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2008年考研英语（一）真题逐词逐句精讲
…第一段…
intelligent hypotheses dare speak
O The idea that some groups of people may be more than others is one of those that not
its name.
人类的某些族群可能比其他族群智商更高，这一观点是那些不敢明说的假设之一。
that
一级修饰 some groups of people may be more intelligent than others
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明The idea
句子主干 The idea...is 9些述典2箜J1XP蛆竺史（主+系+表）
___ 、 卒 —
由at引导的定语从句J修饰one of those hypotheses
that
—级修饰 dare not speak its name.
：
i*ntelligent [ hypothesis - [
；WitaS in telid33nt] a.有智慧的；聪明的 harpoeasisj n.假设；猜想
dare^rjeaCr）] speak one,s name （
vt.敢；胆敢 使）公开；提出
❷But Gregory Cochran is prepared to say it anyway.但是格雷戈里•科克伦准备无论如何也要将它公开。
句子主干 But Gregory Cochran is gregared （主+系+表）
:动同不定式短语作状语
to
一级修饰 say il anyway.
rare bird, independently institution.
❸ He is that a scientist who works of any 科克伦是那种特立独行的人，是一位
不属于任何机构、独立工作的科学家。
句子主干 He is tha^rarejbird,（主+系+表）
Tthat rare bird 的同位语
a scientist
—级修饰
T who引导的定语从句，修饰a scientist
who
二级修饰 works independently of any institution.
：
r*[raere 3（r） ] a. b*[bir3d d]
诃正注卷] 罕见的;珍贵的 n.古怪的人，不寻常的人
independently [ i*nstitution [
jndrpendantli] ad.独立地 ,msti tju:/n] n.机构；制度；制定
popularize diseases bacterial
❹ He helped the idea that some not previously thought to have a cause were actually
infections, aroused controversy
which much when it was first suggested.他曾帮助普及这样一种观点：某些以前被
认为并非由细菌引起的疾病，实际上是传染病。这个观点首次被提出时就引起了很大的争议。
句子主干 He helped pogularizejheidea （主+谓+宾）
一级修饰
二级修饰
141popularize disease *
词汇注释 [ -popjabraiz]成使普及；宣传 [drzi:z] n.疾病；弊端
bacterial infection
[baek tigrigl] a.细菌的 [ m-fek/n]几.传染病;传染;感染
a*rouse c*ontroversy [
[a rauz] vt.引起;激发;唤醒 kontravaisi] n.争议；论战
*•••第二段…
tremble
❶ Even he, however, might at the thought of what he is about to do.然而，即使是科克伦自己,当想到即将要
做的事情时,也可能会不寒而栗。
句子主干 Even he, however, might tremble （主+谓）
[介词短语作状语
at the thought of
—级修饰 what he is about to do.
要点注释！在介词短语中,what引导的宾语从句，作at the thought of的宾语。
tremble
词汇注释: [ *trembl] vi.颤抖;焦虑
humanity
❷ Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of is
process
more intelligent than the others, but explains the 由at has brought this about.他将要和另外两名科学家一起
发表一篇论文，这篇论文不仅表明人类的某一族群比其他族群更聪明，还解释了导致这一结果的过程。
Together with
_级修饰 another two scientists,
l介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 he is publishing ajiaper （主+谓+宾）
[which引导的定语从句，修饰a paper
which not only suggests
not only...but连接的并列谓宾|
but explains the process
—级修饰
；that引导的宾语从句，作suggests的宾语
that
one group...than the others,
that引导的定语从句，修饰the process
that
二级修饰 has brought this about.
h*umanity [ p*rocess [
:词汇注释 hju： maenati]几人类；人性；人道；[p/.]人文学科 -praoses] n.过程；步骤
in question particular originated central
❸ The group are a people from Europe.论文中谈到的这一族群是起源于欧
洲中部的一个特定民族。
句子主干 The group in question are a^articular^eople （主+系+表）
过去分词短语作后置定语,，修饰a particular people
originated
—级修饰 from central Europe.
in question p*articular
[词汇注释 讨论中的；不确定的 [po tikjala（r） ] a.特定的;特殊的
originate * [ c*entral [
a-ndsmeit ] vi.起源 vt.创立 sentral] a.中部的；主要的
natural selection.
❹ The process is 这一过程就是自然选择。 “
句子主干 The process is natural selection.（主+系+表）
n*atural [ s*election [
:词汇注释 naetjral] a.自然的；天生的 srlekJn] n.选择;选拔；被选中者
142…第三段…
contributed
❶ This group generally do well in IQ test, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have
disproportionately careers elites,
to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the of their including several
world-renowned affirm. 100 12
scientists, 这一族群在智商测试中普遍表现优秀，得分比 分这一平均值高出 至
15分,而且他们对西方知识和文化生活做出了极大贡献，正如他们之中的杰出人士（包括几位世界著名的科学
家）所成就的事业证实的那样。
scoring
—级修饰 12-15 points above the mean value of 100,
]现在分词短语作伴随状语
This group generally do well in IQ test,（主+谓）
句子主干 I and连接的并列谓语
and have contributed
disproportionately
介词短语作状语,表对象
to
the intellectual and cultural life of the West,
一级修饰 as引导的非限定性定语从句
as their elites,.
the careers of ..affirm.
[插入语,补充说明their elites
二级修饰 including several world-renowned scientists,
contribute * [ disproportionately
:词汇注释: kan tnbjuit ]航.（为...）做贡献 [ ^ispra-porjanstli] ad.不相称地
career^ [ e*lite
kg1 ria（r）]儿事业；职业 [ erli:t]几杰出人物；精英
renowned affirm^ [
[rrnaund] a.著名的；有声望的 9 f3：m] vt.证实；申明
nasty genetic breast cancer.
❷ They also suffer more often than most people from a number of diseases, such as 他们也
比大多数人更容易罹患许多严重的遗传性疾病，如乳腺癌。
句子主干 They also suffer more often than most people （主+谓）
!介词短语作状语
from nasty genetic diseases.
一级修饰 a number of
j such as...举例说明nasty genetic diseases
such as
二级修饰 breast cancer.
n*asty [ g*enetic [
:词汇注释 'na:sti] q.严重的;令人厌恶的 dsa netik] a.遗传的；基因的
b*reast [ c*ancer [
brest ] n.乳房；胸部 -ksensaCr）]几.癌；癌症
previously unrelated.
❸These facts, however, have been thought 然而，以前人们一直认为这些事实之间没有联系。
句子主干 These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated.（主+谓）
:要点注释: 句中，形容词unrelated作These facts的补足语。
previously unrelated
:词汇注释 [ •priiviasli] ad.以前，先前 [ iAnrrleitid] Q.无关联的；没有亲属关系的
put down to effects,
❹ The former has been social such as a strong tradition of valuing education.前者被归因于社会影
响,例如重视教育的深厚传统。
句子主干 The former has been put down to socia^effects,（主+谓+宾）
such as...举例说明social effects |
such as
一级修饰 a strong tradition of valuing education.
put sth. down to... e*ffect
:词汇注释' 把....归因于 [i-fekt] n.影响；结果；效果
consequence isolation.
❺ The latter was seen as a of genetic 后者则被认为是遗传隔离的结果。
句子主干 The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation.（主+谓）
c*onsequence [ isolation
词汇注释 konsikwans] n.结果；后果 Uaisyleijn] n.隔离；隔离状态;孤单
143intimately linked.
❻ Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are 科克伦博士认为，智商和遗传疾病密
切相关
Dr. Cochran suggests （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作suggests的宾语
that
the intelligence and diseases are intimately linked.
：intimately link^tligk]
;词汇注释 mtimotli] 密切地；亲密地 m联系；连接起来
subjected evolutionary
❼ His argument is ptahraat dtohex iucnaul ssutaalt eh iostfo aryf foafi trhse.se people has them to unique pressures that have
resulted in this 他的论据是:这些人不同寻常的历史使他们经受了独特的进化压力，
这些压力导致了这种看似矛盾的状况。
His argument is...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 ! that引导的表语从句
that
the unusual history of these people has subjected them
[介词短语作状语
to unique evolutionary pressures
—级修饰
that引导的定语从句,[修饰unique evolutionary pressures
that
二级修饰 have resulted in this paradoxical state of aflairs.
s*ubject [ evolutionary [
;词汇注释 1 paradoxicasla b[ -djekt]。力使经受;使遭受 state of affairsj ivg-luijanri] a.进化的;演变的
^aerg doksikal] a.看似矛盾的 状况；事态
Part A
Text 1
….第一段…
catching up to spheres modern appear
❶ Wunhdieles isrtaiblll e category. men in some of life, women to be way ahead in at least one
尽管女性在现代生活中的某些领域仍在努力追赶男性，但至少在一个不利的方面，女性
似乎远远超越了男性。
While
—级修饰 （they are） still catching up to men in some spheres of modem life,
[ While引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 women appear to be waj^ahead （主+系+表）
介词短语作状语，[表方面
in
一级修饰 at least one undesirable category.
catch up to s*phere [
词汇注释:m*odern [ 追赶;赶上 appear sfia（r） ] m 领域;球体
undesirablem odn] a.现代的;最新的 c*ategor*[yg [ pia（r） ] link. v.似乎；显得
sus[c ieApntidbrlzea iarabl] a.不良的；有害的 anxiety disordekrase tggareris]p onn.s范e 畴；类别
“ Women are particularly to developing depression and in to stress compared to
men, v according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital.纽约市退伍军人
管理医院的精神科主任医师耶胡达博士表示，“面对压力时,女性比男性更容易患抑郁症和焦虑症”。
句子主干 "Women are particularly susceptible...in response to stress compared to men,"（主+系 +表）
［介词短语作状语，修饰susceptible
to
developing depression and anxiety disorders
一级修饰 插入语，补充说明句子主干 “
Dr. Yehuda,
according to
；Dr. Yehuda的同位语
二级修饰 chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital.
