文档内容
人教版选择性必修第一册全册重点单词短语句型汇总
Unit 1 People of Achievement............................................................- 1 -
Unit 2 Looking into the Future.........................................................- 14 -
Unit 3 Fascinating Parks...................................................................- 21 -
Unit 4 Body Language......................................................................- 28 -
Unit 5 Working the Land...................................................................- 44 -
Unit 1 People of Achievement
Words And Phrases
1 circumstance n．[usually pl.] 条件；环境；状况
(教材 P )There is nothing we can do to help Linda.Her circumstances
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are beyond our control.
我们帮不了琳达什么忙。她的处境是我们无法控制的。
[例1] He was forced by circumstances to do this.
他做这件事是为环境所迫。
[例2] There is one important circumstance you have not mentioned.
还有一件重要的细节你没提到。
[翻译] 在正常情况下我会让你用我的车，但是今天我要用车。
In normal circumstances I would let you use my car, but today I need
it.
[知识拓展]
in/under the circumstances 在这种情况下
in/under no circumstances 决不；无论如何都不(置于句首时，
句子要用部分倒装)2 construction n．建造；建筑；建筑物
(教材P )The building under construction was designed by I．M.Pei —
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a famous ChineseAmerican architect.
正在建设的大楼是由著名的美籍华裔建筑师贝聿铭设计的。
[例1] Construction of the new road has now been completed.
新公路的建设现已完工。
[例2] This is a fine construction.
这是一个完美的建筑。
[翻译] 一家新的工厂正在建设中。
A new factory is under construction．
[知识拓展]
(1)(be) under construction 正在建设中；在施工
(2)construct vt. 建筑；建造；创建；组成
be constructed of/out of/from sth. 由……建成
(3)constructive adj. 建设性的；有助于的；积极的
(4)constructor n. 建筑者；制造者
3 come to power(开始)掌权；上台
(教材 P )Circumstances changed in 1933, when Hitler came to power
8
in Germany.
1933年，当希特勒在德国掌权时，情况发生了变化。
[例1] Three years later, he came to power.
三年后他上台掌权了。
[例2] This party came to power at the last election.
这个政党是在上次大选中当选执政党的。
[翻译] 那个英明的人何时执政的？
When did that wise man come to power?
[知识拓展]beyond/out of one's power 力所不能及的
be in power 执政
take power 掌权
do all/everything in one's power to do sth. 竭尽所能做某事
4 consequence n. 结果；后果
(教材P )As a consequence, he had to flee Germany.
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结果，他不得不逃离德国。
[例1] Nobody can tell what the consequences may be.
没有人能说出可能的后果。
[例2] This could have serious consequences for the economy.
这可能会给经济带来严重的后果。
[翻译] 你必须承担你的行为所引起的全部后果。
You must accept the full consequences of your behaviour．
[知识拓展]
(1)in consequence/as a consequence＝as a result 因此；结果
in consequence of/as a consequence of＝as a result of 由于……原因
(2)consequent adj. 随之发生的；由……引起的
consequently adv. 所以；因而
5 take up a position担任；任职
(教材 P )After spending time in Europe, he finally took up a position
8
as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA.
在欧洲待了一段时间后，他最终在美国普林斯顿大学高等研究院找
到了一份研究员的工作。
[例1] I won't take up much of your time.
我不会占用你很多时间。
[例2] I'd like to take up your offer of a ride into town.
我愿接受你的邀请，搭你的车进城。[翻译] 我最近和一个朋友聊天，他在一家新成立的公司任职。
I was talking with a friend recently who took up a position at a startup
company.
[知识拓展]
take up 拿起；接受；开始；继续；占据(时
间或空间)
take away 解除；消除
take down 拿下；取下；记下
take in 理解；欺骗；接纳
take off 脱去；起飞；突然受欢迎
take on 呈现；开始雇用
6 remarkable adj.非凡的；显著的
(教材 P )Apart from his remarkable achievements, what does the
9
passage tell us about Einstein's life?
除了他卓越的成就，关于爱因斯坦的生活这篇文章还告诉了我们什
么？
[例1] All kinds of remarkable things began to happen.
各种不寻常的事开始发生。
[例2] These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.
这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。
[翻译] 她听到这坏消息时，表现出非凡的勇气。
She showed remarkable courage when she heard the bad news.
[知识拓展]
(1)be remarkable for 以……著称
(2)remark v. 谈起；述说；议论；评论
n. 评论；言语
make a remark/remarks on/about... 就……发表意见；评论……make no remark 不加评论；什么也不说
remark on/upon 就……发表意见；评论
remark that... 评论……
7 sum vi. 总结；概括 n．金额；款项；总数；总和
(教材 P )Use your notes to write your introduction and sum up how
9
you feel about this person.
用你的笔记来写一个介绍，并总结你对这个人的看法。
[例1] The expenses came to an enormous sum.
开支总数巨大。
[例2] The sum will be increased by fifteen per cent.
金额将要增加15%。
[翻译] 他出一笔巨款买了这所房子。
He paid a large sum for the house.
[知识拓展]
(1)do/work/make sums/a sum 计算；做算术题
in sum 大体上；一言以蔽之；总之
(2)sum up 总结；概括；是……的总和；合计
8 vital adj.必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的
(教材 P )Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for
2
malaria.
青蒿素已经成为治疗疟疾的重要组成部分。
[例 1] His vital and cheerful manner filled the whole team with
courage.
他那充满生机、欢快的态度使整个队伍充满了勇气。
[例2] It is vital that we should be kept informed of all developments.
重要的是我们必须熟悉所有的发展情况。
[翻译] 旅游业对西班牙经济至关重要。Tourism is vital for the Spanish economy.
[知识拓展]
be vital to... 对……很重要
It is vital to do sth. 做某事是很重要的
It is vital that... ……是十分重要的(that 从句中要用
虚拟
语气，即should do, should可以 省
略)
9 commit vt.承诺；保证(某个人、机构等) vi. 忠于；全心全意投入
(工作、活动等)
(教材 P )Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in
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Ningbo, China on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking
University Medical School in 1955.
屠呦呦，一位坚定而有耐心的科学家，1930年12月30日出生于中
国宁波，1955年毕业于北京大学医学院。
[例1] We are committed to improving services.
我们致力于改善服务。
[例2] Nobody was prepared to commit themselves.
谁都不愿作出承诺。
[翻译] 不管怎样，她都不想作出承诺。
She didn't want to commit herself one way or the other.
[知识拓展]
(1)commit...to 把……送交，托付给……；对……
作出承诺，承担义务，担负责任；
使(自己)致力于……
commit oneself to do... 承诺；保证做某事
commit a crime 犯罪(2)committed adj. 尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的
commitment n. 承诺；交托；信奉
10 evaluate vt.评估；评价
(教材 P )Her team examined over 2 ，000 old medical texts, and
2
evaluated 280，000 plants for their medical properties.
她的团队查看了2 000多本古老的医学文献，并对28万种植物的药
用性能进行了评估。
[例1] I can't evaluate his ability without seeing his work.
我没有看到他的工作情况, 无法评估他的能力。
[例 2] The school has only been open for six months, so it's hard to
evaluate its success.
该学校仅开办了六个月, 现在还很难估计它的成就。
[翻译] 这项证据应当仔细地评定。
The evidence should be carefully evaluated．
[知识拓展]
(1)evaluate sb.on/by 根据……评价某人
(2)evaluation n. 估计；评价
make an evaluation of 对……进行评估
11 obtain vt. (尤指经努力)获得；赢得 vi.(规章、习俗等)存在；流
行
(教材 P )They then tried boiling fresh wormwood, and using the liquid
2
obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did not work.
然后他们试着把新鲜的苦艾煮开，用从中提取的液体来治疗疟疾，
但这也不管用。
[例1] Different laws obtain in different places.
