文档内容
Elements Verbal
材料1
Generation without Frontiers
The current generation of young Europeans is the first to have grown up in a largely borderless
and peaceful Europe, with all that implies in terms of mobility, mutilingualism,and new cultural
and economic opportunities. Whereas their parents and grandparents defined themselves along
national lines, many young people today have added a European dimension to that description.
The EU's Youth in Action programme aims to inspire a sense of active European citizenship,
solidarity and tolerance, as there is still a certain measure of political disengagement among
young Europeans. The programme promotes non-formal learning and intercultural dialogue
among European youth, as well as the inclusion of all young people, particularly those from less-
privileged backgrounds. Its main goal is to bring young Europeans closer to the EU decision-
shaping process by backing activities that encourage a sense of active European citizenship
amongst them. Another important goal is promoting mutual understanding, by giving young
people from different countries the opportunity to meet and lean from one another through
intercultural youth exchanges. In addition, The Youth in Action programme encourages young
people's mobility within and beyond the EU borders, thus giving them the opportunity to expand
their horizons and gain valuable life and work experiences.
第一组 15题 单选题
1.Which one of the following is an assumption made by the Youth in Action programme?
A. European youth are not mobile beyond EU border
B. The perception of nationality has changed
C. European youth are privileged
D. The current generation acts much like their parents
E. European youth are narrow-minded
F. The older generation was poltially disengaged
答案解析：B
The question deals with an underlying assumption made by the Youth in Action programmE. In
order to identify the correct assumption, we need to look at the rationale of the entire passage to
see where and what is missing in its structure:Introduction: the present generation lives in a
different Europe than their parents diD. The Youth in Action programme: aims to develop a new
sense of European citizenship and involvement.
What is missing here is a logical connection between the introduction and the detailing of Youth
in Action goals. The introduction deals with a change in national identity between the former and
current generation. The program focuses on creating a more multicultural Europe, working
towards 'active European citizenship'. Taking all this information together, it seems that the
assumption behind Youth in Action is that the perception of nationality has changed (statement
B). This is the logic behind the programme, which aims to develop a new, multi-cultural, trans-
European identity. Let's eliminate the remaining distracters:
A:Although the programme promotes mobility within and beyond Europe's borders, its premise is
not grounded in the assumption that European youth do not leave their country's borders. The
same logic also helps eliminate distracter E -E: Promoting mutual understanding and expanding horizons does not necessarily mean that the
Youth in Action assumes that European youth are narrow-mindeD.
C: The passage does not imply that European youth are privileged, therefore there is no reason to
assume this.
D: The introduction compares the current generation with their parents' generation,emphasizing
the differences between generations. Therefore, this is an incorrect assumption.
E: The passage states that: there is still a certain measure of political disengagement among
young Europeans'. That is not to say that the older generation was politically disengageD.
Therefore, this is not an assumption necessarily made by the Youth in Action programmE.
2.Which one of the following is NOT promoted by the Youth in Action programme?
A. equal opportunities
B. Involvement in decision-making processes
C. Mutual understanding between people from different countries
D. Gaining new experiences
E. Developing a new European identity
F. Empathy towards the less privileged
答案解析：F
The question deals with the Youth in Action programmE. Note that this is a negatively-phrased
question. We are asked to identify 5 objectives promoted by the Youth in Action programme and
1 that is not. Let us eliminate distracters by finding the corresponding sections in the passage:
A. Furthered- as well as the inclusion of all young people, particulatly those from less-privileged
backgrounds'.
B. Furthered - Tits main goal is to bring young Europeans closer to the EU decision-shaping
process by backing activities that encourage a sense of active European citizenship'.
C. Furthered- 'another important goal is promoting mutual understanding.
D. Furthered- .thus giving them the opportunity to expand their horizons and gain valuable life
and work experiences'.
E. Furthered- The EU's Youth in Action programme aims to inspire a sense of active
European citizenship' (together with the logic of the introduction)
E. Empathy towards the less privileged - not mentioned in the passagE.
Empathy is the ability to experience another person's feelings, to put yourself in their place
(unlike sympathy, which means caring for the troubles of others). Such an emotional experience
is not something the passage mentions.
The only statement that is not an objective furthered by the Youth in action movement is:
statement F.
3.Which one of the following does the passage suggest about the older generation?
A. They lived in turbulent times
B. They were intolerant towards others
C. They were politically disengaged
D. They were multilingual
E. They received only a formal education
F. They never left their country答案解析：A
The question deals with the older generation. It is based on the introductory section in the
passagE. Notice that the question is phrased: 'what does the passage suggest.?' In other words,
we can use the information in the passage to make inferences regarding the older generation.
Now that we understand the question and have identified the corresponding section in the
passage, let us eliminate distracters:
A. The current generation of young Europeans is the first to have grown up in a largely borderless
and peaceful Europe'- we can infer that if the younger generation are the first to have lived in a
peaceful Europe, then the older generation lived in times of turbulence and war.
B. Cannot be inferred from the passagE. The Youth in Action programme might promote
tolerance but this does not imply that the older generation were intolerant.
C. Cannot be inferred from the passagE. The Youth in Action programme might promote political
engagement but that has nothing to do with the older generation.
D. The text implies that today's generation live in a mutilingual environment, so the opposite can
be inferred from the text.
E. Cannot be inferred from the passagE. The Youth in Action programme might promote informal
learning among youth, but says nothing about the older generation.
E. Cannot be inferred from the passagE. The Youth in Action programme might promote mobility
within and beyond EU borders but doesnt imply that the older generation didn't leave their
countries.
The only statement that is suggested by the passage regarding the older generation is:statement
A.
Railroad Transport
Europe has long benefited from a dense railway network and is the world leader in the supply of
railway systems. Employing 1 million people in rail operations and another 250,000 in
manufacturing, the European railway sector has a 60% share of the world market and an annual
turnover of 695 billion. Most railways in the EU are electrifieD. The electrified railway networks
operate at a plethora of different voltages, both AC and DC varying from 750 to 25,000 volts.
Electric railways offer better energy efficiency, lower emissions and are quieter.
Rail transport offers a viable and competitive means of shifting more cargo traffic away from the
continent's crowded roads, thus improving traffic circulation and cutting vehicle emitted
pollution. The EU places particular emphasis on stimulating new investment in trans European
transport infrastructure such as rail, and supports research efforts to create new methods of
interoperability improve access to the railway network for freight transport, create higher safety
standards and reduce rail-related noise levels.
One of the main advances in the EU'S railway system is the recently launched MODTRAIN project.
The project brings together, for the first time, all the main European rail system manufacturers,
sub system suppliers and rail operators. Working towards interoperability of national rllig-stock
systems, MODTRAIN offers a radical approach to rllig-stoco construction. Its goal of reducing the
number of single components in a railway carriage from 1,200 to 120 parts, cutting construction
time by more than 50% and reducing total life cycle costs should give a huge boost to the sector's
competiveness. Frederic Sgarbi of the European Commission said: "The MODTRAIN project has
delivered new definitions for common open rail vehicle architectures, crucial developments as wemove towards full rail transport interoperability."
4. Which ONE of the following does the passage suggest about railway transport?
A. It has an annual turnover of 95 billion
B. It reduces air pollution
C. It has high safety standards
D. It is a good economic investment
E. It employs 1.25 million people worldwide
F. The EU is not satisfied with it
答案解析：B
The question deals with railroad transport in general, as opposed to Europe's railway. It is based
on the flowing section in the passage: 'Rail transport offers a viable and competitive means of
shifting more cargo traffic away from the continent's crowded roads, thus improving traffic
circulation and cutting vehicle-emitted pollution'. Now that we understand the question and have
identified the corresponding section in the passage, let us eliminate distracters:
Statement A flows from the passage but addresses only the European railroad system.
Statement B follows from the passage and addresses rail transport in general.
Statement C does not flow from the passage; the passage says that the EU supprts research to
ensure high safety standards.
Statement D does not flow from the passage as it is not mentioned in the text.
Statement E flows from the passage but addresses only the European railroad system.
According to the passage, the EU is supporting new research and launching new projects to
advance the European rilroad system. It does not mean that the EU is not satisfied(statement F).
The only statement that flows from the passage and concerns the railroad system in general is:
statement B.
5. Which one of the following is NOT a feature of the railway system?
A. Reduces vehicle-emitted pollution
B. Provides large -scale employment
C. Reduces traffic from roads
D. Creates competition
E. Stimulates new investments
F. Generates high revenue
答案解析：C
The question deals with the MODTRAIN project and is based on the flowing section in the
passage: 'The project brings together, for the first time, all the main European rail system
manufacturers, sub-system suppliers and rail operators. Working towards interoperability
of national rolling-stock systems, MODTRAIN offers a radical approach to rolling-stock
construction. Its goal of reducing the number of single components in a railway carriage
from 1,200 to 120 parts and cutting construction time by more than 50% should give a huge
boost to the sector's competitiveness.' Now that we understand the question and have
identified the corresponding section in the passage, let us eliminate distracters:
A:This statement is not mentioned in the passagE. It might be deduced with a certain level
of certainty, but the question focuses on what the text says and not what can be deducedfrom it.
