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2009年考研英语（一）真题逐词逐句精讲
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…第一段…
❶ Research on anima] intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are.对动物智力的研究总是让我们
想知道人类究竟有多聪明。
—级修饰 on animal intelligence
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰Research
Research...always makes us wonder （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 how引导的宾语从句,|作wonder的宾语
just how smart humans are.
：词汇洼蒋 intelligence * [ mtelidsans ] n.智力；聪明 w*onder [ 'WAnda（r） J v.想知道；琢磨 n.惊讶；奇迹
❷ Consider the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times.细想一-下卡尔•齐默在《科学时
报》上描述的果蝇实验。
句子主干 Consider业』曳也匕箜（祈使句：谓+宾）
过去分词短语作后置定语j修饰the fruit-fly experiments
—级修饰 described by Carl Zimmer
|介词短语作状语，修饰described
二级修饰 in the Science Times.
词汇注释'、、e*xperiment [ ik spenmant]几实验疝.做实验 d*escribe [ drskraib]仇.描述;叙述
❸ Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly tended to live shorter lives.训练得比普通果蝇聪
明的那些果蝇，寿命往往比较短。
句子主干 Fruit flies... tended to live shorter Jives.（主+谓+宾）
[who引导的定语从句，修饰Fruit flies
_级修饰 who were taught to be smarter
[than...作比较状语
二级修饰 than the average fruit fly
词汇生释'a*verage [ aevands] a.普通的n.平均数 t*end [tend] vt.往往会;照料vi.趋向
❹ This suggests that dimmer bulbs bum longer, that there is an advantage in not being too bright.这表明比较暗淡的灯
泡（比较笨的脑袋）使用时间更长，不那么明亮（不那么聪明）也是一种优势。
1This suggests （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作suggests的宾语
句子主干 that dimmer bulbs bum longer,
I并列的宾语从句
that there is an advantage
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰an advantage
一级修饰 in not being too bright,
；商元洼释；dim [dim] a.（光线）昏暗的，暗淡的m变暗淡 b*[bulb Alb] 〃.灯泡
••••第二段.…
O Intelligence, it turns out, is a high-priced option.原来，智力是代价高昂的选择。
句子主干 Intelligence,...is aJii^i^gricedjDption.（主+系+表）
___________ :插入语
—级修饰 it turns out,
:词汇洼暮 turn out证明是；出席;熄灭 o*ption [ op/n] n.选择;选项
❷ It takes more upkeep, bums more fuel and is slow off the starting line because it depends on learning—a gradual
process-instead of instinct.它需要更多的维护，消耗更多的燃料，而且因为它依靠的是学习---个循序渐进
的过程一而非天分,所以起步慢。
It takes morejigkeep,（主+谓+宾）
I
并列的谓宾
句子主干 bums more fuel
and连接的并列谓语
and is slow
[介词短语作状语，修饰is slow
off the starting line
一级修饰 because弓I导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because it depends on learning
插入语,:补充说明learning
——a gradual process—
二级修饰 介词短语作状语
instead of instinct.
:词汇注释 upkeep [ Apkiip] n.维护；维修；保养 starting line 起跑线
process * [ prauses] n.过程 vt.加工；处理 i*nstinct [ instigkt] n.天分;本能；直觉
❸ Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to stop,许多其他的
物种也有学习能力，但它们显然已经学会的事情之一就是知道何时停止学习。
（1） Plenty of other species are able to learn,（主+谓）
I
句子主干 and连接的并列句 "
（2） and one of the things...is whenj^stop.（主+系+表）
?省略关系词（that）的定语从句，修饰the things
—级修饰 they've apparently learned
2:词汇注释 s*pecies [ spiijizz] n.物种 apparently [ a paerantli] 显然；似乎
• •••第三段•••«
❶Is there an adaptive value to limited intelligence^有限的智力是否具有适应性价值呢？
句子主干 Is there an adaptive value （ There be句型的一般疑问句：Is + there +主）
I介词短语作后置定语, 修饰an adaptive value
-级修饰 to limited intelligence?
'、、词汇注释 adaptive [s-daeptiv] Q.有适应性的;有适应能力的 l*imited [ limitid] a.有限的;（公司）有限责任的
❷That's the question behind this new research.这正是这项新研究试图解答的问题°
句子主干 That's tiiejquestion （主+系+表）
I介词短语作后置定语，修Wthe question
—级修饰 behind this new research.
:词汇注释 behind[ brhamd] prep. /ad.在 的后面
❸ Instead of casting a wistful glance backward at all the species we've left in the dust I. Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what
the real costs of our own intelligence might be.该研究不是要惆怅地回望所有在智力方面被我们远远甩在身后的
物种,而是含蓄地提出一个问题:我们所拥有的智力的真正代价会是什么？
二级修饰 we've left in the dust I. Q.-wise,
省略关系词（that）的定语从句，修饰species
—级修饰 Instead of casting a wistful glance backward at all the species
:介同短语作句子主干的状语
it implicitly asks （主+谓+宾从）
句手主干 [what引导的宾语从句，作asks的宾语
what the real costs of our own intelligence might be.
■词汇注释'cast a glance瞥一眼;匆匆一看 wistful [-wistfl] a.惆怅的，伤感的
leave sb./sth. in the dust 远远抛在后面；远远超过 implicitly [ im plisitli] ad.含蓄地
❹This is on the mind of every animal we've ever met.这是我们所遇到过的每个动物头脑中的想法。
句子主干 This is onjhemind （主+系+表）
:介词短语作后置定语，修饰the mind
—级修饰 of every animal
[省略关系词（that）的定语从句，修饰every animal
二级修饰 we,ve ever met.
*...第四段
❶ Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would perform on humans if they had
the chance.对动物智力的研究也使我们想弄明白：如果动物有机会的话，它们会对人类做什么样的实验。
3—级修饰 on animal intelligence
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰Research
Research...also makes us wonder （主+谓+宾+宾补）
旬子主干 J what引导的宾语从句，作wonder的宾语
what experiments animals would perfonn on humans
[ if引导的条件状语从句
一级修饰 if they had the chance.
:词汇注释:p*erform [pa fo：m] m做;履行n表演 c*hance [tJainsj n.机会;可能性;偶然
❷ Every cat with an owner, for instance, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning.例如，每只有主人的
猫都在进行一项有关操作性条件反射的小型研究。
—级修饰 with an owner,
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Every cat
句子主干 Every cat...is running ajmalLscalejtudy （主+谓+宾）
I插入语
tor instance,
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰a small-scale study
in operant conditioning.
:词汇洼释'for instance例如 run1' [mn] vt.进行n.跑步
small-scale [smoil skeil] a.小型的；小规模的 operant conditioning 操作性条件反射
❸ We believe that if animals ran the labs, they would test us to determine the limits of our patience, our faithfulness,
our memory for locations.我们认为如果动物掌管实验室的话，它们会对我们进行测试，以测定我们的忍耐度、忠
诚度以及方位i己忆力的极限
We believe （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作believe的宾语
that...they would test us
if引导的条件状语从句:•
if animals ran the labs,
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作目的状语
to determine the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations.
"词汇连群 determine * [ dit3：mm j m 测定；决定 patience' [ 'peijns] n.忍耐力；耐心
faithfulness [ -feiOflnosl 几忠诚，诚实 l*ocation [ 1对keifn]几地点；位置
❹ They would tiy to decide what intelligence in humans is really for, not merely how much of it there is.它们会试图判
定人类智力的实际用途，而不仅仅是人类智力的高低。
They would try to^decide （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 what引导的宾语从句，作decide的宾语
what intelligence in humans is really for,
:补充说明城吾从句
—级修饰 not merely how much of it there is.
:词汇洼释 d*ecide [di said]仇判定;决定；裁决 m*erely [・miM] ad.仅仅，只不过
4❺ Above all, they would hope to study a fundamental question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?
最重要的是,它们希望研究一个根本的问题:人类是否真正了解自己生存的世界？
句子主干 Above all, they would hope坦竺虫且辿成成史义业5蛆四：（主+谓+宾）
解释说明question ?
一级修饰 ” Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?
