The writer believes that __________.
A. parents today are more protective than those in the past
B. the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantages
[来源:Z,xx,k.Com]
C. technology explains greater involvement with their children
D. parents’ changed attitudes lead to college children’s delayed independence
69. What is the best title for the passage?
A. Technology or Attitude
[来源:学科网ZXXK]B. Dependence or Independence
C. Family Influences or Social Changes
D. College Management or Communication Advancement
70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?
【解析】试题分析：以父母对于上大学的成年子女过度保护的问题为例，提出了科技带来的一些改变容易
被误认为态度的改变的论点。
69.A主旨大意题。由第一段第二句话得出。这种科技的改变容易被误认为态度的改变。第 2-5段讨论到底
是科技还是态度的改变。第6段再次明确表示是科技的改变。故选A。
70.B 文章结构题。文章第一段是introduction，第二段是第一个论点，指出父母在子女生活中参与度提高
的现象。第三段是第二个论点(关键词However)，指出通过调查并不能推断出父母未能对子女放手，分论
点一是科技的进步导致父母对子女生活更多的参与，分论点二(关键词Furthermore)是子女经济不独立导致
父母对子女生活的过多参与。最后一段总结。故选B。
Passage 5【2015 年广东卷】Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes it’s important to distinguish
television’s influences on children from those of the family. We tend to blame TV, he says, for problems it doesn’t
really cause, overlooking our own roles in shaping children’s minds.
One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a child’s ability to think and to understand the world.
While watching TV, children do not merely absorb words and images(影像). Instead, they learn both explicit and
hidden meanings from what they see. Actually, children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows.
Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children understand far more when parents watch TV with them, explaining
new words and ideas. Yet, most parents use an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set
and do something in another room.
Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of entertainment. But according to
Anderson, the amount of time spent watching television is not related to reading ability. TV doesn’t take the place
of reading for most children; it takes the place of similar sorts of recreation, such as listening to the radio and
playing sports. Things like parents’ educational background have a stronger influence on a child’s reading. "A
child’s reading ability is best predicted by how much a parent reads," Anderson says.
Traditional wisdom also has it that heavy television-watching lowers IQ(智商)scores and affects school
performance. But here, too, Anderson notes that no studies have proved it. In fact, research suggests that it’s the
other way around. "If you’re smart young, you’ll watch less TV when you’re older," Anderson says. Yet, people of
lower IQ tend to be lifelong television viewers.
For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to children. However, by showing
that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as conventionally believed, Anderson suggests that television
cannot be condemned without considering other influences.
36.By watching TV, children learn __________.
A. images through words B. more than explicit meanings
C. more about images than words D. little about people’s psychology
37.An educational program is best watched by a child___________.
A. on his own B. with other kids
C. with his parents D. with his teachers
38.Which of the following is most related to children’s reading ability?
A. Radio-listening. B. Television-watching.
C. Parents’ reading list. D. Parents’ educational background.39.Anderson believes that .
A. the more a child watches TV, the smarter he is
B. the younger a child is, the more he watches TV
C. the smarter a child is, the less likely he gets addicted to TV
[来源:Zxxk.Com]
D. the less a child watches TV, the better he performs at school
40.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To advise on the educational use of TV.
B. To describe TV’s harmful effects on children.
C. To explain traditional views on TV influences.
D. To present Anderson’s unconventional ideas.
【解析】试题分析：本文叙述著名心理学家Daniel Anderson对孩子们看电视的看法，打破了以往人们认为
看电视对孩子不好的想法。他认为孩子们看电视不知学到显现出来的东西；父母陪孩子看电视，孩子可以
学到更多知识；孩子看电视并没有代替孩子阅读，并没有影响孩子的智商。
36. B细节理解题。根据第二段的Instead, they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see.可知
孩子们通过看电视，可以学到显性和隐藏的意义，因此不仅仅学到隐藏的意思。故选B。
37. C推理判断题。根据第二段的Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children understand far more when
parents
watch TV with them“孩子们有父母陪着看电视理解的更多”，故推断教育节目最好是父母陪着孩子看。故
选C。
Passage 6
【2015 年湖北卷】“I see you’ve got a bit of water on your coat,” said the man at the petrol
station. “Is it raining out there?””No, it’s pretty nice,” I replied, checking my sleeve. “Oh, right. A
pony(马驹) bit me earlier.”
As it happened, the bite was virtually painless: more the kind of small bite you might get from anaughty child. The pony responsible was queuing up for some ice cream in the car park near Haytor, and
perhaps thought I’d jumped in ahead of him.
The reason why the ponies here are naughty is that Haytor is a tourist-heavy area and tourists are
constantly feeding the ponies foods, despite signs asking them not to. By feeding the ponies, tourists
increase the risk of them getting hit by a car, and make them harder to gather during the area’s annual
pony drift(迁移).
The purpose of a pony drift is to gather them up so their health can be checked, the baby ones can
be stopped from feeding on their mother’s milk, and those who’ve gone beyond their limited area can be
returned to their correct area. Some of them are also later sold, in order to limit the number of ponies
according to the rules set by Natural England.
Three weeks ago, I witnessed a small near-disaster a few miles west of here. While walking, I
noticed a pony roll over on his back. “Hello!” I said to him, assuming he was just rolling for fun, but
he was very still and, as I got closer, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily. I
began to properly worry about him. Fortunately, I managed to get in touch with a Dartmoor’s Livestock
Protection officer and send her a photo. The officer immediately sent a local farmer out to check on the
pony. The pony had actually been trapped between two rocks. The farmer freed him, and he began to run
happily around again.
Dartmoor has 1,000 or so ponies, who play a critical role in creating the diversity of species in this
area. Many people are working hard to preserve these ponies, and trying to come up with plans to find a
sustainable(可持续的) future for one of Dartmoor’s most financially-troubled elements.
