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1. Communication technologies are far from equivalent. A recent study comparing honesty
across a range of different media revealed that people were twice likely to tell lies when
using the phone than when communicating via e-mail. It had previously been assumed that
people would be more inclined to fabricate(伪造) the truth when using e-mail, due to the
remoteness of the interaction making people more comfortable about deceiving others. On
the contrary, it seems that anxiety over the accountability afforded by the recording of e-mail
exchanges induces greater truthfulness. However, the research also noted that people are
much more likely to be rude or insulting over e-mail, outweighing any benefits of increased
honesty!
An implication of the study is that if telephone conversations are recorded and people are
aware of this fact, they are likely to be more truthful over the phone. T
People are unconcerned about the repercussion(反响) of e-mail untruths. F
It had been assumed that people would communicate more honestly when using e-mail than
when using the telephone. F
2. There is often considerable scientific disagreement both about available reserves of natural
resources and about the extent of environmental damage caused by particular pollutants.
Even where the scientific evidence is incontrovertible（无可争议）. There may be political
conflict, based on different vested interests, over the degree to which particular
environmental controls should be accepted. Governments may, for example, refrain from
introducing effective control if they fear these will adversely affect company profitability or
jobs, even where the environmental cost of not introducing controls are considerable.
There is always scientific debate around the facts regarding the reserves of natural
resources. T
Very rarely is there conflict over the degree to which particular environmental controls
should be accepted. F
Parties with a vested interest are more influenced by politics than science when deciding
whether to implement environmental controls. C
3. Whilst high visibility crime such as night-time drunken disturbance has increased, total
urban and rural crime, both reported and unreported, has fallen over the last two years, yet
paradoxically people feel less safe, believing that the converse is the case. This fall in crime
has coincided with a drop in the number of police officer on the street. A citizen’s fear of
crime seems not to be a matter of reality at all- the visibility of law enforcement officials has
a greater impact on their view of reality than hard facts.
Reducing the number of police officer has led to a reduction in crime. C
Crime statistics support popular belief about the level of crime. F
People feel safer when there are more police on the street. T
4. There is no task more difficult than that of ensuring the education of children in modern
society. Not only school, but also teachers and their roles have changed out of all recognition
in the past few decades, thanks to the impact on teaching institutions by indoctrinating(灌
输；教导), and indoctrinated, reformist intellectuals bearing revolutionary ideas. To theperpetual indiscipline of youth has now been added the indiscipline of parents, many of
whom interpret any reports of wrongdoing in school on the part of their offspring as a
personal affront(轻蔑), or as the manifestation of the malice（恶意） of teachers. As for the
teachers themselves, whilst many are respectable and learned men and women, who view it
as their vocation（使命） to induct their charges into a civilization and a way of behaving,
others attempt to influence youth merely to further their political or ideological ends.
Some of those working in education have their own hidden agendas. T
Teacher with revolutionary ideas will attempt to influence their pupils for their own political
ends. C
Some teachers who report children of wrongdoing do so because of malice, rather than any
legitimate reason. C
5. Last week, the competition commission outlined two packages to regulate the sale of
extended product warranties, which provide repair/replacement for faulty goods beyond the
manufacturer’s original guarantee. Whilst warranty sales are currently highly profitable,
with some retailers attributing up to ¾ of their profits to this income stream, they are also
criticized for offering poor value for money due to obscure clauses, which restrict payment in
many, but the most unlikely claim scenarios. The first package-to ban retailers selling a full
warranty on the day of purchase was condemned 已被定罪的；by all as draconian 严厉的-
whilst the other, rather milder, option of forcing retailers to provide full information on
warranty exclusions and an obligatory 60–day “cool-off” period for customers, received a
more balanced hearing.
Because no one believes that the first option will ever be implemented, investors and
analysts have focused more closely on the implication of the “milder” package. In a recent
leaked research note, one analyst suggested that the implementation of the reform in the
second package would place a staff-training burden on the retailer, which would lead to a
significant increase in the cost of warranty sales, and a predicted 20% fall in actual sales.
“Cool-off” periods are not currently offered by companies selling product warranties. T
It is likely that neither package will be implemented. C
Preventing retailers from selling warranties on the day of purchase of a product was felt to
be too severe a restriction. T
6. All scientific knowledge is provisional（临时的）. Everything that science knows, even
the most mundane（世俗的） facts and long-established theories, is subject to re-
examination as new information comes in. the latest data and ideas are scrutinized the
most. Some recantations 改变论调 will be unavoidable, but this is not a weakness of
science, but rather its strength. No endeavor rivals science in its incremental progress
towards a more complete understanding of the observable universe.
Science improves understanding on the basis of leaving unchallenged those theories that
appear to work. F
Some facts in science cannot be challenged if any progress is to be made. F
That which is not observable cannot be part of the domain of science. C7. Today’s historians aim to construct a record of human activities and to use this record to
achieve a more profound understanding of humanity. This conception of their task is quite
recent, dating from the development from 18th and early 19th centuries of scientific history,
and cultivated largely by professional historians who adopted the assumption that the study
of natural, inevitable human activity. Before the late 18th century, history was taught in
virtually no schools, and it did not attempt to provide an interpretation of human life as a
whole. This is more appropriately the function of religion, of philosophy, or even perhaps of
poetry.
That which constitutes the study of history has changed over time. T
Professional historians did not exist before 18th century. C
In the 17th century, history would not have been thought of as a way of understanding
humanity. T
8. The Statute on workplace safety requires that an employer should ensure, so far as is
reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of all full and part time
employees, and also those not in direct employment who may be affected by acts or
omissions at work. However, it is also the duty of employees to take reasonable care for their
own health and safety and also that of other persons who may be affected by their acts or
omissions at work, for example by complying with all notices on health and safety that are
posted.