[词汇洼释 fundamental * [ （f Anda • mentl ] q.根本的；基础的 a*ware [a-wea（r） ] a.知道的;发觉到的；明白的
❻So far the results are inconclusive.对此，迄今为止仍无定论。
句子主干 So far the results are inconclusive.（主+系+表）
:词元洼暮 SO far迄今为止，到目前为止 inconclusive [ jnkon kluisiv] a.无定论的;不确定的
Reading Comprehensi^^
Part A
Text 1
»•••第—段...♦
❶Habits are a funny thing.习惯是个有趣的东西。
句子主干 Habits are aftmny_thir^.（主+系+表）
We reach for them mindlessly, setting our Brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar
routine.我们机械地按其行事:令大脑处于习惯性的状态，放松地进入由熟悉的常规所带来的无意识的舒适
状态。 ，
句子主干 We reach for them mindlessly,（主+谓+宾）
1现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
setting our brains on auto-pilot
—级修饰 and连接并列的现在分词短语
and relaxing into the unconscious comfort
介词短语作后置定语修饰the unconscious comfort
二级修饰 of familiar routine.
顶汇建： mindlessly [-mamdlosli]应 不动脑子地;盲目地 unconscious [Airkonjos] a.无意识的；昏迷的
f*amiliar [f3 mili9（r）] a.熟悉的;常见到的 r*outine [rurtixn] n.常规;正常顺序a.常规的
❸ uNot choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. 19 世纪时，威
廉•华兹华斯曾说过:“是习惯，而非选择，支配着那些不善于思考的人。”
"Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,"
H 接引语作said的宾语
句子主干
William Wordsworth said （宾+主+谓）
1介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
-级修饰 in the 19th century.
1词汇注释: unreflecting [ tAnn-flektir）] a.缺乏考虑的 h*erd [h3：d] n.人群;兽群 vt.放牧
5❹ In the ever-changing 21 st century, even the word **habitn carries a negative implication.在不断变化的 21 世纪，就
连“习惯”一词都带上了负面含义。
—级修饰 In the ever-changing 21st century,
__________ 丁扁矗i鬲军M干的时间状语
句子主干 even the word "habit” carries ajiegatiy^nnpHcation.（主+谓+宾）
: negative* * [ -negativ] a.负面的;有害的 implication * [ keifn] m 含义;可能的影响
…第二段…
❶ So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.所以，将习惯同创造
力和创新在同一背景下进行讨论似乎是自相矛盾的。
So it seems garadoxical （主+系 +表）
句子主干
—级修饰
二级修饰
商元洼得 paradoxical [ ^aera doksikl] a.自相矛盾的 c*ontext [ kDntekst] n.背景；上下文；环境
creativity [ .kriiei tivsti] n.创造力 innovation *[ .mg veijn] n.创新；新方法
❷ But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even
entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.但大脑研究人员发现，当
我们有意识地培养新习惯时，我们就会创造出相应的（神经）通路，甚至生成全新的脑细胞，这些通路和全新的
脑细胞可以让我们的思维跳跃到新的创新轨道上。
But brain researchers have discovered （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作have discovered的宾语
that...we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells,
* when引导的时间状语从句
when we consciously develop new habits,
—级修饰 that引导的定语从句，修饰parallel paths和new brain cells
that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.
有无生暮：parallel*[ Paer9lel] a.相应的;平行的n.相似 path*[pQ：8] n.路径;小路;路线
train of thought思路;一连串的思想 track*[traek] n.轨道；（人踩出的）小道
• •• • —? ••••
❶ Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures f）t habit ,we can instead direct our own change by
consciously developing new habits.不要将自己看作一成不变地依据习惯行事的生物，相反，我们可以通过有意
识地培养新习惯来引导自己改变。
6—级修饰 Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit,
,介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 坚 can instead direct om^own^change （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 by consciously developir|g new habits.
\ 词汇注释;d*ismiss [dis mis] vt.不予考虑；摒弃；解雇 unchangeable [aittjeindgobl] a.不可改变的
d*irect [da-rekt] vt.引导；监督 a.直接的 d*evelop [di velop] vt.培养;形成 v.发展
❷ In fact, the more new things we try—the more we step outside our comfort zone—the more inherently creative we
become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.事实上，我们尝试的新事物越多，离自己的舒适区越远，我
们就会在工作和个人生活中变得越有内在创造力。
二级修饰 ~~出£ more we step outside our condbrt zone—
,补充说明
-级修饰 the more new things we try
j
比较状语从句，作句子主干的比较状语
句子主干 In fact,...the more inherently creative we become,(表+主+系)
1
both...and连接并列的介词短语 作状语
—级修饰 both in the workplace and in our personal lives.
本句使用了“the +比较级……,the +比较级……”结构，表示一方的程度随另一方的变化而变化。
:词汇注释：zone * [ zaon ] n.区域；地区 inherently [ m hisrantli] ad.内在地；固有地
*•••第四段••••
❶ But don't bother trying to kill off old habits ； once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they're there to stay.
但不要费力试图戒除旧习惯;一旦这些习惯性步骤的“辙痕”被印入脑海，便会根深蒂固。
(1) But don't bother 归迦(祈使句：谓+宾)
句子主干 ｛并列句
(2) they,re there to stay.(主+系 +表)
[ once引导的条件状语从句，作(2)句的条件状语
—级修饰 once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain,
顶无注电 bother^： bod9(r) ] 〃.费力;操心;麻烦;打扰 kill off消灭;消磨;彻底破坏
o*[nce wads] conj. 一旦; ....就 ad. 一次；曾经 rut [mt] n.车辙;惯例
❷ Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.
相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会生成相似的(神经)通路，它们能绕开那些原来的道路。
一级修饰 we deliberately press into ourselves
省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰the new habits
句子主干 Instead, the new habits...create garalleljiathways （主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句,[修饰parallel
pathways
一级修饰 that can bypass those old roads.
7词汇注释:deliberately [ di libgratli] tw/.刻意；慎重地 press...into...把....压入;将....塞进
pathway [-pa:0wei] n.通路;路径；行动路线 bypass * [ baipazs] vt.绕过 n.旁路
•••第五段•••
O "The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind.
《开放的思维》一书的作者道娜•马尔科娃说:“创新的首要条件是要有强烈的好奇心。
"The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,”
]直接弓I语作says的宾语
句子主干
says Dawna Markova,(倒装句：宾+谓+主)
I Dawna Markova 的同位语
一级修饰 author of The Open Mind.
:词汇洼暮 fascination [ Jaesi-neiJn]几.强烈的爱好;魅力 w*onder [ WAndg(r)]几疑惑;惊讶
❷"But we are taught instead to 4 decide, just as our president calls himself * the Decider.' ”但是，我们却被教导去
'做决策’，正如我们的总统称自己是’决策者’一样。”
一级修饰 to * decide/
I动词不定式作we的补足语
句子主干 "But we are taught instead （主+谓）
[ as引导的方式状语从句，作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 just as our president calls himself4the Decider.'"
:要出洼蒋:注意，本句与❶句中的直接引语共同作❶句中says的宾语。句子主干中，副词instead作状语。
雨无注卷.p*resident [ prezidant]几总统；主席；总经理 decider [drsaida（r）]几.决策者;决赛
❸ She adds, however, that **to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.然而，她补充道：“做决策就是只留下…种
可能性而将其他可能性全部扼杀。
She adds, however,（主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作adds的宾语
that ＜（to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.
「词无注得：a*[&ddd]m 补充说，继续说;添加 all...but...除......外全部；几乎,差不多
❹ A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities. ” 而一个优秀的、有创新思维的思考者
总是在探索许多其他的可能性°”
句子主干 A good innovational thinker is always exploring 坦g jgggyjgj姬匚理夷虫j些迪."（主+谓+宾）
:innovational [皿对vegnjl] q.有创新精神的；革新的 e*xplore [ik-spbi（r）] v.探索;考察;探讨
•••第六段•*••
❶ All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says.她说，我们都在以自己没有意识到的
方式解决问题。
8一级修饰 she says.
]插入语
句子主干 All of us work through groblems （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 in ways „
[which引导的定语从句，修饰ways
二级修饰 of which we're unaware,
闻汇荏管；work through解决；(聚精会神地)完成 unaware [lAnjweo(r)] a.未意识到的;未察觉到的
❷ Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four
primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally （or collaboratively） and innovatively, 20 世纪 60 年代末
的研究人员发现,人类天生具备用四种基本方法来应对挑战的能力，这四种方法是:分析法、流程法、关联（合
作）法和创新法。
一级修饰 in the late 1960s
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰Researchers
Researchers.. .discovered （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干
一级修饰
二级修饰
三级修饰 analytically, procedurally, relationally （or collaboratively） and innovatively.