51. Why are tourists asked not to feed the ponies?
A. To protect the tourists from being bitten
B. To keep the ponies off the petrol station
C. To avoid putting the ponies in danger
D. To prevent the ponies from fighting
52. One of the purposes of the annual pony drift is ______________.
A. to feed baby ponies on milk
B. to control the number of ponies
C. to expand the habitat for ponies
D. to sell the ponies at a good price53. What as the author’s first reaction when he saw a pony roll on its back?
A. He freed it from the trap
B. He called a protection officer
C. He worried about it very much
D. He thought of it as being naughty
54. What does the author imply about the preservation of Dartmoor’s ponies?
A. It lacks people’s involvement.
B. It costs a large amount of money
C. It will affect tourism in Dartmoor.
D. It has caused an imbalance of species
【解析】试题分析：这是一篇夹叙夹议文。本文记叙了作者在Haytor关于马驹的所见所闻，目睹了马驹的
淘气与脆弱，了解了马驹迁徙的原因以及保护马驹面临的困难。
53. D细节理解题。根据第五段中的“…, assuming he was just rolling for fun,…”可知作者认为小马驹
很淘气，滚着玩的。故选D项。
54. B推理判断题。根据最后一段中尾句“Many people are working hard to preserve these ponies, and
trying to come up with plans to find a sustainable(可持续的) future for one of Dartmoor’s most
financially-troubled elements.”可知保护马驹是对Dartmoor来说是一笔很大的开销。故选B项。
Passage 7
【2015年湖北卷】Science has a lot of uses. It can uncover laws of nature, cure diseseases, make bombs, and
help bridges to stand up. Indeed science is so good at what it does that there’s always a temptation(诱惑) to drag it
into problems where it may not be helpful. David Brooks, author of The Social Animal: The Hidden Sources of
Love, Character, and Achievement, appears to be the latest in a long line of writers who have failed to resist the
temptation.
Brooks gained fame for several books. His latest book The Social Animal, however, is more ambitious and
serious than his earlier books. It is an attempt to deal with a set of weighty topics. The book focuses on bigquestions: What has science revealed about human nature? What are the sources of character? And why are some
people happy and successful while others aren’t?
To answer these questions, Brooks surveys a wide range of disciplines（学科）. Considering this, you might
expect the book to be a dry recitation of facts. But Brooks has structured his book in an unorthodox(非常规的), and
perhaps unfortunate, way. Instead of introducing scientific theories, he tells a story, within which he tries to make
his points, perhaps in order to keep the reader’s attention. So as Harold and Erica, the hero and heroine in his story,
live through childhood, we hear about the science of child development, and as they begin to date we hear about the
theory of sexual attraction. Brooks carries this through to the death of one of his characters.
[来源:学+科+网]
On the whole,Brooks’s story is acceptable if uninspired. As one would expect, his writing is mostly clear and,
to be fair, some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed, for instance, the chapter in which Harold discovers
how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters, the more
serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere. These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to
translate his tale into science.
67. The author mentions the functions of science at the beginning of the passage to__________.
A. illustrate where science can be applied
B. demonstrate the value of Brooks’s new book
C. remind the reader of the importance of science
D. explain why many writers use science in their works
68. According to the author, which of the following could be a strength of the book?
A. Its strong basis.
B. Its convincing points.
C. Its clear writing.
D. Its memorable characters.
69. What is the author’s general attitude towards the book?
A. Contradictory.
B. Supportive.
C . Cautious.
D. Critical.
70. What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?
A. Problems with the book.
B. Brooks’s life experiences.C. Death of the characters.
D. Brooks’s translation skills.
68.C推理判断题。根据最后一段中“…, his writing is mostly clear and , to be fair, some chapters stand out
above the rest. I enjoyed,… ”可知作者认为写作思路清晰是这本书的一大优势。故选C项。
69.D观点态度题。最后一段中的链接词“while”之前是这本书的优势，其后作者指出了其不足。因此作者
对这部书持批判的态度。故选D项。
70. A篇章结构题。文章最后一段中链接词“while”后面部分开始谈论这本书存在的问题。因此紧接着作者
应该还是在写这本的不足。故选A项。
Passage 8
【2015年湖南卷】
Forget Cyclists, Pedestrians Are Real Danger
We are having a debate about this topic. Here are some letters from our readers.
■Yes, many cyclists behave dangerously. Many drivers are disrespectful of cyclists. But pedestrians are
probably the worse offenders.
People of all ages happily walk along the pavement with eyes and hands glued to the mobile phone, quite
unaware of what is going on around them. They may even do the same thing while crossing a road at a
pedestrian crossing or elsewhere. The rest of us have to evade(避让) them or just stand still to wait for the
unavoidable collision.
The real problem is that some pedestrians seem to be, at least for the moment, in worlds of their own that
are, to them, much more important than the welfare of others.
—Michael Horan
■I loved the letter from Bob Brooks about cyclists(Viewpoints, May 29). I am afraid they seem to think
they own the roads.
I was walking across Altrincham Road one morning when a cyclist went round me and on being asked
what he was doing he shouted at me.
The government built a cycle lane on the road but it is hardly used.
The police do nothing. What a laugh they are!
The cyclists should all have to be made to use the cycle lanes and wear helmets, fluorescent(发荧光的)
jackets and lights at night and in the morning. They should pay some sort of tax and be fined for not wearing
them.—Carol Harvey
■ Cyclists jump on and off pavements(which are meant for pedestrians), ride at speed along the pavements,
and think they have a special right to go through traffic lights when they are on red.
I was almost knocked down recently by a cyclist riding on the pavement when there was a cycle lane right
next to him.
Other road users, including horse riders, manage to obey the rules so why not cyclists?
It’s about time they had to be registered and insured, so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle, or cause
an accident, at least they can be traced and there might be an opportunity to claim.
—JML
Write to Viewpoints of the newspaper.