144:蜀成洼释」 句中，介词短语in response to stress与过去分词短语compared to men均作状语。
s*usceptible a*nxiety
:词汇注释 [*sseaptabl] a.易受影响的；过敏的 [zerj zaiati] n.焦虑；担心
d*isorder r*esponse
[disp心(r)]几.疾病；(身心机能的)失调 [n spons] n.回答；反应
••••第二段・•“
hormones
❶ Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex somehow affect the stress response, causing females
trigger
under stress to produce more of the chemicals than do males under die same conditions.对■动物和人类的研究
均表明:性激素会以某种方式影响两性对压力的反应，在同等压力条件下，它会使雌性比雄性分泌出更多诱发
不良反应的化学物质。
Studies of both animals and humans have shown （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作have shown的宾语
that
sex hormones somehow affect the stress response,
[现在分词短语作结果状语
causing
—级修饰 females under stress to pnxluce more of the trigger chemicals
[than引导的比较状语从句
than
二级修饰 do males under the same conditions.
"要点注释: 比较状语从句中，主语是males,介词短语under the same conditions作后置定语，修饰males；由于
该从句主语较长，故采用完全倒装，其中do为谓语，相当于动词不定式短语中的produce0
h*ormone [ t*rigger [
:词汇注释 •hoimoun] n.激素；荷尔蒙 -tngg（r） ] n.诱因；（枪的）扳机
ovaries reproductive organs
In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their （the female ） removed,
equal
their chemical responses became to those of the males.其中几项研究表明，承受过大压力的雌性老鼠在摘除
卵巢（雌性生殖器官）后，它们身体内的化学反应变得与雄性老鼠相当。
when
stressed-out female rats had their ovaries-（the female reproductive organs） removed,
一级修饰 when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
In
several of the studies,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语]
句子主干 their chemical responses became egual^ （主+系+表）
介词短语作状语]
to
一级修饰 those of the males.
ovary reproductive
；词汇注释 [ -auvari]几.卵巢 [ irizpra dAktiv] a.生殖的；繁殖的
o*rgan [ e*qual [
organ]几器官;机关 i：kwal] a.相同的;平等的
••••第三段••••
Adding to chemicals,
O a woman's increased dose of stress are her increased "opportunities" for stress.加重女性体内
更多压力化学物质剂量的，是她们增多的压力“机会”。
句子主干 Adding to ?也四翌怎jgg竺are her increased “opportunities"
介词短语作后置定语，修饰"opportunities" |
for stress.
一级修饰
:要点注释 本句是倒装句，其正常语序为：Her increased " opportunities "for stress are adding to a woman's
increased dose of stress chemicals o
add to c*hemical [
:词汇注释 增加;加强 *kemikl] n.化学物;化学制品
145❷*Ifs not necessarily that women don't cope as well.这并不是说女性不会像男性那样应对压力。
句子主干 "It's not necessarily 也gL丝JBSSESJlIlESR殳竺3回II竺JSSIlb（主+系+表从）
❸ It's just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda.只是她们有更多的压力要应对，”耶胡达博士说。
It's just that they have so much more （stress） to cope with,"
句子主干 j直接引语作says的宾语
says Dr. Yehuda.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
要点注释:❷句中It's not necessarily that...和本句Ifs just that...均作本句中says的宾语。
capacity tolerating observes
❹"Their for stress mwayo ernve on ubt e greater than men's," she it's just that they're dealing with
so many more things that they become from it more visibly and sooner. ” 她还表不，"女性可能比男性更能
忍受压力，只是她们需要应对太多的事情，因而会更明显也更迅速地变得疲惫不堪。”
she observes,
_级修饰 八'…'插入语
for
tolerating stress
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰Their capacity “
（1 ）“Their capacity.. .may even be greater than men's,"（主+系+表）
句子主干 并列句I
（2）“it's just 虫迎止曳登翌辿丝（主+系+表从）
so：..that引导的结果状语从句1
that
—级修饰 they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner,,,
:要点注将」本句中she observes将完整的直接引语分隔成两部分，因此将其视为插入语。实际上从语义角度
而言，直接引语句子（1）和句子（2）均作observes的宾语。
capacity * [ tolerate
词汇注释 ka peesati]几.能力；容量 [-tolareit]狐 忍受；容忍
o*bserve [ worn out
ab z3：v] vt.说;评论 疲惫不堪;精疲力竭；废旧的
.…第四段.…
O Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.耶胡达博士还指出两性之间的另一个不同之处。
句子主干 Dr. Yehuda notes gj回整史Ik史3隹&竺些丝业，沱整•（主+谓+宾）
exposed chronic
❷"I think that the kinds of things that women are to tend to be in more of a or repeated nature."我认
为女性接触的事情往往更具有长期性或重复性的特点。
I think （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 ；that引导的宾语从句，作think的宾语
that the kinds of things...
tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.
J that引导的定语从句，修饰the kinds of things
that
—级修饰 women are exposed to
e*xpose [ c*hronic [
邙汇注样: ik spaoz]加.使接触;使体验 kromk] a.长期的;积习难改的
combat
❸ Men go to war and are exposed to stress.男性上战场，面临战斗的压力。
Men go to war （主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓语
and are exposed to
combat stress.
combat * [
词汇注释 kombaet ] n.战斗；打仗;搏斗v.防止；与....搏斗
146random physical
0 Men are exposed to more acts of violence.他们面临更多的是偶然的身体上的暴力行为。
句子主干 Men are exposed to more^cts （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，|修饰more acts
of
—级修饰 random physical violence.
，
random p*hysical [
「词* 无岳福 [T&ndam] a.偶然的；随机的 .fizikl] a.身体的；肉体的
interpersonal violence domestic
❺ The kinds of that women are exposed to tend to be in situations, by, unfortunately,
one-shot deals.
parents or other family members, and they tend not to be 女性所面临的各种人际关系暴力往往发生
在家庭环境中，不幸的是,这些暴力来自父母或其他家庭成员，而且往往不是一次性的。
by, unfortunately, parents or other family members,
—级修饰 补充说明
that
women are exposed to
that引导的定语从句,[修饰The kinds of interpersonal violence
（1） The kinds of interpersonal violence...tend to be in domestjg situations,（主+系+表）
句子主干 ! and连接的并列句
（2） and they tend not to be one^ghoLdeals.（主+系+表）
1 interpersonal v*iolence [
:词汇洼森 [ .mta paisanl] a.人际关系的 vaiahns] n.暴力；暴行
d*omestic one-shot deal
[da mestik] a.家庭的；家里的 一次完成的任务
wear-and-tear devastating. ”
❻ The that comes from these longer relationships can be quite 这种长期人际关系带来的
折磨可能是极具毁灭性的丁
句子主干 The wear・and・tear...can be里也殳 0 臾空些（主+系+表）
:that引导的定语从句，修饰The wear-and-tear
that
—级修饰 comes from these longer relationships
wear-and-tear devastating
；词汇洼薜《 折磨;磨损 [ -devasteitig] a.毁灭性的；破坏性极大的
第五段•…
❶ Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college.阿德琳,阿尔瓦雷兹女
士 18岁结婚并生有一子，但她决心要读完大学。
⑴Adeline Alvarez mairied at 18 （主+谓）
| and连接的并列谓语
and gave birth to
句子主干 a son,
but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but （Adeline Alvarez） was determined to finish college.（主+系+表）
:要,板注释:动词不定式短语to finish college作状语。
struggled degree.
❷ 441 a lot to get the college "为了获得大学文凭,我拼尽全力。
句子主干 struggled a lot to get the college degree.（主+谓）
:要疵洼释:a lot作状语，修饰谓语。动词不定式短语to get the college degree作目的状语。
s*truggle d*egree [
「词W洼藕] [.strAgl] vi.努力；争取 drgri:] n.（大学）学位;程度
frustration escape,
❸ I was living in so much that that was my to go to school, and get ahead and do better. ” 我的生活
中挫折不断，以至于上学、上进、做得更好都成了我摆脱现实困境的方式。”
147句子主干 I was living in SO much frustration （主+谓）
[so...that引导的结果状语从句，作句子主干的结果状语
that
—级修饰 that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better."
罢点注释 '、、第一个that与so构成“so...that...”结构;第二个that为代词，指代动词不定式短语to go to school,
and get ahead and do better,在状语从句中作主语。
frustration e*scape [
:词汇洼释'、、 [frA-streiJn]几挫折;懊恼 i-skeip]几摆脱;逃避;解脱
marriage single
❹ Later, her ended and she became a mother.后来，她离了婚,变成了单身母亲o
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2）and she became a^inglejnother.（主+系+表）
m* arriage [ s*ingle [
:词汇注释: maends] n.婚姻;结婚;婚礼 -siggl] a.单身的;单一的
❺"It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.
“既要照料一个十几岁的孩子,还要工作、支付房租、偿还车贷以及债务,这是最艰难的事情。
'"IVs the hardest thing （主+系+表）
句子主干 [It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to
take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.
paycheck
❻I lived from to paycheck. M我的收入勉强能够养家糊口
句子主干 I lived from paycheck to paycheck.,^ （主+谓）
paycheck [
词汇注释 peitfek] n.薪金;付薪水的支票
••••第六段•*••
experiences severe
❶ Not everyone the kinds of chronic stresses Alvarez describes.并不是所有人都会经历阿尔瓦雷兹
女士所描述的那种沉重的长期压力。
句子主干 Not everyone experiences坦生坦J虫竺建!史坦25企业穿(主+谓+宾)
省略关系词(which/that )的定语从句，[修饰the kinds of severe chronic stresses
一级修饰 Alvarez describes.
e*xperience [ s*evere [
:词汇注释' ik-spiarians] vt.经历；感受；体验 si-via （r） ] a.十分严重的；艰巨的
obligations, strain.