词汇注释be born with…生而具有.... c*apacity [ka-paes9ti] n.能力；容量
a*pproach [a-prautj] vt.处理 v. /n.接近 primary * [ praimsri] a.基本的；主要的;最初的
analytically [ .aena litikli] ad.分析地 procedurally [prysi^o玲li] ad.程序上地
relationally [ n leijonali]淑.有关地 collaboratively [ ka-laebarativli]配.合作地，协作地
❸ At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of
thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.然而，在青春期结束时，大脑关闭了其
中一半的能力，只留下在生命最初大约十年中似乎最有价值的思维方式。
—级修饰
句子主干 the brain shuts down halfjof thatjcapacity,（主+谓+宾）
I
现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
一级修饰 preserving only those modes of thought
that引导的定语从句，修饰modes of thought
二级修饰 that have seemed most valuable
介词短语作时间状语
三级修饰 durii^ the first decade or so
9词汇注释 '、、adolescence [ （aeda lesns]几.青春期 shut down关闭；倒闭；停业;停止运转
preserve*[prrz3 ：v] vt.保留;保护几•泡菜 mode*[ maud]几.方式;模式;状态;风格
valuable*[ •vaeljuabl] a.有价值的；贵重的 or so大约；……左右，……上下
•••第七段•*••
❶ The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use
our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.当前对标准化测试的重视就是强调分析法和流程法，这意味着
我们很少有人会本能地运用创新与合作的思维方式。
句子主干 The current emphasis...highlights analysis andj^rocedure,（主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰The current emphasis
on standardized testing
■-级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes
介词短语作后置定语，修饰modes |
二级修饰 of thought.
:要成洼将j现在分词短语meaning...中，that引导的宾语从句作meaning的宾语。
词汇洼释:current*[ kArant] a.当前的;流通的n.潮流 emphasis*[ emfssis] n.重视;重要性;重读
highlight-hailait] vt.强调；突出 n.最好的部分 a*nalysis [ a-naebsis] n.分析；分析结果
❷"This breaks the major rule in the American belief system—that anyone can do anything,M explains M. J. Ryan, author
of the 2006 book This Year 1 Will...and Ms. Markova's business partner, 这打破了美国信仰体系中的重要原则-
每个人都无所不能，”赖安解释说。赖安是2006年出版的《今年我打算……》一书的作者,也是马尔科娃女士的
商业伙伴。
—级修饰 hat anyone can do anything,
■
'解释说明the major rule
**This breaks the major rule in the American belief system
句子主干 ]直接引语作explains的宾语
explains M. J. Ryan,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
[and连接并列的名词短语，作M. J. Ryan的同位语
—级修饰 author of the 2006 book This Year 1 . .and Ms. Markova's business partner.
❸"That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. M这个原则是我们一直以来维系的一个谎言,
它助长了平庸。
一级修饰 that we have perpetuated,
[that引导的定语从句，修饰a lie
（1） “That's ajie （主+系+表）
句子主干 i and连接的并列句
（2） and it fosters commonness,（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释'、、perpetuate [p9 petfueit] vt.使持续;使永久化 foster☆ [ .fDSta（r） ] vt.助长；培养 v.代养
❹ Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence. ” 只有知道自己的长处，并多去实践，才
能造就卓越。”
10Knowing...and doing even more of it creates excellence.,9 (主+谓+宾)
句子主千 what引导的宾语从句，作Knowing的宾语
what you're good at
顶无注程]be good at...擅长……方面;善于 excellence [ eksabns]几.卓越;优秀;杰出
❺This is where developing new habits comes in.这就是培养新习惯的意义所在。
This is...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 :where引导的表语从句
where developing new habits comes in.
:高元洼洛'：come in起作用;参与;变时髦;（信息）传来
Text 2
礴・••第—^段.•—
O It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal （fatherly） wisdom—or at least
confirm that he，s the kid's dad,再睿智的父亲也未必能认出自己的孩子，但现在男性可以提高其为人父的智慧
了一或者说至少可以确认自己是孩子的父亲。
It is...that
[It is...that为强调句型，强调主语a wise father
句子主干 (1) a wise father...knows hisjowi^child,(主+谓+宾)
j but连接的并列句，表转折
(2) but today a man can boost 垣％pg回g业但业(主+谓+宾)
'补充说明(2 )句
—or al least (can) confirm
一级修饰 | that引导的宾语从句,作(can) confirm的宾语
that he's the kid's dad.
]罢,更箕理j注意，（1）句是“It is...that...”结构的谚语，该结构和常规强调句型在语义理解上相反。判断此结
构可从以下几点出发：1.被强调部分被不定冠词修饰，表泛指。2.中心词一般被一个形容词修饰。
3.整体表达一个普遍哲理。如：It is a good workman that never blunders.智者千虑，必有一* 失。
项汇注程]b*oost [bu：st] vt.提高;促进;使兴旺n.激励 paternal [p3 t3：nl] a.父亲的;父系的
fatherly [ faidsli] a.父亲的；慈父般的 confirm^[kan f3：m] vt.确认,证明；巩固
❷ All he needs to do is shell out $30 for a paternity testing kit （PTK） at his local drugstore—and another $120 to get
the results.他所需要做的就是到邻近药店花30美元购买一个亲子关系鉴定工具包（PTK），然后再花120美元
就可得到鉴定结果。
—■级修饰
[省略关系词（that）的定语从句，修饰All
句子主干 All...is shell out $30 （主+系+表）
“ :介词短语作目的状语
for a paternity testing kit （PTK）
j介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
—级修饰 at his local drugstore
补充说明句子主干
―and another $120 to get the results.
11翌点连释」注意，由于句中的定语从句含有实义动词do,故句子主干的表语部分省略了动词不定式符号to。
WiEa释[shell out 支付，付(一大笔钱) paternity [pa，t3：nati] n,父亲身份
k*it [kit] n,成套工具;配套元件 l*ocal [-laukl] a.当地的;地方的;局部的
…第二段…
❶ More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first became available without prescriptions last year,
according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. 根据 Identigene
公司（该公司生产这种非处方工具包）的首席运营官道格•福格提供的数据，自去年亲子关系鉴定工具包无需
处方即可购买以来，该工具包的购买者已超过6万人。
句子主干 More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs （主+谓+宾）
[since引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
since they first became available without prescriptions last year,
一级修饰 插入语，补充说明句子主干
according to Doug Fogg,
I Doug Fogg的同位语
二级修饰 chief operating officer of Identigene,
which引导的非限定性定语从句,j补充说明Identigene
三级修饰 which makes the over-the-counter kits.
;词汇注释' p*urchase [，p3：tj°s] vt./n.购买；采购 p*rescription [ pn sknpjn] n.处方；处方药
c*hief [tJi：f] a.首席的；最高级别的n.首领 over-the-counter不需处方可合法出售的
❷ More than two dozen companies sell DMA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to
more than $2,500.直接向公众出售DNA鉴定服务的公司超过24家，价格从几百美元到2500多美元不等
句子主干 More than two dozen companies sell DNAtests 击 rectly （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语，表对象
to the public,
一级修饰 现在分词短语补充说明DNA tests
ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2,500.
,词汇注释 d*ozen [ dAzn] n.十二个，一打;许多 r*ange [remds] vi.变化 n. 一系列；范围
…第三段…
O Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives
and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption.最受欢迎的DNA检测是亲子和亲属关系鉴定，通过
该鉴定技术,被收养的孩子可以找到有血缘关系的亲属，而家庭可以找到被别人收养的孩子。
一级修饰 Among (the DNA tests)
l
介词短语作状语，表范围
句子主干 the most popular （one is）: pgjggg敏 竺业g,（主+系+表）
which引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明paternity and kinship testing
which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives
一级修饰 and连接并列的非限定性定语从句
and （which） families can use to track down kids put up for adoption.