B:The passage does mention that the project is supposed to cut down construction time by 50%,
meaning there will be more trains and probably less road traffiC. However, we don't know if this
is the project's goal and we can only assume so. Therefore, this statement does not flow from the
passagE.
C:This statement concerns MODTRAIN and is specified in the passage: .should give a huge boost
to the sector's competitiveness' .
D:This is a false statement- it reduces components from 1,200 to 120 parts.
E:This is a false statement - it is not MODTRAIN which places particular emphasis on stimulating
new investment but the EU.
E:This is a false statement - MODTRAIN is not mentioned in the passage as a means of reducing
rail-related noise levels. The statement relates to the EU (one of the EU's goals is reducing noise
levels).
The only statement that flows from the passage and concerns the MODTRAIN project is:
statement C.
6.Which one of the following applies to MODTRAIN?
A. It offers more job opportunities
B. Its goal is reducing the continent's cargo traffic
C. It encourages the sector's competitiveness
D. It reduces the number of single components in a railway carriage by 50%
E. It places particular emphasis on stimulating new investment
F. It reduces rail-related noise levels
答案解析：E
The question deals with the railway system', referring to the EU railway system. Note that
this is a negatively phrased question, s0 we are asked to identify 5 features of the EU
railway system and 1 that is not a feature of the system. The question is based mainly on
the first two paragraphs of the passage, as the first paragraph deals with the EU railway
system special, while part of the second paragraph deals with rail transport in general
(including the EU railway system). Now that we understand the question and have identified
the corresponding sections in the passage, let us eliminate distracters:
A: It is a feature of railroad transport and thus a feature of the EU railway system:
antivehicle- emitted pollution'."
B: It is a feature of the EU railway system: 'Employing 1 million people in rail operations and
another 2000 in manufacturing'.
C: It is a feature of railroad transport and thus a feature of the EU railway system: improving
traffic circulating'.
D: It is a feature of railroad transport and thus a feature of the EU railway system: 'Rail
transport offers a viable and competitive means oF. "
E: It is a feature of the EU and not the railway system: 'the EU places particular emphasis on
stimulating new investment in trans-European transport.'
E: It is a feature of the EU railway system: the European railway sector has a 60% share of
the world market and an annual turnover of 95 billion'.
The only statement that is neither a feature of railroad transport in general nor a featureof the EU railway system in particular is: statement E.
Green Spaces
A study published in the journal Psychological Science examined data from a national survey that
flowed more than 5,000 UK households and 10,000 adults between 1991 and 2008 as they
moved house around the country. They asked participants to report on their own psychological
health during that time to estimate the 'green space effect. Results of the study suggest that
lower mental distress and higher life satisfaction are correlated with living in greener areas. This
was true even after the researchers accounted for changes over time in participants income,
employment, marital status, physical health, and housing typE. This affect was also lasting-
mental health was still better even after three years, whereas after changes in employment,
marriage etC. , mental health tended to go back to its baseline after six months to a year.
Beth Murphy, information manager at the mental health charity Mind, said: 'For people living
busy lifestyles in densely populated areas, being able to get outdoors and access green space is a
great way to escape the stresses of day-to-day lifE. According to our research, 94% of people
who took part in outdoors 'green exercise' said it benefited their health'. Dr. Mathew White, one
of the study's researchers, says the results indicated that access to good quality urban parks was
beneficial to public health. Dr. White compared the scale of the effects of living in a greener area
to be getting life events such as marriage: "We've found that living in an urban area with
relatively high levels of green space can have a significantly positive impact on wellbeing, roughly
equal to a third of the impact of being married". He added that these kinds of comparisons are
important for policymakers when trying to decide how to invest scarce public resources. I
Adapted from BBC News
7.Which statement does logically flow from the passage?
A. People in densely populated areas have poor health
B. Marriage does not have a significant impact on wellbeing
C. The positive impact of green spaces is moderated by physical health
D. Not all people have access to green areas
E. Green spaces are scarce
F. Living in a green area is considered a big-hitting' life event
答案解析：D
The question requires us to make inferences from the information given in the passagE.
In addition, it does not refer us to a specific section of the text. Therefore, it is recommended to
work with the statements themselves and locate them in the text (trying to confirm or refute
them) instead of vice versa:
A ‘Beth MarplE. said: "For people living busy lifestyles in densely populated areas, being able to
get outdoors and access green space is a great way to escape the stresses of day-to-day life".
Murphy does not indicate that people who live in densely populated areas have poor health. BDr.
WhitE. Compared the scale of the effects of living in a greener area to "igniting" life events such
as marriagE. ' Namely, marriage is considered to have a significant impact on peoplE.
C This was true even after the researchers accounted for changes over time in
participants' income, employment, marital status, physical health and housing typE. ' In
other words, the positive impact of green spaces is not moderated by physical health.these kinds of comparisons are important for policymakers when trying to decide how
to invest scarce public resources.' The study itself, together with the words of Dr. White, gives us
reason to infer that green spaces are not accessible to all peoplE. That is the reason it is so
important to prove their positive effects and to influence policymakers invest more money in
them.
E. There is no indication in the passage regarding the lack of green spaces. The passage
merely emphasizes their importance and perhaps indicates that not all people are able to
enjoy them (statement D).
E. 'Dr. While ...compared the scale of the effects of living in a greener area to "big-hitting" life
evE. ..'. Living in a green area is compared to big-hitting' life events, yet most people
would not think of it that way.
Therefore, the statement that logically flows from the passage is: statement D.
8. Which one of the following assumptions is made by Dr. White?
A. Marriage can harm an individual's psychological health
B. Policymakers don't prioritize the development of green areas
C. Marriage is an insignificant source of happiness
D. 'big-hitting' life events are potentially stressful
E. Policymakers don't care about green spaces
F. The effects of living in a green area are well-known
答案解析：B
Beth Murphy says the flowline; l for people living busy listyles in densely pulatd areas, being
able to get outdoors and access green space is a great way to escape the sresses of day-o-
day lifE. In other words, she sggts that people g0 outdoor as a means to rlieve stress
(statment B). Statement Fisht corer because Murphy does not recommend living in a see
environment; her quote sugests that sress is itable (a dyto-day penmenon), lsted she ofers a
way to esape it.
9.Which one of the following actions does Beth Murphy recommend?
A. Living in a populated area
B. Utilizing green spaces
C. Avoiding stressful life -events
D. Refraining from moving house
E. Living a busy lifestyle
F. Living in a stress-free environment
答案解析：B
Beth Murphly says the flolin; IFor people Iving busy listyles in densely pulatd areas, being
able to get oudors and acess geen space is a great way to escape the sresses of day-o-
day ifE. In other words, she sggts that people g0 outdoor as a means to rlieve stress
(tatment B). Statement Fisnt cor becuse Murphly does not reomend living ina seseee
evrmment; her quote sugests that sress is itable (a dyto-day penmenon), lsted she ofers a
way to esape it.Information and Communication Technologies
The introduction and rapid spread of Information and Communications Technologies
(ICT), such as the World Wide Web, e-mail, telephones, optical fibers and satellites is
revolutionizing the way in which societies interact, conduct their businesses, compete in
international markets and set their economic and human development agendas.
ICT enables societies to produce, access, adapt and apply information in greater
amounts, more rapidly and at reduced cost and offers enormous opportunities for
enhancing business and economic viability. It is widely recognized that there is a
straightforward connection between ICT development and economic growth as ICT can
provide access to information which can in turn create earning opportunities, improve
access to basic services, increase the impact of education and health interventions, and
give the poor a voice to demand government support and reforms. Right now, the ICT
sector represents 4.8% of the European economy, generates 25% of total business
expenditure in Research and Development, and investments in ICT account for 50% of all
European productivity growth.
Despite these potential links between ICT and poverty reduction and its unique response
to society's challenges such as the growing needs for sustainable healthcare and ageing,
direct access by the poor to ICT is extremely limiteD. Citizens of poor countries, especially
women, have significantly less access to ICT than those living in rich countries. Factors
such as excessive domestic workload, illiteracy, lack of childcare and lack of formal
education prevent these groups from accessing information. It has become apparent that
with the rapid introduction of these technologies in the western world, the gap between
rich and poor nations is widening.