But most women today are coping with a lot of with few breaks, and feeling the 但是如今大多数
女性都担负着很多责任,几乎没有休息的时间，因此感到焦虑。
But most women today are coping with ajotjofobligations, with few breaks,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列谓宾
and （are） feeling
the strain.
o*bligation [ s*train [
:词汇注释 1DblrgeiJn] n.责任；义务；职责 strem] n.压力；重负
demonstrates diffuse threatens
❸ Alvarez's experience the importance of finding ways to stress before it your health and
function.
your ability to 阿尔瓦雷兹的经历表明：在压力威胁到你的健康和身体机能之前,寻找途径缓解压力非
常重要。
句子主干 Alvarez's experience demonstrates thejmportmice （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the importance
of
—级修饰 finding ways to difliise stress
j before引导的时间状语从句
before
二级修饰 it threatens your health and your ability to function.
148d*emonstrate [ d*iffuse
词汇注样 demgnstreit]思.表明；显示 [drfjuiz] v.舒缓;渗透;漫散
threaten f*unction [
[昭retn] m威胁；有....危险 fAijkJn] vi.起作用；正常工作;运转
Text 2
*• • •第一^段..•曦
straightforward.
❶It used to be so 这件事曾是如此直接。
句子主干 It used to be so^straightfo^vard.（主+系 +表）
s*traightforward [
:词汇注馨: （Streit foiwad] a.直接的;简单的;易懂的;坦诚的
❷
A submit journal.
team of researchers working together in the laboratory would the results of their research to a 在实验
室里一起工作的一组研究人员会将其研究成果递交给一家期刊。
working
—级修饰 together in the laboratory
|现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰A team of researchers
---------- ▼
句子主干 A team of researchers...would submit tfie results of their resgarch （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语，[表对象
to
—级修饰 a journal.
★
s*ubmit journal [
词汇任暮1 [sab mit] m呈递;提交;认为 也3：111]几期刊，杂志；日记
❸
A affiliations peers
journal editor would then remove the authors' names and from the paper and send it to their for
review.之后这家期刊的编辑会隐去论文作者的名字和所属单位，并送交同行评审。
A journal editor would then remove 也里｛些（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾 "
and （would） send
it to their peers for review.
介词短语作句子主干的状语
from
_级修饰 the paper
affiliation p*feer
6司元洼幕； [a.fili eijn] n.隶属机构;隶属；附属 pi3（r） ] n.同等地位的人;同龄人
comments decline
❹ Depending on the received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or it.根据收到的评
审意见，由该编辑决定是否同意发表该论文。
Depending
—级修饰 on the comments received,
i现在分词短语作句子主干的状语
the editor would accept the^paper for publication （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 I or连接的并列谓宾
or （would） decline
it.
c*omment [ d*ecline [
:词汇洼蒋: -koment] n.意见;评论;批评 di klam] v.拒绝vi.下降;变弱
❺
Copyright rested with knowledge
the journal publisher, and researchers seeking of the results would have to
subscribe to
the journal.论文的版权归期刊出版商所有,想了解该研究成果相关信息的研究者必须订阅该期刊。
（1） Copyright rested with 虫£迪芟2或史虫|^§|^,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and researchers.. .would have to subscribe to the ioumal.（主+谓+宾）
!现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰researchers
seeking
_ 级修饰 knowledge of the results
149c*opyright [ rest with
词汇洼香： -kopirait] n.版权；著作权 归属于;取决于
k*nowledge [ subscribe to
nolids] n. 了解；知晓；知识 订阅，订购（杂志或报纸）
,••第二段••…
❶No longer.情况不再如此。
句子讲解；本句是一个省略句,具有承上启下的作用，在语义上与上段构成转折关系。其完整的句子应该是
It is no longer the situation before.
agencies, commercial
❷ The Internet—and pressure from funding who are questioning why publishers are making money
restricting access
from government-funded research by to it一is making free access to scientific results a reality.互联
网——以及来自资助机构的压力（这些机构质问，商业出版商为什么通过限制科研成果的获取而从政府资助的
研究项目中获利）一正在使自由获取科研成果成为现实。
句子主干 The Internet...is making些g 旦注西|丞史竺匝a reality.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
_____ I
插入语
funding agencies,
—级修饰 —and pressure from
who引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明funding agencies
who
二级修饰 are questioning why commercial publishers are making money
介词短语作状语]
from
government-funded research
三级修饰 介词短语作方式状语
by
restricting access to it——
:要出注释:who引导的非限定性定语从句中，嵌套了一个why引导的宾语从句作are questioning的宾语。
agency^ c*ommercial
「词无洼蒋' [-eid39nsi] n.服务机构;代理机构 [ka-maijl] a.商业的;赢利的
r*estrict a*ccess
[rrstnkt] vt.限制；妨碍；约束 [-aekses] n.（使用或见到的）机会vt.接近
issued
❸ The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development （ OECD） has just a report describing the
consequences
far-reaching of this,经济合作与发展组织（OECD）近日发布了一份报告，描述了这一变化的深
远影响。
句子主干 The Organisation for...（OECD） has just issued ajeport （主+谓+宾）
j
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰a report
describing
—级修饰 the far-reaching consequences of this.
i*ssue c*onsequence [
词汇洼蒋: iju：] v.发布;宣布;发给 -konsikwans] n.影响;结果;后果
❹ The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy read
handsome profits.
ing for publishers who have, so far, made 这份由澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰•霍顿和经济合
作与发展组织的格雷汉姆-维克利联合撰写的报告让那些迄今为止已经获利丰厚的出版商读起来心情沉重。
by
—级修饰 John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The report
句子主干 The report,...makes heay^read^ng for publishers （主+谓+宾）
who引导的定语从句，[修饰publishers
who
—级修饰 have, so far, made handsome profits.
' h*andsome [ p*rofit [
:词 haensam] a.数量（收入）可观的;爽俊的 -profit] n.利润；收益
❺But it goes further than that.但其意义远不止于此o
句子主干 But it goes further than that.（主+谓）
150signals endeavour.
❻ It a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific 它标志着到目前为止科学探
索中一个关键因素发生了变化。
句子主干 It signals adiange （主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰a change
in
—级修饰 what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavour.
r»
:宴氯注释]在介词短语中,what引导的宾语从句,作介词in的宾语。
s*ignal [ e*ndeavour [
:词汇注释' -signal] n标志;表达;发信号 m devg（r） ] n.努力；尝试
…•第三段•…
return investment in part, distribution
❶ The value of knowledge and the on the public in research depends, upon wide
and ready access.知识的价值以及公共投资在科研领域的回报在某种程度上取决于其广泛传播性和易获取性。
句子主干 The...research depends, in part, upon （主+谓+宾）
要点注样:本句的主语为The value... and the return...,其中，介词短语of knowledge作后置定语，修饰The
value,介词短语 on the public investment in research 作后置定语，修饰 the returno
r*eturn i*nvestment [
:词汇注释 [nt3：n] n.回报；收益 m-vestmant] n.投资；投资物
in part distribution [
在某种程度上 idistrrbjuijn] n.分布；分发；经销
❷It is big business.这是一桩大生意。
句子主干 It is bi^business.（主+系+表）
core estimated
❸ In America, the scientific publishing market is at between $7 billion and $11 billion.在美国，核心科
学出版市场的估值在70亿到110亿美元之间。
句子主干 In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated （主+谓）
:介词短语作the core scientific publishing market的补足语
at
—级修饰 between $7 billion and $11 billion.
c*[koor:e （r） ] e*stimate [
，词汇洼释: q.核心的；最重要的；基本的 estimeit]。.估价;估计;估算
Association
❹ The International of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000
specializing
publishers worldwide in these subjects.国际科学、技术和医学出版商协会称：全世界有2000多家出版
商专门从事这些学科（科学、技术和医学）的出版。
of
—级修饰 Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers
介词短语作后置定语£修饰The International Association
The International Association...says （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作says的宾语
that
there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.
association * [ specialize
:词汇注释 1 9*eiiJSna]ufi n.协会;合伙;联想 ★[,speJTaiz]讶.专门从事；专攻
❺ They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.它们每年在近 1 - 6 万种期刊上刊登超
过120万篇论文。
句子主干 They publish理^理旦竺!义西里四一旦垣邑each year （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
in
—级修饰 some 16,000 journals.
151…第四段•…
❶This is now changing.这一局面如今正在改变。
句子主干 This is now changing.（主+谓）
scholarly online.
❷ According to the OECD report, some 75% of journals are now 根据经济合作与发展组织的报告，
目前大约有75%的学术期刊已经上线。
_级修饰 According to the OECD report,
I插入语，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 some 75% of scholarly journals are now online.（主+系+表）
scholarly [ online
顶汇注酸 sknlsli] a.学术的;博学的 [1Dn4am] a.在线的;联网的;联机的
emerging identified
❸ Entirely new business models are ； three main ones were by the report's authors.全新的商业模式
正在涌现;报告的作者指出了三种主要模式。
（—Entirely new business models are emerging;（主+谓）
句子主干 I并列句
（2）three main ones were identified by the report5s authors.（主+谓）
:（2）句中，介词by引出动作的发出者。
e*merge [ i*dentify
'：词汇注释" i，m3：d3〕vi.显现;形成；熬出来 [ardentifai] vt.指出；找到；显示
institutional subscribers
❹ There is the so-called big deal, where pay for access to a collection of online journal titles
site-licensing agreements.
through 第一种是所谓的大单订阅模式，即机构订阅用户通过网站许可协议，购买一系
列在线期刊的阅读权限。
句子主干 There is the so-called big deal, （ There be句型：There+is+主）
| where引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明the so-called big deal
where
—级修饰 institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles
介词短语作方式状语]
through
二级修饰 site-licensing agreements.
institutional subscriber
;词汇注释 [ jnsti tjuifanl] q.机构的;制度的 [ sab'skraiba（r）]几订阅人；消费者
l*icense [ agreement
-laisns] vt.许可；给……执照 [9-gri：mant] n.协议;一致；同意
typically supported
❺ There is open-access publishing, by asking the author （or his employer） to pay for the paper to be
published.第二种是开放存取出版模式,其通常依靠作者（或其雇主）支付论文出版费用。
句子主干 There is open-access publishing, （ There be句型：There+is+主）
过去分词短语作后置定语，|修饰open-access publishing
supported
_级修饰 typically
?介词短语作方式状语
by the author （or his employer）
asking
二级修饰 动词不定式短语作the author （or his employer）的补足语:
to
pay for the paper to be published.