56. Michael Horan wrote the letter mainly to show that ________.
A. drivers should be polite to cyclists
B. road accidents can actually be avoided
C. some pedestrians are a threat to road safety
D. walking while using phones hurts one’s eyes
57. Carol Harvey suggests that cyclists should_______.
A.be provided with enough roads
B.be asked to ride on their own lanes
C.be made to pay less tax for cycling
D.be fined for laughing at policemen
58. What is a complaint of JML?
A. Very few drivers are insured.
B. Cyclists ride fast on pavements.
C. Pedestrians go through red traffic lights.
D. Horse riders disrespect other road users.
59. The underlined word "they" in the third letter refers to ________.
A. accidents B. vehicles C. pedestrians D. cyclists
60. The three letters present viewpoints on _______.
A. real sources of road dangers
B. ways to improve road facilities
C. measures to punish road offences
D. increased awareness of road rules
【答案】56．C 57．B 58．B 59．D 60．A58．B;细节理解题。根据倒数第四段第一句话：Cyclists jump on and off pavements(which are meant for
pedestrians)，ride at speed along the pavement, and think they have special right to go through traffic lights when
they are on red可知JML抱怨骑自行车的人骑的太快，对道路安全产生隐患，故选B
59．D;细节推理题。最后一段说到：It’s about time they had to be registered and insured, so when they do hit a
pedestrian or a vehicle, or cause an accident, at least they can be tranced and there might be an opportunity to
claim.JML希望对自行车拥有者登记，当他们撞到行人或者车辆、制造出车祸的时候，他们能够被追查到，
所以They在此指的是cyclists。故选D
60．A;主旨大意提。根据文章的标题和所有读者的来信不难发现这篇文章主要是围绕到底谁（自行车或者
行人）才是道路安全存在的隐患。故选A
Passage 9
【2015年江苏卷】Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have
volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake
volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that
motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness,
to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these
needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the
people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some
schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of
participation from an internal factor (e.g., "I volunteer because it’s important to me") to an external factor (e.g., "I
volunteer because I’m required to do so"). When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future.
People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer thisquestion, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one
study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their
satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this
result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be
given to "training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies
for coping with the problem they do experience".
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to
which people view "volunteer" as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of
volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.
Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as
"Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am. "Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they
found a positive correlation(正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued
to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to concrete advice: "Once an individual begins volunteering, continued
efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity... Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be
recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity".
61.People volunteer mainly out of_________.
A. academic requirements B. social expectations
C. financial rewards D. internal needs
62.What can we learn from the Florida study?
A. Follow-up studies should last for one year.
B. Volunteers should get mentally prepared.
C. Strategy training is a must in research.
D. Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.
63.What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?
A. Individual differences in role identity. B. Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.
C. Role identity as a volunteer. D. Practical advice from researchers.
64.What is the best title of the passage?
A. How to Get People to Volunteer B. How to Study Volunteer Behaviors
C. How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest D. How to Organize Volunteer Activities【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇议论文。文章分析讲述志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，并通过3个实验
研究志愿者的意图。
63.C细节理解题。根据第五段第二句中“those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of
their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work”可知志愿者身份认同会激励
他们继续从事志愿者工作。故选C项。
64.A标题归纳题。文章首段提出假设：假如你是一名组织领导人，很想得到志愿者的帮助。并指出在此之
前，必须弄清志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，并通过3个实验研究志愿者的意图。因此A项（如何使人
们从事志愿者服务）是文章的最佳标题。
Passage 10
【2015年天津卷】Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He looked at
me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had: Be bold and brave — and
mighty (强大的) forces will come to your aid.
Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried
and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand, whenever I
had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet
on the ground again.
Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat . And there is nothing mysterious
about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas —
even physical strength greater than most of us realize.
Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones. But they are more important than physical ones. A college
classmate of mine, Tim, was an excellent football player, even though he weighed much less than the average
player. “In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player, who had nothing but me between him and
our goal line,” said Tim. “I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a
bullet(子弹) — and stopped him cold.”Boldness — a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme — is not one that can be acquired overnight.
But it can be taught to children and developed in adults. Confidence builds up. Surely, there will be setbacks (挫折)
and disappointments in life; boldness in itself is no guarantee of success. But the person who tries to do something
and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.
So, always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities — and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you
ever dreamed.
51. Why was the author sometimes unable to reach his goal in the past?
A. He faced huge risks.
B. He lacked mighty forces.
C. Fear prevented him from trying.
D. Failure blocked his way to success.
52. What is the implied meaning of the underlined part?
A. Swallow more than you can digest.
B. Act slightly above your abilities.
C. Develop more mysterious powers.
D. Learn to make creative decisions.
53. What was especially important for Tim’s successful defense in the football game?
A. His physical strength. B. His basic skill.
C. His real fear. D. His spiritual force.
54. What can be learned from Paragraph 5?
A. Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.
B. Trying without success is meaningless.
C. Repeated failure creates a better life.
D. Boldness can be gained little by little.
55. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?
A. To encourage people to be courageous.
B. To advise people to build up physical power.
C. To tell people the ways to guarantee success.
D. To recommend people to develop more abilities.
【解析】试题分析：文章大意：本文是一篇议论文。作者联系自己的经历说明了大胆的重要性，并鼓励人
们有勇气和胆量。53. D细节理解题。根据第四段首句中Admittedly, those mighty forces are spiritual ones.可知在于他的精神力
量。选D。
54. D 段落大意题。根据第五段首句Boldness — a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that
can be acquired overnight.可以知道大胆是一点点获得的。故选D。
55. A 推理判断题。根据全文内容可知作者联系自己的经历说明了大胆的重要性，并鼓励人们有勇气和胆
量。故选A。
2014年阅读理解议论文
Passage1
【2014年新课标Ⅰ卷】A typical lion tamer (驯兽师) in people’s mind is an entertainer holding a whip (鞭
子)and a chair .The whip get all of the attention , but it’s mostly for show .In reality , it’s the chair that does the
important work .When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lion’s face , the lion tries to focus on all four legs of
the chair at the same time .With its focus divided , the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do
next .When faced with so many options , the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding
the chair.