If a workplace visitor is hurt due to an act of negligence by an employee then the employee
may be held solely responsible. FC
An employer has responsibility for the safety of visitors to his factory. T
Employees have negligible responsibility for workplace health and safety. F
9. Whilst having similar effects on employees, there tend to be major difference between a
merger and an acquisition. In an acquisition, power is substantially assumed by the new
parent company. Change is often swift and brutal as the acquirer imposes its own control
systems and financial restraints. Parties to a merger are likely to be evenly matched in terms
of size, and the power and cultural dynamics of the combination are more ambiguous,
integration is a more drawn out process.
During an acquisition, there is often more overt conflict and resistance and a sense of
powerlessness. In mergers, because of the prolonged period between the initial
announcement and full integration, uncertainty and anxiety continue for a much longer time
as the organization remains in a state of limbo.
There tends to be a major power difference between parties in an acquisition. T
Mergers and acquisition tend to have distinctly different impacts on employees. F
Mergers yield a shorter period of anxiety and uncertainty amongst employees. F
10. Management is, in effect, the catalyst that is essential for converting the resources and raw
material inputs of the operation into valued outputs and, in the process, ensuring thatstakeholder needs are satisfied. Managers represent the critical factor, which economists
refer to as “enterprise”, without which the other factors (land, labor and capital) cannot
function. Managers are effectively the custodians of the organization’s resource, responsible
for deciding what the resources should be used for, how best to use them, and to which
customers the outputs should be targeted.
Stakeholder needs are best served through the creation of valued outputs. C
Management has at least two major but different responsibilities. T
Managers must decide how best to handle all the resources at their disposal. T
11. There is no doubt that vegetarian food can be healthier than a traditional diet – indeed,
research has demonstrated that vegetarians are less likely to suffer from heart disease and
obesity than those who eat meat. One long-standing concern about a vegetarian lifestyle is
the risk of failing to take in enough protein. However, historical calculations as to the amount
of protein needed for a healthy lifestyle have recently been shown to overestimate the
quantities needed, and if vegetarian select their food carefully they should be able to meet
their protein needs.
A balanced diet is more likely to promote health than any particular food or food group in
isolation. C
Too much protein in the diet can lead to heart disease. C
Over time the recommendations as to what constitutes a healthy balanced diet have changed.
C
12. Water, the most common liquid used for cleaning, has a property called surface tension.
Molecules in the body of the water are surrounded by other molecules, but at the surface a
“tension” is created as molecules are only surrounded by other molecules on the waterside.
This tension inhibits the cleaning process, as it slows the wetting of surface due to tension
causing the water to bead up(形成珠状). This is where water droplets hold their shape and
do not spread. For effective cleaning to take place “surface tension” must be reduced so that
water can spread. Surface-active agents, or surfactants, are chemicals, which are able to do
this effectively.
Surface-active agents, or surfactants, are only used for cleaning. C
Water is the only known liquid used for cleaning. F
If surfactant chemicals are added to water when cleaning a surface, surface tension will
occur. F
The molecules on the waterside hinder the cleaning process. T
Water droplets will not spread where there are high levels of surface tension. T
13. The biggest risk facing the world’s insurance companies is possibly the rapid change now
taking place within their own ranks. Sluggish growth in core markets and intense price
competition, coupled with shifting patterns of customer demand and the rising cost of losses,
are threatening to overwhelm those too slow to react.Insurance companies are experiencing a boom in their core markets. F
Insurance companies are competing to provide best prices to customers. T
Insurance companies are coping well with increased price competition and rising losses. F
14. Short-sightedness is to a large extent inherited, its incidence varies from one family to
another. The reason behind the link between the common incidence of short-sightedness and
high intelligence is unclear. Previous generations thought that eyes could become strained by
years spent poring over books, but a few decades ago the popular medical view was that
short-sighted people gravitated towards the library because they found it hard to excel at
sports. Recently there has been partial support for a theory that high intelligence and short-
sightedness may, in fact, be part of a genetic package.
The genetic link between intelligence and short-sightedness has recently been disproven.
/F
People from all families stand at an equal chance of being short-sighted. F
Intelligence is to a large extent inherited. C
People from certain families are more prone to short-sightedness. T
15. The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation is the afterglow from the Big Bang, and
weak as it may be today, these primeval 原始的 microwaves hold valuable information
about fundamental properties of the early universe. Slight differences, or anisotropies, in the
brightness and polarization of the CMB reveal clues about the nature of the primeval plasma:
that the discrepancies exist at all shows that the plasma 等离子 was not perfectly uniform.
The variations in the brightness seen in the CMB reflect differences in the density of the
primordial plasma, whereas the anisotropic 向异性 polarization 极化 reveals information
about the dynamics of the early universe, such as the movement of material and the number
of gravitational waves. The CMB, however, is not the only source of polarized microwaves
and the cosmological polarization must thus be measured at different wavelengths so as to
isolate them from foreground signals.
The anisotropies of the CMB show solely that the primordial plasma was not uniform. F
The polarization of cosmic microwaves is measured at different wavelength so as to separate
the foreground from the background signals. T
Through studying the cosmological microwaves, one may learn about the forces of gravity in
the early universe. C
The wave lengths of the foreground signals are disregarded无视 once they have been
distinguished from the CMB. C
16. Internet experts are warning of a new multitude of extremely dangerous computer viruses
that have recently been causing devastation and could potentially cripple entire global
computer systems. These viruses can replicate thousands of copies within hours and are
capable of extirpating 根除 security software that, in turn, enables hackers to appropriate
control of the machines. Criminal gangs can then establish bank accounts using stolen
identities, sabotage a company’s computer system and extort money for its restoration, and
sell computers that have been interfered with on the black market. Computer users are oftenadvised to refrain from opening suspicious program attached to the emails and to continually
update their security software.