:要点注释:动词不定式短语to pay...中，动词不定式短语to be published作the paper的后置定语。
typically s*upport
:词元洼暮' [iipikli] ad.通常;典型地 [sjpwt] vt.支持;帮助;赞助
archives,
❻ Finally, there are open-access where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support
152repositories.
institutional 最后一种是开放存取知识库，即由诸如大学或国际实验室这样的组织协助建立机构知
识库。
句子主干 Finally, there are open-access archives, （There be句型：there+are+± ）
，［补充说明open-access archives
where引导的非限定性定语从句
where organization^..
—级修饰 .support institutional repositories.
such as...举例说明organizations
such as
二级修饰 universities or international laboratories
archive repository
词汇洼洛 [*a：kaiv] n.档案室（文中引申为“知识库”） [rrpozatri] n.知识库;贮藏室
hybrids
❼ Other models exist that are of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers
available
to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely to everyone who wishes to see it.也存在由上
述三种模式混合而成的其他模式，例如延时开放存取模式，即期刊出版后前六个月只允许订阅者阅读论文，之
后再免费向其他希望查阅该论文的读者开放。
that
—级修饰 are hybrids of these three,
| that引导的定语从句，修饰0ther models
句子主干 Other models exist （主+谓）
j such as...举例说明Other models
such as delayed open-access,
一级修饰
二级修饰
三级修饰
四级修饰
输茂洛 hybrid a*vailable [ g
[ -haibnd] n.混合物；杂交植物 veihbl] a.可获得的；可找到的
❽ All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers. 所有这一切
可能会改变传统的同行评审程序，至少在论文出版方面是如此。
句子主干 All this could change t|^ tr^jdonal fom of the proc^s^ （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的状语］
—级修饰 at least for the publication of papers.
Text 3
….第一段.…
O In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association （ NBA）
listed at over seven feet. 20世纪60年代初，威尔特•张伯伦是美国职业篮球联赛（NBA）中仅有的身高超过7英
尺的三名球员之一。
句子主干 In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was gggjgl迪吟&5骸@些竺J归以?典（主+系 +表）
介词短语作后置定语,修饰the only three players |
in
the National Basketball Association （NBA）
一级修饰 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the only three players
listed
at over seven feet.
153❷ If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42.然而，假如他参加了上个赛季的比赛，那他就
会是42名这样的球员中的一员了。
If
—级修饰 he had played last season,
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 however, he would have been on^o£42.（主+系+表）
major dramatically more
❸ The bodies playing professional sports have changed over the years, and managers have been
than willing frames.
to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer 过去这些年来，从事主要职
业运动的运动员身材变化显著，经理们也很乐意调整球队的制服尺寸，以适合越来越多更大、更高的身躯。
playing
—级修饰 major professional sports
!现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰The bodies
（1） The bodies...have changed dramatically over the years,（主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and managers have been more than willing to adjust teamjmifonns （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作目的状语i
to
—级修饰 fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
★
major [ dramatically
:词汇注群 ，meid3o（r） ] a.主要的；重要的 [ dra-maetikli] M 显著地；引人注目地
more than willing f*rame
非常乐意（做某事） [freim] n.身躯;体格;框架;支架
more than +
Tips： ①的用法
本句中的 more than willing 是由 more than + a.构成的，其中 more than + a. = very + a. o 例如：I am more
than happy to read your e-mail today.我非常开心今天读了 你的邮件。She is more than glad to give us help when
we are in trouble.当我们遇到困难时,她很乐意帮助我们。考生应熟记此用法，可运用于写作中。
• •• •身有二• ••蟀
obscuring unrecognized
❶ The trend in sports, though, may be an reality: Americans have generally stopped growing.
然而，体育界的这一趋势可能正在掩盖一个未被注意到的事实:美国人的身高整体上已经停止增长。
句子主干 The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring ggjjgji些既些回顷倒也：（主+谓+宾）
解释说明an unrecognized reality]
—级修饰 Americans have generally stopped growing.
o*bscure unrecognized
:词汇注卷： [9b*skju9 （r）] vt.掩盖；使费解 [ ADTekagnaizd] a.不被注意的
❷ Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's people—especially those bom to families who
generations—apparently
have lived in the U. S. for many reached their limit in the early 1960s.虽然美国人的身高
普遍比140年前高出约两英寸，但今天的美国人，尤其是那些出生于已经在美国生活了很多代的家庭中的美国
人，在20世纪60年代初明显已达到了他们身高的极限。
Though
一级修饰 （today's people are） typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago,
j Though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 today's people...apparently reached theirHmit in the early 1960s.（主+谓+宾）
:插入语，补充说明today' s people
families
_级修饰 ~~especially those bom to
who引导的定语从句,[修饰families
who S.
二级修饰 have lived in the U. for many generations—
154g*eneration [ apparently
;词汇注释 .dsens reijn] n. 一代人;一辈 [ g-paerantli] ad.显然；据....所知
❸ And they aren't likely to get any taller.他们不太可能再长高了°
句子主干 And they aren't likely to get anyjtaller.（主+系+表）
population
❹“In tahne thgeroneproallo gist today, al this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as far as we can go,"
says William Cameron Chumlea right State University. 如今，就总人 口而言，在现有的基因和
环境水平下，我们的身高几乎已经达到了极限，”莱特州立大学的人类学家威廉•卡梅隆-查姆利说。
at
this genetic, environmental level,
-级修饰 I介词短语作状语
“In the general population today,
[介词短语作状语 ]
we've pretty much gone as far as we can go,'，
句子主干 ]直接引语作says的宾语
says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea （倒装句：宾+谓+主）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰William Cameron Chumlea
of
—级修饰 Wright State University.
:宴板注释〕直接引语中,第一个as为副词，修饰far,第二个as为连词，引导比较状语从句。
population^ [ anthropologist
:词汇注释 jpopju leijn]几人口；人口数量 [ ^nOra pDlsdsist]几人类学家
increasingly recruiting
❺ In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the common practice of
players from all over the world,至于NBA球员，他们身高的增长似乎是“从世界各地招收球员”这种日益普遍的
做法所造成的结果'
In the case of NBA
—级修饰 players,
j介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 their increase...appears to result from 切E理理四 EE竺tjgg（主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰their increase
in
heiglit
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰common practice j
of
recruiting players from all over the world.
i*ncreasingly [ r*ecruit [n
:词汇洼寐 in-kri：sir）li] ad.日益增加地 kruit]仇.招收;招募 n.新手
*•••第三段•••，
continues calories nutrients—notably, protein—
O Growth, whtiicshs urearse.ly beyond the age of 20, demands and to feed
expanding 身高增长需要热量和营养（特别是蛋白质），以满足身体组织扩张的需要，人在20岁以后就很
少再继续长高了。
which
_级修饰 rarely continues beyond the age of 20,
[which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Growth
句子主干 Growth,...demands更更竺空四叫更竺任...to feed expanding tissues.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
[插入语，补充说明calories and nutrients
_级修饰 一notably, protein—
c*ontinue [ calorie [
词汇注释 nutrient kan tinju： ] vi.持续；继续 notably [ kaebri] n.卡路里（热量单位）
p*rotein [[ •njustriont] n.营养物；营养品 t*issuensutabli] ad.特别;极大程度上
•prsutizn] n.蛋白质 n.（人、动植物细胞的）组织；纸巾
155got in the way.
❷ At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections 20 世纪初，营养不良和儿童
传染病阻碍了身高的增长。
At
_级修饰 the start of the 20th century,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.（主+谓）
get in the way
词汇注释: 阻碍;妨碍
adolescents
❸ But as diet and health improved, children and have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and
secular trend
a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the in height,但是，随着饮食和健康状况的改善，儿童和青
少年的身高平均每20年增长约1 . 5英寸，这种增长模式被称为身高增长的长期趋势。
as
—级修饰 diet and health improved,
[as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 But...children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height （主+谓）
t介词短语作状语
------------- 1
by
about an inch and a half every 20 years,
一级修饰 解释说明句子主干
a pattern known as the secular trend in height.
要,板生释〔句子主干中，介词短语on average作插入语;介词短语in height作状语。
a*dolescent [ secular trend
词元洼蒋 * ,aeda-lesnt] n.青少年 长期趋势
0 Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—hasn't
really changed since 1960.然而，根据疾病控制和预防中心的研究，I960年以来，男性5英尺9英寸、女性5英尺
4英寸的平均身高一直没有真正改变过。
—级修饰 according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
「插入语，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 Yet...average height...hasn't really changed （主+谓）
[解释说明average height
—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—
一级修饰 |介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
since
1960.
…第四段•…
avoiding substantia）
❶ Genetically speaking, there are advantages to height.从基因角度来看，避免身高过高是有好处的。
—级修饰 Genetically speaking,
___________ [插入语
句子主干 there are advantages （There be句型：there + are + 主）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰advantages
to
—级修饰 avoiding substantial height.
a*void [3. s*ubstantial [
「词元生蒋. void] vt.避免;防止;躲避 S9b staenjl] a.很大程度的;重大的
childbirth, canal.