How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion ? How often do you have something you want to
achiever (e,g. lose weight , start a business , travel more ) –only to end up confused by all of the options in front of
you and never make progress ?
This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best , the people
who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information .The end result is that we feel
like we can’t focus or that we’re focused on the wrong things , and so we take less action , make less progress , and
stay the same when we could be improving .
It doesn’t have to be that way .Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face , remember this :All you
need to do is focus on one thing .You just need to get started .Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of
successful people .If you have somewhere you want to go , something you want to accomplish , someone you want
to become ….take immediate action .If you’re clear about where you want to go , the rest of the world will eitherhelp you get there or get out the way .
【小题1】 Why does the lion tamer use a chair?
A. To trick the lion.
B. To show off his skill .
C. To get ready for a fight.
D. To entertain the audience.
【小题2】 In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair?
A. They feel puzzled over choices.
B. They hold on to the wrong things.
C. They find it hard to make changes.
D. They have to do something for show.
【小题3】 What is the author’s attitude towards the experts mentioned in paragraph 3?
A. Tolerant
B. Doubtful
C. Respectful
D. Supportive
【小题4】 When the world is “waving a chair in your face”, you’re advised to_____.
A. wait for a better chance
B. break your old habits
C. make a quick decision
D. ask for clear guidance
[文章大意] 本文是一篇议论文。当人们面前摆着多种选择感到困惑时，应该怎么办? 本文导入了驯兽师拿
一把椅子在狮子面前，狮子感到困惑，呆立不动。
[小题 1]A考查细节理解。狮子驯兽师为什么拿着一把椅子? 根据 When a lion tamer holds a chair in
font of the lion's face , the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time .可知选
A。
[小题 2]A 考查推理判断。人们面对和狮子相似的椅子时是什么感觉学科网理? 根据 Wth its focus
divided.the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next 进 A。
[小题 3]B考查推理判断学科 网在第三段中作者对提到的专家是什么态度? 根据 This upsets me to no
end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best 可知选 B。
[小题4]c考查推理判断当世界正在你面前挥舞这一把椅子是,文中建议你应该怎么做? 根据 Anytime youfind the world waving a chair in your face , remember this :All you need to do is focus on one thing
.You just need to get started .可知选 C。
Passage 2
【2014年安徽卷】 Should we allow modern buildings to- be built next to older buildings in a historic area
of a city? In order to answer this question, we must first examine whether people really want to preserve the
historic feel of an area. Not all historical buildings are attractive. However, there may be other reasons for example,
economic (经济的) reasons-why they should be preserved. So, let us assume that historical buildings are both
attractive and important to the majority of people. What should we do then if a new building is needed?
In my view, new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older style. Indeed, there are many
examples in my own home town of Tours where modern designs have been placed very successfully next to old
buildings. As long as the building in question is pleasing and does not dominate (影响) its surroundings too much,
it often improves the attractiveness of the area.
It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt (破坏) the area they are in, but the same
can be said of some old buildings too. Yet people still speak against new buildings in historic areas. I think this is
simply because people are naturally conservative(保守的) and do not like change.
Although we have to respect people’s feelings as fellow users of the buildings, I believe that it is the duty of
the architect and planner to move things forward. If we always reproduced what was there before, we would all
still be living in caves. Thus, I would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something
fresh and different, even though that might be the more risky choice.
68. What does the author say about historical buildings in the first paragraph?
A. Some of them are not attractive.
B. Most of them ate too expensive to preserve.
C. They are more pleasing than modern buildings.
D. They have nothing to do with the historic feel of an area.
69. Which of the following is true according to the author ?
A. We should reproduce the same old buildings.
B. Buildings should not dominate their surroundings.
C. Some old buildings have spoilt the area they are in.
D. No one understands why people speak against new buildings.
70. By “move things forward ” in the last paragraph , the author probably means “ ”.
A. Destroy old buildingsB. Put things in a different place
C. Choose new architectural styles
D. Respect people’s feelings for historical buildings
71. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To explain why people dislike change.
B. To warn that we could end up living in caves.
C. To admit how new buildings have ruined their surroundings.
D. To argue that modern buildings can be built in historic areas.
【解析】文章是对于现在人们经常讨论的问题一是否现代的建筑应该和古老的历史建筑在一起---进行闻述，
在作者看来历史建筑应该保存，但是我们的建筑风格也应该改变，不能因为历史建筑破坏我们的生活。
68.细节题: 根据第一段的句子: not all historical buildings are attractive,这是部分否定的句子，可知一些历
史建筑不够有吸引力，所以选 A。
69.推理题：根据第三段的第一个句子：It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt (破
坏) the area they are in, but the same can be said of some old buildings too.新建筑破坏了古建筑，而古建筑也是
这样，可知作者认为一些历史建筑将他们生活的地方破坏了，所以选C
70.句意理解题：根据文章第四段的句子：If we always reproduced what was there before,we would all still be
living in caves .如果建筑师不改变建筑风格，我们现在还住在山洞里面，可知“moving things forward”意思
是“选择新的建筑风格”，所以选C。
71.写作意图题：根据文章第一段的第一个的句子：Should we allow modern buildings to- be built next to older
buildings in a historic area of a city?可知这篇文章是论证现代的建筑可以建在历史遗迹的地方，所以选D。
考点：考查政治经济文化类短文
Passage 3
【2014年福建卷】Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it
may seem, if you’re unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires—not that
you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don’t have enough tastes.
Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities (能力) to enjoy life. Most people are already
swamped(淹没) with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many
rooms, yet their house of life is a hut.
Your house of life ought to be a mansion (豪宅) , a royal palace. Every new taste, every additional interest,
every fresh enthusiasm adds a room. Here are several rooms your house of life should have.