10.Which two of the following does the passage state are implications of the
development of ICTs? （多选题）
A. Land lines have been neglected in favour of cell phones.
B. Economic inequality has increaseD.
C. Information has her name more are sessile
D. The education system has become more efficient.
E. Poverty levels have decreaseD.
F. There are more employment opportunities.
答案解析：B、C
The question asks us to identify the implications of ICT that can be drawn from the passagE. Let
us go over each distracter and examine whether it is implied in the passage in the context of ICT
implications:
A. Although the passage talks about the rapid spread of ICTS we have no information as to
whether land lines have been neglected in favour of cell phones.
B. This is mentioned in the passage: 'It has become apparent that with the rapid introduction of
these technologies in the western world, the gap between rich and poor nations is widening'.
C. This is mentioned in the passage: 'TCTs enable societies to produce, access, adapt and apply
information in greater amounts, more rapidly and at reduced costs'.
D. Although the passage notes that ICTs can 'increase the impact of education and healthinterventions', there is nothing to suggest that the education system has become more efficient.
E. Although the passage states that there is a 'potential link between ICTs and poverty
reduction', it then goes on to negate this statement by saying that in reality the opposite
has
happeneD.
E. Although the passage states that ICTs: 'ffer enormous opportunities for enhancing
business and economic vibility;, there is no information regarding the employment
situation.
Therefore this cannot be implied from the passage The only 2 implications that can be
drawn from the passage are: statements B & C.
11.The passage suggests which one of the following criticisms regarding ICTs?
A. They are not available in Third World countries
B. They are not accessible to literate people Nnmestir wnrklnad is rommon in rountriessl ifferinn
from novertv
C. There is a straightforward connection between ICTs and poverty
D. Women are deprived of using these technologies
E. Introduction of these technologies is too rapid
答案解析：B
The citicism regarding ICTs is apparent in the second paragraph of the passagE. This
paragraph suggests several factors that limit the positive impact of ICTs among Third
World populations. Those factors are: excessive domestic workload, iliteracy and lack of
formal education. Let us now review the distracters:
A. Not true - it is not that they are not available in Third World countries; rather it is other
factors that inhibit the positive effects of ICTs therE.
B. True and mentioned in the passagE.
C. This is a true statement, one that is mentioned in the passage; however, it is not a
criticism.
D. Not true - there isn't a straightforward connection between ICTs and poverty.
E. Not true - factors associated with poverty deprive Third World populations, and
especially women, of using these technologies.
E. While it is true that the introduction of these technologies was rapid, this is not
mentioned as criticism in the passagE.
The only statement that appears in the passage as criticism and is phrased as such is:
statement B.
12. Which one of the following economic effects does the passage link to ICTs?
A. Rapid spread of information
B. Decrease in production costs
C. Excessive domestiC. workload
D. Fewer job opportunities
E. Equal financial opportunities
F. Improved business opportunities
答案解析：FThe question deals with the economic effects of ICTs and only them (as opposed to other
possible effects that ICTs have). The economic effects of ICTS can be found mainly in the
second half of the first paragraph. Let us identify them: ICTs 'provide access to
information which can in tr. (1) create earning opportunities (2) improve access to basic
services
(3) increase the impact of education and heath interventions (4) give the poor a voice to
demand government support and reforms. Therefore, the correct answer is: F, as creating
earning opportunities means improved business opuntiA. Note that E isn't correct since the
passage goes on to discuss the inequality created by ICTs, A isn't the correct answer
because although it is an ICT effect, it is not an economic onE.
Fire Resistant Furniture
The Upholstered Furniture Regulations (1983) impose requirements in relation to
domestic furniturE. All upholstered furniture sold in the UK must meet fire resistance
standards. New furniture must be permanently labelleD. Any second-hand furniture made
after 1950 must be fire resistant. This includes sofas, beds, garden furniture, |I cushion
flings and all other types of upholstered household furniturE.
The standards all furniture must adhere to are: (a) fling materials must meet standards
so, they don't catch fire easily; (b) upholstery must be cigarette resistant; (C) I covers must
be match resistant; (d) a permanent label must be fitted to every item of new furniturE.
The UK Fire Safety Advice Centre advises that should a piece of furniture not meet the fre
safety standards, this furniture should not be used anymorE. If a proof of
I purchase such as a receipt or credit card receipt is available, a complaint should be
made to the trader. In the complaint, it should be stated that this item isn't fit for purpose
under the Sale of Goods Act. A refund or other goods that do meet the standards should
be supplieD. If a piece of furniture isn't fire resistant for certain, a report
I should be filed to Trading Standards against the trader.
These Regulations apply to all persons in the business supply chain from the supply of
materials for use in furniture, through to the supply of the finished article as well as re-
upholstery and recovering. They affect all persons who supply furniture, furnishings or re-
upholstery services including manufacturers, retailers, and importers, and they also apply
to persons who hire out furniture in the course of a business.
As manufacturers and importers are exposed to consumers' complaints, they need to
retain the information about the relevant ignitability test for a period of five years from
the date on which the furniture is supplied to the retailer.
13.n case of a complaint, how should manufacturers and importers prove that them
furniture is fire resistant?
A. They should report the complaint to the Trading Standards
B. They should be responsible for reupholstering the furniture they supplied
C. They should provide a replacement piece that does meet the standards
D. They should supply information about ignitability test conducted on the piece
E. They should refund if a piece of furniture is not fire resistant
F. They should prove the furniture was manufactured over five years ago答案解析：D
This question is asking how the manufacturer or the importer can prove that their
Furniture is fire-resistant. As they need to provide this proof in case of a complaint,
scanning the text for the word "complaint" or something with a similar meaning should be
helpful. The answer is in the last paragraph, where it is mentioned that proof that the
furniture is fire-resistant should be kept.
A. Not a way to prove that the furniture is fire resistant.
B. All fr-resistance standards apply when reupholstering furniture, but there is no
requirement to reupholster, and it is certainly not a way to demonstrate that the furniture
is fire resistant.
C. It is one way of dealing with a complaint in case the furniture does not meet the
standards, but it is not proof that the furniture was fire-resistant.
D. That is correct. See last paragraph.
E. It is one way of dealing with a complaint in case the furniture does not meet the
standards, but it is does not account for it being fire resistant.
F. All furniture manufactured after 1950 should be fire-resistant, as stated at the beginning
of the passage, so this answer is not relevant.
14. According to the UK Fire Safety Advice Centre, what should be done if a piece of
furniture does not meet the fire resistance standards?
A. A report to the police should be filed as this is a criminal offence
B. The furniture should be hired out as this is a business course
C. Proof that the furniture is not fire-resistant should be supplied to the trader
D. No use should be made of this furniture from this moment on
E. All persons in the business supply chain should be notified
F. The furniture should be destroyed
答案解析：D
This question is asking about a piece of furniture which does not meet the standards. Note that
"does not meet the standards" is not the same as "int fire resistant for certain". If a piece is for
certain flammable, the complaint process is different and a complaint should be made directly to
Trading Standards, as opposed to a piece that might not meet The standards. The answer is in the
third paragraph, where the UK Fire Safety Advice Centre is mentioneD. We can also scan the text
for "not meet the standards".
A. Not mentioned in the text.
B. Standards also apply to people who hire out furniture, so this should not be done if a piece is
not fire-resistant.
C. A complaint should be made to the trader, but it doesn't need to include a proof,
D. The correct answer, as stated in the third paragraph: "The UK Fire Safety Advice Centre advises
that should a piece of furniture not meet the fire safety standards, this humiture should not be
used anymorE. "
E. A complaint can be made to the trader. The text doesn't mention what happens after that.
F. Not mentioned in the text.15. Which of the below is NOT mentioned as required to meet fire resistance standards?
A. Furniture that was constructed or imported before the year 1950
B. All furniture that include upholstery
C. All covers and cushions that have fling
D. Furniture that was hired from a shop
E. Furniture that carries a permanent label
F. Furniture that was supplied five years or longer before the date of the complaint
答案解析：A
This question deals with the type of furniture that must be fire-resistant. Note that this is a
negative question, so we need to find five types of furniture that are obligated to be fire-
resistant and one that isn’t. Note that the text includes a list of furniture that must meet the
standards: "sofas, beds, garden furniture, cushion flings and all other types of upholstered
household furniturE. "
A. The correct answer. Note the text specifically mentions that "furniture made after 1950
must be fire resistant".
B. "All types of upholstered household furniture" is mentioned in the list abovE.
C. Specifically mentioned in the list abovE.
D. It is mentioned later in the text that all standards apply to people who hire out furniturE.
E. Any piece of furniture sold needs to have a permanent label, as mentioned in the second
paragraph, but that only means it was tested and proven to be fire resistant.
F. Manufacturers should retain proof of the relevant tests for five years, but after that
period furniture is still expected to remain fre-resistant.
材料2
Drug Offences
Across Europe, the three most common ways of punishing a person for a drug
possession offence is warming, fine and suspended prison sentencE. With the exception
of a few countries, community work orders are very rarely used to sanction this offencE.