不同的法律适用在不同的地方。
[例 2] As far as I'm concerned, what he had done obtained him
respect.在我看来，他的所作所为为他赢得了荣誉。
[翻译] 这种信息从互联网上很容易获得。
Such information is easily obtained from the Internet.
[知识拓展]
obtain knowledge/one's degree 获得知识/学位
obtain sb.sth.＝obtain sth.for sb. 给某人带来某物
obtain sth.by doing sth. 通过做某事获得某物
obtain sth.from sb./sth. 从某人/物获得某物
12 acknowledge vt. 承认(属实、权威等)；(公开)感谢
(教材P )However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat.
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然而，屠呦呦并不接受失败。
[例1] He acknowledged having made a mistake.
他承认做错了。
[例2] I acknowledged him as an expert.
我视他为专家。
[翻译] 他们希望公开感谢警方在拍摄此片中所给予的帮助。
They wish to acknowledge the assistance of the police in the making of
this film.
[知识拓展]
(1)acknowledge (doing/having done) sth. 承
认(做了)某事
acknowledge sb./sth.to be/as 承认某人/某物是……
acknowledge that... 承认……
It's generally/universally acknowledged that... 大家公认……
(2)acknowledgement n. 承认；感谢；谢礼
13 ( 教 材 P )She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood
2
apparently destroyed its medical properties.
她的结论是，煮沸青蒿显然破坏了它的医疗特性。(1)conclude vt. 推断出；得出结论；使结束 vi.结束；终止
[例1] We concluded not to wait any more.
我们决定不再等了。
[例2] The doctors concluded that he had suffered a stroke.
医生诊断他中风了。
[翻译] 你从所有这一切当中得出什么结论？
What do you conclude from all this?
[知识拓展]
(1) conclude...from... 从……中推断出……
conclude (from sth.) that... (从某事中)推断出……；(从某事中)
断定……
conclude sth.with.../by doing... 以……结束……
(2)conclusion n. 结论；推论；结束
draw/reach/come to/arrive at a/the conclusion 得出结论
in conclusion 最后；总之；总而言之
(2)apparently adv.显而易见；看来；显然
[例1] He was apparently much surprised at the news.
他对那个消息显然感到十分惊讶。
[例2] The child nodded, apparently content with the promise.
孩子点了点头，看来他对这个许诺还满意。
[翻译] 显然他从那里什么也没看见。
Apparently he could see nothing from there.
[知识拓展]
(1)As is apparently shown/stated in the picture/chart/passage above...
正如上面图画/图表/文中明显展示/ 陈述的那样……
(2)apparent adj. 显而易见的；显然的；表面上的
It is apparent that... 显然……14 insist on坚决要求
(教材 P )Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing
3
the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe.
屠呦呦和她的团队成员甚至坚持在自己身上测试药物，以确保它是
安全的。
[例1] He insisted on his demand.
他坚持他的要求。
[例2] She insisted on her mother's living with her.
她坚持要她母亲和她住在一起。
[翻译] 她坚持立刻就走。
She insisted on leaving at once.
[知识拓展]
(1)insist on/upon (doing) sth.坚决要求(做)某事
(2)在“insist＋that...”结构中，当insist作“坚持主张，坚决要求”讲
时，其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用“should＋动词原
形”，should可以省略。当insist作“坚持说，坚持认为”讲时，其后的
宾语从句用陈述语气。
Sentence Patterns
1 独立主格结构
(教材 P )He made numerous contributions to the world，the most
8
wellknown being the general theory of relativity...
他对世界做出了许多贡献，其中最著名的是广义相对论……
句式分析：句中 the most wellknown being the general theory of
relativity为“名词＋现在分词”构成的独立主格结构。
[例1] The question being settled, we went home.
问题解决之后，我们就回家了。
[例2] We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting.假设明天天气好，我们就进行比赛。
[翻译] 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。
The monitor being ill, we'd better put the meeting off.
[知识拓展]
独立主格结构形式为：
(1)名词/代词＋现在分词(表示主动或正在进行)
(2)名词/代词＋过去分词(表示被动或已完成)
(3)名词/代词＋不定式(表示将要发生的动作)
(4)名词/代词＋形容词/副词/介词短语(常用来说明名词或代词的性
质、特征或所处的状态)
2 as though/if引导方式状语从句
( 教 材 P )He had a thick moustache and long white hair, which
8
sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric
shock.
他胡须浓密，有时白发挺立；就好像刚遭了电击。
句式分析：句中as though “好像；似乎”，引导方式状语从句，相当
于as if引导方式状语从句。
[例1] It sounds as though there is a knock at the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
[例 2] The air seemed thin, as though its combination of gases had
little oxygen left.
空气似乎很稀薄，好像在混合的气体中剩下很少的氧气。
[翻译] 他老爱说大话，就仿佛他是一位重要的人似的。
He likes to talk big as though he was an important person．
[知识拓展]
(1)as though/if引导方式状语从句时，通常用虚拟语气，表示与事实
不符或相反的情况；如果与事实相符，则用陈述语气。
(2)as though/if 还可用在 be, look, seem, sound, taste, smell, feel 等系动词后面，引导表语从句。
(3)当从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语又包含动词 be时，从
句主语和谓语中的动词be通常可省去。
3 过去分词作定语
(教材 P )In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists
2
with the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu
Youyou was among the first researchers chosen.
1967 年，中国政府组建了一支以探索治疗疟疾新方法为目的的科
学家队伍，屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。
句式分析：过去分词chosen作名词researchers的后置定语，相当于
定语从句that were chosen的省略。
[例 1] The experience gained will give you more confidence to help
your customers.
获得的经验会给你更多的信心去帮助你的客户。
[例2] There are many beautifully decorated houses in this rich area.
这个富人区有许多装饰精美的房子。
[翻译] 所需的所有工具将全部供应。
All the tools needed will be fully supplied.
[知识拓展]
(1)过去分词作定语时通常与所修饰的名词构成被动关系，或表示
动作已完成。
(2)过去分词还可以在句中作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、方式等
状语。此时过去分词通常与句子的主语构成被动关系，或表示动作已完
成。
4 upon/on doing...当……时；一……就……
(教材P )Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize，...
3
当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，……
句式分析：upon/on doing...当……时；一……就……，相当于as soonas引导的时间状语从句。
[例1] Upon seeing her, I smiled and ran toward her.
看到她我笑了，并跑了过去。
[ 例 2] On his return from Japan, Prof.Li went directly to his
laboratory and started working with his colleagues.
李教授刚一从日本回来就到他的实验室，开始和他的同事们一道工
作起来。
[翻译] 刚到国外的时候，我们会感到很兴奋，一切事情看起来都
很奇妙。
On arriving in a foreign country, we may feel very excited, and
everything appears wonderful.
[知识拓展]
(1)一些表示短暂性动作的动词，如：arrive, return, reach, hear, see,
receive, enter, step, get, recognize, leave等，它们相应的名词形式或动名
词形式用在upon或on之后可表达“一……就……”。
(2)某些at引导的介词短语可用来表达“一……就……”，如：at the
sight of(一看到)；at the thought of(一想到)；at the sound of(一听到)；at
the first opportunity/chance(一有机会)等。
(3)在名词 minute, moment 和 instant 前加上定冠词 the 也可以引导
时间状语从句来表达“一……就……”。它们后面可以加that，含义不
变。
(4)可用副词 immediately 和 directly 来表达“一……就……”。这
时，它们所起的作用相当于连词，引导时间状语从句。这种用法主要用
在英国英语及口语中。Unit 2 Looking into the Future
Words And Phrases
1 combine vt.& vi.(使)结合；混合
( 教 材 P )Care will also be taken to combine the building and
16
surrounding architecture together to form an effective system.