Art should be a desire for you to develop simply because the world is full of beautiful things. If you onlyunderstood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them, they would make you as happy as to find plenty of ham
and eggs when you’re hungry.
Literature, classic literature, is a beautiful, richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest
and refreshment. To gain that love would go toward making you a rich person, for a rich person is not someone who
has a library but who likes a library.
Music like Mozart’s and Bach’s shouldn’t be absent. Real riches are of the spirit. And when you’ve brought
that spirit up to where classical music feeds it and makes you a little drunk, you have increased your thrills and
bettered them. And life is a matter of thrills.
Sports, without which you remain poor, mean a lot in life. No matter who you are, you would be more human,
and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days, if you could, and did, play a bit.
Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life, the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding.
68. The author intends to tell us that____________.
A. true happiness lies in achieving wealth by fair means
B. big houses are people’s most valued possessions
C. big houses can in a sense bring richness of life
D. true happiness comes from spiritual riches
69. The underlined sentence in the second paragraph probably implies that__________.
A. however materially rich, they never seem to be satisfied
B. however materially rich, they remain spiritually poor
C. though their house is big, they prefer a simple life
D. though their house is big, it seems to be a cage
70. It can be learned from the passage that __________.
A. more money brings more happiness
B. art is needed to make your house beautiful
C. literature can enrich your spiritual life
D. sports contribute mainly to your physical fitness
71. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. House of Life B. Secret of Wealth
C. Rest and Refreshment D. Interest and Enthusiasm
【答案】68.D 69.B 70.C 71.A69. B. 推断题：根据第二自然段的前两句话Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities (能力)
to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped(淹没) with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. 可知，
划线句子的意思是他们物质上富足，精神上却很贫穷，故选B。
70. C. 细节题：根据第五自然段Literature, classic literature, is a beautiful, richly furnished room where you
might find many an hour of rest and refreshment. To gain that love would go toward making you a rich person, for
a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library. 可知文学可以丰富你的精神生活，故选
C。
71. A. 主旨题：文章多次提到了房子，且这篇文章论证了精神富有与真正快乐之间的关系，所以这篇文章
最好的题目是生活的房子，故选A。
Passage 4
【2014年湖北卷】London’s newest skyscraper (摩天大楼) is called the Shard and it cost about 430 million
pounds to build. At a height of almost 310 metres, it is the tallest building in Europe. The Shard has completely
changed the appearance of London. However, not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better.
The Shard was designed by the famous Italian architect Renzo Piano. When he began designing the Shard for
London, Piano wanted a very tall building that looked like a spire (尖顶). He wanted the glass surfaces to reflect
the sky and the city. The sides of the building aren’t regular. So the building has an unusual shape. It looks like a
very thin, sharp piece of broken glass. And that is how the building got the name: the Shard. Piano says that the
spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition. The shape reminds him of the spires of the churches of
London or the tall masts (桅杆) of the ships that were once on the river Thames.
The Shard has 87 floors. At the top, there is an observatory. At the moment the building is empty, but
eventually there will be a five-star hotel. There will also be top quality restaurants, apartments and offices.
Before building work began, a lot of people didn’t want the Shard though the plans were approved. Now
they are still unhappy about the Shard. Some critics say that such a tall skyscraper might be good in a city like
New York, but not in London. They say that the best thing about the Shard is its spire shape. But that is theonly thing. There is no decoration, only flat surfaces. The Egyptians did that 4,500 years ago. They also think
the Shard is too big for London. It destroys the beauty of the city.
Other critics don’t like what the Shard seems to represent. They say that the Shard shows how London is
becoming more unequal. Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the
hotel. But the people who live near the Shard are among the poorest in London. So the Shard seems a symbol of the
division in society between the very rich and the poor.
The Shard now dominates the London skyline. It is not certain, however, that ordinary London citizens will
ever accept it as a valuable addition to the city.
55. London’s newest skyscraper is called the Shard because of ______.
A. its cost
B. its size
C. its shape
D. its height
56. When he designed the Shard, Piano wanted it to ______.
A. change London’s skyline
B. inherit London’s tradition
C. imitate the Egyptian style
D. attract potential visitors
57. The critics who refer to social division think the Shard ______.
A. is only preferred by the rich
B. is intended for wealthy people
C. is far away from the poor area
D. is popular only with Londoners
58. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. The Shard: Cheers and Claps
B. The Shard: Work of a Great Architect
C. The Shard: New Symbol of London?
D. The Shard: A Change for the Better?
[来源:学§科§网Z§X§X§K]
【解析】【文章大意】这是一篇夹叙夹议的议论文。文章讲述了伦敦新建了欧洲最高的被称之为“the
Shard”的摩天大楼，成为了伦敦的新标志，然而对此却有不同的观点，尤其是对新的摩天大楼代表的阶层
更是有络绎不绝的批评之声。55.C考查细节理解。根据文章第二段“He wanted the glass surfaces to reflect the sky and the city. The sides of
the building aren’t regular. So the building has an unusual shape”可知正是因为它的外形新的摩天大楼才被称作
为“the Shard”.故C正确。
58.D考查文章标题。根据文章第一段“However, not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better ”可知文
章是在探究与阐述对新的摩天大楼所带来的变化究竟是怎样的，故利用这样的话题作为标题很鲜明直接，
故D正确。
Passage 5
【2014年湖北卷】Working with a group of baboons (狒狒) in the Namibian desert, Dr. Alecia Carter of the
Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar
food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to
solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr.
Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.
She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did
not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as
the brave ones did. In effect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what the
experienced baboon did.
The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task
by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.
This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in
social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do
things. The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive (认知的)
tasks not because they aren’t clever enough to solve them, but because they are too shy or nervous to use the
social information.
The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. Ifsome individuals are unable to get information from others because they don’t associate with the knowledgeable
individuals, or they are too shy to use the information once they have it, information may not travel between all
group members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.
59. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The design of Dr. Carter’s research.
B. The results of Dr. Carter’s research.
C. The purpose of Dr. Carter’s research.
D. The significance of Dr. Carter’s research.
60. According to the research, which baboons are more likely to complete a new learning task?
A. Those that have more experience.
B. Those that can avoid potential risks.
C. Those that like to work independently.
D. Those that feel anxious about learning.
61. Which best illustrates the “mismatch” mentioned in Paragraph 4?
A. Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning.
B. Some baboons are shy but active in social activities.
C. Some baboons observe others but don’t follow them.
D. Some baboons perform new tasks but don’t concentrate.
62. Dr. Carter’s findings indicate that our culture might be formed through ______.
A. storing information
B. learning from each other
C. understanding different people
D. travelling between social groups
【答案】59.A 60.D 61.C 62.B
【解析】62.B考查细节理解。 根据文章最后一段第一句“The findings may impact how we understand the formation of
culture in societies through social learning”回归文章的研究主题上即文化的获取是通过相互的学习，故B正
确。
Passage 6
【2014年湖北卷】For most city people, the elevator is an unremarkable machine that inspires none of the
enthusiasm or interest that Americans afford trains, jets, and even bicycles. Dr. Christopher Wilk is a member of
a small group of elevator experts who consider this a misunderstanding. Without the elevator, they point out, there
could be no downtown skyscrapers or tall buildings, and city life as we know it would be impossible. In that
sense, they argue, the elevator’s role in American history has been no less significant than that of cars. In fact,
according to Wilk, the car and the elevator have been locked in a “secret war” for over a century, with cars making
it possible for people to spread horizontally (水平地), and elevators pushing them toward life in close groups of
towering vertical (垂直的) columns.
If we tend to ignore the significance of elevators, it might be because riding in them tends to be such a brief,
boring, and even awkward experience—one that can involve unexpectedly meeting people with whom we have
nothing in common, and an unpleasant awareness of the fact that we’re hanging from a cable in a long passage.
In a new book, Lifted, German journalist and cultural studies professor Andreas Bernard directed all his
attention to this experience, studying the origins of elevator and its relationship to humankind and finding
that riding in an elevator has never been a totally comfortable experience. “After 150 years, we are still not used
to it,” Bernard said. “We still have not exactly learned to cope with the mixture of closeness and displeasure.”
That mixture, according to Bernard, sets the elevator ride apart from just about every other situation we find
ourselves in as we go about our lives.Today, as the world’s urban population explodes, and cities become more crowded, taller, and more crowded,
America’s total number of elevators—900,000 at last count, according to Elevator World magazine’s “2012
Vertical Transportation Industry”—are a force that’s becoming more important than ever. And for the people who
really, really love them, it seems like high time that we looked seriously at just what kind of force they are.
67. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 1 refer to?
A. The general view of elevators.
B. The particular interests of experts.
C. The desire for a remarkable machine.
D. The enthusiasm for transport vehicles.
68. The author’s purpose in mentioning cars is ______.
A. to contrast their functions with elevators’
B. to emphasize the importance of elevators
C. to reveal their secret war against elevators
D. to explain people’s preference for elevators
69. According to Prof. Bernard, what has made the elevator ride different from other life experiences?
A. Vertical direction.
B. Lack of excitement.
C. Little physical space.
D. Uncomfortable conditions.
70. The author urges readers to consider ______.
A. the exact number of elevator lovers
B. the serious future situation of elevators
C. the role of elevators in city development
D. the relationship between cars and elevators
68.B考查判断推理。根据文章第一段“In that sense, they argue，the elevator’s role in American history has
been no less significant than that of cars.”作者通过提及汽车来更好的阐述观点即电梯的重要性，故B正确。
69.C 考查判断推理。 根据文章第三段“ “We still have not exactly learned to cope with the mixture ofcloseness and displeasure.” That mixture, according to Bernard, sets the elevator ride apart from just about every
other situation we find ourselves in as we go about our lives.”可知是因为电梯的关闭给人带来了不愉悦，也就
是电梯的空间带来的问题，故C正确。
70.C考查细节理解。根据文章最后一段“it seems like high time that we looked seriously at just what kind of
force they are.”可知作者的写作用意在于让读者去评价电梯的价值所在，故C正确。
Passage 7
【2014年江苏卷】However wealthy we may be, we can never find enough hours in the day to do everything
we want. Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity cost, which simply refers to
whether someone’s time or money could be better spent on something else.
Every hour of our time has a value. For every hour we work at one job we could quite easily be doing another,
or be sleeping or watching a film. Each of these options has a different opportunity cost—namely, what they cost
us in missed opportunities.
Say you intend to watch a football match but the tickets are expensive and it will take you a couple of hours to
get to and from the stadium. Why not, you might reason, watch the game from home and use the leftover money
and time to have dinner with friends? This—the alternative use of your cash and time—is the opportunity cost.
For economists, every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgo—in terms of money and
enjoyment—in order to take it up. By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out
on, you ought to be able to make better-informed, more reasonable decisions. Consider that most famous
economic rule of all: there’s no such thing as a free lunch. Even if someone offers to take you out to lunch
for free, the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities.
Some people find the idea of opportunity cost extremely discouraging: imagine spending your entire life
calculating whether your time would be better spent elsewhere doing something more profitable or enjoyable.
Yet, in a sense it’s human nature to do precisely that—we assess the advantages and disadvantages of
decisions all the time.
In the business world, a popular phrase is “value for money.” People want their cash to go as far
as possible. However, another is fast obtaining an advantage: “value for time.” The biggest restriction on
our resources is the number of hours we can devote to something, so we look to maximize the return we get on our
investment of time. By reading this passage you are giving over a bit of your time which could be spent doing
other activities, such as sleeping and eating. In return, however, this passage will help you to think like an
economist, closely considering the opportunity cost of each of your decisions.【小题1】According to the passage, the concept of “opportunity cost” is applied to ________.