Those convicted of supply offences are likely to receive a prison sentence, though many
of these are suspended sentences, and few receive the long sentences that are often
brought up in public debatE. Considerable differences between countries exist regarding
how strongly they draw the line between users as individuals needing treatment or
counseling, and traffickers as criminals. An individual country's criminal justice system
recognizes some people as sick, and thus tries to divert them to treatment, flowing one
of its primary aims of deterrence, and channels others towards punishment. Although it
is widely felt that users should not go to prison for offences against drug laws, some still
do: usually a small percent of those who appear before a court.
Further research would be needed to understand why: whether they are addicts who have
no money for a fine, are in breach of probation, or are recidivists for whom treatment has
not proven successful.第二组 15题 单选题
1. A user may receive the same punishment as a trafficker.
A. True
B. False
C. Insufficient information
答案解析：A
The passage seifes that the three most common ways of punishing a (USER) are warming,
fine and suspended prison sentence', It continues 0n to state that: (TRAFFICKERS) are lielyto
receive a prison sentence, though many of these are suspended prison sentences. In other
words, both users and truckers may receive a suspended prison sentence as punishment
2.The passage suggests which one of the following criticisms directed at the justice
system?
A. Prevention of treatment for addicts
B. Lack of deterrence measures for traffickers
C. Variations in punishment between countries
D. Punishment too lenient for offenders
E. Incarceration of some users
F. Rare use of community work orders to sanction offenders
答案解析：E
The last suctioned the passages offers us a glimpse of the author’s thoughts: Although tis
wellfield that users should not go to prison for offences against drug laws, some sill do. Further
research would be needed to understand why. It appears that the author does not believe uses
should be cindered criminals and flee they are wrongly uncrateD. answer Elis correct, other
answer options are either not mentioned in the passage or are indicated but are not criticism.
3.Which two of the following notions are reflected in the passage?（多选题）
A. Users are not criminals
B. Incarceration is not an effective punishment for addicts
C. Traffickers will get better with treatment
D. Drug laws are redundant
E. Fines are an ineffective sanction for users
F. Supply offenders began as users
答案解析：A、B
The first part of the passage specifies the common ways of punishing drug possession
and supply offences. The second part deals with the differences between countries
regarding how strongly they draw the line between users (as people who need treatment
not incarceration) and traffickers (as criminals). In the last section of the passage the
author discusses why users go to jail: 'Although it is widely felt that users should not go to
prison for offences against drug laws, some still do: usually a few percent of those who
appear before a court. Further research would be needed to understand why; whether
they are addicts who have no money for a fine, are in breach of probation, or are recidivist
for whom treatment has not been successful'. The logical link missing in the passage, theone connecting the last section of the text to the preceding text, is the notion that users
are not criminals (statement A), and that Incarceration is not an effective punishment for
addicts (Statement B).
Videoconferencing
Videoconferencing is an efficient tool that has the potential to facilitate and speed up
cross- border proceedings and to reduce the costs involveD. In the context of European e-
Justice, videoconferencing may be a new concept but it already exists, it is free of
technical obstacles, it has been widely used at the national level between authorities in
the same country or other countries, and it can be developed further.
Currently the use of cross border videoconferencing in criminal or civil and commercial
proceedings involve conducting witness, expert, or victim hearings. The taking of
evidence is the most important use of videoconferencing in cross border proceedings
and has proven especially practical in cases involving the hearing of vulnerable or
intimidated witnesses. Furthermore, expert hearings (E. g. of forensic, interpretation and
medical experts) conducted via videoconferencing have ensured a more effective use of
resources.
At EU level, there are several initiatives covering the use of videoconferencing in legal
procedures. An effort is made to make proceedings as accessible as possible by using
online forms that enable courts to fl, print and save the request to translate it into the
language of the requested court, and by collect and disperse information on available
national facilities. In the UK, for example, Virtual Court, a video link between a court and a
police station, has made it possible to deal with first hearings within 2- 3 hours of charge
in simple cases and has the potential to hear a significant number of first hearings on the
same day. Consequently, many victims and witnesses can expect to receive quicker
compensation, better translation and overall a more responsive servicE.
4.Which two of the following consequences does the passage link to videoconferencing? （多选
题）
A. An upsurge in cross-border proceedings
B. Speedier taking of evidence
C. More pleasant justice service
D. Reduction in the number of proceedings
E. Reduced costs
F. More initiatives in the judicial system
答案解析：B、F
The question asks us to identify the consequences of incorporating videoconferencing in
the justice system (this is the subject of the passage). Let us go over the distracters and
find the related sections of the passage that correspond to them:
A. Although the passage states that: 'videoconferencing is an efficient tool that has the
potential to facilitate and speed up cross-border proceedings, it does not go on to claim
that there has been an upsurge in cross-border proceedings.
B. This is a consequence of the use of videoconferencing: "Videoconferencing is an
efficient tool that has the potential to facilitate and speed up cross-border proceedings,'anD. Virtual Court. has made it possible to deal with first hearings within 2-3 hours of
charge in simple cases...
C. Although the passage states that 'many victims and witnesses can expect to receive a
more responsive service, this is not to say than the justice service is more pleasant.
D. Videoconferencing "has made it possible to deal with first hearings within 23 hours of
charge in simple cases', yet proceeding times might take longer.
E. This is a consequence of the use of videoconferencing: "Videoconferencing is an
efficient tool that has the potential I. Reduce the costs involved,' and: 'Furthermore, expert
hearing. Have ensured a more effective use of resources.'
E. 'At EU level there are several initiatives covering the use of videoconferencing in legal
procedures' This is not a consequence of the use of videoconferencing.
5.Which two of the following are NOT given in the context of implementation of
videoconferencing in the judicial system? （多选题）
A. Conducting expert hearings
B. Taking evidence from witnesses
C. Connecting between the police and the court system
D. Conducting cross-border trials
E. Conducting first hearings
F. Filming of the crime scene
答案解析：D、F
The question asks us to identify 4 implementations of videoconferencing in the judicial
system and 2 that are not. Since the implementations are scattered throughout the
passage, let IS scan it and find the corresponding sections:
1) 'The taking of evidence is the most important use of videoconferencing in cross border
proceedings and has proven especially practical in cases involving the hearing of vulnerable r
intimidated witnesses. Furthermore, expert hearings (E. g. of forensic and medical experts)
conducted via videoconferencing have ensured a more effective use of resources. 'this eliminates
distracters A and B.
2) 'In the UK, for example, Virtual Court, as a video link between court and police station, has
made it possible to deal with first hearings within 2-3 hours of charge in simple: aces and has the
potential to hear a significant number of first hearings on the same day.'- this eliminates
distracters C and E. Therefore, the two statements not given as implications of videoconferencing
in the justice system is: D and F. The passage mentions several cross-border proceedings
semifinal,) Ut trials is not one of them. Filming of the crime scene is not mentioned at all.
6.Videoconferencing commonly targets which one of the following groups?
A. Overseas judges
B. Defense attorneys
C. Police secretaries
D. Policemen
E. Witnesses
F. Prosecutors
答案解析：EThis question based on a key sentence in the passage; The taking of evidence is the most iortat
use of geofencing in csbordor proedines and has proven especially practical in cases involving the
hearing of venerable or iterated witnesses. In other word, the target group is witnesses (and
victims; however, this is not given as an answer option, and the correct answers E
Bee Deaths
Wild species of bees are said by researchers to be responsible for pollinating around one
third of the world's crop production, performing an important role in preventing world
starvation. Pollinating crops would be very costly without them. Lately, there has been
great concern across Europe about the collapse of bee populations.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) scientists have identified a number of risks posed
to bees by neonicotinoid chemicals used in pesticides. Neonicotinoid
pesticides are nicotine like chemicals and act on the nervous systems of insects. The
EFSA has found that these pesticides have acute and chronic effects on bee colony
survival and development.
Although the European Commission is adamantly pushing towards restricting the use of
neonicotinoid chemicals for crops not attractive to bees and other pollinators, and in
some countries such restrictions are already in place, many farmers and crop experts
argue that there is insufficient data to make such drastic restrictions that might
harm food production. They argue that the report published by the EFSA last January
specifically stated that in some cases it was 'unable to finalize the assessments due to
shortcomings in the available data' since many of the studies it reviewed were conducted
in a lab, and that other possible causes of colony collapse, such as the parasitic varroa
mite, viruses that attack bees and neglect of hives, were not considered in the report.
A solution to this dispute may be found when examining the general principles of risk
management. Apparently, in cases of action being taken under the precautionary
principle, the producer/manufacturer may be required to prove the absence of danger
from using their product, rather than waiting until hard evidence of the contrary has come
to light.