12:要点连髀」本句是对二段❷句中DNA tests的补充说明。
;i可汇洼群:kinship [ kmjip] n.亲属关系;亲切感 adopted [s doptid] a.被收养的;领养的
track down找到;追踪到;追查到 put up提名... 为候选人;张贴;提高
❷ DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists—and supports businesses that offer to search for a
family's geographic roots. DNA检测最近还受到fE热的家谱学者的追捧，同时也给那些提供找寻家族发源地服
务的企业提供了支持。
—级修饰 among passionate genealogists
介词短语作状语,]表范围
句子主干 DNA testing is also thejatestjrage （主+系+表）
I补充说明句子主干
一级修饰 ―supports businesses
I that引导的定语从句，修饰businesses
二级修饰 that ofierto search for a family s geographic roots.
：词汇任祁'r*[raegieds] n.风靡一时;暴怒vi.发怒 passionate [ -paefanat] a.狂热的;热情的
genealogist [ idsimraelsdsist] n.家谱学者 geographic [ ld3iiatgraefik] a.地理（学）的
・••第四段•••
❶ Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.大部分鉴
定需要用棉签蘸取口中唾液来采集细胞,然后将唾液送到指定公司做鉴定。
and sending it to the company for testing.
句子主干 | and连接并列的动名词短语作宾语
Most tests require coHc^ting cells （主+谓+宾）
t介词短语作collecting cells的方式状语
—级修饰 by swabbing saliva in the mouth
;词汇注释' swab [swob] vt.（用棉签）擦拭n.棉签 saliva [sa laivg] n.唾液
❷ All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.所有鉴定都需要一个可以将DNA样本与之进行比对
的潜在对象。
句子主干 All tests require a^otentia^candidate （主+谓+宾）
whom引导的定语从句,[修饰a potential candidate
一级修饰 with whom to compare DNA.
戛品蒋一 with whom to compare DNA为"介词+ whom to do"的结构。这是定语从句的一种简略形式。还原为
定语从句时，只需加上主语和情态动词，将不定式to do改为不带to的不定式即可。通常省略的主
语在句子中，但有时不定式的逻辑主语为泛指的人们，可以用不定代词one作为还原后的定语从句
的主语。因此,with whom to compare DNA 还原的定语从句为 with whom one can compare DNAO
问汇注群 potential * [ pa tenjl] a.潜在的；可能的 c*andidate [ kaendidgt] n.候选人;求职者;考生
…第五段…
❶But some observers are skeptical.但是，一些观察家持怀疑态度。
句子主干 But some observers are skeptical.（主+系 +表）
13词汇注释;observer [ 3b'Z3：vg(r) j n.观察者；目击者;评论员 skeptical * "skeptikl] a.怀疑的
❷ “There's a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,M says Troy Duster,
a New York University sociologist.纽约大学社会学家特洛伊•达斯特称:"那些声称正在进行血统检测的人们所
吹嘘的精确度其实是虚假的。”
二级修饰 daiming they are doing ancestiy testing,M
现在分词短语作后置定语[修饰people
一级修饰 being hawked by people
现在分词短语作后置定语,!修饰precision
"There's a kind of false predsion
:直接引语作says的宾语
句子主干
says Troy Duster,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
T Troy Duster的同位语
—级修饰 a New York University sociologist.
要点注释:现在分词短语claiming...testing中，省略引导词that的宾语从句作claiming的宾语。
问汇注将:precision * [pn*51311] n.精确；准确；细致 h*awk [ho：k] vt.兜售 n.鹰
ancestry [ *aensestri] 几祖先，祖宗；世系 sociologist [ ^susi nladsist]几社会学家
❸ He notes that each individual has many ancestors—numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. 他指出，每
个人都有很多祖先一仅追溯几百年就有几百个。
He notes （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 ! that引导的宾语从句，作notes的宾语
that each individual has many ancestors
___________ ,补充说明
—级修饰 一~numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back.
■词汇洼睡:n*ote [ nsut ] 指出；特别提到；注意n.笔记 individual * [ jndi vidsosl] n.个人a.单独的
ancestor * [ 'aensesta（r） J n.祖先；原型 n*umber ' nAmba（r） ] vt.数以....计
❹ Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers
line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers..然而，大部分血统检测只考虑单一血统:要么
是从父亲一方继承的Y染色体，要么是只由母亲遗传的线粒体DNA。
句子主干 Yet most ancestry testing only considers asinglejineage,（主+谓+宾）
a single lineage的同位语[
—级修饰 either tiie Y chromosome...or mitochondrial DNA,
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the Y chromosome
inherited through men in a father's line
二级修饰 which引导的非限定性定语从句, 补充说明mitochondrial DNA
which is passed down only from mothers.
词汇注释:lineage [ hniids]几血统;世系；家族 chromosome [ -kraumgsaum]几.染色体
i*nherit [m-hent] vt.经遗传获得;继承(财产) mitochondrial [ imaitau-kondnal] q.线粒体的
❺ This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three
generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.
14这种DNA只能揭示一两位祖先的基因信息，即使是这样，例如，仅仅上溯三代，人们还有另外六位曾祖父母；如
果上溯四代,还有另外十四位高祖父母。
句子主干 This DNA can reveal genetk Information （主+谓+宾）
I介词短语作后置定语，修饰genetic information
—,一 ，“ I |
about only one or two ancestors,
even though弓I导的让步状语从句,作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 even though, for example....people also have six other great-grandparents
<>r连接的并列宾语
or,... 14 other groat-great-grandparents.
___________ 时间状语
just three generations back
二级修饰 时间状语
four generations back.
；词汇洼标:reveal * [n viill vt.揭示;透露;展示 g*enetic [ dja-netik] a.基因的；遗传的
even though 即使，虽然 g*eneration [ ^enjreijn J n. 一代（人）；产生
见…第六段…
O Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is
compared.批评者还认为，商业化基因检测的好坏只取决于用来与样本进行比对的参考数据库。
Critics also argue （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作argue的宾语
that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections
■
which引导的定语从句，修Wthe reference collections |
—级修饰 to which a sample is compared.
词汇注释：critic * [•kntik] n.批评家；挑剔的人 commercial * : kg-m3：J l] a.商业化的n.广告
reference * [-refrons] n./vt.参考几提到 s*ample [ -saimpl j n.样本；节录乐曲
@ Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information
from different research projects. 一些公司使用的数据库并非由系统化收集的数据所组成，而是把不同研究项目
的信息混合在一起。
一级修饰 used by some companies
[过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰Databases
Databases...don't rely on data collected systematically （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 but rather连接的并列谓宾
but rather lump together information
!介同短语作后置定语，修饰information
—级修饰 from different research projects.
:词汇注释:systematically [ isista-maetikli] ad.系统地 lump together 把....混到一块儿；把....归并在一起
❸ This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a person's test results may
differ depending on the company that processes the results.这意味着某个DNA数据库可能拥有大量来白某些地区
的数据，而缺少其他地区的数据。所以，处理数据的公司不同，同一个人得到的检测结果也会不同。
15一级修饰 from some regions and not others,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a lot of data
(l)This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干 | S。连接的并列句，表因果
(2)SO a person's test results may differ (主+谓)
[现在分词短语作(2)句的条件状语
-级修饰 depending on the cmnpany
that引导的定语从句,[修饰the company
二级修饰 that processes the results.
词汇注释'、、r*egion [ .riidssn] n.地区；行政区 d*iffer [ difo(r)] vi.不同；有区别；意见相左
❹ In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer
review or outside evaluation.此外,公司用于判定亲属关系的计算机程序可能申请了专利保护，从而不接受同行
评审或外界评估。
In addition,
一级修饰 j插入语
a company uses to estimate relationships
]省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰the computer programs
the computer programs...may be patented (主+谓)
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓语
and (may) not (be) subject to peer review or outside evaluation.
;要板洼释：and连接的并列谓语中，谓语一 may be patented使用了被动语态;谓语二为省略系动词(may be)的
系表结构。
词汇洼释:e*stimate [ estimeit]次.判断;估价 p*atent [ paetnt] vt.获得专利权n.专利权
subject *['SAbdjekt] a.服从于....的；取决于 peer1 [ pi9(r) ] n.身份相同的人；同辈
r*eview [rrvju:] n.评审；评论vt.复查；回顾 evaluation [ livaelju eifn] n.评估；评价
Text 3
…第一段…
O The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by
economists and politicians alike.经济学家和政治家都普遍误解了贫穷国家的正规教育和经济发展之间的关系。
二级修饰 in poor countries
介词短语作后置定语，修饰formal...growth
—级修饰 between formal education and economic growth
:介词短语作后置定语，修WThfi relationship
句子主干 The relationship...is widely misunderstood (主+谓)
j介词by引出动作的发出者
—级修饰 by economists and politicians alike.