❷ During larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth 分娩时，较大的婴儿更难通过
产道。 “
During
_级修饰 childbirth,
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 larger babies have mor^difficulty （in） passing through the birth canal.（主+谓+宾）
156:蔓京注释；句子主干中，介词短语（】n）passing...作状语，表方面。
childbirth c*anal [
:词汇洼宓: [ iJaildbaiO] n.分娩;生孩子 ka nael] n.道;管;运河;渠道
upright
❸ Moreover, even though humans have been for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with
bipedal posture withstand imposed limbs.
and cannot easily repeated strain by oversize 而且，虽然人类直立行走
已有几百万年的历史，但我们的双脚和背部还在继续和两足行走的姿势相抗衡，因而无法轻易承受过长的肢体
所施加的持续重压。
even though
—级修饰 humans have been upright for millions of years,
[even though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
Moreover,...our feet and back continue （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and cannot withstand repeated strain
easily
过去分词短语作后置定语,[修饰repeated strain
imposed
—级修饰 by oversize limbs.
u*pright [ bipedal
:词汇注释: Aprait] a.直立的；正直的 [（bai pi：dl] a.双足行走的
☆
p*osture [ withstand [
postfaCr） ] n.姿势；态度 wid'staend] vt.承受；抵住；经受住
i*mpose [
im-psuz] vt.将....强加于 n.肢；（树的）主枝
constraints architecture individual organism,"
❹ “ There are some real that are set by the genetic of the says anthropologist
William Leonard of Northwestern University.西北大学人类学家威廉•伦纳德称:“个体有机体的基因结构给身高
设置了一些实质性的限制。”
of
二级修饰 the individual organism,"
介词短语作后置定语，，修饰the genetic architecture
that the genetic architecture
—级修饰 are set by
that引导的定语从句修饰some real constraints
some real constraints
'There are
j
句子主干 直接引语作says的宾语
says anthropologist William Leonard （倒装句：宾+谓+主）
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰William Leonard
of
一级修饰 Northwestern University.
constraint a*rchitecture [
词汇注释' [ kan stremt] n.限制；约束 aikitektJsCr） ] n.结构，构造；建筑学
i*ndividual [ organism
jndi vidsual]儿个体;个人 ^gonizom] m 有机体；有机体系
…•第五段•…
maximums expect
❶Genetic can change, but don't this to happen soon.基因导致的身高极限可能会改变，但不要期
望这种改变很快发生。
（—Genetic maximums can change,（主+谓）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but don't expect this to happen soon.（祈使句：谓+宾+宾补）
m* aximum [ e*xpect [
:词汇注释■ -maeksimam]几最大值 ik-spekt]仇.期望；预料；要求
senior
❷ Claire C. Gordon, anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the
alteration. C.
unifonns and workstations fit recruits without 马萨诸塞州内蒂克陆军研究中心的资深人类学家克莱尔• 戈
登确信,90%的制服和工作站不用改动就可以供新兵使用。
157—级修饰 senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass.,
[Claire C. Gordon 的同位语
Claire C. Gordon,...ensures （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作ensures的宾语
that
90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.
s*enior [ alteration
:问汇洼释 ，si:niMr） ] a.资深的；级别高的 [ iozlta reijn] n.改动;更改
military
❸ She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of uniforms has not changed for some time,她说，和篮球
队服不同,军装的长度已经一段时间没有改动过了。
She says （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作says的宾语
that,...
the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time.
[介词短语作状语
unlike
—级修饰 those for basketball,
m* ilitary [
:词汇洼释: mihtri] a.军队的；军事的；武装的
equipment, by and
❹ And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of Gordon says that
large,u
you could use today's data and feel fairly confident. ”戈登还说，如果你需要预测在不久的将来人类的身高
以设计一套装备的话,大体上,“你可以IE常有把握地使用现在的数据。”
to
二级修饰 design a piece of equipment,
动词不定式短语作目的状语]
—级修饰 if you need to predict human height in the near future
: if引导的条件状语从句；作句子主干的条件状语
And...Gordon says （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作says的宾语
that
by and large, "you could use today's data and feel fairly confident?'
e*quipment [ by and large
:词汇洼释 i kwipmant ] n.装备；设备 大体上；一般而言；总的来说
Text 4
….第一段.…
❶ In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless.
1784年，也就是其成为美国总统的5年前,52岁的乔治-华盛顿牙齿几乎快掉光了。
二级修饰 five years before he became president of the United States,
|解释说明1784
In 1784,
一级修饰
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 George Washington, 52, was nearlyjoothless.（主+系+表）
hired dentist transplant extracted
❷ So he a to nine teeth into his jaw—having them from 由e mouths of his slaves. 于是
他请了一位牙医,往自己的颌内移植了 9颗牙齿，而这些牙齿全部都是从他的奴隶们口中拔出来的。
句子主干 So he hired ^dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw （主+谓+宾+宾补）
，补充说明nine teeth
—级修饰 ―having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.
h*ire [ d*entist [
:词汇隹释: ，haq（r） ] v.雇用；录用 -dentist] n.牙科医生
t*ransplant [ extract^ [
traens-plaint]狐 移植；移栽 ik straskt] u.拔出；提取
158….第二段•…
O That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. 这与
大多数人记忆中历史书上那个砍樱桃树的乔治形象截然不同。
句子主干 That's 2陞 0i现槊巫innage (主+系+表)
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰a far different image
from the cherry-tree-chopping George
_ 级修饰
省略关系词(whom/that )的定语从句,[修饰the cherry-tree-chopping George
二级修饰 most people remember from their history books.
historians slavery
❷ But recently, many have begun to focus on 由e role played in the lives of the founding generation.
但是最近，很多历史学家开始关注奴隶制在美国开国元勋们的生活中所扮演的角色。
句子主干 But recently, many historians have begun tojocus^njhejnole (主+谓+宾)
省略关系词(which/that )的定语从句,[修饰the role
—级修饰 slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.
h*istorian [ slavery
:词汇注释 hi sto：rian]几历史学家；史学工作者 [，sleiv°ri]几.奴隶制；奴隶身份
spurred
❸ They have been in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas
fathered
Jefferson had at least one child with his slave Sally Heinings.他们在某种程度上是受了 1998 年获取的
DNA证据的鼓动，这一证据几乎完全证实了托马斯-杰斐逊与其奴隶萨利•赫明斯至少有一个孩子。
句子主干 They have been spurred in part (主+谓)
. 一
|介词by引出动作的发出者
by DNA evidence
—级修饰 made available in 1998,
which引导的非限定性定语从句J补充说明DNA evidence
which proved
almost certainly
二级修饰 省略引导词(that )的宾语从句，，作proved的宾语
Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.
：
s*[sppu3r (r) ] f*ather [
:词汇洼释 vt.鼓动；激励;促进 -fa:da(r) ] vt.成为....的父亲;创立
examined from the bottom up.
❹ And only over the past 30 years have scholars history 仅仅在过去的 30 年里，学者们
就将历史挖了个底朝天。
over
_级修饰 only the past 30 years
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 And...have scholars examined history (倒装句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾)
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
from
—级修饰 the bottom up.
e*xamine from the bottom up
:词汇注释 [ig zaemm] vt.考察；审查；调查；考查 彻底地；从头开始
only
Tips- 位于句首，句子使用部分倒装的用法小结
部分倒装指的是将句子谓语的一部分(多为助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前。only位于句首时，句子
使用部分倒装的情况有三种，即。nly修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，句子使用部分倒装。如：Only in this
way can we learn English well.只有用这种方法，我们才能学好英语。Only when she returned did we know what
really happened.只有当她回来时，我们才知道到底发生了什么事。注意：1 .在部分倒装句中，如果谓语部分
无助动词，则需找助动词来完成倒装o如：Only in weekends does he come back home.他只有在周末才回家。
2. only修饰主语时，句子不用倒装。Only you can help me,只有你能帮助我。
159reveal compromises fragile
❺ Works of several historians the moral made by the nation's early leaders and the nature of
infancy.
the country's 数位历史学家的著作揭示了这些美国早期领袖们在道德上作出的妥协以及美国建国初期
的脆弱性。
of
一级修饰 several historians
介词短语作后置定语，修饰Work,
句子主干 Works...reveal 座笠赠也£ 251以&5座买.gl史坦在鲤01迎JI（主+谓+宾）
过去分词短语作后置定语,:修饰the moral compromises
made
by the nation's early leaders
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语， 修饰the fragile nature
of
the country's infancy.
reveal * compromise * [
I词汇注释 [rrvijl] vt.揭示，揭露；显示 •komprgmaiz] n.妥协;折中；和解
f*ragile [ infancy
fraedsail] a.脆弱的；易碎的；虚弱的 [ .infsnsij 几.初期；婴儿期
❻ More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to
fight it.更重要的是，这些历史学家认为许多开国元勋明知奴隶制是错误的，但大多数人却几乎没有采取行动反
对这一制度。
More significantly, they argue （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作argue的宾语
that
many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong
[补充说明宾语从句
一级修饰 ~~yet most did little to fight it.
••••第三段••••
❶
More than anything, hampered
the historians say, the founders were by the culture of their time.历史学家表示，最
重要的是，开国元勋们受到了他们那个时代文化的限制。
句子主干 More than anything,...the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.（主+谓）
___________ *插入语
—级修饰 the historians say,
more than anything hamper
:词汇注释 最重要的是；主要地 [ 'haempa（r） ] vt.限制；阻碍；阻止；妨碍
distaste
❷ While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the
bedrock
political and economic of the country they helped to create.虽然华盛顿和杰斐逊都在私下表达过对奴隶制
的厌恶，但他们也明白奴隶制是他们帮助创建的这个国家的政治和经济基石的一部分。
While
—级修饰 Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,
] While引导的让步状语■从句，作句子主「的让步状语
they also understood （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 | that引导的宾语从句，作understood的宾语
that the country
it was part of the political and economic bedrock of
A
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，修饰the country I
_级修饰 they helped to create.
distaste bedrock
:词汇注释1 [dis teist] □.厌恶；反感；不喜欢 [ 'bedrok] n.基石;基本事实
….第四度•…
aflbrd part with
❶ For one thing, the South could not to its slaves.首先，南方承受不起放弃奴隶的后果。
句子主干 For one thing, the South could not afford tojgartjyithjt^slaves.（主+谓+宾）
160：
a*fford [a part with
词汇注释 fo：d] vt.承担得起;买得起;提供 放弃;交出
❷ Owning slaves was "like having a large bank account,n says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God : George Washington,
His Slaves, and the Creation of America.《不完美的神:乔治•华盛顿、他的奴隶和美利坚的建立》一书的作者温
瑟柯称，拥有奴隶就“如同拥有一笔大额银行存款”。
句子主干 Owning slaves was 典姬坦迦（主+系 +表）
I插入语，补充说明句子主干
Wiencek,
一级修饰 says
J Wiencek的同位语
二级修饰 author erf An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America.