7. Which one of the following recommendations would risk management experts advocate?
A. Extending the use of neonicotinoid
B. Developing new species of pollinators
C. Conducting more exhaustive research
D. Developing new and improved pesticides
E. Providing more evidence that neonicotinoid is harmful
F. Restricting the use of neonicotinoid chemicals
答案解析：F
This question based on the last paragraph in the passage, and deals with the risks management
perspective of the situation, described in the passage, Let's try and understand this perspective:
The risk management sad point is offered as a solution to the confit between the European
Commission and the farmers. The European Commission demands that action be taken now by
restricting the use of nicotinoid, whereas farmers demand postponing restriction and conducting
more research to prove that neonicotinoid is in fact harmful. Risk management offers the pint ofview of the precautionary pencil; in Cases like this, you shouldn’t wait until harm is proven but
take preventative action now until proven that there is no harm, the only statement offering to
take a preventative action is statement F.
8.Which two of the following are correct in light of the text?
A. Only wild species are responsible for pollination
B. Bees prevent world starvation
C. Neonicotinoid is harmful for bees
D. The farmers' protest is money driven
E. The EFSA has banned the use of pesticides
F. Bee populations are in danger
答案解析：E
This type of question is not based on any specific section in the passage; rather it
compels us to scan the entire text. It is recommended in these cases to work with the
statements themselves and try to locate them in the text (confirming or refuting them)
instead of vice versa:
A. Wild species of bees are said by researchers to be responsible for palliating around one-
third of the world's crop production'- no one said that wild bees are the only species
responsible for pollination- incorrect.
B. "Wild species of bes.perform[ing] an important role in preventing world starvation-
correct.
C. They [the farmers] argue that the report published by EFSA last January specifically
stated that in some cases it was "unable to finalize the assessments due to shortcomings
in the valuables data".' Namely, it is not certain that neonicotinoid is harmful to bees.
incorrect.
D. Although this might be the case, there is no evidence in the passage regarding the
motives of the farmers and therefore we cannot evaluate the truthfulness of this
statement- incorrect,
E. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) scientists have Siekierski posed to bees by nicomiiD. ..
[and] found that these pesticides have acute and chronic effects on bee colony
survival and development.' They did not prohibit the use of pesticides- incorrect.
Elatedly there has been great concern across Europe about the collapse of bee
populations.' The collapse of a living colony means the endangerment of a species- correct.
9.Which one of the following applies to EFSA research?
A. It proved that pesticides kill bees
B. It is insufficient
C. It is funded by private organizations
D. It forecasts world starvation
E. It is opposed by farmers
F. It discovered neonicotinoid chemicals
答案解析：B
The EFSA research is mentioned twice in the text:
(1) When it is introduced:' European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) scientists have identified anumber of risks posed to bees by neonicotinoid chemicals used in pesticides.
The EFSA has found that these pesticides have acute and chronic effects on bee colony survival
and development. - The research identified risks posed by pesticides and found them to have
harmful effects on bees.
(2) In relation to the farmer's protest: 'They argue that the report published by the EFSA
last January specifically stated that in some cases it was "unable to finalize the
assessments due to shortcomings in the available data”. - The farmers believe that the
study provides insufficient datA.
Therefore, the correct statement is B. Note that statement E isn't correct since the
farmers oppose the European Commission's decision to restrict the use of pesticides, not
the EFSA research itselF. Statement F isn't correct because scientists have identified the
risks posed to bees by neonicotinoid chemicals, not the chemicals themselves.
Online Grocery Shopping
Online grocery shopping is a big business and is expected to get bigger. According to
analysts at IGD the market will almost double in value by next year.
Online grocery delivery services are available throughout Europe, Asia, and North America,
mostly in urban Centre’s. This service allows consumers to spend less time on grocery
shopping and have the goods delivered at a time of their choosing. This is highly
convenient for any consumer with long working hours and commitments during the day.
Delivery charges vary according to the grocer, time of day, day of the week and overall
cost of order.
Demand, as can be expected, keeps growing, and supermarkets pursue this growing
segment with low delivery charges, flexible delivery times, discounts and additional
services. Tesco, one of the top retail chains in the UK, has announced that in order to
cater for the surge in popularity of interment grocery shopping it plans to build a national
network of online-only stores.
But convenience does not come without a pricE. Picking out all the items, bagging them
and delivering each order costs supermarkets up to £20 per order - however customers
are usually only charged around £5 for the servicE.
According to Dr Clive Black, head of research at Shore Capital Stockbrokers, the relatively
low fee means that online shoppers are effectively being subsidized by everyone elsE. Dr
Black further said poorer families, who tend to shop in-store only, are charged more for
their food in order to offset the cost of providing online shopping to others, and that
Online grocery without proper charging for distribution is not a sustainable model. The
service, as operated now, is not economical for any of the businesses involveD.
10.What changes does Dr Black imply are necessary for online grocery shopping?
A. More poor families should start to use it
B. It should be shut down as it is not profitable
C. Delivery charges should rise to reflect the true cost
D. More supermarkets should make this service available
E. Delivery times should be made more flexible
F. Delivery charges should decrease答案解析：C
This is a quote question. We should check where Dr. Black appears in the text. We can
see he is mentioned in the last paragraph (note that he's mentioned in both first and last
name, indicating this is the first time he is mentioned) and look for his quote therE.
A. More poor families should start to use it - Dr. Black states that poor families tend to buy
only in stores and that store buyers subsidise online shoppers, but it is not mentioned
anywhere that poor families should change their habits.
B. It should be shut down as it is not profitable - Dr. Black states that the service is not
profitable but does not suggest closing it.
C. Delivery charges should rise to reflect the true cost - that is the correct answer, as
stated in the text: "Only a major increase in delivery charges would make the service
economical."
D. More supermarkets should make this service available - not mentioned in the text.
E. Delivery times should be more flexible - not mentioned in the text.
F. Delivery charges should decrease - the opposite is mentioned in the text, as stated in
answer choice 3.
11.Which two of the below are NOT mentioned in the text as affecting the delivery charge? （多
选题）
A. Time of day
B. Delivery address
C. Overall cost of the order
D. The grocer
E. Day of the week
F. Additional services the grocer offers
答案解析：B、F
This question deals with the delivery charges and what affects them. Note this is a negative
question -we need to find which two are not mentioned in the text as affecting the delivery
chargE. The answer can be found in the second paragraph, where we find the word
"charges" for the first time, and a list of important factors: "Delivery charges vary according to
the grocer, time of day, day of the week and overall cost of order." We can also scan the
text for the words "delivery charges' to find this list.
1. Mentioned in the list.
2. One of the correct answers, not mentioned in the list.
3. Mentioned in the list.
4. Mentioned in the list,
5. Mentioned in the list,
6.0ne of the correct answers, not mentioned in the list.
12. According to the passage, where is online grocery shopping most common?
A. It is most common in metropolitans in the EU, Asia, and the US
B. In rural areas where access to grocery stores is difficult
C. In cities where shoppers work long hours
D. In rich areas where people can afford the extra chargeE. Throughout the UK
F. In poorer areas where there are fewer supermarkets
答案解析：A
This question deals with online grocery shopping, asking where it is most common. We
can start by scanning the text for the term "online grocery shopping". The answer is in the
second paragraph, the second time this term is mentioneD. There we find a description of
online shopping, and it is mentioned that: "Online grocery delivery services are available
throughout Europe, Asia, and North America, mostly in urban centers."
A. A rephrasing of the text, therefore this answer is truE.
B. Not mentioned in the text.
C. It is mentioned that the service is convenient for people who work long hours, but that
is not related to its availability.
D. Not mentioned in the text.
E. The text does deal with online grocers in the UK, but specifically states that it is common
in the EU, Asia, and US.
F. Not mentioned in the text.
The Building Code of Australia
The National Construction Code (NCC) provides the minimum necessary requirements
for safety, health, amenity and sustainability in the design and construction of new
buildings throughout AustraliA.
The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) incorporated all on-site construction
requirements into a single codE. The NCC comprises the Building Code of Australia (BCA) and the
Plumbing Code of AustraliA. The plumbing code is inherently linked to the building code, as both
setting requirements for on-site construction of buildings.
The BCA is the primary code referenced in all State and Territory building Acts or regulations. It
contains technical provisions for the design and construction of buildings and other structures,
covering such matters as structure, fire resistance, access, services and equipment, and energy
efficiency as well as certain aspects of health and amenities. Its goal is to enable the achievement
of nationally consistent, minimum necessary standards of relevant safety (including structural
safety and safety from fire), health, amenities, and sustainability objectives efficiently. The BCA is
produced and maintained by the Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB) on behalf of the
Australian Government. Assessment Methods are used to determine whether a Building Solution
complies with the relevant BCA Performance Requirements. A building solution can be achieved
through complying with the Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions, or by using an Alternative Solution to
achieve the Performance Requirements. A building's safety can be certified by Code Mark the
building product certification schemE. Code Mark provides a nationally and internationally
accepted process assessment for compliance with the requirements of the building codes of
Australia and New ZealanD. Building materials, forms of construction and designs can come
under the schemE.