These specific computer viruses have long been causing serious disruption, F
Internet experts are advising computer users to replace their software if they suspect it has
been tampered with纂改. C
Computer users and criminal gangs are usually under threat from computer hackers.
C
It is necessary for hackers to establish bank accounts so that they can extort money
from companies. T
17. For most people, any reference to hypnosis brings to mind images of individuals involved in
amusing, and often out of character, behavior. However, hypnosis is also a topic of scientific
research. Research by scientists over the last few decades has revealed ways in which
memory processes, and processes involved in pain perception can be changed using
hypnosis. It has also been found that hypnotic suggestions can regulate activity in identifiable
sections of the brain and can contribute to the effective management of cognitive conflict.
Findings from several related brain imaging studies, for example, have suggested that people
under hypnosis cab exhibit reduced level of brain activity in both visual area and the anterior
cingulate cortex. Disparate research has already established the role of these brain structures
in the monitoring the cognitive conflict.
Under hypnosis most individuals participate in entertaining activities. C
Few people think that when hypnotized, individuals do things that they would not
normally have done. F
Scientific research on the effects of hypnosis on memory and pain perception started
a few decades ago. T
18. Workers are becoming increasingly concerned about company relocation due to its
association with employee distress and isolation, which can be caused by issues such as the
management of property transitions and loss of community ties. Furthermore, moving home
can put a strain on worker’s financial resources and close relationships, especially for those
working parents who may feel guilty about moving children to new schools. Regardless of
the disruption created, some individuals are very willing to relocate, due to the potential for
enhanced career prospects and long-term financial stability.
Some people may feel guilty about the consequences of relocating. T
Company relocation has increased. C
The potential benefits of job relocation are seen, by some, to be worth the associated distress
and strain. T
The majority of employees feel isolated following relocation. C
19. Political, economic and demographic developments are combining to increase the wealth of
individuals leading economies. These individuals take a much more active role in managingtheir personal financial affairs and in determining how their assets should be invested for
their long-term benefit. As a result, we are seeing the emergence of a new market, consisting
of so-called “affluent individuals”. This structural trend is set to continue and will provide
significant opportunities for financial services providers. This band of individuals has
traditionally been dominated by old money inheritance, and this will remain a factor, but the
rise of new affluent money is increasing as individuals benefit from higher salaries and
compensation in the form of stock options. These new affluent individuals are also creating
wealth as small business entrepreneurs.
Affluent individuals want to manage their own assets rather than use financial service
providers. C
Individuals cannot become “affluent” through inheriting old money. F
Inherited old money will be completely replaced by new affluent money.F
20. At the moment of GTC, like other European producers, is able to relieve at least some of its
over-capacity by exporting, partly to Central America. A decade from now, that region will be
largely self-sufficient and trade will be starting to flow the other way. However, for GTC
investors, the company’s recent restructure could herald better times. The group’s lack of
focus and lack-lustre returns have been much criticized of late.
Central America will, in the future, begin to export less to Europe. C
Central American producers will find a ready market for their products in Europe. C
Restructuring generally produces an increase in profitability. C
GTC is a sound investment. T
The successful export trade with central America seems set to continue indefinitely.
T
The successful export trade with central America is not expected to continue
indefinitely.F
European producers cannot meet demand in their home territories. C
GTC has recently been an outstanding performance. F
21. The increasing fragility of the rural economy will be the biggest challenge facing country
communities over the next ten years. Agriculture, which accounts for a quarter of rural job, is
in decline. Tourism provides no more than half this number of job. The rural manufacturing
sector, however, has grown over last ten years. Despite this, it still employs fewer than one in
twenty people living in rural area, and is threatened by companies based in industrial areas,
which benefit from access to a larger skilled workforce and better transportation networks.
Industries based in rural areas benefit from better transport links. F
Manufacturing provides the fewest jobs in the countryside. C
The manufacturing sector is likely to be the main source of employment for rural workers in
the future. C
Industries based in rural areas suffer from poorer transport links. T
Tourism will soon catch up with agriculture in terms of providing jobs. c22. In recent years, many issues have been considered when attempting to ameliorate the
wellbeing of patients and the efficiency of hospital administration. Patients have often
complained about endless waiting lists, low standards of cleanliness, poor hospital food, and
unsatisfactory doctor-patient communication and now, according to an expert from a leading
image consultancy, doctors’ dress codes and their general appearance must come under
close scrutiny. Of healthcare professionals have an unwashed appearance, dirty nails or
unkempt hair, this exudes the impression of recklessness, wearing red reminds patients of
blood, and power dressing is discouraged because patients may feel undermined and less
relaxed. Although campaign groups approve of healthcare professionals leading by example
with high standards of hygiene in hospitals, some individuals argue that this potential new
image legislation is merely a case of jumping on the bandwagon 时尚 of the current media
trend for home and lifestyle makeovers.
Individuals have argued that the current media trend for lifestyle makeover is direct result of
the concern over the image of new legislations. F
New hospital legislation states that healthcare professionals must have clean fingernails. T
It is always preferable for healthcare professionals to wear blue instead of red. C
23. One of the great paradoxes of entrepreneurship is that entrepreneurs must develop the
capacity to engage the urgent with the emergent. Routine pressures force us to allow the
urgent to dominate us, quarterly reports, market share, and tangible return on investment
become paramount in this paradox, emergent (strategic) issues are often lost.
The urgent presents itself in tangible shape and form, whereas the emergent is subtler in its
appearance. Entrepreneurs need to pre-sense emergent reality, thus they require more than
ordinary attentiveness. However, information consumes the attention of the recipient, and
urgent information is by nature more demanding of attention than emergent. Yet it is an
awareness of the emergent that frequently distinguishes the successful leader, the individual
who can see through the reactive demands of day-to-day urgency to act rapidly upon the
emergent trends that, if capitalized upon, can ensure commercial triumph. One way of
ensuring time to identify the emergent is to make time for reflective moments in work life in
order to restore the quality of attentiveness and see through the fog of the immediate.