16:网汇注释 f*[ormal f3：ml] a.正规的；正式的 widely [ -waidli] ad.普遍地；很大程度上
m* isunderstand [imiSAnda staend] v.误解，误会 economist [ i konamist ] n.经济学家；经济专家
politician^ [.pola tijn] n.政治家;政客 a*like [ 3.laik] ad.两者都；同样地 a.相像的
❷ Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary Jor the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all
other societies ； however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for
promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.毫无疑问，教育和经济的进步对于贫穷国家以及
其他所有国家的社会、政治和智力发展都是十分必要的；然而，“为了促进贫穷国家经济的快速发展，教育应该
成为最优先考虑的因素之一”这一传统观点却是错误的。
—级修饰 for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies;
[介词短语作（1 ）句的状语
（1） Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary （主+系+表）
句子主干 |并列句
（2） however, conventional view...is wrong.（主+系+表）
| that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the conventional view
—级修饰 that education should be one of the very highest priorities
!介词短语作目的状语
----------------------------------- I
二级修饰 for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries
:词汇洼释 undoubtedly [ An dautidli]以 毫无疑问地;确实地 conventional ； kan venfanl] a.传统的;墨守成规的
p*riority [prarnratij n.优先事项;优先权 p*romote [pro moot] vt.促进；晋升；促销
❸ We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to
improve economic performance would require two or three generations.我们很庆幸它是错误的，因为在这些国家建
立新的教育体系，并让足够多的人接受教育以改善经济状况，将需要两三代人的努力。
We are fortunate （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 : [that引导的宾语从句，作are fortunate的宾语
that it is （wrong）,
| because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because building new educational systems there...would require two or three generations.
一级修饰 | and连接并列的动名词短语
and putting enough people through them
[动词不定式短语作目的状语，修饰并列的动名词短语
二级修饰 to improve economic performance
:妻成洼馨]句子主干中，系表结构are fortunate对视为复合谓语。
:词汇生祢 put sb. through sth.安排某人上（学）；使经受（磨炼） p*erformance [p3 foimsns] n.表现;表演
❹ The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to
achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.—家研究机构的多项研
究成果一致表明，所有国家的工人都可以通过在职培训,从根本上提高生产力，进而从根本上提高生活水平。
17—级修饰 of a research institution
:介词短语作后置定语，修饰The findings
The findings...have consistently shown （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 I that引导的宾语从句，作have...shown的宾语
that workers in all countries can be trained on the job
f动词不定式短语作目的状语
—级修饰 to achieve radically higher productivity and,...radically higher standards of living.
___________ [插入语
二级修饰 as a result,
"词元生寐 i*nstitution [ msti tjuifn]几机构；制度；建立 consistently [ k9n sist9ntli] ad. 一致地；一贯地
t*rain [ trem] v.培训 n.火车；队列 radically [ -raedikli] ad.从根本上；彻底地
p*roductivity [ .prndAk tivgtij n.生产力；生产率 s*tandard [ stasndsd] n.水平；规范 a.标准的
••••第二段••••
O Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in die United States.具有讽刺意味的是，这种观点最先在美国
得到印证。
—级修饰 for this idea
介词短语作后置定语,!修饰the first evidence
句子主干 Ironically, the Hrsf evidence...appeared （主+谓）
[介词短语作地点状语
—级修饰 in the United States.
词汇注释 ironically [ai ronikli ad.具有讽刺意味的是 e*vidence evidans] n.证明；证据；证词
❷ Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U. S. workforce was derided
as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor U. S. economic performance.不久前，美国经济进入萧条
时期，这时日本经济正处在其泡沫经济破裂之前的顶峰时期，有人便嘲笑美国劳动力队伍受教育水平低，并将
其看作是美国经济不景气的主要原因之一。
—级修饰 with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak,
:with独立主格结构作句子主干的伴随状语
---------------- /
句子主干 Not long ago,...the U. S. workforce was derided （主+谓）
T介词短语作the r. S. workforce的补足语
—级修饰 as poorly educated and one of the primary causes
介词短语作后置定语，j修饰the primary causes
二级修饰 of the poor U. S. economic performance.
■词汇注释 recession * [rrsejn] n.经济衰退；后退；撤「可 p*eak [ piik] n.顶峰；山峰vi.达到最高值
workforce [，W3：kfQ：s]几劳动力；全体员工 deride [drraid]讥嘲笑；愚弄;揶揄
❸ Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity.日本从过去到现在一直是全球汽
车装配生产力的领跑者。 “
句子主干 Japan was, and remains, the^lobaljeader （主+系+表）
t介词短语作后置定语，修饰the global leader
—级修饰 in automotive-assembly productivity.
18词汇注释 automotive [ lOita mgotiv ： a.汽车的；机动车辆的 a*ssembly [ s sembliJ 〃.装配；组装；议会
❹ Yet the research revealed that the U. S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the
productivity of their Japanese counterparts一a result of the training that U. S. workers received on the job. 但研究表
明，本田、尼桑和丰田在美国工厂的生产效率约达到了日本工厂的95%,这是美国工人接受在职培训的结果。
Yet the research revealed （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 :that引导的宾语从句，作revealed的宾语
I . . ; 、
that the U. S. factories...achieved about 95 percent of the productivity
:介词of引出the U. S. factories的同位语
of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the productivity ；
一级修饰 of their Japanese counterparts
解释说明
—a result of the training
that引导的定语从句，修饰the training |
二级修饰 that U. S. workers received on the job.
词汇注释 p*ercent [ps sent] 〃.百分之 counterpart * [ 'kauntapait j n.对应的事物
*•••第三段•…
O More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking
Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity
of the building industry's work.更近些时候，研究人员在进行住房建设调查时发现，尽管建筑行业工作复杂，但在
得克萨斯州休斯敦地区的那些不识字且不会说英语的墨西哥工人却始终能达到劳动生产率的最佳实践标准
More recently,
一级修饰 j时间状语
while （the researchers were） examining housing construction,
： j while?|导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
the researchers discovered （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句,:作discovered的宾语
that illiterate...workers...consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards
t介词短语作后置定语，修饰workers
in Houston, Texas,
一级修饰 介词短语作让步状语
despite the complexity of the building industry's work.
词汇注释 construction [ kan strAkfn] n.建设;结构;建造物 illiterate^ [ rlitarat] a.不识字的;外行的n.文盲
d*espite [drspait] prep.尽管；即使;虽然 complexity [kam plekssti] n.复杂性;难懂;难题
••••第四段••••
❶ What is the real relationship between education and economic development?那么，教育和经济发展之间的真正关系
是什么呢?
19句子主干 WJ15! the real relationship （特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+系+主）
!介词短语作后置定语，修饰the real relationship
—级修饰 between education and economic development?
❷ We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments
don't force it,我们不得不猜想，即使政府不强制推行教育，经济的持续发展也会促进教育的发展。
We have to suspect （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 I that引导的宾语从句，作have to suspect的宾语
that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education
T when引导的时间状语从句
—级修饰 even when governments don't force it.
词汇注释 s*uspect [sa-spekt] vt.猜想；怀疑[,SASpekt] n.嫌疑犯 f*orce [f3：s] vt.强制 n.武力
❸ After all, that's how education got started.毕竟教育就是这样开始的。
After all, that's...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 | how引导的表语从句
how education got started.
❹ When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about
anything besides finding food.--万年以前，当我们的祖先还在以狩猎和采集为生时，他们除了寻找食物以外，没
有时间思考别的事情。
—级修饰 When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago,
］ When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 they didn't have time （主+谓+宾）
［动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰time
—级修饰 to wonder much about anything
介词短语作后置定语,［修饰anything
二级修饰 besides finding food.