13. Which of the below is a definition of the BCA as appears in the passage?
A. A technical guide of fire safety issues in Australia
B. A national board that assesses building safetyC. A technical manual containing instructions for new buildings
D. A guide for all plumbing issues in new buildings
E. A guide for the only allowed building materials in Australia and New Zealand
F. A book covering the history of all buildings constructed in Australia and New Zealand
and the process of certifying them
答案解析：C
The question is asking about the definition of the building code of Australia, according to the text.
We can find the answer in the third paragraph, after the words "the BCA is".
A. The BCA also deals with other issues, and fire safety is not necessarily an issue of buildings - it
could refer also to forest fires etC.
B. The BCA is a code, not a national boarD.
C. The correct answer. See in the text: "It contains technical provisions for the design and
construction of buildings."
D. It is mentioned that a different code deals with plumbing.
E. The BCA deals with many other issues, not just the materials.
F. A book covering the history of all buildings constructed in Australia and New Zealand
and the process of certifying them - The BCA is a code book. The history of buildings is not
mentioned in the text at all.
14.Which method does the text specify for certifying a building's safety?
A. Submitting a request for formal assessment by the government of building materials
B. Filing a formal assessment request
C. COAG should perform an assessment process
D. Assessment of plumbing and construction
E. The constructor should submit their safety history for inspection
F. Assessment by Code Mark that the building meets the standard
答案解析：F
This question deals with certification, proving that the building indeed meets the standarD.
Since the text starts with a general description of the BCA and continues with more details, we
can assume the answer will be later in the text. We find the answer in the last paragraph, where
the certifying body- Code Mark- is describeD. You can also scan for the word "certified" - it
appears for the first time next to "Code Mark", as part of its description.
A. Not mentioned in the text.
B. Not mentioned in the text.
C. COAG developed the BCA but does not maintain it nor is it responsible for certifying a
building.
D. This is not mentioned in the text.
E. Not mentioned in the text.
F. That is the correct answer. In the last paragraph, we can find the answer: "A building's
safety can be certified by Code Mark".
15.Which two of the below describe the process of applying the BCA?
A. Australian Building Codes Board is the regulator responsible for the BCA
B. Various tests determine whether a building's design and construction methodscomply with the BCA requirements
C. Code Mark turned all on-site construction requirements into a single code, and is also
the enforcing bodies
D. The BCA is maintained and enforced by the Australian Building Codes Board
E. When a new building is completed, Code Mark checks if it meets the BCA standards
F. In order to resolve common safety issues, Code Mark was created to certify the safety
of new buildings
答案解析：B、E
This question asks about the process of using the BCA. Note it is asking for two descriptions of
the same process. The two answers do not have to be similar- each correct answer can describe
different parts of the process. The information you need in order to answer this question is in
more than one place in the text. In the second paragraph the provisions that each building must
meet are mentioned, and in the last paragraph - information about the assessment process by
Code Mark.
A. The Australian Building Codes Board operates and maintains the codE. It is not mentioned in
the text that this is the enforcing body.
B. One of the correct answers. To determine if a building meets the requirements, Code Mark can
assess whether its design, form of construction, building materials and more meet the BCA
requirements.
C. Code Mark did not create the codE.
D. This answer adds information to the text. Nowhere in the text is it mentioned that the
Australian Building Codes Board enforces the BCA.
E. One of the correct answers.
F. No previous safety issues are mentioned in the passagE.
材料3
Labour Crisis
A prolonged labour market recession is in the making as long-term unemployment is on
the rise and many workers are becoming excluded from the labour market The shift to
austerity measures has further deteriorated labour market conditions in counties hit by
the debt crisis. The depressed employment situation has been accompanied by growing
job precarousness for those who have a job. The incidence of part-time work has risen
sinificanty as has that of temporary employment.
Given the signifcant slowdown in economic growth, job loss can increase severely as
businesses tend to decrease expenditure, leading to higher unemployment. At the same
time, the crisis has resulted in the contraction of bank credit for small and medium-sized
businesses and this, in turn, has reduced the growth in slf-employment.
Measures that will increase employment and speed up economic growth should be
taken promptly. Given the impossbilit of financing expenditures with deficits, one can
realistically suggest budget-neutral increases in training programmes and subsidies to
businesses. This must be coupled with government programmes to facilitate credit to
small and medium- sized businesses, fnanced with increases in taxes in other areas such
as environmental or tourist taxes that will not distort the economy adversely.
第三组 15题 单选题1.Which one of the following is NOT given as a cause of the labour market recession?
A. The application of austerity measures
B. Reduced business expenditures
C. Proliferation of part-time jobs
D. Employment instability
E. Lack of financial support for small and medium-sized businesses
F. Increased unemployment
答案解析：C
The question asks us to idenify 5 causes (or potential causes) of the recession and 1 that
is not a cause. Let us go over the distracters and find the crreponding sections in the text
that relate to them: .
A.Given as a cause: the shit to austerity measures has further deteriorated labour market
conditions'.
B.Given as a cause: 5job loss can increase severely as businesses tend to decrease
expenditure',
C.Given as a symptom: the depressed employment situation has been accompanied by..
part-time work has risen sinifiantny.'. In other words the polifration of part-time jobs is a
symptom of increased unemployment, not a cause of it.
D.Given as a cause: 'a prolonged labour market recession is in the making a.mamyy
workers are becoming excluded from the labour market.
E.Given as a result and a consequent cause: 'at the same time, the crisis has resulted in
the contraction of bank credit for small and medium-sized businesses and in tum reduced
the growth in self-employment,' which in turn negatively efcts the labour market.
E.Given as a cause: 'a prolonged labour market recession is in the making as long-term
unemployment is on the rise'. The only answer that is not a cause or a potential cause of
the labour crisis is: answer C
2.The government cannot afford further budget deficits.
A. True B. False C. Insufficient information
答案解析：A
The statement is based on the fllowingn section of the passage; 'Given the imossibilityt of
financing expenditures with difci, one can relsticlaly suggest budgetneutral increases in
training programmes and subsidies to busnesses.' In other words, the author suggests
that the government cannot aford further expansion of the country's debt and therefore
ofers altermative measures to overcome the crisis. Thus, the statement is true
3. Which two of the following actions are recommended in the passage?（多选题）
A. Increase tourists taxes
B. Increase private investments in businesses
C. Create more job opportunities
D. Support training programs
E. Erase debts of small- and medium-sized businesses
F. Encourage self- employment
答案解析：A、DThe question is based on the last section of the pssage dealing with the author's
sugsionsrecommended actions to overcome the labour cisis Let us iolate the various
reommendations: (1) bugtneutral icres in tainin pogrammes (2) budetnetral increses in
susidies to buinesses (3) government pogrammes to failte credit to sal and medium-sized
businesses (4) increase taxes such as environmental or tourist taxes After ienifying the
vanious recommendations, it is easier to see that the only two statements corresponding
with these recommendations are: statements A&D.
The Evolution of Education
Over the past decade, higher education has become increasingly international. More and
more students choose to study abroad, enrol in foreign educational programmes and
institutions in their home country, or simply use the Internet to take courses at collges or
universities in other countries.
Today, drawing in foreign students has become a major consideration for universities.
More than f27m is to be invested over the next two years to attract more foreign students
to UK universities. The interationalisation of higher education means that in university
courses especially but not exclusively post-graduate courses : you increasingly find
someone whose mother-tongue is not English teaching a group of students, very few of
whom have English as their first language. This undoubtedly affects the way people learn
and how people teach. This also affects their professional skills later on - many students
believe that studying with international students would help prepare them for working life.
Not an insignificant amount of London University PhD students are multilingual and write
in English, although French and Italian
are also regular working languages.
The European University Institute (EUI) is an international postgraduate and post-doctoral
teaching and research institute established by European Union member states to
contribute to scientifc development in the social sciences, an ideal place to debate the
challenges ahead for other institutions. 'There is a kind of denationalised way of looking
at the disciplines that we teach; it's not ignoring the national traditions but we're not so
constrained by them and we tend automatically to see things from a comparative and
transnational perspective. We are therefore able to start thinking seriously about what it
means to teach in this way and in these international environments', explains the
president of EUI.
4.Which one of the following trends is described in the passage?
A. The growing popularity of online university courses
B. The globalisation of higher education
C. An increase in teachers who do not possess English as their mother-tongue
D. More multilingual students in London
E. Greater challenges for educational institutes
F. Over- enrollment in foreign educational programmes
答案解析：B
The question deals with the main trend described in the passage. It is advisable to start
reading from the begning of the pasage since usally the pinina subjet is presented thereThe pasage begins by sating; 'Over the past deade, higher education has become
icreasinly itereational, It cntinues by elaborating 0n ways in which higher education has
become itermational and then repeats this idea in the flowin sentences: The ineainaliation
of higher education means tht. We have enough information now to conclude tha
the trend described in the passage is the globalisation ofhigher education (tatement B).