It is easier to spot an emergent trend than an urgent issue. F
The present tends to be governed by the immediate demands. T
It is easy to lose sight of the strategic issues given the demands that immediate issues make.
T
24. Some doctors claim that any information received from a patient during a medical
consultation is subject ethically to absolute confidentiality and can in no circumstance be
revealed without the patient’s permission. Without such a rule, they believe that patients
would not supply all of the information needed to treat them. Most however, believe that
their obligations to society override 推翻 their obligations to their patients; for example,
being prepared to report to the police a patient who persisted in driving, despite the
existence of a condition that rendered them unsafe. One reason for such a conflict is thatwhilst courts recognize the confidentiality of exchange between lawyers and clients, this is
not extended to doctor and patients.
A doctor would report to the police a patient who was a danger to others. C
Patients rarely give permission for a doctor to discuss their medical details with
others. C
Doctors are in agreement about the ethics and practice of patient confidentiality. F
25. Private airline companies have always been determined to operate a transport system that is
safe for passengers, whilst still remaining competitively priced and commercially viable.
However, a private sector business can only remain viable if it generates profits for its
shareholders. Recent reports suggest that if all aircrafts were fitted with military derived
ground-to-air missile defense system, and at all airports there was infallible screening for
weapons and explosives then the system would be much safer. However, totally effective
screening would preclude（排除 all possibility of profit, and current systems are still very
thorough, whilst also providing a good cost-benefit ratio.
Military aircraft are safer than commercial craft. C
More effective airline security systems than are currently in use are available. T
Current airline security systems provide the best possible mix of cost against benefit.
C
26. Full employment is a concept, which is often referred to but seldom defined. Beveridge’s
description comes close to what most economists understand 理解 by the term. In his view
full employment means that “unemployment is reduced to short intervals of standing by,
with the certainty that very soon one will be wanted in one’s old job again or will be wanted
in a new job that is within one’s powers.” In other words, full employment does not mean
zero unemployment, but allows for some measure of acceptable unemployment, for example,
“frictional” unemployment whilst changing jobs.
Definitions of full employment are abundant. F
Some economists do not understand full employment in Beveridge’s terms. T
In B’s view, full employment incorporates those unemployed people who are certain to
regain work very shortly. T
27. The typical share-save scheme is a regular savings plan that gives employees the opportunity
to purchase shares in 3.5 or 7 years time, should they choose to exercise the purchase option,
at a discounted price fixed before the saving period starts. In addition to potential financial
gains, the employee also has the opportunity to participate in future company development
through the acquisition of shares. The employee does not have to pay income tax on any
gains made on the exercise of the option to buy shares, though there may be a liability to
capital gains tax if the shares are sold and the resulting gains cause that particular
employee’s level of capital gains liability to exceed the annual exempt amount.
Employees usually exercise the option to sell their shares at the end of the saving period. CEmployees do not automatically have to pay Capital Gains Tax as a consequence of
participating in share-save scheme. T/
Individuals who sell shares generate no potential tax liability. F
28. Staff monitoring is a particularly issue for managers – the only kind of staff monitoring not
subject to regulation is where one individual watches another. Once any recording starts,
even if it is manual, monitoring is subject to the Data Protection Act – employees need to be
told about monitoring takes place and why. The information gathered has to be kept secure,
and affected staffs have the right to see information related to them. Whilst a person’s
consent is not required, he or she must be consulted about the processing of personal
information (monitoring data is construed as “personal”), and monitoring practices must not
cause unnecessary stress. However, covert monitoring without consultation may be used, but
only in particularly serious circumstances, such as when a staff member is suspected of
dishonest. In such a case, the covert surveillance (e.g. hidden cameras) must be in targeted
areas and at times when the dishonest behavior is expected- any other information must be
disregarded.
It is not possible to avoid the Data Protection Act when monitoring staff. F
Managers find it difficult to justify the use of covert monitoring procedures. C
Any employee in a building where monitoring is taking place may see all of the information
collected. F
29. Without exception, living non-human primates habitually more around on all fours,四脚着地
or quadrupedally, when they are on the ground. Scientists generally assume therefore that
the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees (our closest living relative) was also a
quadrupted. Exactly when the last common ancestor lived is unknown, but clear indications
of bipedalism, the trait that distinguishes ancient humans from other apes, are evident in the
oldest known species of Australopithecus, which lived in Africa roughly four millions years
ago.
Bipedal apes are more evolutionarily advantaged than quadrupedal ones. C
Bipedalism is the main trait that distinguishes ancient humans from Australopithecus. F
Australopithecus is as closely related to ancient man as to the chimpanzee. C/F
30. A new computer program can tell whether a book was written by a man or a woman. The
simple scan of key words and syntax is about 80% accurate on both fiction and non-fiction.
The program’s success seems to confirm the stereotypical perception of differences in male
and female language use. Crudely put, men talk more about objects and women more about
relationships.
Female writers use more pronouns (I, you, she, myself), whilst males prefer words that
identify or determine nouns (a, the, that) and words that quantify them (one, two, more).
These differing styles have previously been called “involved” and “informational”,
respectively.
The algorithm within the program was initially trained on a few test cases to identify the
most prevalent fingerprints of gender and of fiction and non-fiction. The algorithm can nowbe focused on new bodies of text. Strikingly, the distinctions between male and female
writers are much the same as 3 those that, even more clearly, differentiate non fiction-and
fiction. The program can tell these two genres apart with 98% accuracy.