A. making more money B. taking more opportunities
C. reducing missed opportunities D. weighing the choice of opportunities
【小题2】The “leftover ... time” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to the time ________.
A. spared for watching the match at home B. taken to have dinner with friends
C. spent on the way to and from the match D. saved from not going to watch the match
【小题3】What are forgone opportunities?
A. Opportunities you forget in decision-making. B. Opportunities you give up for better ones.
C. Opportunities you miss accidentally. D. Opportunities you make up for.
【答案】
故C正确。
Passage 8
【2014年江西卷】Everyone looks forward to progress, whether in one’s personal life or in the general
society. Progress indicates a person’s ability to change the way he is living at the moment. Progress must lead to a
better life and a better way of doing things. All these, however, remains true only in so far as people want toaccept technology and move forward by finding new and more efficient ways of doing things.
However, at the back of the minds of many people, especially those who miss the ＂good old days＂,
efficiency comes with a price. When communication becomes more efficient, people are able to contact one
another no matter where they are and at whatever time they wish to. The click of a button allows people miles
apart to talk or see each other without even leaving their homes. With the communication gad g ets , such as mobile
phones and iPads, people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally. A personal visit carries with it
the additional feature of having to be in the person’s presence for as long as the visit lasts. We cannot unnecessarily
excuse ourselves or turn the other person off.
With efficiency also comes mass production. Such is the nature of factories and the success of
industrialization today. Factories have improved efficiency. Unskillful tasks are left to machines and products are
better made and produced with greater accuracy than any human hand could ever have done. However, with the
improvements in efficiency also comes the loss of the personal touch when making these products. For example,
many handicrafts(手工艺品) are now produced in a factory. Although this means that supply is better able to
increase demand, now that the supply is quick and efficient, the demand might fall because mass
production lowers the quality of the handcraft and it is difficult to find unique designs on each item.
Nevertheless, we must not commit the mistake of analyzing progress only from one point of view. In
fact, progress has allowed tradition to keep up. It is only with progress and the invention of new
technology that many old products can be brought back to their old state. New technology is required for
old products to stay old.
It is people’s attitude towards progress that causes the type of influence that technology has on
society. Technology is flexible. There is no fixed way of making use of it. Everything depends on
people’s attitude. The worst effects of progress will fall on those who are unable to rethink their attitudes
and views of society. When we accept progress and adapt it to suit our needs, a new ＂past＂ is created.
70. According to Paragraph 1, progress can benefit people when they are willing to _______.
A. live a better life B. look for better methods
C. change ways of living D. accept technology and advance steadily
71. The underlined word ＂gadgets＂ is closest in meaning to _______.
A. tools B. messages C. barriers D. skills
72. The author explains ＂efficiency comes with a price＂ by _______.
A. describing a process B. using examplesC. following time order D. making classification
73. Compared with home-made handicrafts, machine-made products _______.
A. lack great accuracy B. lack the personal touch
C. are of high value D. are quite welcome
74. What can be learned about technology from Paragraph 4?
A. It can destroy old traditions. B. It can lead to social progress.
C. It can be used to correct mistakes. D. It can be used to preserve old products.
75. What can be concluded from the last paragraph?
A. Progress can suit the needs of daily life.
B. People review the past with great regret.
C. Technology should be introduced in a fixed way.
D. People’s attitude decides the use of technology.Passage 9
【2014 年陕西卷】 One afternoon last week, I saw three tearful children from my son’s school being
comforted by teachers. That morning, my 11-year-old had stomach pains, retching（干呕）into a bowl.
Talking to other mothers later, I heard about other children with stomachache or difficulty sleeping the
night before.
What caused so much pain? Sports day. Sports day might be necessary at a highly-competitive
independent school, but not at a village primary school. For the children who can fly like the wind,
sports day cause no problem. For those who are overweight or just not good at sport, it is a nightmare
（恶梦）. Even for those who enjoy running but fall halfway down the track in front of the entire
school and their parents, it can prove a disaster.
Why do we put our children through this annual suffering? Some may say competition is character
building; or it’s taking part, not winning, that’s important; or that it is a tradition of school life. I just
felt great pity for those children in tears or in pain.
Team games at the end of sports day produced some close races, wild enthusiasm, lots of shouting
— and were fun to watch. More importantly, the children who were not so fast or quick at passing the
ball were hidden a little from everyone’s eyes. Some of them also had the thrill of being on the winning
side.
I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with some other less-competitive event.
Perhaps an afternoon of team games, with a few races for those who want them, would be less stressful
for the children and a lot more fun to watch.
57. What can we learn about the author’s son from Paragraph 1?
A. He talked with some mothers. B. He comforted his classmates.
C. He had difficulty in sleeping. D. He suffered from stomachache.
58. Sports day is still an annul event in this school probably because __________.A. this is an independent school B. it is a tradition of the school
C. it helps children lose weight D. children enjoy watching sports
59. What does the author think about team games?
A. They should include more stressful races. B. They are acceptable
to different children.
C. They should be abandoned at primary schools. D. They are less fun
for those who love running.
60. What is the author’s attitude towards sports day?
A. Critical. B. Neutral. C. Positive. D. Ambiguous.
【解析】试题分析：文章大意：作者主要介绍孩子学校体育节中的竞争性运动会给孩子带来的伤害，并希
望用其他的运动来代替竞争性的运动。
57.D 考查细节理解。根据第一段的my 11-year-old had stomach pains我11岁的孩子得了胃痛，可知选D。
58.B 考查细节理解。根据第三段的……that it is a tradition of school life可知这是学校生活的一种传统，故
选B。
59.B 考查判断推理 。根据文章的第二段:For the children who can fly like the wind, sports day cause no
problem. For those who are overweight or just not good at sport, it is nightmare ( 恶梦 ) . Even for
those who enjoy running but fall halfway down the track in front of the entire school and their parents,
it can prove a disease.可J知产争性性体育运动可能给不同的孩子带来不一样的结果，故选 B。
60.A 考查判断推理。根据文章最后一段 I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced with
some other less competitive event 体育节应被取消或者用竞争性小一些的运动代替，可知选 A。
Passage 10
【2014年四川卷】Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it’s all
down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, it affects the sexes
differently.