也要小心地将这些大楼和周围的建筑结合起来，形成一个有效的系
统。
[例1] She successfully combines her career with family life.
她成功地兼顾事业和家庭。
[例2] Let us combine our firms against our competitors.
让我们把公司联合起来，对付和我们竞争的公司。
[翻译] 理论和实践应该结合好，这让一个学生成为合格的学习者
Theory and practice should be well combined, it makes a student a
qualified learner.
[知识拓展]
(1)combine...with/and... 把……与……结合起来
combine...into... 把……合成……
(2)combination n. 结合；联合；化合(物)
2 predict vt. 预测；预言；预料
(教材P )Words such as predict, prediction, and forecast, are also used
18
quite often when making predictions.
像predict, prediction和forecast这样的词在进行预测时也经常使用。
[例1] I cannot predict when to meet her again.
我无法预测什么时候会再见到她。[例2] She predicted that he would marry a doctor.
她预言他会同一位医生结婚。
[翻译] 我最喜欢历史，因为它有助于我鉴往知来。
I like history most, because it helps me to predict the future by
reviewing the past.
[知识拓展]
predict＋从句 预测……
predict＋ n. ＋to do... 预测……做……
It is predicted that... 据预测……
3 oppose vt.反对；抵制；阻挠
(教材 P )In the article, various people said that the public should
20
oppose the idea of developing driverless cars.
在这篇文章中，很多人说公众应该反对开发无人驾驶汽车。
[例1] The old man can't bear anyone in the family to oppose him.
这位老人决不能容忍家里有人违抗他。
[例2] We totally oppose the use of gas to kill any animal.
我们完全反对使用毒气杀害任何动物。
[翻译] 政府号召工人反对浪费。
The government called on the workers to oppose waste．
[知识拓展]
(1)oppose (doing) sth.＝object to (doing) sth. 反对(做)某事
(2)opposed adj. 反对的；对立的
be opposed to (doing) sth.＝ be against (doing) sth. 反对(做)某事
(to为介词)
as opposed to 而，相对于(表示对比)
4 absence n．不存在；缺乏；缺席
(教材 P )On the one hand, there are many different groups of people
20around the world who live happily in the absence of new technology.
一方面，世界上有许多不同的群体，他们在没有新技术的情况下幸
福地生活着。
[例1] A major problem is the absence of water.
主要的问题是缺水。
[例2] My father did all the cooking in my mother's absence.
以前妈妈不在家时都是爸爸做饭。
[翻译] 关于他缺席的原因有很多传言。
There has been much gossip about the possible reasons for his
absence．
[知识拓展]
(1)absence from... 缺席……；没参加……
absence of mind 心不在焉
during/in one's absence(＝in the absence of sb.) 当某人缺席/不在
的时候
(2)absent adj. 缺席的，不在的
be absent from 缺席，不在
absentminded adj. 心不在焉的
5 advocate vt.提倡；支持；拥护 n．提倡者；支持者；拥护者
(教材 P )They advocate a simple life with an emphasis on hard work,
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family, and community.
他们提倡简单的生活，强调努力工作、家庭和社区。
[例1] I don't advocate doing such things.
我不主张干这样的事情。
[例2] These policies have been widely advocated.
这些政策已得到广泛的拥护。
[翻译] 我不支持建立大工厂。
I do not advocate building large factories．[知识拓展]
(1)advocate doing sth.主张/提倡做某事
advocate＋宾语从句(从句谓语用should＋动词原形，should可省略)
(2)an advocate for/of ……的支持/拥护者
6 keep in touch (with...) (与……)保持联系；了解(某课题或领域的
情况)
(教材 P )Moreover, the Internet has made it possible for friends and
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family to keep in touch easily even if they are on opposite sides of the
world.
此外，互联网使朋友和家人很容易保持联系，即使他们在世界的两
端。
[例1] We're a tight group, so we do keep in touch.
我们关系很好，所以的确保持着联系。
[例 2] We must keep in touch with what is happening in foreign
countries.
我们必须了解国外的动态。
[翻译] 你离开后，要确保与我联系。
Be sure to keep in touch with me while you are away.
[知识拓展]
get in/into touch with 和……取得联系
lose touch with 和……失去联系；对……变得生疏
be in touch with 同……有联系；了解……的情况
be out of touch with 同……失去联系；与……没有通信
7 resist vi.& vt. 抵制；反抗；抵挡
( 教 材 P )Nevertheless, I will always look on the positive side of
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change and accept it rather than resist it.
然而，我总是会看到变化积极的一面，接受它，而不是抵制它。
[例1] I was not strong enough to resist his offer.我不够坚定，抵抗不了他的好意。
[例 2] Lack of proper nourishment reduces their power to resist
disease.
营养不良降低了他们抵抗疾病的能力。
[翻译] 我忍不住把那个秘密告诉了他。
I couldn't resist telling him the secret．
[知识拓展]
(1)resist sb./sth. 抵抗/抵制某人/某物
resist doing sth. 抵制做某事
can't resist/help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事
(2)resistance n. 抗拒，反对
(3)resistant adj. 抵抗的，有抵抗力的
be resistant to... 对……有抵抗力
Sentence Patterns
1 现在分词作定语
(教材 P )Probably the most well known are the Amish, a group of
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Christians living in rural America.
最著名的可能是阿米什人，一群生活在美国农村的基督徒。
句式分析：现在分词短语living in rural America作名词Christians的
后置定语。
[例1] Barking dogs seldom bite.
爱叫的狗很少咬人。
[例2] The bottle containing the poison was sent to the laboratory.
盛毒品的瓶子被送到实验室。
[翻译] 正在隔壁唱歌的那个女孩是我的同学。
The girl singing in the next room is my classmate.
[知识拓展](1)现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主
谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。
(2)单个现在分词作定语，放在所修饰词的前面，而现在分词短语作
定语则放在所修饰词的后面。
2 make it ...(for sb.) to do...
(教材 P )Moreover, the Internet has made it possible for friends and
20
family to keep in touch easily even if they are on opposite sides of the
world.
此外，互联网使朋友和家人很容易保持联系，即使他们在世界的两
端。
句式分析：句中 made it possible for friends and family to keep in
touch 为“make it ...(for sb.) to do...”结构，意为“使(某人)做(某事)成
为……”，形容词possible是宾语补足语。
[例1] He made it his objective in life to find the island.
他把找到那座岛屿当成自己的人生目标。
[例2] Rising costs made it hard to carry on the business.
上涨的成本使得生意难做。
[翻译] 她是外国人的事实使得她在那个国家很难找到工作。
The fact that she was foreign made it difficult for her to get a job in
that country.
[知识拓展]
在make it...(for sb.) to do...结构中，it是形式宾语，to do...是真正的
宾语。常用这种结构的动词还有find, feel, think, consider等。
3 as引导原因状语从句
(教材 P )It has also made finding opportunities in life much easier, as
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it allows people to make larger networks of friends through using social
media.
它还让人们在生活中寻找机会更容易，因为它让人们通过使用社交媒体结交更多的朋友。
句式分析：as引导原因状语从句，既可放在主句前也可放在主句后。
一般来说，as引导原因状语从句表示双方都知道的原因。
[例1] As you weren't there I left a message.
因为你不在那里, 我留了个信儿。
[例2] We decided to cement our garden as we do not like flowers.
我们决定把花园铺上水泥，因为我们不喜欢花。
[翻译] 每个人都喜欢他，因为他诚实。
Everyone likes him, as he is honest．
[知识拓展]
(1)引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时；一边……一边……；随
着”。
(2)引导方式状语从句，意为“正如；就像”。
(3)引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管；虽然”，从句应倒装。
(4)引导比较状语从句，表示“像……一样地”。
Unit 3 Fascinating Parks
Words And Phrases
buffet vt.连续猛击；打来打去 n. 自助餐
(教材 P )I wake up to the sound of the wind buffeting the cloth of my
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tent.