Stereotypes are generally based on fact. C
Women are more likely than men to adopt an “informational” style of written
communication. F
The program is more accurate at identifying the gender of the writer then the fiction or non-
fiction content of the passage. F
31. Sandford Group’s first end of year announcement since the takeover of SPX Inc placed much
emphasis on the period of extreme transformation and development undergone by the
company. Emphasis was placed on the admirable way that its employees had steered the
company through a turbulent six months, and subsequent benefits that were being reaped,
such as a steady growth of the Sandford brands in the marketplace. Whilst recognizing that
the takeover had been undertaken as a way of increasing market share, rather than
improving efficiency, the announcement made much of the substantial yet somewhat
unintended cost reductions that had taken place. This was explained by the swift
introduction of SPX’s computer systems which permitted a Group headcount cut and also the
subletting of surplus office space.
The time since takeover has not always been easy for Sandford. T (six months)
The takeover achieved more for the company than was initially planned. T
The performance of the Sandford brands was poor prior to the takeover（在 takeover 之前
市场表现差） . C
32. Total stocks of most minerals in the earth’s crust are still large in relation to the current rates
of use, and a high proportion of the minerals that are consumed in the production process
could, in principle, be recycled. The technological and financial constraints on recycling such
concentrations of minerals are considerable, however, and there is no guarantee that these
constraints could be overcome. Substitution of abundant for scarce resources would avoid
the problem, but such substitution is not always technologically feasible.
The technical constraints of recovering any mineral are considerable. F
Most of the minerals consumed in the production process can be economically recycled. C
It is wrong to assume that the substitution of abundant for scarce resources will create
insurmountable technical problems on every occasion. T
33. The controversial new code on corporate governance has been reassessed and significantly
changed in advance of publication. Following intense pressure from company directors many
of the original proposals have been scrapped, and many others have been watered down to
reduce the pressure of compliance on organizations.
Overall, the revisions have resulted in the removal of rules that restrict company behaviors
in favor of the introduction of a recommendations-based approach, which does not set
specific standards of behavior. The changes have highlighted the divide between companydirectors, who generally support the changes as vital to keep away from a culture of rule
avoidance, and other shareholder groups who believe that a best practice approach lacks
teeth and will not result in greater board accountability.
Following the revision, the code is now much more prescriptive in its approach to corporate
governance. C
Company directors and shareholders are in agreement that something has to be done to
improve processes of corporate governance. C
A culture of rule avoidance leads to less board accountability. C
34. The location of a shop operated by a charity in an affluent neighborhood could be deemed
extremely advantageous because this increases the potential for a continuous supply of
highly valuable donations. However, this may be counterbalanced by an exorbitant rent for
the property. Of fundamental importance to the success of the shop is a dedicated group of
volunteers who should sort through donations promptly to ensure that items are quickly
made available for purchase, in order to promote financial prosperity. Volunteers and staff
must be vigilant of thieves, to which these shops are particularly susceptible, usually due to a
lack of security cameras or bar codes on the item.
The only factor affecting the financial success of a shop operated by a charity is its location. F
Shops operated by charitable organizations are particularly vulnerable to shoplifter if there
are no security cameras or bar codes on items. T
It is less likely that shops operated by charities which are situated in affluent neighborhoods
will have volunteers who are more dedicated, than those in less wealthy neighborhoods. C
An increase in security measures in shops operated by charities will usually
encourage individuals from affluent areas to donate more high quality items. C
If volunteers do not sort the donations hastily, this could lead to a potential loss in
sales. T
Before the introduction of bar codes and security cameras, shops operated by
charitable organizations were as vulnerable to theft as other shops. T
If the rent for a shop operated by a charity is high, a supply of good quality
donations may be compensatory. C
35. The prospect of accepting negative feedback about ourselves elicits conflict, as we need to
assess the immediate emotional costs of negative information about ourselves against the
long-term benefits of gaining useful feedback. Studies have confirmed what most managers
seem to have known already, that the mood we in whilst receiving feedback often influences
the relative weight people assign to emotional costs versus the informational benefits of
receiving negative feedback. The studies that have been carried out have demonstrated that
positive moods can function as a buffer and therefore enable people affected in this way to
both accept, as well as better handle, the emotional costs of negative self-related information.
Managers are increasingly taking employees’ moods into consideration when providing them
with negative feedback regarding their performance. C
Accepting negative feedback involves a trade-off between short-term and long-term costs
and benefits. TAn individual’s mood will have no effect on how negative feedback is received. F
A positive mood enhances the perception of there being long-term benefits associated
with receiving negative feedback. C
36. Over the past decade there has been a steady growth in the holiday industry whilst the
number of travel agencies has declined. This is due to the increasing number of customers
who are booking their holidays online, because of a quicker and more financially viable
service. However, specialist travel agencies, such as those focusing on particular regions or
holiday activities, remain successful as they have an in-depth understanding of a region and
the customers who go there. The staffs are also multilingual, and thanks to their specialized
knowledge they can provide good deals, meaning that their prices are often lower than non-
specialist travel agents and online companies.
A travel agent’s specialist knowledge can be used to the financial benefit of the customer. T
It is not always more expensive for the customer to book holidays with a travel agent. T
More people are booking their holidays online rather than through a travel agent, even
though it takes longer to find the right holiday this way. F（quicker）
37. Significant advances in float furnace design and operation, in the development of glass
compositions, and in the glass forming process itself have all played a role in the
optimization of glass manufacturing. For example, thermodynamic modeling assists with the
enhancement of glass composition and offers control over devitrification characteristics, and
studies examining burner design, to ensure flames have maximum luminosity （光泽） and
impinge on影响 the glass at the correct angle, aid the minimization of fuel consumption. The
exploitation of such advanced research allows glass manufacturers to reduce their
expenditure on fuel, decrease their defect rates and produce glass of the highest quality, all of
which are important if they are to retain their commercial standing and customer loyalty.