:词汇洼暮 hunter ［，hAnto（r） j几狩猎者 gatherer ［-gaedaraCr） ］ n.采集者；收集者
❺ Only when humanity began to get ils food in a more productive way was there time for other things.只有当人类开始
用更有效的方法获取食物时，他们才有时间考虑其他事情。
二级修饰 in a more productive way
,介词短语作方式状语
—级修饰 Only when humanity began to get its food
I when引导的时间状语从句，作句王主干的时间状语
__________ /
句子主干 was there time （ There be句型的部分倒装：was + there +主）
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰time
_级修饰 for other things.
20要点注释！ “Only +状语”位于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。部分倒装指将谓语的一部分（系动词、助动词、情
态动词）放到主语前面。
词汇注释 h*umanity [ hjui maenati] n.人类；人性 p*roductive [ prg dAktiv] a.有效益的；生产的
*•第五段
❶ As education improved, humanity's productivity potential increased as well.随着教育的改善，人类的生产潜能也得
到了提高。
—级修饰 As education improved,
[ As引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 humanity's productivity potential increased as well.（主+谓）
❷ When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more
education.当竞争的环境促使我们的祖先发挥出这种潜能时，他们反过来又能负担得起更多教育，
—级修饰 When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential,
； When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 they could in turn afford mor^educat[on.（主+谓+宾）
:词汇洼程:push^tpuj] vt.促使m/几推 a*fford [g fo：d] vt.负担得起;买得起
❸ This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, hut not a sufficient, condition for the complex political
systems required by advanced economic performance.对先进的经济水平所需要的复杂政治制度而言，日益提高的
教育水平可能是必要条件，而非充分条件。
句子主干 This increasingly high level of education is probably ajiecessary..condition （主+系+表）
___________ 插入语[
but not a sufficient,
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰condition I
for the complex political systems
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the complex political systems [
二级修饰 required by advanced economic performance.
:词汇连释 s*ufficient [ sa fijnt] a.充分的；充足的 c*ondition [ kan difn] n.条件;状况
c*omplex [-kompleks] a.复杂的；复合的 advanced * [ad vamst] a.先进的；高级的
❹ Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only
with broader formal education.因此,如果贫穷的国家不能进行政治变革，就不可能跳出贫穷的牢笼，而政治变革
只有通过广泛的正规教育才可能实现。
句子主干 Thus poor countries might not be able to escape thei£poyertyjrags （主+谓+宾）
:介词短语作句子主干的条件状语
_级修饰 without political changes
J that引导的定语从句，修饰political changes
二级修饰 that may be possible
[介词短语作条件状语
三级修饰 only with broader formal education.
JWitaS t*[dhAuss] ad.因此;如此 p*overty [ .povati] n.贫穷；短缺;劣质
21❺ A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially
improve productivity for the foreseeable future.然而，对发展中国家的劳动大军而言，缺乏正规教育并不能限制其
在可预见的未来大幅度提高生产力。
句子主干 A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the^abilitj （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the ability]
of the developing world's workforce
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the ability !
to substantially improve productivity
[介同短语作时间状厝
二级修饰 fbr the foreseeable future.
词汇注释:constrain[ kan strem I vt.限制；强迫 foreseeable [foi si：abl] a.可预见的，可预料的
❻ On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it
is.相反，在这些国家，生产力的提高受到限制是教育不能更快发展的原因。
On the contrary,
一级修饰 !插入语
on improving productivity
j j介同短语作后置定语，修饰constraints
constraints...explain （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 why引导的宾语从句.：作explain的宾语
why education isn't developing more quickly there
"j than引导的比较状语从句
—级修饰 than ii is.
Text 4
•••第一段••••
❶ The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of
seventeenth-century New England.在美洲新大陆的历史上，被研究得最透彻的知识分子是17世纪新英格兰地区
的牧师和政治领袖。
—级修饰 in the history of the New World
介词短语作后置定语，'修饰The most thoroughly studied intellectuals
句子主干 The most thoroughly studied iiUellectua|s.. .are也£现奥蛇些曳迎勺理坝匝旦地
一 t
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the ministers and political leaders |
—级修饰 of seventeenth-century New England.
词元洼薜：thoroughly [，mM] ad.彻底；非常；完全 “ m* inister [-ministsCr） ] n.牧师;部长
❷ According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was、' so much
importance attached to intellectual pursuits. °根据权威的美国哲学史的记载，殖民地时期的美洲地区中，没有
其他哪个地区“如此重视对知识的追求” O
22二级修饰 of American philosophy,
介词短语作后置定语，，修饰the standard history
_ 级修饰 According to the standard history
[插入语，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 was "so much importance attached （倒装句：助动词+主+谓语动词）
:句子主干的地点状语 :
---------------- I
nowhere else in colonial America
一级修饰 介词短语作状语，i表对象
to intellectual p*ursuits?
要点注释：否定副词nowhere位于句首时,其后通常用部分倒装，若谓语为be（一般现在式/一般过去式），则
'用完全倒装。
词汇注释 p*hilosophy ； fa losafi j 几哲学；生活信条 c*olonial [ ka bunial] q.殖民的
attach importance to 重视 pursuit * pa-sju：t j 几 追求；爱好；追捕
❸ According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an
unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.据许多书籍和文献记载,新英格兰地区的领导
人确立了在美国文化生活中逐渐发展并占据主导地位的清教传统的基本主题和关注要点。
—级修饰 According to many books and articles,
1
插入语，补充说明句子主干
--------------- *
句子主干 New England's leaders e. stabli7s hed典丑丝迫现^空迎共迎££业丝也四（主+谓+宾）
t
介词、二短.语、一 作后置定语，修饰the basic themes and preoccupations |
—级修饰 of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition
二级修饰 in American intellectual life.
词汇注释'e*stablish ； i stsebhjj vt.确立;建立;得到认可 b*asic . beisik J a.基本的;必需的
preoccupation [ pr^okjo peifn' n.关注；专注 unfold^f An foold] v.逐渐展现;打开
d*ominant [ dominant ； a.占支配地位的；首要的 Puritan [ pjuantgn]几清教徒；苦行者
• •••第二段....
O To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and
their distinctive ideas about the church—important subjects that we may not neglect.通过这种方法来研究新英格兰
人通常意味着要从清教徒的神学新思想及其对教会的独特看法入手——这些都是不容我们忽视的重要主题。
—级修饰 to the New Englanders
介词短语作状语
句子主干 To take this approach...normally means to^tart （主+谓+宾）
I介词短语作状语
一级修饰 with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas
介词短语作后置定语」修饰their distinctive ideas
about the church
二级修饰 补充说明the...ideas
―important subjects
that引导的定语从句，:修important subjects
三级修饰 that we may not neglect.
23词汇注释 normally [ 'noimali] ad.通常；正常地 theological [ .eiia lodsikl] a.神学的
i*nnovation [ ,ma veijnj 几.新思想 distinctive [ di-stigktiv] a.独特的；有特色的
neglect * [ nrglekt] vt. /n.忽视;疏忽；疏于照顾
❷ But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of
European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances.但是，为了与我们对美国南部地区文化生活的研究保
持一致，我们可以将最初的清教徒视为欧洲文化的承载者，他们正在适应新大陆的环境。
二级修饰 of southern intellectual life,
介词短语作后置定语,l修饰our examination
—级修饰 in keeping with our examination
[介词短语作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 But...we may consider diejonginal^untans as carriers of...culture,（主+谓+宾+宾补）
现在分词短语作后置定语,[修饰carriers of...culture
—级修饰 adjusting to New World circumstances.
词汇洼标 in keeping with与....一致，协调 o*riginal [a ndsanl] a.最初的；独创的
a*djust [a dsASt] v.适应 vt.调节；整理 c*ircumstance [ -saikamstans] n.环境；情况
❸ The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility
and virtuosity.在追求文明礼仪和精湛技艺这些被广泛认可的理想的过程中，新英格兰殖民地发生了许多重大
事件。
句子主干 The New England colonies were th£scenes （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the scenes
of important episodes
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
in the pursuit of widely understood ideals
介词短语作后置定语.[修饰ideals
I
二级修饰 of civility and virtuosity.
、词汇注释 colony^ [ kohni]几殖民地；聚居区；群体 s*cene [si：n]几.发生地点；场景；景色
episode * [，episoud] n.事件；一集；一段经历 ideal' [aidiial] n.理想；典范 a.理想的
civility [sa vilsti]儿礼仪；礼貌 virtuosity [ ^aztju osati]几精湛技艺，高超技巧
第三段••―
f
O The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England.马萨诸塞湾
的早期移民包括在英格兰受过良好教育并颇具影响力的人。
—级修饰 of Massachusetts Bay
，介词短语作后置定语，修饰The early settlers
句子主干 The early settlers...included men （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰men [ "
—级修饰 诚 impressive education and influence in England.