风噼里啪啦地拍打着我的帐篷，我在这声音中醒来。[例1] The running buffet is available from 6 p．m. to 2 a．m.
自助餐从下午6点供应到凌晨2点。
[例2] He was buffeted from side to side.
他被打得东倒西歪。
[翻译] 之后，她请我们在员工餐厅吃了一顿简单的自助午餐。
Afterwards, she invited us for a simple buffet lunch in their staff
cafeteria.
[知识拓展]
(1)buffet sb./sth. 连续猛击某人/物
buffet one's way 打开一条路(尤指在困难条件下)；
(船)乘风破浪
(2)a buffet lunch 自助午餐
edge n．边；边缘；边线；刀刃 vt.& vi.(使)徐徐移动；给……加边
(教材P )I leave my tent and walk over to the mountain edge.
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我离开帐篷，走到山边。
[例1] The climbers edged along the cliff.
攀登者沿着悬崖边侧身移动。
[例2] Nick edged his way through the crowd.
尼克挤过人群。
[翻译] 他站在悬崖边上。
He stood at the edge of the cliff．
[知识拓展]
(1)edge towards... 朝……缓慢移动
edge along... 沿……缓慢移动
(2)on edge 竖着；直立着；紧张不安的
at the edge of 在……边缘处
ban vt.明令禁止；取缔 n．禁令( 教 材 P )…and all new development is banned within park
26
boundaries.
……在公园范围内所有新的开发项目都被禁止。
[例 1] Britain's health experts are pushing for a ban on all cigarette
advertising.
英国的健康专家正努力争取取缔任何形式的香烟广告。
[例2] Smoking is now banned in many places of work.
现在许多工作场所禁止吸烟。
[翻译] 老师严禁他在课上讲话。
The teacher banned him from talking in class.
[知识拓展]
(1)ban (doing) sth. 禁止(做)某事
ban sb.from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事
(2)a ban on/against sth. 对某事的禁令
place/put...under a ban 禁止……
visible adj.看得见的；可见的
(教材 P )At the far side of the valley, an ancient Sami cottage is
26
visible.
在山谷的远处，可以看到一间古老的萨米人的小屋。
[例1] We cut the trees down to make the lake visible from the house.
我们把树砍倒，这样从房子里就能看见湖了。
[例2] The sea was now out, leaving the wreck fully visible.
海水退却了，沉船完全露了出来。
[翻译] 她站在昏暗的光线里，半隐半现。
She stood, half visible in the dim light.
[知识拓展]
be visible to... ……能看见(教材 P )Since reindeer were always on the move, the Sami would
26
pick up their tents and accompany them.
由于驯鹿总是在移动，萨米人会收起他们的帐篷并陪伴它们。
(1)on the move在行进中；在移动中
[例1] Don't jump off a train when it's on the move.
火车未停稳时千万别跳下去。
[例2] It was several hours before the traffic could get on the move.
过了好几个小时交通才恢复通畅。
[翻译] 有人说文明总是在进步。
It is said that civilization is always on the move．
[知识拓展]
get a move on 行动起来；赶快采取行动；采取紧
急措施
get on the move 开始移动；开始走动
make a move 走一步(棋)；离开；开始行动
(2)accompany vt.陪同；陪伴；伴随；(尤指用钢琴)为……伴奏
[例1] May we accompany you on your walk?
我们陪你一起散步好吗？
[例2] Thunder often accompanies lightning.
雷声常伴着闪电。
[翻译] 他用吉他给我伴奏。
He accompanied me at the guitar．
[知识拓展]
accompany sb.at/on sth. (尤指用钢琴)为某人伴奏
be accompanied by 由某人陪同；由……伴奏
accompany sb.＝keep sb.company 陪伴某人
accompany sb.to someplace 陪伴/陪同某人到某地adopt vt.采用；采取；采纳 vt.& vi.领养
(教材 P )I am not a Sami, but in Sarek I've adopted some of their
27
habits.
我不是萨米人，但在沙雷克，我接受了他们的一些习惯。
[例1] After going to France he soon adopted the French way of life.
他去法国后, 很快就接受了法国的生活方式。
[例2] In no way am I going to adopt any of his methods.
我绝对不会采纳他的任何方法。
[翻译] 我们一致同意采取新的教学方法。
We all agree in adopting the new teaching method．
[知识拓展]
(1)adopt...as... 选……作为……；收养……为……
(2)adopted adj. 被收养的；被采用的
adoption n. 采用；收养
set out出发；启程；(怀着目标)开始工作
(教材P )After breakfast, I pack my bag and set out again.
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早饭后，我收拾好行李又出发了。
[例1] A visitor arrived just as we were setting out for the airport.
我们正要前往机场时来了一位客人。
[例2] He will set out on a journey early in the next morning.
他明儿一早就动身。
[翻译] 我们开始着手揭开谜团背后的真相。
We set out to find the truth behind the mystery.
[知识拓展]
set out (to do...) 动身；起程；开始做
set about (doing...) 着手做
set off 出发；动身；使爆炸；引起set aside 留出；对……置之不理
set down 写下；记下
set up 建立；创立；安排
Sentence Patterns
whether引导名词性从句
(教材 P )Even though the sun is brightly shining, telling whether it is
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morning or night is impossible.
即使阳光灿烂，也无法分辨是早晨还是夜晚。
句式分析：句中whether引导的名词性从句作动词tell的宾语。
[例1] I don't know whether I'll get the annual bonus this year.
我不知道是否今年我能拿到年终奖。
[例2] John is not sure whether he'll catch the last bus.
约翰不确定他能否赶上最晚的一班公交车。
[翻译] 你来不来我不感兴趣。
I am not interested in whether you'll come or not．
[知识拓展]
(1)whether引导的名词性从句还可以用作主语从句、表语从句、同
位语从句等。
(2)引导名词性从句时用whether或if的区别：
whether可以直接和or not连用，if不可以；
引导位于句首的主语从句，用whether不用if；
引导表语从句、同位语从句，用whether不用if；
动词不定式之前用whether不用if。
现在分词(短语)作状语
(教材P )Checking my watch, I see that it is 7：30 a．m.
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我看了看表，现在是早上七点半。句式分析：句中Checking my watch为现在分词短语作状语。
[例1] Working hard, you will succeed.
如果你勤奋一点，你就会成功。
[例2] Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.
他一听到这个好消息，就高兴地跳起来。
[翻译] 那些旅行者们聚在篝火周围和当地人一起跳舞。
Gathering around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.
[知识拓展]
现在分词在句中可作时间、原因、伴随、结果状语，还可以作伴随状
语，表示伴随情况，所表示的动作与谓语同时发生，且与句子的主语是
主动关系。
完全倒装
(教材 P )Following the reindeer were the Sami people, who made
26
this territory their home.
跟随着驯鹿步伐的是萨米人，萨米人把这片土地当作他们的家园。
句式分析：句中 Following the reindeer were the Sami people 为完全
倒装句。正常语序为the Sami people were following the reindeer。
[例1] Buried in the sands was an ancient village.
一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。
[例2] To be carefully considered are the following questions.
下列问题要仔细考虑。
[翻译] 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。
Standing beside the table was his wife.
[知识拓展]
需要完全倒装的情况：
(1)表示方向、地点和时间的副词 in, out, down, up, off, back, away,
over, there, now, then, here等位于句首，若主语是名词而不是代词时，要
全部倒装。(2)表示地点、时间、方向等的介词短语放在句首时，常见的介词有：
among, between, in, at, beneath等。
(3)“表语＋系动词＋主语”结构中。
Unit 4 Body Language
Words And Phrases
1 assessment n. 评价；评定
(教材P )We make assessments and inferences from body language.
40
我们从肢体语言进行评估和推断。
[例1] What is your assessment of the situation?