＂Women tend to be social in their behavior. They often share with others. But men tend to be competitive.
They are trying to improve their social status,＂ said Professor Ryan. Generally, people believe that the hormone
oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive
social interactions(互动) such as falling in love or giving birth.
But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during
negative social interactions such as envy.
Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitiverelationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship. Professor Ryan’s recent experiment used 62
men and women aged 20 to 37. Half of the participants（参与者）received oxytocin. The other half received
placebo(安慰剂).
After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went tlirough the same procedure with the other
material.
Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they
were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship
from competition. And their answers should be based on gestures, body language and facial expressions.
The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men’s ability to correctly recognize competitive
relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.
Professor Ryan thus concluded: ＂Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’s
abilities to better distinguish different social interactions. And the behavior differences between men and women
are caused by biological factors(因素) that are mainly hormonal.＂
47. What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text?
A. Placebo. B. Oxytocin. C. The gesture. D. The social status.
48. What can we learn from Professor Ryan’s previous experiment?
A. Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way.
B. Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love.
C. Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others’ success.
D. Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people’s behavior differences.
49. Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment?
A. To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions.
B. To know the differences between friendship and competition.
C. To know people’s different abilities to answer questions.
D. To test people’s understanding of body language.
50. The author develops the text by______.
A. explaining people’s behaviors B. describing his own experiences
C. distinguishing sexual differences D. discussing research experiments
【解析】试题分析: 本文属于议论文文体。作者在文中提出荷尔蒙催生素对男女行为的不同影响：女性非
常友善，善于交际，而男性更具有竞争意识，努力去提高自己的社会地位。但是实验也表明当人内心产生
比如嫉妒这样的情绪情感时人体也会释放这种荷尔蒙催生素。此外，作者还对一项实验进行了详细的介绍，以此来进一步证实这一观点。
47.B考查细节理解。通过文章首段Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have
found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin 可知对于男女的不同表现，oxytocin是造成这种差异的原因，答
案选B。
50.D考查推理判断。在文章开头作者提出荷尔蒙催生素在男女的不同表现中所起到的作用，也就是文章的
中心话题，然后在下文中通过介绍几个实验及其结果来进一步对此看法进行证明，由此判断作者的行为是
故答案选D。本题容易误选的答案为A“解释人们的行为”，在文中作者对男女不同行为进行了介绍，但
是题干问的是文章的行文发展方法，故A为错误选项。
Passage 11
【2014 年重庆卷】It’s generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities and
attitudes. They recycle their garbage because they care about the environment. They pay $5 for a caramel brulée
latte because they like expensive coffee drinks.
It’s undeniable that behavior comes from our inner dispositions(性情), but in many instances we also
draw inferences about who we are, as suggested by the social psychologist Daryl Bern, by observing our own
behavior. We can be strangers to ourselves. If we knew our own minds, why would we need to guess what our
preferences are from our behavior? If our minds were an open book, we would know exactly how much we care
about the environment or like lattes. Actually, we often need to look to our behavior to figure out who we are.
Moreover, we don’t just use our behavior to learn about our particular types of character—we infer characters
that weren’t there before. Our behavior is often shaped by little pressures around us, which we fail to recognize.
Maybe we recycle because our wives and neighbors would disapprove if we didn’t . Maybe we buy lattes in order
to impress the people around us. We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of some inner
disposition.
Whatever pressures there can be or inferences one can make, people become what they do, though it may not
be in compliance(符合) with their true desires. Therefore, we should all bear in mind Kurt Vonnegut’sadvice: ＂We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be. ＂
52. According to the passage, personalities and attitudes are commonly believed to _________.
A. determine one’s behavior
B. reflect one’s taste
C. influence one’s surroundings
D. result from one’s habits
53. Which of the following would Daryl Bern most probably agree with?
A. The return of a wallet can indicate one’s honesty.
B. A kind person will offer his seat to the old.
C. One recycles plastics to protect the environment.
D. One buys latte out of true love of coffee.
54. What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in the passage?
A. We fail to realize our inner dispositions.
B. We can be influenced by outside pressures.
C. Our behavior is the result of our true desires.
D. Our characters can shape our social relationships.
55. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage?
A. Personalities and attitudes. B. Preferences and habits.
C. Behavior and personalities. D. Attitudes and preferences.
【答案】人们的行为是由什么来决定的? 通常认为人的行为决定于人的内在“性情”。但是许多时候，我
们却需要通过人的行为来认识人的内心，因为行为并非总能代表人的真实内心。
52细#题。以第一段 It's generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities
and attitudes.一句可知，人们通常认为“品格和态度”决定人们的行为。故选择 A项。
53.推断题。从第二段but in many instances we also draw inferences about who we are, as suggested by
the social psychologist Daryl Bern, by observing our own behavior.一句可知，与通常认为的“内在”（性
情）决定“外在”（行为）不同，许多时候，我们需要通过我们的行为来认识我们的内心。这是 Daryl
Bern 提议的。B、C、D三项都是“内在”决定“外在”的例子。A项中是“外在”显示“内在”，故该
项正确。
54.推断题。文章第三段说到：Our behavior is often shaped by little pressures around us，下文“回收垃
圾”和“买咖啡”都是说明该论点的论据。我们回收垃圾不是因为我们保护环境的内心，而是因为存在外
界可能的负面评价的压力所致。故选择 B项。55.主旨大意题。本文主要讨论如何认识人们的行为（外在）与品性（内在）之间的内在联系及因果关系。
故选择C项。