:词汇注释 settler [ •setb（r）] 〃.移民；殖民者 i*mpressive [ im presiv] a. 了不起的；令人敬佩的
24❷ Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were
political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to
Boston. 1629年之后的十年间，大约有90名知识渊博的牧师来到马萨诸塞教会，除此以外，还有像约翰-温思
罗普这样的政治领袖，他是一位受过良好教育的绅士、律师，在来波士顿之前曾担任王室官员。
三级修饰 in the decacfe after 1629,
［介词短语作时间状语
二级修饰 who came to Massachusetts churches
who引导的定语从句,］修饰learned ministers
_级修饰 Besides the ninety or so learned ministers
［介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 there were political leaders （There be句型：there + were +主）
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰political leaders
_级修饰 like John Winthrop,
| John Winthrop的同位语
二级修饰 an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown
T before引导的时间状语从句
三级修饰 before he journeyed to Boston.
:词汇注释 1 d*ecade ［ dekeid］儿十年 j*ourney ］也3前］vi. /n.旅行
❸ These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New
England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness,这些牧师和政治领袖编写了大量的著作并出版,读者遍及新、
旧大陆，为新英格兰营造了一种热切求知的氛围。
句子主干 These men wrote and published extensively,（主+谓）
［现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语
reaching both New World and Old World audiences,
一级修饰 | and连接并列的现在分词短语
, | .... ,
and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.
［词汇洼努 extensively ［ ik-stensivli］ ad.大量地;广泛地 a*udience ［ oidisns］几读者；观众
a*tmosphere ［ -aetmosfiMr） ］ n.氛围；大气 earnestness ［ -azmstnas］ n.认真
…第四段…
❶ We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated.然而，我们不应该忘记，大部分新
英格兰人未受过良好教育。
We should not forget, however,（主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 f that引导的宾语从句，作should not forget宾语
that most New Englanders were less well educated.
❷ While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is
obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.尽管很少有工匠或农夫（更不用说侍从和佣人了）给我们
留下可供分析的文学作品，但这些人的观点明显不具有多少理智O
25to be analyzed,
二级修饰 动词不定式短语作后置定语, 修饰literary compositions
let alone dependents and servants,
补充说明
一级修饰 While few craftsmen or farmers,...left literary compositions
I While引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
k is obvious （主+系 +表）
句子主干 j it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that their views were less fully intellectualized.
词汇注释craftsman ['kraiftsman]几工匠；手艺人 let alone更不用说
d*ependent [di pendant] n.侍从；靠他人生活者 l*iterary [ litgrarij a.文学的；爱好文学的
c*omposition [ ikompa zijn] n.作品；成分;作曲 analyze，[ -analaiz] vt.分析；细察
obvious *[ obvigs] a.明显的；公认的 intellectualize [ iintd-lektjudlaiz]以.使理智化
❸ Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality.他们的思想经常带有传统的迷信色彩。
句子主干 Their thinking often had gjjg典^£凹技业芟也也些迪回112（主+谓+宾）
词汇洼释'superstitious [ （su:pa'stijasj a.迷信的；非理性的 q*uality [ -kwolati] n.特征；质量a.优质的
❹ A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is
filled with signs. 一位叫约翰-丹奈的裁缝，在17世纪30年代末移民了，他记录了离开英格兰的原因，内容充
满了各种神迹。
who emigrated in the late 1630s,
一级修饰 who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明A tailor
named John Dane,
j ，过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰A tailor
句子主干 a tailor...left anaccount （主+谓+宾）
t介词短语作后置定语，修饰an account
—
of his reasons for leaving England
—级修饰 that引导的定语从句，修饰an account
that is filled with signs.
:词汇注释:tailor1* [ -teila（r）]々.裁缝况.专门定制；订做 e*migrate [ •emigreit]应移民；移居国外
a*ccount [9 kaont] n.记述；账户m认为是 s*ign [sain]几迹象;征兆;标牌;符号
❺ Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope—all came together in a decisive moment when he opened
the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: " Come out from
among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people."他打开《圣经》，告诉父
亲,他看到的第一行字将决定他的命运，于是他读到了这些神奇的字眼:“从他们中走出来,不要沾染不洁之物,
我愿成为你的上帝，你将是我的子民”，在这个关键性时刻,性困惑、经济挫败和宗教希望同时涌上心头。
26—级修饰 Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope—
] and连接并列的名词短语，作all的同位语
句子主干 all came together （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 in a decisive moment ”
I when引导的定语从句，修饰a decisive moment
when he opened the Bible, told his father...and read the magical words：
二级修饰 that引导的宾语从句[作told的直接宾语 “
that the first line he saw would settle his fate,
解释说明the magical words |
三级修饰 "Come out..., touch no unclean thing, and I will l）e your God and you shall be my people."
:词汇连暮:c*]onfusion k对fjyn] n.困惑；混乱 frustration [ frA-streiJn] n.挫败;沮丧
d*ecisive [drsaisiv] a.关键的；果断的 s*[ettle -setll m 决定;解决;定居
❻ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in Puritan churches.人们不
禁会想，当丹奈在清教徒教堂里听到那些精心解释《圣经》的布道时会做何感想。
One wonders （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 :what引导的宾语从句，作wonders的宾语
what Dane thought oi the careful sermons
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰the careful sermons j
explaining t*he Bible
—级修饰 that引导的定语从句，修饰the careful sermons !
that he heard in Puritan churches.
:词汇注释：sermon [ -sazman] n.布道；冗长的说教 the Bible《圣经》
….第五段.…
O Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting
folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion.与此同时，许多移民并没有丹
奈那么虔诚的宗教信仰，正如一名牧师在遇到沿海居民时所了解到的那样,他们嘲弄地说自己不是因为宗教才
来新大陆的。
句子主干 Meanwhile, many settlers had （主+谓+宾）
一级修饰
二级修饰
词j slight*[slait] a.轻微的;瘦弱的;不足道的 commitment [ka-mitmant] n.信奉；承诺；奉献
clergyman [ ■khidsiman] n.牧师；神职人员 confront *[ kan frAnt ] vt.面对；处理
f*[folk 3Uk] n.普通百姓;人们民俗的 mock^fmok] v.嘲弄；蔑视a.虚假的
27❷"Our main end was to catch fish." “我们主要是来捕鱼的。"
句子主干 “Our main end was给gg如坦迪（主+系+表）
释「e*nd [end] n.目的;结尾。.结束，终止
Part B
•••第一段•••
❶ Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in
the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution.
英国博物学家查尔斯•达尔文于19世纪60年代提出了具有开创性的生物进化论，与此同时，英国社会哲学家
赫伯特•斯宾塞也提出了自己的生物和文化进化理论。
proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s,
二级修饰 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰theory
of biological evolution
介词短语作后置定语，修饰theory]]
_级修饰 Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory
j
现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
句子主干 British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward hisjDwnjttieory （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，，修饰his own theory
—级修饰 of biological and cultural evolution.
词汇注将:c*oincide [ （kaum said] vi.同时发生；相符 groundbreaking [ -graundbreikig] a.开创性的
e*volution [ Jivo luifn]几.进化；演变 p*ropose [prg pauz] vt.提出；提议 v.求婚
naturalist [ -nset/ralist] n.博物学家 put forward提出（计划、建议）；推荐
❷ Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward
perfection.斯宾塞认为世间一切现象，包括人类社会在内，都随时间而变化，并逐步趋向完善。
Spencer argued （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作argued的宾语
that all worldly phenomena,...changed over time,
' f
插入语，补充说明all worldly phenomena
including human societies,
—级修饰 现在分词短语作伴随状语
advancing toward perfection.