你对时局的看法如何？
[ 例 2] There is little assessment of the damage to the natural
environment.
几乎没对自然环境破坏程度作出评估。
[翻译] 这是对失败原因的分析评估。
This was an assessment of the reasons for the failure.
[知识拓展]
assess vt. 评估；评定
assess sth.at 评估某物(多少钱)
be assessed as... 被评定为……
assess＋从句 评定；估定2 in other words换句话说；也就是说
(教材P )In other words...换句话说……
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[例1] In other words, she must give up singing.
换言之, 她必须放弃唱歌。
[例2] In other words, the ice begins to melt.
换句话说, 冰开始融化了。
[翻译] 换句话说, 他成了一位伟大的英雄。
He became, in other words, a great hero.
[知识拓展]
in a/one word 总而言之
have a word with sb. 与某人说(私)话
have words with sb. 与某人吵架
keep/break one's word 遵守诺言/失信
beyond words 无法用言语表达
in words 用语言
word came that... 有消息说……
(1)与 in other words 意思相同的表达有：namely, that is, that is to
say, in another word。
(2)word表示言辞、语言时通常用复数words；表示新闻、消息时是
不可数名词。
3 occupy vt.占据；占用
(教材 P )With their chins on their hands, they occupy themselves by
44
staring out of the window or up at the ceiling.
双手托着下巴，他们专心于盯着窗外或天花板。
[例 1] Mr.White occupies an important position in the Ministry of
Education.
怀特先生在教育部里担任要职。
[例2] He occupied himself in collecting stamps.他忙于集邮。
[翻译] 她一有空就在花园里。
The garden occupies her spare time．
[知识拓展]
(1)be occupied in doing sth./with sth. 忙于做某事
occupy oneself with sth./in doing sth. 忙于某事；专心于某事
keep sb.occupied 使某人忙碌
(2)occupation n. 占用；职业
4 distinguish vi.& vt.区分；区别；辨别
(教材 P )While it is easy to perceive when students are interested,
44
bored, or distracted, it is sometimes much harder to distinguish when
students are troubled.
尽管学生们何时(对讲课)感兴趣、何时感到无聊或精力不集中是容
易察觉的，但要发现学生何时有困扰有时会难得多。
[例1] We can distinguish between gold and silver.
我们能区分金和银。
[例2] He distinguished himself in physics.
他在物理方面享有盛名。
[翻译] 这种成年鸟很容易根据橘黄色的喙识别出来。
The adult bird can be easily distinguished by its orange bill.
[知识拓展]
(1)distinguish between...and...
区分/辨别……和……
distinguish...from... 使……有别于……的特征；区别/辨
别……和……
distinguish oneself by... 通过……显示自己或使自己扬名
distinguish oneself (as...) (作为……)表现突出
(2)distinguished adj. 卓越的；著名的；杰出的be distinguished for... 因……而出名
5(教材 P )They may also hide their faces in their hands like they are
44
embarrassed or ashamed.
他们也可能用手掩面，就像他们感到尴尬或羞愧一样。
(1)embarrassed adj.尴尬的；难堪的
[例1] A parrot can sometimes make you embarrassed.
鹦鹉有时候会让人很尴尬。
[例 2] He became embarrassed when a journalist asked him pointed
questions about his finances.
一名记者对他的经济情况接连提出尖锐的问题，他很是尴尬。
[翻译] 我为自己的错误感到不好意思。
I felt so embarrassed about my mistake.
[知识拓展]
(1)be/feel embarrassed to do sth.对做某事感到尴尬
be/feel embarrassed about/at sth.
对某事感到难为情/不知所措
(2)embarrass vt. 使难堪，使局促不安
embarrassing adj. 令人难堪的
embarrassment n. 难堪，困窘
(2)ashamed adj.羞愧；惭愧
[例1] Her husband felt ashamed at her behaviour.
她丈夫为她的行为感到害臊。
[例 2] He felt very much ashamed whenever he encountered any of
his old mates.
每当遇到老相识时，他总是感到很难为情。
[翻译] 他羞愧地用手把脸蒙住。
He was so ashamed that he hid his face in his hands.
[知识拓展](1)be ashamed of (doing) sth. 因(做了)某事而感到羞愧
be ashamed to do sth. 耻于做……；因难为情而不愿做……
be ashamed that... 对……感到内疚
(2)shame n. 羞耻；惭愧；遗憾的事
It's a shame that... ……真让人遗憾
What a shame/pity! 真可惜！
6 call on (短暂地)访问；要求(某人讲话等)；正式邀请
(教材 P )Some students act this way merely because they are afraid of
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being called on by the teacher.
有些学生这样做只是因为他们害怕老师叫他们。
[例1] I like that you should call on me frequently.
我喜欢你经常来拜访我。
[例2] He called on his friends to help him.
他向朋友求助。
[翻译] 他们呼吁人们采取措施来抵制它。
They call on people to take measures to fight against it.
[知识拓展]
call back 召唤某人回来；回电话
call for 要求；需要；接(某人)
call in 请来；召集
call off 取消
call up 给……打电话；(使)回忆起；征召……入
伍
7 bother vi.& vt. 费心；麻烦；因……操心 n．麻烦；不便
(教材 P ) However, if a student does not bother to brush her hair and
44
her eyes are red from weeping, then I can infer that there are deeper issues
at work.
但是，要是学生懒得梳头，并且两眼因哭泣而发红，那么我能够推断她遇到了更严重的问题。
[例1] Thank you, but please don't bother.
谢谢, 但请你不要费事了。
[例2] What a bother! We've missed the bus.
真恼人！我们错过了公交车。
[翻译] 我小睡的时候不要打扰我。
Don't bother me while I am taking my nap.
[知识拓展]
(1)bother sb.with sth. 因某事打扰或麻烦某人
bother to do/doing sth. 操心做某事
it bothers sb.that/to do sth. 使某人苦恼的是……
Don't bother. 不用费心了。
(2)put sb.to any bother 给某人添乱/让某人心烦
8 conflict n．矛盾；冲突 vi.冲突；抵触
(教材 P ) It could be that she is having serious conflicts with other
44
students or at home.
可能是她和其他学生或在家里发生了严重的冲突。
[ 例 1] It is not surprising that such a view has led to very
considerable conflict.
这样的一种观点引起很大的分歧是不足为怪的。
[例 2] Do British immigration laws conflict with any international
laws?
英国的移民法与国际法有抵触吗？
[翻译] 他们掩藏自己的感情以免发生冲突。
They hid their feelings to avoid conflict．
[知识拓展]
(1)in conflict with 与……冲突/与…… 矛盾
come into conflict with 与……冲突/与……矛盾(2)conflict with 与……矛盾/冲突
9 adjust vt.调整；调节 vi.& vt.适应；(使)习惯
(教材 P ) Their body language lets me know when to adjust class
44
activities, when to intervene, and when to talk to students individually...
他们的肢体语言让我知道什么时候调整课堂活动，什么时候进行干
预，什么时候与学生单独交谈……
[例1] Adjust your language to the age of your audience.
要根据听众的年龄使用相应的语言。
[例2] You will quickly adjust yourself to student life.
你将很快适应学生生活。
[翻译] 她调整座椅到适合儿子的高度。
She adjusted the seat to the height of her son.
[知识拓展]
(1)adjust sth.to sth. 调整……以适应……
adjust to (doing) sth. 适应/习惯(做)某事
adjust oneself to... 使自己适应……
(2)adjustable adj. 可调节的；可调整的
(3)adjustment n. 调整；调节
make adjustments to 对……做出调整
10 vary vi.(根据情况)变化；改变
(教材P )Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture
38
to culture.
就像口语一样，身体语言也因文化而异。
[例1] The temperature varies from time to time.