The remairing dstracters describe only dferent aspects of the trend (tatements A,C, E) or
a more local trend instead of a global Oone (D). Statement Fis not mentioned in the
passage
5. Which one of the following most effectively summarises the president of EUI's quote?
A. Teaching perspectives have changed recently
B. The new environment affects the way people learn
C. Teachers today are ignoring national traditions
D. Educational institutions are facing future challenges
E. The international environment promotes a more transnational perspective
F. Educational institutions are learning to adapt to a new environment
答案解析：F
The question asks us to summarise the president of EUI's quote. Notice that we are not
asked to make inferences or draw conclusions, rather to find the main points in the
presiden's words, as follows:
The teaching perspective is transnational and comparative.
It is time to rethink teaching methods in the (new) international environment.
Now let us examine the distractors:
A. The president does not explicitly mention that teaching perspectives have changed
recently. Also, this distractor deals only with the first part of her quote.
B. The president does not deal with the way people learn, but with teaching methods and
disciplines.
C. The president mentions this notion but it is neither the focus of the quote nor is it
brought up in a negative way.
D. The president talks about future changes and changing perspective. It does not
mentioned challanges, and this summery does not cover both parts of the quote.
E. This can be inferred from the president's words but does not serve as a summary of the
entire quote.
F. Educational institutions are learning to adapt to a new environment - this is a summary
of the president's quote, and it covers both the main points mentioned.
6.International university courses are aimed at which one of the following groups?
A. II students who do not possess English as their mother tongue
B. 0 whomever it may be of interest
C. ost-graduate students
D. tudents who register for online courses
E. tudents who enroll in foreign educational programmes
F. tudents who live outside of London
答案解析：BThis question is based On the flwing section in the passage: More and more students
choose to study abroad, enroll in foreign educational programmes and itutios in their
home country, or simply use the Internet to take courses at clges or univrities in other
countries. The ientatanalisation of higher education means that in university courses -
espeiallyly but not eclusively ps:graduate couses. Let us iolate the various target groups:
(1) students who chose to studly abroad; (2) students who enro in freign eduaional
programmes in their home country (3) students who take Internet coures at clleges or
univrsities in other countries (4) espeilly (but not excusiely) postgraduates. Since these
groups cover all the ditracter, we are left with B- the courses are aimed at whoever is
interested.
Europe's Aging Population
The incentives for having fewer children in rich inutialized countries are the mirror image
of the reason to have large families in poor countries. In rich countries, children are an
expensive luxury while adding nothing to family income. For that reason among others,
the EU has recenlty come to recognise that it is facing dramatic changes in the age-
structure of Europe's population, which have profound economic and social
consequences. Consistently low bith rates and higher life expectancy
I means that the 'dependency ratio (the number of people over 65 compared to the
number of people aged 20-64) is a good indicator of the fundamental aging population
problem. This ratio is currenty approximately 27 percent; however, by 2050, according to
the World Bank, the dependency ratio will double, causing a marked transition towards a
much older population structure.
To an environmentalist, an aging population might seem a good thing - an indication of an
overall stbilizing population. But a small aging population like that of ltaly, in a world of
huge younger populations like those of China or Brazi, may not be sustainable.There is the
fear that small, traditional cultures will be overrun. Nevertheless,
even if that weren't a factor, there would be economic pressure on a country with a high
dependency ratio to alleviate the imbalance, by delaying retirement or reducing retirement
benefits. The high ratio will also lead to an increased burden on those of working age to
provide for the social expenditure. All things considered, an aging population of non-
workers will require social expenditure of age-related services, and this in turn will
necessitate an increased tax burden, increased public sector debt, or both.
7.Which factor does the passage imply is a cause of Europe's aging population?
A. he increased 'dependency ratio'
B. nvironmentalist protests aaainst overpopulation
C. significant reduction in the labor force
D. ncreased taxes
E. ecrease in birth rate
F. ocietal norms
答案解析：E
The question deals with the causes of Europe's aging pulation as presented in the psage
The aging pulation in dfind using the term 'dependency rati', which is defined as thenumber of people over 65 compared to the number of people aged 20-64. This means
that there is a decline in the younger pulatin, which is asociated with a decline in birth rate
(statement E). As the text states: For that reason (having fewer children), among others,
the EU has recently come to rcognise that it is facing dramatic changes in the age-
structure." Note that statement A, although true to the pssage, is not a cause of the aging
pulatio in Europe. Statement F might be one of the causes, but is not one that is mentioned
there
8.Which one of the following assumptions is made in the passage?
A. ountries in Europe are rich
B. mall families are preferable to larger families
C. 'dependency ratio' of over 20% is worrying
D. nvironmentalists are selfless people
E. hinese culture is traditional
F. hildren are nothing but an economic burden
答案解析：A
The question deals with an udrlying asumpion made by the author of the psage, In order
to identify the crret asumpion, we should lok at the rabionale of the entire psage to see
where and what is missing in its structure:
Paragraph 1: Rich cuntries have fewer cilden → terefre, Europe's pulation is aging
(dependency ratio ndicates a problem).
Pararaph 2: Eniroentalits view this in a good way + however, it also has negative
ilication→the ovrunning of smal cutures and economic pessre.
There isa lgial lik mssing in pragraph 1: the conetiton betwee icountres having fewer
cildren and the growing aging problem in Europe. The only way to resolve this dsparity is
to asme that countries in Europe are rich (tatement A)
9.Which one of the following is NOT a consequence of the increase in the 'dependency ratio"
A. ncreased taxes
B. he pxtinrtinn nf traditinnal r Itrec
C. growth in public debt
D. tability of population growth rate
E. elayed retirement
F. ncrease in the birth rate
答案解析：F
The question asks us to ientf 5 consequences of the increase in the dependency ratio
and1 that is not. Let us frst understand the meaning of 'dependency ratio- it is a measure
nicating the fundamental aging population problem. Thus, we can rephrase the question
s0: Which one of the flwin is NOT a consequence of the aging pulaion problem in Europe?
Let us go over the distracters and find the corresponding sections in the text that relate to
them:
A. An aging pulation of non-workers will nesstatet an increased tax burden.
B. There is a fear that small, taditional cultures will be overun'.
C. An aging population of non-workers will nessat.. increased public sector deb'.D. To an eniromentalist, an aging pulation.. [is] an ndicaion of an overal sabizing pulto'.
E. There would be economic pessre on a country with a high dependency ratio to aliate
the ibalance, by delaying rtiremen'.
EAn increase in the birth rate- Not mentioned as an implication of the aging population in
Europe.
Therefore, the statement that is not an implication of the increase in the dependency
ratio' is: statement F.
Prudential Regulation Authority
The Pudenial Regulaton Athority (RA)js the rguatoy body for fanial senices in the United
Kngdom. ts esities icude rguation and spenisisn of apxmately 1,700 banks bilding scie
credit uin, insures and major iestment fims The athoity is owned by the Bank of England,
making it not a goemmental body but a quasi goemmental rguato.
The PRA was ceated as part of the 2012 Fnancia Senices Act This Act sought to refom
fancial rgulations that fled to protect the UK's economy during the fincia cisis of 2008.
Hector Sant, the chief exeutive of the Fnancil Smnices Athorty says. "The PRA's purpose is
fuananalaly dfret from that of pevius rgulatoy rgime. Its most iportant oiecive is to
promnote the fancial sabityof theUK financial system."
Thee are thre sautoy oeive to the PRA. These are: to promote the safety and sundness of
the fims it rguatea to conibute to the prtetieon for isurarce plicholdes or fure poiodere,
andto fciltate efctite competion.
The PRA advanes its oecines using two key touso rguation and sperisisn It sets rgulatay
sandards or plicies that it expects fims to meet, and it asses the isks that ims pose to is
ojetie.s When nesey, action is taken to reduce the is Superision is done at each idial fim
sparately Ignifiant sperisesy deisins are taken by the Board This Board cnsits of the
Govemor of the Bank of England, the Deputy Govemor for Fnancial Sabiy, the Chief
Exeutive Oficer of the PRA, and other independent nexetive members. The PRA ses to
ensure that a fncial fim which fils wll not Cause sgnifint dsnuption to the spply of citical
fnancial senies and will not need txpyer help.
10.According to the passage, what type of body is the PRA?