Constitution protections
❸ The southern states would not have signed the without for the w peculiar institution,M including
clause counted congressional representation.
a that a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of 如果没有对这种
“特殊制度”的保护条款，南方各州当时就不会在宪法上签字;其中一项条款出于国会代表权的目的而将一个奴
隶算作五分之三个人。
句子主干 The southern states would not have signed th^Constitution （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的条件状语
without “peculiar institution,99
—级修饰 protections for the
介词短语补充说明"peculiar institution"：
including
二级修饰 a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man
[介词短语作目的状语
fbr
三级修饰 purposes of congressional representation.
c*onstitution [ protection
词汇洼释： （kDnstrtju：Jn]几宪法;体质 [pra tekfn] n.保护；防卫
…c*lause c*ount [
[klo:z] n.（法律文件等的）条款 kaunt ] m 算作;计算
congressional representation
[ ksn-grejanl] a.（美国）国会的 [ ^epnzen-teifn]几.代表；描写
*•••第五段
statesmen^
❶And the political lives depended on slavery.并且政治家的政治生涯也依赖于奴隶制。
句子主干 And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery.（主+谓+宾）
s*tatesman
:词汇洼香' [-steitsmsn]几政治家
formula narrow inflating
❷ The three-fifths handed Jefferson his victory in the presidential election of 1800 by the votes
Electoral
of the southern states in the College.五分之三计算式使南方各州在选举团里的选票猛增，使杰斐逊在
1800年总统大选中险胜。
句子主干 The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson hisjiairowvictory （主+谓+间宾+直宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语 "
in
the presidential election of 1800
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
by
inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College.
f*ormula [ n*arrow [
；WjtaS : •fozmjala] n.计算式;方案;配方 ，naegu] a.勉强的;狭窄的
inflate electoral
[irrfleit] vt.使大幅增加 v.使充气 [i lektsrgl] a.有关选举的
extended carved
© Once in office, Jefferson slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 ； the new land was into
13 states, including three slave states.杰斐逊一就职，便借1803年的“路易斯安那购地案”扩大了奴隶制的范围，
这块新土地被划分为13个州，包括三个蓄奴州。
161with
_级修饰 the Louisiana Purchase in 1803;
:介词短语作（1）句的方式状语
（l）Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 |并列句
⑵the new land was carved （主+谓）
，介词短语作the new land的补足语
into 13 states,
—级修饰
[补充说明13 states
二级修饰 including three slave states.
e*xtend
词汇注馨: [ik'stend] vt.扩大...的范围;适用于carve^[ka：v] vt.把....切成块（文中引申为"戈1J分”）
…第六段…
freed approximately
❶ Still, Jefferson Hemings's children一though not Hemings herself or his 150 other slaves.即便如
此,杰斐逊还是解放了赫明斯的孩子们——虽然没有解放她本人以及他的其他约150名奴隶。
句子主干 Still, Jefferson freed H^mgs\^hildren （主+谓+宾）
T插入语，补充说明句子主干
-------- -----—— 1 . …E—……..
—级修饰 ~~though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves.
f*[rferiei] approximately
顶无注程： vt.解放;使摆脱;释放;解除 [ a-proksimatli] ad.近乎;大约
❷ Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of 由e black soldiers
dwuriilnlg. the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his
华盛顿在目睹了美国独立战争中黑人士兵白勺英勇表现后，开始相信人人生而平等，于是他不顾亲属们的强
烈反对，在遗嘱中赋予了他的奴隶自由。
句子主干 Washington,.. .overcame （主+谓+宾）
T [动词不定式短语作句子主干的结果状语
to
grant his slaves their freedom in his will.
—级修饰 who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Washington
who
had begun to believe that all men were created equal
I介词短语作时间状语
after
二级修饰 observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,
「真出莲祢« who引导的非限定性定语从句中嵌套了一个that引导的宾语从句，作believe的宾语。
g*rant [ w*[ ill Wil] n.
:词汇洼释： grQ：nt]狐准予；同意；承认 legislative approval 遗嘱；意志;意愿
❸ Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required in Virginia.而仅在 10 年前，这种行为在
弗吉尼亚州还需要得到立法机构的批准。
—级修饰 Only a decade earlier,
j时间状语
句子主干 such an act would have required l^islatiye^pproyal in Virginia.（主+谓+宾）
legislative a*pproval [
[词无注街 [ .led3islativ] a.立法的；制定法律的 9.pru：vl]几批准，通过;赞成
Part B «4
• • •务有_• •确
蹑
sharpening arranging
。The time for pencils, your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended.
削铅笔、整理桌子以及做其他几乎一切琐事而不写作的时期已经结束了。
162句子主干 The time...has ended.（主+谓）
:介词短语作后置定语，修饰The time
—级修饰 for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing
sharpen [ a*rrange [ 3
:词汇洼标: Ja:pan] v.使变得锋利；使尖锐 reind3] vt.整理;谱写
draft inevitable
❷ The first will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the and sit, stand up, or lie down to write.
只要你不再回避这一必然发生的事情,无论坐着、站着还是躺着，只要动笔写作,那么初稿就会跃然纸上。
句子主干 The first draft will appear on the page （主+i胃）
| only if-51导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
only if stop
you avoiding the inevitable
一级修饰 :and连接的并列谓语
and sit, stand up, lie down
or to write.
d*raft i*nevitable
国无注就 [dra:ft] n.草稿;草案；汇票 Sevltabl] a.必然发生的;惯常的
❸ It makes no difference how you write, just so you do.如何写并不重要，只要动笔就好。
how
you write,
'It为形式主语，how引导的主语从句作真正的主语
句子主干 （1）共makes nojliflference （主+谓+宾）
I并列句
（2）just so you do.（主+谓）
tentative assemble flesh out
❹ Now that oyuotul inhea ve developed a topic into a thesis, you can your notes and begin to
whatever you have made.既然你已经将话题展开，形成了初步的论题，那么你就可以整合笔记并开始充
实已拟好的任何提纲.
Now that
—级修饰 you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis,
| Now that引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
you can assemble yourjiotes and begin tojfl^hout （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 whatever引导的宾语从句,[作flesh out的宾语
whatever
outline you have made.
t*entative [ assemble*[
:词汇洼暮:flesh out （sttehn.t）ativ] a.初步的;暂定的 outline a sembl] v.收集;集合
充实（文章、作品等） [ autlam] n.提纲；梗概；轮廓
» • • • ―®
❶Be flexible.写作要灵活。
句子主干 Be flexible.（祈使句：系+表）
conduct railroad
❷ Your outline should smoothly you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to you.写作提纲
应该引导你从一个要点自然地过渡到另一个要点，但是不要让提纲迫使你仓促行文。
from to
_级修饰 one point the next,
]介词短语作状语
（1） Your outline should smoothly conduct you （主+谓+宾）
I
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
I
（2） but do not permit it to railroad you.（祈使句：谓+宾+宾补）
c*onduct railroad v [
:词泛洼蒋' [kan dAkt] vt.引导 reilraud] vt.迫使……仓促行事 n.铁路
163relevant occurs
❸ If a and important idea to you now, work it into the draft.如果此刻你突然有相关而又重要的想法,
就把它写到初稿中。
—级修饰 If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now,
! if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 work it into the draft.（祈使句：谓+宾）
r*elevant o*ccur [
:词汇注释: [-rebvont] a.相关的；有意义的 ^k3：（r） ] vi.浮现于脑海中，被想到;发生
❹ By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your
notes originally suggested.通过写初稿这种方式来理清自己要表达的思想,你很可能会发现比原始笔记更多的
内容。
By
一级修饰 using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,
1介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
句子主干 you will very likely discover more （主+谓+宾）
than引导的比较状语从句,j作句子主干的比较状语
than
-级修饰 your notes originally suggested.
:要点注释: 介词短语By using...中，as a means of...作the first draft的补足语;what引导的宾语从句，作thinking
about的宾语。
❺ Plenty of good writers don't use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write.很多优秀的作家根本不列
提纲，而是边写作边整理思路。
Plenty of good writers don't use outlines at all （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 I but连接的并列谓宾
but discover
ordering principles
[as引导的时间状语从句
as
—级修饰 they write.
❻ Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.写初稿时，不要指望稿子完全正确无误。
句子主干 Do not attempt to^omp^e^perfectlj^o^ect^raft （祈使句：谓+宾）
名词短语作句子主干的时间状语]
一级修饰 the first time around.
❼Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise.语法、标点符号与拼写问题可以等到修改时处理。
句子主干 Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait （主+谓）
until引导的时间状语从句,［作句子主干的时间状语
until
—级修饰 you revise.
❽Concentrate on what you are saying.把精力放在你要表达的内容上。
句子主干 Concentrate on wha^you^re^aying.（祈使句：谓+宾从）
❾ Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors. 好的文
章往往出现在你急切希望表达某个观点，而不是紧张寻找错误之时。
句子主干 Good writing most often occurs （主+谓）
j when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
when
yoii are in hot pursuit of an idea
一级修饰 | rather than连接的并列表语，肯定前者，否定后者
rather than
in a nervous search for errors.