温度常常变化。
[例 2] The sword hardly varied in form from the 12th to the 15th
century.剑的样式从12 世纪到15 世纪几乎没有什么改变。
[翻译] 在不同的国家情况稍有不同。
The situation varies slightly from country to country．
[知识拓展]
(1)vary in sth. 在某方面不同
vary with sth. 随……而变化
vary between...and... 由……到……情况不等
(2)variety n. 变化；种类；多样性
a variety of＝varieties of 许多的；各种各样的
(3)various adj. 各种各样的
11 approve vi.赞成；同意 vt.批准；通过
(教材 P ) In other countries, by contrast, eye contact is not always
38
approved of.
相比而言，在其他国家，眼神交流并不总是被接受的。
[例1] The minister approved the building plan.
部长批准了该建筑计划。
[例2] Her father will never approve of her marriage to you.
他父亲永远不会同意她和你结婚。
[翻译] 我非常赞成这些新的测试。
I very much approve of these new tests．
[知识拓展]
(1)approve of 赞成；同意
approve of sb./sb.'s (doing) sth. 同意某人(做)某事
(2)approval n. 赞成；同意；批准；认可
give one's approval to 批准某人……
12 witness vt.当场看到；目击；见证 n．目击者；证人
(教材 P )In Japan, someone who witnesses another person employing
38the gesture might think it means money.
在日本，看到别人做这个手势的人可能会认为这是钱的意思。
[例1] A witness was examined by him in a court of law.
他在法庭上质问一个证人。
[例2] He gave witness on behalf of an accused person.
他为被告作证。
[翻译] 这些事实证明了他的粗心。
These facts are a witness to his carelessness．
[知识拓展]
(1)witness sth. 目击了某事
witness to (doing) sth. 证实，证明(做)某事
witness for 为……作证
(2)be a witness to sth. 是某事的证据/证人
bear/give witness to 做……的证人；为……作证
13 differ vi.不同于；相异
(教材 P )Even the gestures we use for “yes” and “no” differ around
38
the world.
甚至我们用作“是”和“不”的手势也因地而异。
[例1] Japanese differs greatly from French in pronunciation.
日语发音和法语大不相同。
[例 2] Conditions of employment differ according to the type of
company you are working for.
雇佣条件因供职公司的不同而有差异。
[翻译] 这些模型的大小和形状都不一样。
The models differ in size and shape.
[知识拓展]
(1)differ from... 与……不同/有区别
differ in... 在……方面不同differ with sb.on/about/over sth. 与某人在某事上持不同(看法)
(2)different adj. 不同的
be different from... 与……不同
(3)difference n. 不同，差别
make a difference (to...) (对……)有作用或影响
14 favour vt.较喜欢；选择；有利于 n．帮助；恩惠；赞同
(教材 P )Elsewhere, people favour shaking hands, bowing from the
38
waist, or nodding the head when they meet someone else.
在其他地方，人们见面时更喜欢握手、鞠躬或点头。
[例 1] A mother shouldn't show too much favour to one of her
children.
母亲不应该对一个孩子表现出过多的宠爱。
[例2] I must decline to show favour to any of the candidates.
我必须拒绝偏袒任何一位候选人。
[翻译] 这风便于他们在黎明时航行。
The wind favoured their sailing at dawn.
[知识拓展]
do sb.a favour＝do a favour for sb. 帮某人的忙
in favour of... 支持……
ask sb.for a favour＝ask a favour of sb. 请求某人帮忙
in one's favour 对某人有利
15 break down消除；分解；打破
(教材P ) A smile can break down barriers.
39
微笑可以打破障碍。
[例1] Our car broke down and we had to draw it to a garage.
我们的车坏了, 不得不把它拖到修车厂去。
[例2] By then the gate was being broken down.那时候大门快要被砸开了。
[翻译] 为了很快地进入着火的房子, 消防队员拆了那面墙。
The firemen broke down the wall in order to gain quick access to the
building on fire.
[知识拓展]
break away from 脱离；摆脱；挣脱；打破陈规
break in 闯入；强行进入
break out 突然发生；爆发(不用于被动语态)
break up 打碎；分裂；解体；解散
16 reliable adj.可信赖的；可靠的
(教材 P ) Which is a more reliable guide for understanding someone's
39
feelings: their body language or the words they speak?
哪一种方式更能帮助我们理解别人的感受：是肢体语言还是他们说
的语言？
[例1] It has a highly reliable control system.
它具备一套极可靠的控制系统。
[例2] He's a good musician and totally reliable.
他是个出色的音乐家，而且非常可靠。
[翻译] 那个年轻人诚实，且有合作精神，当你需要他帮忙的时候，
他总是在那儿。简言之，他很可靠。
The young man is honest, cooperative, and is always there when you
need his help.In short, he's reliable．
[知识拓展]
(1)a reliable friend 可靠的朋友
be reliable as 作为……是可靠的
(2)rely v. 信任；信赖；依赖；依靠
rely on/upon 依靠；依赖
rely on it that... 相信Sentence Patterns
1 部分否定
(教材P )Of course，not everyone who looks up is paying attention in
44
class.
当然，并不是每个抬头看的人上课都专心。
句式分析：句中not everyone...＝ everyone...not...，意为“并非每个
人都……”，为部分否定。
[例 1] Not everyone in the world will be kind and caring towards
you.
并非世上每个人都会对你友善关心。
[例2] Unsurprisingly, not everyone agrees that things are better.
不出所料，并非人人都认同情况有所好转。
[翻译] 我实在不愿把实情告诉你，但并非人人都像你那样诚实。
I hate to tell you the truth, but not everyone is as honest as you．
[知识拓展]
(1)当not与all，both，everyone，everything，everywhere等词连用时
为部分否定，意为“并不都……”。
(2)当 not 与 any，anyone，anywhere，anything 连用或出现 no，
nothing，nobody，nowhere，none时是完全否定。
2 as though引导表语从句
(教材P )It is as though they are asleep with their eyes open.
44
好像睁着眼睛在睡觉。
句式分析：句中as though意为“仿佛；好像”，引导的是表语从句。
[例1] It sounds as though there is a knock at the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。
[例2] It seems as though it was spring already.现在好像是春天了。
[翻译] 这个男孩好像迷路了。
It seems as though the boy has lost his way．
[知识拓展]
(1)as though/if意为“仿佛；好像”，引导方式状语从句或表语从句。
(2)as though/if 后面的从句可用虚拟语气，表示一种假设或不大可
能的事。从句表示与现在事实相反时，谓语动词用一般过去时；表示与
过去事实相反时，用had＋过去分词；表示将来的可能性不大的情况时，
用would/could/might＋动词原形。
(3)从句的省略：若as though/if引导的从句的主语与主句主语一致，
且从句谓语为 be，则省略“从句主语＋be”，从句就变成了“as
though/if＋形容词/副词/名词/介宾短语/分词/不定式”。
3 不定式短语作后置定语
(教材 P )For example, making eye contact—looking into someone's
38
eyes—in some countries is a way to display interest.
例如，在一些国家，进行眼神交流——直视某人的眼睛——是表现
出兴趣的一种方式。
句式分析：不定式短语to display interest作后置定语，修饰a way。
[例1] The meetings were a way to get acquainted with each other.
这些会议是一种相互结交的途径。
[例2] The best way to deal with a tease is to ignore him.
对付爱捉弄人的人的最佳方法就是不搭理他。
[翻译] 多锻炼是保持健康的好方法。
It's a good way to keep fit with more exercise.
[知识拓展]
(1)在 the first, the second, the last, the next, the only 等词和形容词最
高级后或在被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。(2)在time, way, chance, ability, promise 等抽象名词后，常用不定式
作定语。
4 when doing...
(教材 P )In Japan, it may demonstrate respect to look down when
38
talking to an older person.