Glass of a higher quality is produced when the float furnace is at its maximum temperature. C
The radiance（光泽） of furnace flames has no direct impact on the amount of fuel used in
the glass-forming process. C
Ensuring the flames come into contact with the glass at a particular point can reduce the
amount of energy required in the glass manufacturing process. T
Glass companies should not avail 利 用 themselves of the latest research in
thermodynamic should they want to maintain their commercial reputation. C
Only thermodynamic modelling can be said to have spurred significant improvements
in glass manufaturing. F
38. Amateur scientists have long been attracted to the discipline of astronomy, and professional
astronomers are frequently supportive of their contribution to the science. Indeed, amateur
astronomers have often been the first to spot an uncharted comet or star. Until now, the
required scientific equipment has, unfortunately, been largely very expensive, varying
according to the intricacy and size of the apparatus. According to some scientists, however,
the spread of new, cheap technology, particularly in information and date management,promises 3 . to dramatically change and facilitate amateur-professional interaction, and
collaboration.
Amateur-professional collaboration will contribute to the advancement of astronomy. T
In the past, all scientific equipment required for research in astronomy was very expensive.
C
Following the spread of new, and cheaper technology, more amateur scientists are
collaborating with professionals. C/ T
It’s widely felt that cheap technology will facilitate an amateur-professional
interaction. F
39. Scientists believe we are experiencing a dramatic change in the overall climate system,
verified by the 10-15 cm rise in sea levels over the last 100 years and the increases in severe
weather conditions. Although climate change occurs naturally, scientists believe human
activities have led to increased carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide concentrations(二
氧化碳，甲烷和一氧化二氮浓度), leading to climate changes and, in turn, observed
increases in sea levels, atmospheric temperatures, and erratic weather systems. This means
that today’s climate shift differs dramatically from previous shifts in climates in both
magnitude and rate. Scientific research suggests that advancing sea levels, rising
temperatures and severe weather conditions caused by climate change will result in a host of
negative consequences such as a threat to international trade patterns, an increase in the
movement of tropical disease, and an increased risk of forest fires and landslides.
Only the difference in velocity distinguishes current climates shifts from previous shifts. F
The enormity of alterations to our climate system has never been experienced by human
beings before. T
People will catch more tropical disease due to climate change. C
Reducing methane emissions will have a detrimental impact on global industry. C
Human activities are not the only reason for climate change. T
All scientists believe the earth’s climate is changing. C
At the beginning of 20th century,sea levels were lower. c
40. Human mortality, whilst consisting of unpredictable individual events, has a statistical
regularity when averaged across a large group. This makes possible a whole host of products,
of which the annuity is one. The price of an annuity paying a fixed regular income for life is
based upon the statistical life expectancy of the purchaser at the time the annuity is to begin.
The company selling the annuity will benefit from all those customers that die earlier than
predicted, while customers are attracted by the prospect of guaranteed income for as long as
they live. Annuities have the disadvantage that the capital invested is unrecoverable (i.e.
upon the death of annuitant nothing is left for the heirs), but that fact also enables annuities
to guarantee higher payments than could be obtained if the same sum of money were
invested at interest.
The heirs of a person who buy an annuity tend to be against the purchase. C
Essentially, the purchaser of an annuity is gambling that they will live long enough to receive
a good return on their investment. TAnnuity returns are generally similar to returns from investing the money in an
interest bearing accounts. F（没有利息）
41. In casual language, the terms theory and model are often used interchangeably. From a
technical point of view there is an important difference. Theories provide a general
framework, but because of the generality of the specification, a theory cannot be shown to be
useful or useless until it is fully specified in the form of a model. A model, on the other hand,
needs by definition to be formulated within the concepts, along with a set of assumptions
about the concepts and their relationships. The appropriateness of a model must then be
evaluated with respect to a particular set of test data. The evaluation may be done by
conducting a suitably designed set of empirical investigations（实证检验）, by rational
inspection of the model assumptions in relation to the test data, or ideally both.
In the strict sense, all models provide incomplete representations of the data to which they to
fitted. Therefore the meaningful question is not whether a model is correct or incorrect, but
rather whether the model fits the data well enough to be useful in guiding the process.
Statistical evidence and judgment play important roles in answering that question.
It is more meaningful to look at the practical utility （实际效用）of a model than its absolute
veracity（绝对准确性）. T
Most people fail to understand the difference between a theory and a model. C
A model can exist in the absence of a theory. F
42. Financial fraud is a crime of growing significantly. In 2003, 8% of reported business-
related crimes were fraud, averaging $35000 in losses. By 2005, whilst financial fraud was
found to be the sixth-most frequent crime, it was the third-highest concern amongst business
leaders. Researchers found that, globally, internet-based fraud was rising dramatically in
2005. The main reasons for fraud included poor supervision and lack of proper division of
duties, inadequate control of access to system, and poor authorization controls. Internal
detective measures uncovered less than half of the cases, with an increasing number of cases
being discovered by accident. One third of the cases were committed by managerial-staff,
while half were committed by non-managerial staff.
Detective methods were operating very effectively in 2005. F
Over half of all cases of fraud in 2005 were discovered by accident. C
Business leaders are more concerned about financial fraud than before because of the
growth of the Internet. C
43. In general, the longer a customer stays with a company, the more that customer is worth.
Long term customers buy more whilst costing less to service; they take up less of a
company’s time and are less sensitive to price. They are also more likely to bring in other
new customers. Senior managers usually gauge company performance on the basis of cash
flow and profit. They rarely study the statistic that reflects how much real value the company
is creating-customer retention.
Senior manager pays due attention to customer retention. FLong-term business success depends mainly on customer retention. C
Long-term business success depends mainly on cash flow and profitability. C
Long-term custom purchase fewer goods than newer customer. F
44. An international protocol on climate change, ratified by the EU, Japan, Canada, and
now Russia, aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prevent the more serious
ramification of global warming. Current attention is focused on the development of
technologies that will give us low-cost renewable energy over the short and longer-term.