164*>•••第三段
margins extra
❶ To make revising easier, leave wide and space between lines so that yyoouu ccaann eeaassily add words, sen
tences, and corrections.为了便于修改，页边距和行距应该大一些，这样方便添加词语、句子和要修改的内容。
To
■-级修饰 make revising easier,
]动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 leave岂丑丑些gj竖曳虹芝（祈使句： 谓+宾）
so that引导的结果状语从句，作句子主干的结果状语
SO that
一级修饰 you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections.
m* argin [ e*xtra
词汇注释 ma:d3in]几页边空白；差额;边缘 [-ekstrg] a.额外的;外加的；附加的
❷ Write on only one side of the paper.只在稿纸的一面书写。
句子主干 Write on only one side of the paper.（祈使句：谓）
凄母注释：句中介词短语on only...作地点状语。
keep track of clip
❸ Your pages will be easier to that way, and, if you have to a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will
not lose any writing on the other side.这样，你就可以很容易地找到你已经写好的内容。而且如果你必须剪掉某
一段将其移到别处，稿纸背面的内容也不会丢失。
（1） Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way,（主+系+表）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2） and,...you will not lose 空XJ也也｝艮（主+谓+宾）
if引导的条件状语从句，[作（2）句的条件状语
—级修饰 tf you have to clip a paragraph
[动词不定式短语作目的状语
to
二级修饰 place it elsewhere,.
:要,点生释:（1）句中，动词不定式短语to keep track of作状语，修饰easier；that way作方式状语。
keep track of c*[klihpp]
词汇洼禅 了解....的动态 v.剪掉,修剪;夹住
….第四段.…
processor, additions deletions
O If you are working on a word you can take advantage of its capacity to make and as well
entire
as move paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.如果使用文字处理软件,你就可以利用
其功能，仅通过几个简单的键盘指令来添加或删除内容，甚至移动整个段落。
If
—级修饰 you are working on a word processor,
[ If?I导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 you can take advantage of i坦ggg竺业(主+谓+宾)
[ as well as连接并列的动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to as well as (to)
—级修饰 make additions and deletions move entire paragraphs
:介词短语作方式状语
by
二级修饰 making just a few simple keyboard commands.
：
processor [ a*ddition [ 3
:词元注卷 pr3uses9(r) ] n.处理器;加工机 difn] n.添加;加法;增加物
deletion e*ntire
[drliifn] n.删除 [m-tai3(r) ] a.整个的;全部的；完全的
❷ Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.有些软件程序还可
以检查你写作中的拼写和某些语法成分。
165句子主干 Some software programs can also check ^^ling^and certain 既amm瘦奥01竺塑些
介词短语作后置定语J修饰spelling and...elements
in
—级修饰 your writing.
printer terrific,
❸ It's worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a may look it will read only as well
as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.然而,要记住，虽然刚打印出来的稿子可能看上去不错，但只有文
章的思想内容和写作内容好，文章读起来才好。
It's 竺些 竺诞竺亟,however,（主+系+表）
句子主干 ! It为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
I ......... .
that... the thinking and writing
it will read only as well as
T
that引导的定语从句修饰the thinking and writing
that
have gone into it.
-级修饰 〔though引导的让步状语从句
though
a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific,
要出洼释:句子主干中，副词however作插入语；though引导的让步状语从句中，形容词短语fresh off a printer
作后置定语，修饰a clean copyo
☆
printer [ terrific
WCS释: printer） ] n.打印机;印刷商 [tyrifik] a,极好的；绝妙的；巨大的
prudently
❹ Many writers store their data on disks and print lheir pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any
failures
material because of power or other problems.许多作者非常谨慎，每完成一稿就把资料存在磁盘里并且打
印出来，这样就避免了因为停电或者其他问题而丢失任何资料。
句子主干 Many writers prudently store thei^data on disks and print thei£paggs （主+谓+宾）
each time引导的时间状语从句，[作句子主干的时间状语 T
---------------- '
each time
they finish a draft
-级修饰 动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to
avoid losing any material
[介词短语作原因状语
because of
二级修饰 power failures or other problems.
；
prudently f*ailure [
词元洼暮 [，pru：dntli] ad.谨慎地;慎重地 .feilj3（r） ] n.故障;失败;失败的人（或事）
语法课堂
each time/every time/any time引导的时间状语从句：时间状语从句的引导词可由each time/every time/
any time充当，意为“每当，每次”。如:Every time I call on him, he is out.每次我拜访他时，他都出去了。另
夕卜,(the) first/last time, (the) next time 和 by the time 等也可引导时间状语从句。如：Adam was seriously ill
(the) last time I saw him.我上次见到亚当时，他病得很重。
printouts revisions.
❺ These are also easier to read than the screen when you work on 而且修改时，在纸张上阅读也比
在屏幕上阅读更方便。
句子主干 These printouts are also easier to read than the screen (主+系+表)
] when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
when
—级修饰 you work on revisions.
要出注释 '、'句子主干中，动词不定式短语to read作状语，修饰easier,than the screen作比较状语。
Printout [ revision
商元洼蒋. prmtaut]几打印件，打印资料 [n vi3n] n.修改;修订本；复习
166…第五段…
。Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary
illustrate convincing.
to your points and make your paper 一旦完成纸质版的初稿，你就可以删除和论题无关的材
料，并添加一些必要的素材来说明观点,使文章具有说服力。
__________________ r»
Once
you have a first draft on paper.
一级修饰 Once引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
that
is unrelated to your thesis
} that引导的定语从句，修饰material
you can delete material （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and （can） add material
t形容词短语作后置定语，修饰material
__________
necessary
一级修饰 to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.
i*llustrate [ convincing
词汇洼薜: ibstreit] vt.说明；加插图于 [kan vinsiq] a.有说服力的;令人信服的
wisely
❷ The student who wrote uThe A&P as a State of Mind" dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy dis
chauvinistic
plays attitudes toward women.写《A&P是一种心理状态》的学生就明智地删去了探究塞米是否对女
性表现出大男子主义的那段文字。
who
—级修饰 wrote *T*he A & P as a State of Mind"
who引导的定语从句，修饰The student
句子主干 The student.. .wisely dropped aparagraph （主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句，修饰a paragraph|
that
一级修饰 questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.
:蜀点注释」 that引导的定语从句中,whether引导的宾语从句作questioned的宾语。
wisely chauvinistic [
:词汇注释 [waizli] ad.明智地;聪明地 Jauvrmstik] a.大男子主义的;沙文主义的
influences
❸ Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting
Sammy's decision to quit his job.虽然这是一个很有意思的话题，但它和文章的主题无关。文章的主题解释塞米
如何受环境影响做出了辞职决定。
Although
一级修饰 this is an interesting issue,
]Although引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 it has nothing to do with thejhesis,（主+谓+宾）
which引导的非限定性定语从句，j补充说明the thesis
which
一级修饰 explains how the setting influences S*sammy decision to quit his job.
遗点送理」which引导的非限定性定语从句中,how引导的宾语从句作explains的宾语。
i*nfluence [ q*[kuwitit]
;词汇注释: mflusns] 口.影响；作用 。.离任;停止;搬离;关闭
crabbed response
❹ Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel's to the girls so that she
lead to A&P enforces,
could 叩 the “policy” he 这位学生没有保留这一段，而是添加了一段话，描写兰格尔对那
几个女孩的恶劣态度，这样就可以把内容导向兰格尔所推行的A&P “政策”。
167Instead of
—级修饰 including that paragraph,
j介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 she added one （主+谓+宾）
[that引导的定语从句，修饰one
that
described Lengel's crabbed response to the girls
—级修饰 so that引导的目的状语从句，作句子主干的目的状语
so that the A&P "policy”
she could lead 叩 to
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句,!修饰the A&P "policy”
二级修饰 he enforces.
crabbed r*esponse
词汇注释' [-krsbidj a.乖戾的 [rrspons] n.回答，答复；反应
lead up to enforce
引向（某个话题）；导致 m f0：s] vt.执行，实施（法律）
…第六段…
❶ Remember that your initial draft is only that.记住，你的初稿仅仅是初稿。
句子主干 Remember切翌一丫史匚1坦1回一4盛旦戋四垃典匹（祈使句：谓+宾从）
substantiate clarify
©You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to and your ideas. 你应该
反复检查，并努力进一步证实和阐明你的观点。
句子主干 You should go through the^gager many times （主+谓+宾）
! ?插入语
i ....I .
—nd then again——
一级修饰 '现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
working
to substantiate and clarify your ideas.
substantiate c*larify [
词汇注释 [ ssb-staenjieit 1 诅 证实;证明 -klaerafai] vt.阐明；澄清
versions
❸ You may even end叩with several entire of the paper.你最后甚至可能把文章改成几个完全不同的版本。
句子主干 You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper.（主+谓）
要点注释' 句中介词短语with several...作方式状语°
：
version*r. V3jn]
词汇注释 n.版本;变体;说法
❹Rewrite.重写。
:句子讲解:本句是一个祈使句，也可将其视为省略了主语和宾语的省略句，在内容上与上句衔接紧密。其完
整的句子为 You may rewrite the paper.
❺ The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.每段的句子都要围绕一个中心来展开。
句子主干 The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.（主+谓）
❻
Transitions abrupt
should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no or confusing shifts.段与段之间要有
衔接，这样，过渡时就不会显得突兀或含糊不清。
句子主干 Transitions should connect one^aragraph to the next （主+谓+宾）
? so that引导的目的状语从句，作句子主干的目的状语
so that
一级修饰 there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.
transition abrupt
词汇注释 [traen-zijn] n.过渡；转变；变革 *[ 3.brAPt] a.突然的；意外的；粗鲁的
❶
Awkward mercilessly poked prodded
or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be and into
shape.凡不当或冗长的措辞，或意义模糊的句子和段落都要毫不留情地挑出并修改至符合要求。
168Awkward...sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked （主+谓）
句子主干 and连接的并列谓语
and （should be） prodded
into shape.
awkward mercilessly [
词汇注释 [ oikwad] a.不合适的;令人尴尬的 m3：silgsli]" 无情地，残忍地
prod
p*[poke 3Uk]。.使伸出，使探出；扎洞 [prnd]讥戳，捅（文中引申为“修改”）
Part C
…第一段…
autobiography, speaks of extraordinary modesty.