在日本，当你和年长的人说话时，低头可能是对长辈的尊重。
句式分析：句中when talking to an older person是一个省略句，补全
后为：when you are talking to an older person。
[例 1] When seeing the naughty child, the teacher sympathized to
his mother.
当看到那个淘气的孩子时, 老师对他的母亲表示很同情。
[例2] I kept a diary every day while (I was) travelling.
在那次旅行期间，我每天都写日记。
[翻译] 他看到两只老鼠，几乎给吓丢了魂。
He nearly jumped out of his skin when seeing two rats．
[知识拓展]
当when，while，before，after，unless，as if，if等引导的状语从句中的
主语与主句主语一致或从句主语是it，且从句谓语中含有be动词时，可
以省略从句中的主语和be动词。
5 比较级的否定形式表示最高级含义
(教材 P )And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better
39
than seeing the smiling face of a good friend.
如果我们感到沮丧或孤独，没有什么比看到好朋友的笑脸更好的了。
句式分析：句中nothing better than是比较级的否定形式表示最高级
的含义。
[例 1] Personally, she would like nothing better than to accept this
invitation.
就她个人来说，她巴不得接受这次邀请。[例2] Peter likes nothing better than going to the coast and messing
about in his boat.
彼得最喜欢去海边，毫无目的地让船在海中漂荡。
[翻译] 在夏季炎热的下午，我想不出什么东西比一杯冰凉可口的
啤酒更好。
I can think of nothing better than a nice cold beer on a hot summer
afternoon.
[知识拓展]
最高级意义的多种表达法：
(1)否定词＋形容词/副词比较级(＋than)
(2)否定词＋so/as ＋形容词/副词原级＋as
(3)比较级＋ than＋
Unit 5 Working the Land
Words And Phrases
1 deal with 处理；对付；安排；对待；与……打交道；涉及
(教材P )To deal with this crisis, he chose to study agriculture.
52
为了应对这一危机，他选择了学习农业。
[知识拓展]
deal with中的deal为不及物动词，常与疑问词how连用，表示“怎
么处理/对待”；同义短语为do with，其中的do为及物动词，表示“怎
么处理/对待”时，与疑问词what连用。
[例1] In the process, the children learn to deal with difficulties.
在这个过程中，孩子们学会了应付困难。[例 2] His article deals with many issues we are greatly concerned
about.
他的文章涉及许多我们非常关心的问题。
[例3] The lady is hard to deal with.
这个妇人很难对付。
2 poverty n．贫穷；贫困
(教材 P )It is celebrated in more than 150 countries, raising awareness
54
and knowledge of the problems and causes behind world hunger and
poverty.
它在150多个国家举行庆祝活动，提高人们对世界饥饿和贫困背后
的问题和原因的认识和了解。
[例1] The article shows a poverty of imagination.
这篇文章显得缺乏想象力。
[例2] She has a sure prasp of social issues such as literacy，poverty
and child care.
她对扫盲、贫穷和儿童保育等社会问题都有深切的认识。
[翻译] 三分之一的人口生活在贫困线或以下。
A third of the population is living at or below the poverty line．
[知识拓展]
(1)in poverty 处于贫穷之中
a poverty of 缺乏
below/above the poverty line 在贫困线之下/之上
(2)poor adj. 贫穷的；贫困的
3 in turn 相应地；转而；依次；轮流
(教材 P )This affects the crops grown on the land and, in turn, the
55
animals and humans who digest them.
这影响了生长在土地上的作物，进而影响消化它们的动物和人类。
[例1] The girls took it in turn to wipe down the tables after meals.女孩子们饭后轮流擦桌子。
[例2] Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.
理论的基础是实践，反过来理论又为实践服务。
[翻译] 他们依次回答了老师的问题。
They answered the teacher's questions in turn．
[知识拓展]
in one's turn 轮到某人；接着
by turns 轮流；依次
take turns doing/to do... 轮流做……
It's one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人干某事
4 alternative n．可供选择的事物
adj.可供替代的；非传统的
(教材 P )As an alternative, some farmers have switched to organic
55
farming, and many customers have turned to organic food when they shop
at the local grocery.
作为一种选择，一些农民转向有机农业，许多顾客在当地杂货店购
物时转向有机食品。
[例1] We returned by the alternative road.
我们从另一条路回来的。
[例2] This kind of newspaper is alternative press.
这种报纸是非传统性报刊。
[翻译] 除了当俘虏之外，唯一的选择就是奋战至死了。
The only alternative to being taken prisoner was to die fighting.
[知识拓展]
(1)have no alternative/choice but to do sth. 别无选择只好做某事
have the alternative of doing sth. 有做……的选择，可以做……
there's no alternative...but to do sth. ……别无选择只好做某事
an alternative to... ……的替代品(2)alternatively adv. 可供选择地
5 depth n．向下(或向里)的距离；深(度)
(教材 P )Organic farmers also plant diverse crops that use different
56
depths of soil to help keep it rich.
有机种植的农民也种植不同的农作物，利用不同深度的土壤来保持
土壤肥沃。
[例1] The old man disappeared into the depths of the house.
老人消失在住宅深处。
[例2] I have expressed the depth of my gratitude to him.
我向他表示了深切的谢意。
[翻译] 不能期望较年轻的学生有深刻的理解能力。
Younger students cannot be expected to have great depth of
understanding．
[知识拓展]
in depth 全面；深入；详细
from the depth of the mind 从心底里；真心地
at a depth of... 在……的深度
in the depths of 在正中；在深处
6 devote vt.把……献(给)；把……专用于；专心于
(教材 P )Indeed, his slim but strong body is just like that of millions
50
of Chinese farmers to whom he has devoted his life.
事实上，他瘦削但结实的身躯看起来和农民一样，而他为千千万万
中国农民奉献了一生。
[例1] We should devote everything we have.
我们应该奉献我们的一切。
[例2] He devoted a great sum of money to books.
他花了一大笔钱买书。[翻译] 他将一生奉献给了教育事业。
He devoted himself entirely/all his life to education.
[知识拓展]
(1)devote...to (doing) sth. 把……献给(做)某事
devote oneself to＝be devoted to 献身于；专心致力于
(2)devoted adj. 忠实的；深爱的
(3)devotion n. 奉献；关爱
7 convince vt.使相信；使确信；说服
(教材 P )Yuan was convinced that the answer could be found in the
50
creation of hybrid rice.
袁隆平确信，答案可以在杂交水稻的培育中找到。
[ 例 1] Robert's expression had obviously convinced her of his
innocence.
罗伯特的表情显然使她相信他是清白的。
[例2] She needed to find a way to convince Michel he was wrong.
她需要想办法使米歇尔相信他错了。
[翻译] 我自己都不会相信，更别提说服别人了。
I'm not going to believe it myself, never mind convince anyone else．
[知识拓展]
(1)convince sb.of sth. 使某人确信/明白某事
convince sb.that... 使某人相信……
convince sb.to do sth. 说服某人做某事
(2)convincing adj. 令人信服的
convinced adj. 确信的；坚信的
be convinced of 相信……
be convinced (that)．.. (某人)相信……
8 assumption n．假定；设定；(责任的)承担；(权利的)获得(教材P )The common assumption then was that it could not be done.
50
当时人们普遍认为这是不可能的。
[例1] We mistook assumption that the price would fall.
我们错误地认为价格会下降。
[例2] Your argument is based on a set of questionable assumptions.
你的论证建立在一套有问题的假设上。
[翻译] 她总在猜别人有多少钱。
She's always making assumptions about how much money people
have.
[知识拓展]
(1)make an assumption 认为；假定
on the assumption that... 假定……
(2)assume v. 假定；设想
assume sb./sth.to be 假定/假设某人/某事为
It is assumed that... 一般认为……
(3)assuming(that) ... 假设/假定……
9 overcome vt.(overcame, overcome)克服；解决；战胜
(教材 P )Through intense effort, Yuan overcame enormous technical
50
difficulties to develop the first hybrid rice that could be used for farming in
1974.