This will provide the economic incentive to replace fossil fuels in developed and developing
countries, leading to a more pervasively low-carbon economy. This is crucial if we are to slow
the rate of climate change which can have devastating effect on the flora and fauna on our
planet.
Fiscal inducements to use renewable energy sources are not expected to
have an effect on the pace of climate change. C
The consequence of global warming are likely to affect developing countries more
than developed ones. C
Before the protocol for climate change was sanctioned, there was less interests in renewable
energy sources. C
The current focus of the international protocol on climate change is to enhance the
development of cheap, carbon-based energy sources. F
45. The airline industry has always acknowledged first-aid training to be imperative for
their staff, but with the ever increasing numbers of people to whom air travel is becoming
accessible, airline staff will need to be even more alert and better equipped to deal with any
medical emergency that may arise. Flight attendants must be able to identify the details and
severity of the crisis, and administer first-aid calmly and effectively. To ensure that these
requirements are met, regular first-aid courses and emergency procedure drills have become
common practice in the majority of airline companies. This on-going training has meant that
airline staff can react with even greater lucidity 清 醒度 , composure 镇 静 and meticulousness
than ever before.
The entire airline industry has adopted the practice of regular first-aid training for
their staff. F
In the past, to fly was not as viable 可行的a means of travel as it’s today. T
An increasing amount of people need first-aid from air staff. C
The airline industry will benefit a great deal from the additional training of their
flight staff. C
Regular first-aid training has equipped airline staff to react more quickly. C
Flight attendants must be able to identify their first-aid training
requirements. F
46. A superficial consideration 肤浅的考虑 of biotechnology will commonly present an
impression of ethical neutrality. On the contrary, however, it is closely related to the
frequently conflicting values and aspirations of society. Genetically modified food is a
particularly good example, presenting the potential to bear more resilient and nutritiouscrops, and thus contribute to the fight against world hunger, while simultaneously raising
concerns regarding its long-term effects and environmental ethics. It is this ethical and
scientific controversy that ultimately lead to the rejection of genetically modified food in
Europe.
Biotechnology has been rejected by Europe. C
Most of European society is opposed to genetically modified food. C
Biotechnology is ethnically neutral. F
The debate surrounding the ethics of genetically modified food contributed to its rejection in
some countries. T
The risk of genetically modified food outweighs the potential benefits. C
The European population is more concerned with the environmental ethics of genetically
modified food than other societies. C
Genetically modified food could help nations to fight starvation. T
48. Although there is no scientific support for the contention (争论)that the physical
features observed in palm reading can enable someone to read a person’ s
character, or divine 占卜 their future, the human hand does show evidence of the
person’s health, cleanliness, occupation and nervous habits. Examples of this include
calluses（茧） or nail biting. Hands are often examined in medical diagnosis and
provide clues with which the palm reader may often astound ( 使 惊 讶 )the
unsophisticated 普通大众。
Features of a person’s hand may provide clues to his/her job. T
Hands do not reveal anything about someone’s level of hygiene. F
非专业人士常常惊叹于医生的判断。 T
Sophisticated people tend not to be very impressed by palm readers. T
49. For many years, manufacturing practices remained devoid of innovation. That is, until the
mid-1990s, when trends in modern manufacturing created a virtual revolution. This was
driven by economic survival, global competition and rapidly changing customer market.
These external forces led to the introduction of production methods such as just-in-time
inventory control, advanced manufacturing technology, and integrated manufacturing
systems. These practices meant that manufacturers could remain responsive to market
conditions and produce items which met customers’ needs. However, these new innovations
have not necessarily meant that the quality and durability of products have improved.
All manufacturers have introduced new production practices to survive. C
Introducing just-in-time inventory control is the best way to remain responsive to market
demands. C
Manufactures who do not take up modern manufacturing methods will not automatically
produce inferior items. TC?50. In many organizations, middle management positions can be difficult, especially during
periods of significant change. While trying to do their best to implement changes imposed by
senior, they may realize that promoting the interests of the organization often conflicts with
their own best interests, and those of their colleagues and subordinates. Such realisations
can sometimes result in high level of additional stress for those managers. No effective
solution to this problem has been found and, if the way in which most organizations operate
does not change in some relevant way soon, it is likely that we will see an increase in
absenteeism and turnover amongst middle managers.
Conflicts of interest are common for middle managers during periods of organizational
change. T
Middle managers realize that they have to implement changes that are imposed upon them
that are not in line with their own best interests, will always experience stress as a result.
F(文中sometimes)
If the way in which most organizations operate changes soon in some relevant way, it is
likely that we will see a decrease in absenteeism and turnover among middle managers. C逆
否命题才等于原命题
Some middle managers have to operate in ways that may interfere with their own interests.
T
51. Genuine altruism, when defined as ‘selfless helping’, has been shown in recent years to be
a most elusive, indeed paradoxical, concept. In fact, some people now view it as some kind of
ideal that never really existed. How could anybody be entirely selfless and help without any
expectation of a reward of some type? According to some people, the pleasure of helping is
itself its own reward, whereas there also mention the displeasure that would accompany a
refusal to help somebody in need as the motive underlying altruistic behavior. True believers
suggest that altruism, based on the notion of selfless helping, should be something that we all
strive towards.
We can now say that altruistic behavior, that is selfless helping, used to be better understood
in the past. C
There is currently no consensus surrounding the true motives for perceived altruistic
helping. T
Helping is never genuinely selfless. C
Some people may be unsure about whether their perceived selfless helping behavior is
really selfless. T
52. With the rapid technological advancement today, bridges are becoming increasingly
more sophisticated, and are spanning significantly greater distances. Earthquakes, however,
remain a potential threat to these immense structures as they may do irreparable and
costly damage to an important bridge. As a bridge’s major vulnerability to earth
movement lies in its supportive structures, a promising solution has been found to
be a self-anchored 自锚式suspension bridge. This bridge design is one in which the
pull of the cables is opposed by the push or the deck, thus eliminating the supporting
anchorages.The elimination of the anchorages has been a proposed solution to the threat of damage
caused by seismic activity. T
The self-anchored suspension bridge is the established solution to the threat of the
earthquake damage. F
Modern bridges have different structural features to those built before technological
advancement of today. C
Earthquakes inevitably cause costly damage to the bridge’s structure. C
A possible solution to the risk of earthquake damage is the self-anchored suspension bridge
as the forces of the cables and the anchorages oppose each other. T
The inreased sophiscation of bridges today outweighs the risk of earthquake
damage. c
53.