A. governmental body
B. branch of the bank of England
C. quasi-governmental regulator
D. supervising body
E. non-executive body
答案解析：A
This question deals with alatively smll detal in the text - what kind of spervisoy bdy is the
Prudential Rgulation Auhoiy, We can fnd this detail by lokingfom the name Pudental
Rgulation Authority 0 the itiais PRA. The asverisin the very frst pragrah ofthe text, as
prtofa general decrpion ofthe PRA: "The athority is ownedby the Bank of Egand, making it
nota govemmental body buta quasi govemmnental regulator."
A. It is siall mentioned that the PRA is not a govemmental body,
B. The PRA is ideed owned by the Bnk of England, but that is not the type of rgulatoryboy it is
C. That is crrect, as stated above,
D. That is part of the PRA's athorit, but it is ntthe type of body they are.
E. Not mentionedin the text.
F. That salso prtof the PRA's authort,y btiothe type of body they are
11.What is the main objective of the PRA, as mentioned by Hector Sants?
A. To ensure that insurance firms' clients are protected
B. To change the regulation affecting the UK financial firms
C. To avoid a situation where a financial firm which fails requires taxpayer's assistance
D. To improve the competition between financial firms
E. To encourage financial markets in the UK to be steadier
F. To supervise 1,700 financial bodies
答案解析：E
This is a quote question, dealing with something Hector Sants says in the text. Looking
where Sants is mentioned, we find his quote in the second paragraph:
"The PRA's .. most important objective is to promote the financial stability of the UK
financial system."
A. This is mentioned in the text, but not in the quote.
B. Not mentioned in the quote.
C. This is mentioned in the text, but not in the quote.
D. This is mentioned in the text, but not in the quote,
E. This is the correct answer, as stated in the quote above.
F. This is mentioned in the text, but not in the quote.
12.Which two are NOT mentioned in the passage as the PRA'S roles and capabilities?
A. Setting standards for financial firms' activity
B. Assessing the market risks that can jeopardise advancing the PRA's goals
C. Making sure there are no failures in any financial firm in the UK market
D. Supervision of key post-trade financial market infrastructures
E. Assisting in creating better competition in the financial markets
F. Take action in order to regulate a firm's activities so the risk it poses to the PRA's
roles will lessen
答案解析：C
This is a question about the PRA's roles. These roles are discussed in detail in the fouth
paragraph, where we find both the PRA's objetives and the methods it uses to advance
them. Note that this is a negative
phrase question - we need to find, out of the six answers, TWO that are NOT the PRA's
roles. To find this it, we can scan for the word "bietives", or check where the roles are
dicussed in detail.
A. This is indeed one of the PRA's objectives.
B. This is one of the methods the PRA uses to advance its goals.
C. One of the crret answers. It is stated in the last paragraph of the text that "The PRA
seeks to ensure that a financial firm which fails will not cause significant disruption to thesupply of critical financial services and will not be needing taxpayer help." It flowos that the
goalis not zero filures.
D. This is the second crret answer, as it is not mentioned in the text.
E. That is one of the PRA's goals.
F. That is also one of the methods that PRA uses to advance its objectives.
Consumerism in the 21st century- how can EU policymakers keep up with new trends?
Over the past few years, the EU has put more emphasis on consumer protection ises. The
reasons for this are that the EU market includes over 500 million consumers so a w-
lunctioning Single Digital Market for consumers is esential to the EU economy, and the
shit towards digital markets poses new callenges to consumer's nights requring new
plicies and lgilatins.
When updating lgislation and enforcement to the 21st century, the EU faces many
callenges. Among them are: Geographical discimination in the provision of goods and
senices for consumers; ensuring onine consumer protection; copyight rules apropiate for
the digital age; adequate protection of personal data.
There are also other callenges regarding consumers protection in the digital age: safe
online enironment; acessibilit of true and reliable information on goods and senices;
efctive coss-border consumer dispute sling mechanisms, and others. Digtalisation has
also made the supply chains of goods so complex that it has become a callenge to
ensure the safety of consumer goods.
Mrs. Zaiga Liepina, Deputy State Secretany of the Minity of Economics of Latvia, says.
Policymakers today cannot be ahead of the new trends . but they can be ready to react
fast. The lgisation needs to be developed in a way that fits the digital age."
The EU rgulatory framework should find ways to enhance consumers' tust in the EU
Digital Single Market. It should make purchasing goods and sernices everywhere in the EU
easy.
According to Mrs. Liepina: These goals can be achieved by etablishing clear and
consistent common rules at the EU level and vigorous enforcement. Enforcement of
existing consumer protection nules is crucial.
Without proper enforcement, it does not relly matter how good the consumer protection
laws are. Better enforcement will contiuve to be a central prioity on the consumer
agenda."
13. Which two reasons that consumer protection issues are important to the EU
policymakers are mentioned in the text?
A. They affect a lot of people . all EU consumers
B. Discrimination that affects the delivery of goods and services between EU countries
C. Consumers' trust is a central consumerism issue the EU should focus on
D. The new digital market affects consumers' rights in new ways and these require now
reni latinn
E. Consumers looking to make purchases anywhere in the EU should be able to do so easily
F. The EU must enforce existing consumer protection rules in order to protect the EU economy
答案解析：DTisuesion deals with the pontity orosmeriom ssesi the EU, Why is it an iotant ise?To answer
that qestio, e's scan the text. You can also try saning the text frthe word' ras'The first
prarah menfions that the EU has put more fou on cosumensm isues Itel,y andthe
resonsforo doing s0. Note that this qesion asks for TWrea5ons
A. One of the cret answers AS sateded in the firt pragraph, "the EU market idudes over 500
million consumers",
B. Doicination isentionedin the text, but notin the cntet of why the EU puts emphais on
consumerism ises -it is one of the clanlesisfaces
C. Mntionedin the text but, again, asone of the EU's goals and not areason to deal with
cnsuensm isues
D.Another cret answer (emember we nedtwo anwers, Futher alongthe frst parapa, we can
see this satement: "the shit towards dgital markets poses new calenges to consmers'
rights and rquires new plies and lisiatins.
E. Mntionedin the text but as one of the goals,s
F. This is Mrs. Lepina's argument and is not reated to this qesion.
14.Which of the below is the reason why enforcement is important in achieving the EU'S
goals, according to Mrs. Liepina?
A. Proper enforcement is mandatory for uilising the consumer protection laws
B. Enforcement affects a large number of consumers
C. Digitalisation made supply chains too complex for the current enforcement methods
D. There were instances where nricinn was chanaed for consumers in different FIJ countries
E. Enforcement is a priority on the EU consumerism agenda
F. Clear and common rules are a priority when allocating enforcement resources
答案解析：A
This question is asking about a quote in the text. Looking to see where Mrs Lepina is
mentioned, note that she is quoted twice in the text, in the fourth and fnal pragrapns,
A' The coret answer, In the lat pragraph, Mts. Liepina sate: "Without proper enforcementit
does not relly matter how good the consumer potetion laws are,"
B. This is one of the reasons the EU puts emphasis 0n consumerism isues, but it is not
mentioned by Mrs. Liepina,
C. This is one of the cllnges the EU faces, but it inotmentionedin Ms. Lepina's quote,
D. Not mentionedin the text.
E, Mnioned in Mrs. Lepina's quote, but this is not areason for enforement- it sates that
enorementisa prointy,
F. This helps eforement, but it is not the reason why enforcement is impotant.
15. Which of the below is NOT mentioned in the passage as a consumerism challenge the
EU is facing?
A. There is discrimination regarding goods and services being delivered across the EU
countries
B. Copyright laws should be changed to better match the 21st century's conditions
C. The consumers' privacy and data they send online should be protected and not misused
D. Online environment should be made safer for buyingE. Reliable information on goods and services should be made accessible
F. Enforcement of consumer rights laws in the EU
答案解析：F
This question asks about the calnges the EU faces. This is a negatively phrased question .
we should identify fve callenges and one item that is not a callenge. The answer can be
found in the second and :hird paragraphs, where, after explaining why consumerism ises
are important, we find two different lists of callenges the EU faces - one list of
cmsuemrism-eated callenges, and another speific it of callenges regarding consumers'
rights in the digital age:
'EU faces many callenges. Among them are: Geographical dicrimination in the provision
of goos and services for consumers; ensuring online consumer protection; copyright
rules aprpriate for the dgital
age; adequate protection of personal data. There are also other callenges regarding
consumers protection in the digital age: safe online environment, acesility of true and
rliable information on goods and
services; efective cos-border consumer dispute slin mechanisms, and others.'
A. There is dscimination regarding goos and services being dlivered across the EU
countries - mentioned in the it above.
B. Copyright laws shouldbe changed to better match the 21th century's conditins - also
mentioned.
C. The consumers' privacy and data they send online should be protected and not
misused - mentioned above as well.
D. Mentioned in the seondlist.
E. Also mentioned,
F. The correct answer. It is not mentioned in these lists of callenges. It is mentioned later
in the text, though in another context.