通过不懈的努力，袁隆平克服了巨大的技术难题，于1974年培育出
了第一种可用于农业生产的杂交水稻。
[例1] In the final game Sweden easily overcame France.
在决赛中，瑞典队轻松战胜了法国队。
[例2] I would overcome any weakness, any despair, any fear.
我要克服所有的软弱、绝望和恐惧。
[翻译] 她战胜了伤痛，赢得了奥运会金牌。
She overcame injury to win the Olympic gold medal.[知识拓展]
overcome difficulties 战胜困难
be overcome with 因……而受不了
10 expand vt.& vi.扩大；增加 vt.扩展；发展(业务)
(教材P )This hybrid enabled farmers to expand their output greatly.
50
这种杂交水稻使农民大大增加了产量。
[例1] The petals of many flowers expand in the sunshine.
许多花瓣在阳光下绽放。
[例2] The business has expanded greatly over the last year.
过去的一年里，这家公司极大地增加了业务量。
[翻译] 中国的信息产业正迅速发展。
The information industries are rapidly expanding in China.
[知识拓展]
expand ...into... 把……扩展/发展成……
expand into... 发展成/扩大成……
expand on sth. 细说(阐述)……
11 be comprised of包括；包含；由……组成(或构成)
(教材 P )Today, it is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice
50
consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan's hybrid
strains.
据估算，现在中国国内消费的大米有大约百分之六十来自袁隆平的
杂交水稻。
[例 1] The committee is comprised of representatives from both
public and private sectors.
委员会由政府和私人部门的双方代表组成。
[例2] Groups are comprised of two or more people.
小组由两人或两人以上组成。
[翻译] 医疗队包括10个医生和一辆救护车。The medical team is comprised of ten doctors and one ambulance.
[知识拓展]
consist of 由……组成
be made up of 由……组成，构成
Sentence Patterns
1 not only...but also...句型
(教材 P )For example, pesticides can damage the land by killing not
55
only harmful bacteria and insects, but also helpful ones.
例如，杀虫剂不仅可以杀死有害的细菌和昆虫，还可以杀死有益的
昆虫，从而破坏土地。
句式分析：句中not only...but also...“不仅……而且……”用作并列
连词，相当于“not just ...but also...”。
[例1] Shakespeare was not only a writer but (also) an actor.
莎士比亚不仅是一位剧作家，而且是一位演员。
[例 2] Light and bright colors make people not only happier but
more active.
浅色和鲜艳的颜色不但使人看了高兴，也会使人更加活泼。
[翻译] 英国人和美国人不但语言相同，而且有很多相同的风俗习
惯。
The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but
also share a large number of social customs.
[知识拓展]
(1)该结构常用来连接并列成分，如两个主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定
语、状语或句子，在意义上强调后者，其中also可以省略。
(2)“not only...but also...”连接主语时，谓语动词的数遵循就近原则；
当not only 位于句首连接两个句子时，第一个分句要用部分倒装，第二
个分句不倒装。2 too...to...句型
(教材 P )As for chemical fertilisers, crops grown with them usually
55
grow too fast to be rich in nutrition.
至于化肥，用它们种植的作物通常生长得太快，而不含丰富的营养。
句式分析：too...to...意为“太……而不能……”，表示否定含义。
[例1] He is too shy to speak to her.
他太害羞，不敢同她讲话。
[例2] It's too cheap to be good.
这东西太便宜，好不了(即便宜无好货)。
[翻译] 他太小，还分不清是非。
He is too young to know right from wrong.
[知识拓展]
(1)too＋adj.(情感、心情或倾向等主语态度的词，常见的有anxious,
eager, glad, happy, pleased, ready, willing, etc.)＋to do sth.(表示肯定意义)
非常/很……干某事
(2)not/never too...to do sth. 并不太……做某事
(3)only too...to do sth. 非常……做某事
(4)can't/can never...to... 再……也不过分
3 there be句型
(教材P )Therefore，there is still a long way to find a suitable solution
56
that puts sufficient food on the dinner table...
因此，要找到一个合适的解决方案，使人们的餐桌上有足够的食物，
还有很长的路要走……
句式分析：there be 句型，表示“某处有(存在)某人或某物”。
[例1] There is an eraser and two pens on the desk.
桌子上有一块橡皮和两支钢笔。
[例2] There have been lots of accidents near the crossing.在这个十字路口附近，发生了很多事故。
[翻译] 河里有几个孩子在游泳。
There are several children swimming in the river.
[知识拓展]
(1)there be句型最简单的结构为：There be(is，are，was, were )＋名词
＋地点状语。
(2)在 There be 引导的句子中, 谓语动词 be 的人称和数应该和它后
面的主语(名词)保持一致, 当有两个或两个以上的名词作并列主语时,
be的形式则和第一个名词保持一致(就近原则)。
(3)there be 句型中的 be 可以用表示“存在”的动词，如 live, exist,
lie, stand, seem, rise, remain, happen, come, go等替代。句型结构为：there
＋存在类动词＋主语。
4 what引导主语从句
(教材P )However，what concerned him most was that farmers often
50
had poor harvests and sometimes even had a serious shortage of food to
eat.
然而，最让他担心的是，农民经常粮食歉收，有时甚至严重缺乏食
物。
句式分析：句中what concerned him most为what引导的主语从句。
[例1] What we need is money.
我们需要的是钱。
[例2] What I want to know is this.
我想知道的就是这一点。
[翻译] 是什么使他哭的还不清楚。
What made her angry was not clear.
[知识拓展]what是连接代词，引导的从句可以作主语、宾语或表语；what本身
在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。
5 It is/was＋过分分词＋that...
(教材P )Today，it is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice
50
consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan's hybrid
strains.
据估算，现在中国国内消费的大米有大约百分之六十来自袁隆平的
杂交水稻。
句式分析：句中it is estimated that“据估算”为 “It is/was＋过分分
词＋that...” 结构。it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。
[例 1] It is estimated that every year 50 unaccompanied children
arrive in Britain.
据估计，每年有50名儿童独自来到英国。
[例2] It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old.
据估计这花瓶有两千年历史。
[翻译] 这次会议预计要开4天。
It is estimated that the meeting will last four days.
[知识拓展]
(1)常用于此结构的动词有say，report，think，hope，suggest，believe，
require，announce等。
(2)此句型可改写为“sb./sth.＋be said/believed/thought＋to do”或
“people say/think...(that)．..”结构。
6 given that...引导的状语从句
(教材 P )Given that Yuan's hybrids have made him quite wealthy, one
51
might think he would retire to a life of leisure.
考虑到杂交水稻使袁隆平变得相当富有，人们可能认为他会退休享
受闲适的生活。
句式分析：given that...意为“考虑到……”，引导的是一个状语从句。
[例1] Given that they're inexperienced, they've done a good job.
在缺乏经验的情况下, 他们的工作已经算是做得相当不错了。
[例2] Given that he gracefully apologized, the woman accepted his
apology.
在他有礼貌地道歉后，这位女士接受了他的道歉。
[翻译] 考虑到自己挣得不多，我用钱通常比较精打细算，这也是
迫不得已。
Usually, I am sensible with money, as I have to be，given that I don't
earn that much．
[知识拓展]
(1)用作give 的过去分词，引出过去分词短语作状语，意为“如果
有……”，“假定……”等义，此时要注意其逻辑主语与句子主语保持
一致。
(2)可用作介词，后接名词或代词，意为“考虑到”或“鉴于”。
(3)用作形容词，意为“特定的”“一定的”“规定的”等，通常用
作定语。
(4)given 后也可接 that 从句，表示“考虑到”。