Increasingly, psychotherapy 心理疗法is being shown in relevant studies to be an effective
form of treatment for mental disorders in its own right, despite frequent claims
that evidence for its effectiveness in number of serious disorders is almost totally
lacking. Moreover , studies have suggested that a combination of psychotherapy and
appropriate medication may lead, in the case of at least some identifiable mental disorders,
to significantly better outcomes compared to those in which medication is applied without
the support of psychotherapy. This provides support for mental health professionals to
consider psychotherapy when deciding on the treatment of patients suffering from mental
disorders.
There are conditions for which the combination of psychotherapy and medication does not
improve the outcome in comparison to the use of medication alone. T
It cannot be concluded that psychotherapy can be as effective as medication in the
treatment of every form of mental disorder. T
Psychotherapy, often combined with medication, is used more and more by mental health
professionals. C
Unless combined with psychotherapy, medication is rarely effective in the treatment
of mental disorders. C
54. Horticulturalists must take into account many factors when planning the reproduction of
plants. Propagation 繁殖 by seed is the most common method employed as it is relatively
easy and has a good expected rate of germination 发芽, although this can drop if the seed
has been packaged for more than a year. Many seeds can remain viable for up to 5 years if
properly stored, as their protective coats prevent sprouting 发芽 until ideal growing
conditions exist. External conditions can be manipulated in order to bring seeds out or
dormancy 休眠 and hasten 加速 germination. However, even in optimal conditions, some
seeds are reluctant to sprout.
The vigilant management of external factors can bring a seed out of its quiescent
休眠 state. T
Most horticulturalists are reluctant to plant seeds that have been preserved for more than a
year. C
Reproducing plants by seed is the most common activity for gardeners. CAll seeds will germinate, given the right environmental conditions. F
The reproduction of flora involves many aspects for horticulturalists to consider. T
The rate at which seeds sprout can decline after the first year of being packaged. C
Seed gerneration frequently depends on temperature. C
55. Organizations are encouraged to provide employees with flexible working opportunities
through work-life balance strategies, and workers are increasingly attracted to
organizations that offer such strategies. For employees, the opportunity to work and family
life, workplace stress, and work overload. However, some senior managers are reluctant to
fully support these initiatives due to the substantial costs involved, which escalate 上升
with staff numbers. Then again, the cost of implementing flexible working strategies can be
compensated by a reduction in absenteeism and improvements in organizational
commitment and employee motivation.
A likely increase in employee motivation would not be a reason for an organization to
implement strategies aimed at improving employees’ work-life balance. F
The cost of implementing flexible working strategies is not dependent on the number of
employees. F
Employees who have flexible working hours will have happier home lives compared to
those who do not. C
Removing work-life balance strategies could result in an associated reduction in
absenteeism. F
Organisations that implement work-life balance strategies will recruit more
motivated staff. C
57. A major concern is that globalization contributes to poverty, inequality and
social disintegration by reducing the bargaining power of low-skilled and
decreasing job security. This is because production of manufactured goods can be
moved from one country to another with relative ease, but workers are far more
restricted in their ability to cross borders. However companies working with natural
resources – for example, mining, oil, and gas, and tree plantations – have to
make long-term workforce commitments because of the more immobile nature of
their business.
The relative ease of relocating goods production across countries
eases poverty. F
Skilled workers are less restricted in their ability to cross border.
C
Jobs are less secure in the natural resource sector. F
Jobs are more ecure in the natural resource sector. T
58. Recent research has shown that many financial analysts are often inaccurate
when forecasting company profits. Typically they tend to be over- optimistic
about prospect, although some can be very pessimistic and significantly
underestimate actual results. Much depends on the individual analyst’s general
approach, with some being bolder than others. It has been shown, however, thatmore accurate forecasts could be produced if analysts applied the average
company profits increase across the whole economy to each company in
proportion to its revenue.
Most analysts are accurate when forecasting company profits. F
59. Internet experts are warning of a new multitude of extremely dangerous
computer viruses that have recently been causing devastation and could
potentially cripple entire global computer systems. These viruses can replicate
thousands of copies within hours and are capable of extirpating security software
that, in turn, enables hackers to appropriate control of the machines. Criminal
gangs can then establish bank accounts using stolen identities, sabotage a
company’s computer system and extort money for its restoration, and sell
computers that have been interfered with on the black market. Computer users
are often advised to refrain from operating suspicious programs attached to
emails and to continually update their security software.
These specific computer viruses have long been causing serious
disruption. C
The viruses allow hackers to commandeer control of computers
and subsequently eliminate the computers’ security software. F(顺序反了)
Internet experts are advising computer users to replace their
software if they suspect it has been tampered with. C
Criminal gangs could use computer viruses to blackmail
companies. T
Experts fail to believe that the viruses is never unsafe to….T
60. Lack of water is an ever-worsening global crisis, with over forty percent of the
world’s population now suffering from regular and severe water shortages.
Increases in population mean that there is less water available per capita. In
addition, population-related global warming is making some countries, which were
already short of water, even hotter and drier. Demand for water is doubling every
twenty years and there are predictions that, in the future, nations may go to war
to fight for its control.
In 20 years time most countries will have inadequate water supplies. C
Oil shortage, more than a lack of warter, is likely to result in war. c