❶ In his Darwin himself his intellectual powers with 达尔文在自传
里很谦虚地谈到自己的智力水平。
In
—级修饰 his autobiography,
:介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 Darwin himself speaks of hjsjntellectuargow^ （主+谓+宾）
f介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
with
一级修饰 extraordinary modesty.
autobiography speak of
:商汇生暮、 [ ioitabarogrofi] n.自传 谈到；涉及
extraordinary modesty
[ ik stroidnri] a.非常的；意想不到的 [ -modasti]爪谦虚；庄重；朴素
concisely,
❷ He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and but he believes
compensating intently
that this very difficulty may have had the advantage of forcing him to think long and about every
enabling
sentence, and thus him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.他指出，在清楚而简明地
表达自己的思想时,总会经历许多困难。但是他认为或许正因为（语言表达上的）这种困难，他不得不长时间专
注地思考每个句子，从而使他能发现自己在推理和观察中的错误，结果这反而成为他的优点。
（l）He points out （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，作points out的宾语
that
he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely,
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but he believes （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作believes的宾语
that the compensating advantage
this very difficulty may have had
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the compensating advantage?
of forcing
him to think long and intently about every sentence,
| and连接并列的动名词短语
—级修饰
and enabling errors
thus him to detect
and连接并列的介词短语作后置定语，j修饰errors
in and in
二级修饰 reasoning his own observations.
concisely compensating [
:词汇注释 [k对saisli] ad.简明地；简洁地 kompenseitirj] a.补偿的
intently e*nable [
[irrtentli] ad.专心地；一心一意地 i neibl] vt.使能够;使可行
disclaimed quickness apprehension distinguished
❸ He the possession of any great of or wit, such as Huxley.他否认
自己具有像卓尔不群的赫胥黎那样敏锐的理解力或智慧。
of
—级修饰 any great quickness of apprehension or wit,
介词短语作后置定语修饰the possession
句子主干 He disclaimed the^ossession （主+谓+宾）
〔补充说明
—级修饰 such as distinguished Huxley.
169disclaim quickness
:词汇连将 [ d*kilseim] 公开否认；放弃 [ 'kwiknas] n.敏锐；机智；机敏
apprehension distinguished
[ taeprrhenj'n]几理解；领悟 [ drstirjgwijt ] a.杰出的；有尊严的
asserted, train of thought
❹ He also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract was very limited, for which
reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.他还坚持认为自己进行长时间纯抽象思
考的能力十分有限，由此他认定自己在数学方面不可能会有所建树。 .1
He asserted, also,（主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作asserted的宾语
that his power...
was very limited,
":动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰his power
to
follow a long and purely abstract train of thought
非限定性定语从句补充说明宾语从句
felt certain
—级修饰 for which reason he
that引导的宾语从句』作felt certain的宾语
that
he never could have succeeded with mathematics.
"要点洼将」 for which reason...中，which 指代句子主干中的 his power...was very limited,for which reason 意为"由
于这个原因”；句中的reason可以省略且不影响句意的表达，在这里加上reason只是为了表示强调。
词汇注释 assert ; [ 9,S3：t] vt.坚称；明确肯定；断言 train of thought思路;思绪
extensive, hazy.
❺His memory, too, he described as but 他也形容自己的记忆广泛却模糊
句子主干 Hisjnemory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy.（宾+主+谓+宾补）
"要点遂皆; as extensive, but hazy是宾语His memory的补足语;宾语置于句首，主要起强调作用。本句正常语
序为 He described his memory as extensive, but hazy, too0
e*xtensive hazy [
:词汇注释 [*sitkensiv] a.广泛的；广大的 heizi] Q.模糊的；朦胧的；困惑的
So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetiy.
在某种意义上，他的记忆力很差，以至于他对某个具体日期或者某行诗句的记忆从不会超过几天.
句子主干 So^goor in one sense was it （倒装句：表+系+主）
| So...that引导的结果状语从句，作句子主干的结果状语
that
—级修饰 he never could remember...a single date or a line of poetry.
[介词短语作时间状语
for
二级修饰 more than a few days
:要点注释 本句的正常语序为 In one sense, it was so poor that he never could remember a single date or a line of
poetry for more than a few dayso
accept as well founded
❼ On the other hand, he did not the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good
observer, he had no power of reasoning,另一方面，一些批评家指责他虽然善于观察，却不具备推理能力，而他认
为这种说法是缺乏依据的。
made
by some of his critics
—级修饰 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the charge
On the other hand,
1插入语
句子主干 he did not accept as well founded thecharge （主+谓+宾补+宾）
that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the char使[
that,..
—级修饰 .he had no power of reasoning.
[while引导的让步状语从句
while
二级修饰 he was a good observer.
170要点注释 句子主干中，宾语the charge的修饰成分较多，故将宾语补足语as well founded提前，以保持句子
结构平衡。将其还原为正常语序为he did not accept the charge as well foundedo
accept sth. as... well founded
'、、词汇注释 认为某物是.... a.有根据的;有事实依据的
❽ This, he thought, could not be true, because the "Origin of Speciesn is one long argument from the beginning to the
end, and has convinced many able men.他认为苗不可能是事实，因为《物种起源》从头到尾就是-个长篇论证，
而且说服了很多有才华的人。 ”
句子主干 This, he thought, could not be true,（主+系+表）
I because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because is one long argument
the "Origin of Species" from the beginning to the end,
一级修饰 | and连接的并列谓语
and has convinced
many able men.
submits,
❾ No one, he could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning,达尔文指出，没有哪一个不•具
备一定的推理能力的人能写出这本书。
句子主干 No one, he submits, could have written it （主+谓+宾）
T介词短语作句子主干的条件状语
,,.......
without
—级修饰 possessing some power of reasoning.
submit *
词汇注释 [sab-mit] vt.表示;顺从;提交
❿ He was willing to assert that "I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly
successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree. 他乐意宣称，"我和相"彳成功的律
师或者医生一样，也具备应有的创新能力、常识或判断力，但我认为,不会比他们水平更高”
He was willing to assert （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，作was willing to assert的宾语
that a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment,
句子主干 "I have
but连接的并列句，表转折
but
（it is） not, I believe, in any higher degree/'
such as引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明a fair share...judgment
such as
—级修饰 every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have,
:要,板注释 '、、本句中，such as用于引导非限定性定语从句，相当于which,其中，主语是every fairly successful
lawyer or doctor,谓语是 must have,such as 代替先行词 a fair share...judgment 作宾语。另外,but...
degree 为省略句，补充完整为 but it （ my fair share of...judgment） is not, I believe, in any higher
degree，其中,1 believe作插入语。
humbly u superior the common run of
❿ He adds that perhaps he was to men in noticing things which easily escape
attention,
and in observing them carefully. ”他又谦逊地说道，或许自己"在注意容易被忽略的事物并对其加以仔
细观察方面优于常人”。
He adds humbly （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 | that引导的宾语从句，作adds的宾语
that
perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men
t and连接并列的介词短语作状语
in things...and in
—级修饰 noticing observing them carefully."
[which引导的定语从句，修饰things
which
二级修饰 easily escape attention,
humbly s*uperior [
:词汇注释 [Mmbli] ad.谦逊地;卑微地 su： piaria（r） ] a.优于....的；优秀的
the common run of... a*ttention [
普通的 a tenjn] n.注意，注意力；兴趣
171• •••第二段•*••
respects
O Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three his mind had changed during
preceding
the twenty or thirty years.在星命中的最后那一年，他在写作中表达了这样一个观点:过去的二三十年
里，他的思想已经在两三个方面发生了变化,
Writing
—级修饰 in the last year of his life.
句子主干 he expressed tfw opinion （主+谓+宾）
|that?|导的同位语从句，解释说明the opinion
that
—级修饰 in two or three respects his mind had changed
介词短语作时间状语i
during
二级修饰 the preceding twenty or thirty years.
r*espect preceding^
:词汇注释: [n spekt] n.方面;着眼点；尊重 [pri siidirj] a.前面的;在前的
❷ Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure.到三十岁或更晚些时，各种类型的
涛歌都会给他带来很大的愉悦感。'
Up to
—级修饰 the age of thirty or beyond it
:介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 poetry of many kinds gave him greaVpleasure.（主+谓+间宾+直宾）
considerable, delight.
❸ Formerly, too, pictures had given him and music very great, 在那之前，绘画也给他带来巨大
的快乐，音乐史令他欣喜不已
（1） Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable,...delight.（主+谓+间宾+直宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and music （had given hm）.ver^rea£（d^hght）,（主+谓+间宾+直宾）
：
c*onsiderable [ d*elight [
':词汇注释 kgn sidarabl] a.相当大的；相当多的 di lait]几快乐；乐趣
endure
❹ In 1881 , however, he said: "Now for many years I cannot to read a line of poetry.然而，到 1881 年，他却说:
“至今lA有很多年我都无法耐心地去读一右诗’
In 1881, however, he said:（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 ' [直接引语作said的宾语
"Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry.
e*ndure
:词汇洼薜'、、 [*dmjua （r）] v.忍耐,忍受;持续，持久
❺I have also almost lost my taste ior pictures or music. ”我也几乎已经失去了对绘画和音乐的兴趣o”
句子主干 I have also almost lost myjtaste （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰my taste
for
—级修饰 pictures or music.”
injurious
❻ Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be to
character.
the intellect, and more probably to the moral 达尔文确信,失去这些爱好不只是缺少了乐趣，而且可能
会有损思维能力，更有可能导致道德品质的下降。
Darwin was convinced （主+谓+宾从）
i that引导的宾语从句，作复合谓语was convinced的宾语
句子主干 that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness,
not only...but连接并列的系表结构|
but
might possibly be injurious
md连接并列的介词短语作状语T
ai
to and to
—级修饰 the intellect, more probably the moral character.
injurious c*haracter [
词汇注释: [in'd3uarias] a.有害的 -kaersktg^）]几.品质；特点；特色
172