词汇注释'、、worldly [ w3：ldli] a.世间的；世俗的；世故的 perfection [pg-fek/n]几.完善；完美
❸ He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the " survival of the fittest," in which
weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.他认为人类进
化的特征在于他称作“适者生存”的竞争,在这种竞争中，较弱的种族和社会最终一定会被更强大、更先进的种
族和社会所取代。
28He argued (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干 :that引导的宾语从句，作argued的宾语
that human evolution was characterized by a struggle
省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰a struggle
he called the ^survival of the fittest,M
一级修饰 介词in+which引导的非限定性定语从句, 补充说明a struggle
in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced
介词by引出动作的发出者］
二级修饰 by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
词汇注释 c*haracterize [ kaeraktaraiz] vt.以....为特征 s*truggle [ -strAgl] n. /v.竞争；努力
s*urvival [ss vaivl] 生存;幸存 e*ventually [ rventjugli] ad.最终;终于
…第二段…
❶ American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s.美国社
会科学家路易斯•亨利・摩尔根在19世纪末提出了另一种文化进化理论。
—级修饰 American social scientist
| Lewis Henry Morgan的同位语
句子主干 Lewis Henry Morgan introduced anothertheory （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰another theory
of cultural evolution
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
in the late 1800s.
❷ Morgan helped found modem anthropology—the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs—thus
becoming one of the earliest anthropologists.摩尔根协助创立f现代人类学-对人类社会、风俗和信仰的科学研
究——因而成为最早的人类学家之…。
句子主干 Morgan helped 贼归£!虫 3 西竺也理 ESl 哦 （主+谓+宾）
、一
A 4 ^
! modem anthropology 的同位语
—he scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs—
一级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语
thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists.
司无洼蒋 f*ound [ faond] m创立；创办 anthropology 雨d^]几人类学
s*cientific [ .saian tifik] a.科学的；细致严谨的 c*ustom [ ^AStam] n.风俗；习惯
❸ In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.在摩尔根
的著作中，他试图说明文化的各个方面是如何随着社会的进化而共同发生变化的。
—级修饰 I*1 his work,
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
he attempted to show （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 j how引导的宾语从句，作show的宾语
how all aspects of culture changed together
[介词短语作状语
—级修饰 in the evolution of societies.
词汇注释 a*ttempt [3 tempt] vt. /n.试图，尝试 a*spect ［ -aespekt ］几方面；夕卜表;方向
29❹ Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of
kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as
societies evolved,因此，在他看来，文化的各个方面，比如家庭结构、婚姻形式、亲属关系类别、财产所有权、政府
形式、技术以及食品生产体系，都会随着社会的进化而改变。
—级修饰 in his view,
1介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 Thus,...diverse aspects of culture,...all changed （主+谓）
such as...举例说明diverse aspects of culture
such as the structure of families, forms of marriage...and systems of food production,
■-级修饰 as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
as societies evolved.
词汇注释: d*iverse [darvais] a.各种各样的；不同的 s*tructure [ •strAktJa（r） ] n.结构；建筑物
category * [ -kaetaggri] n.类别，种类 o*wnership [ aonajip] n.所有权；物主身份
p*roperty "pmpoti]几财产；房地产 technology * [ tek-nnl^i] n.技术；工艺
费. ..第三段 . . •娜
O In the early 1900s in North America, German-bom American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of
culture known as historical particularism.德裔美籍人类学家弗朗茨•博厄斯于20世纪初在北美提出了一种被
称为“历史特殊论”的新文化理论。
In the early 1900s in North America,
一级修饰 介同短语均作句子主干的状语
German-bom American anthropologist
j | Franz Boas的同位语
句子主干 Franz Boas developed ajiewtheoi^ （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a new theory]：
of culture
一级修饰 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a new theory
known as historical particularism.
[问汇注将 h*istorical [hi stonkl] a.历史的 particularism [ pa'tikjalanzam] 〃.特殊主义
❷ Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 历史特
殊论强调所有文化的独特性,为人类学指明了新方向。
—级修饰 which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures,
]which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Historical particularism
句子主干 Historical particularism, ...gave ngwdirection （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语，[表对象
—级修饰 to anthropology.
:词汇注释■ uniqueness [ ju-niiknas]几独特性 “ d*irection [ da rek/n]儿方向；趋势
❸ Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society
to society.其他人类学家认为文化创新，比如发明，只有一个起源，从一个社会传播到另一个社会。
30Other anthropojogists believed （主+谓+宾从）
| that引导的宾语从句，作believed的宾语
. I
句子主干 that cultural innovations,...had a single origin
j and连接的并列谓语
und passed
:介同短语作状语
from society to society.
一级修饰 such as...举例说明cultural innovations
such as inventions,
:词汇注释: innovation * [ jna-veijn] n.创新；创造 invention * [ in venfn] n.发明；创意
❹This theory was known as diffusionism.这一理论被称为文化传播论。
句子主干 This theory was known （主+谓）
1
介词短语作This theory的补足语
-级修饰 as diffusionism.
词汇注释: diffusionism [ drfjuijanizam' 〃.传播论
…•第四段
。Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many
cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.博厄斯认为任何社会的文化都必须被理解为
某一独特历史的产物，而不是属于某一更加广义的进化阶段或文化类型的许多文化之一。
句子主干 Boas felt that the^cu|tureof 丝“兰如史全以（主+谓+宾从）
and连接的并列介词短语作the culture of any society的补足语
一级修饰 as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures
现在分词短语作后置定语,，修饰many cultures
二级修饰 belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.
词汇注释b*elong [bring] vi.属于；应在（某处） evolutionary [jzvg-luifanri] a.进化的；演变的
❷ In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages,
and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.为了尽可能全面地研究特定的文化，博厄
斯熟练掌握了语言学以及体质人类学。前者研究语言，后者研究人体生理特征和解剖构造C
—级修饰 In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible,
i介词短语作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 he became skilled （主+系 +表）
! and连接的并列介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 in linguistics,...and in physical anthropology,
? linguistics的同位语
the study of languages,
二级修饰 physical anthropology 的同位语
the study of human biology and anatomy.
1词汇注释' linguistics [ hg-gwistiks] n.语言学 p*hysical [ -fizikl] a.身体的；物质的
biology * [barobdji]儿生理 anatomy [ s-nsetami] n.解剖
31・••第五段・・•
❶ Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through
the influence of many students of Boas.历史特殊论成为美国人类学文化研究的主导方法，这在很大程度上是由于
博厄斯众多学生的影响。
句子主干 Historical particularism became a^ominant^agproach （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语修饰a dominant approach
to the study of culture
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
largely through the influence of many students of Boas.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰culture
二级修饰 in American anthropology,
❷ But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of
diffusionism.但20世纪初也有许多人类学家反对文化特殊论而支持文化传播论。
句子主干 But a number of anthropologists, .also rejected flie^rticularistjheorj （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a number of anthropologists
in the early 1900s
介词短语作后置定语, 修饰the particularist theory
一级修饰 of culture
i介词短语作句子主干的状语
in favor of diffusionism.
:词汇注释r*eject [n d3ekt] vt.拒绝接受；排斥 in favor of支持，赞同
❸ Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that,
according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.有些人类学家认为，几乎所有重要的文化成果都归因于几
个民族的发明，尤其是具备天赋的民族。根据文化传播论者的看法，这些发明后来被传播到其他文化当中。
句子主干
介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象
—级修饰 to the inventions
T介词短语作后置定语，修饰the inventions
of a few, especially gifted peoples
二级修饰 I that引导的定语从句，修饰the inventions
that,...then spread to other cultures.
:插入语
三级修饰 according to diffusionists,
要点迁狰一：二级修饰中,especially gifted peoples补充说明a fewo
:词汇洼释:a*ttribute [3'tnbju：tJ vt.把....归因于；认为....出自 s*pread [spred] v.传播；扩散
❹ For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of
inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused
throughout the world.例如，英国人类学家格拉夫顿•埃利奥特•史密斯和威廉•詹姆斯•佩里在信息不足的
基础上错误地提出：农耕、制陶和冶金均起源于古埃及，之后传播到世界各地。
32For example,
一级修饰 !插入语
on the basis of inadequate information,
: [介词短语作句子主干的状语
British...Grafton Elliot Smi|h and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested,（主+谓+宾从）
j
that引导的宾语从句，作suggested的宾语
句子主干 that farming, pottery making, and metailui^y all originated in ancient Egypt
| and连接的并列谓语
and diffused throughout the world.
■词汇注暮；inadequate [m-aedikwat] a.不足的；不胜任的 pottery [ potsri] n.陶器；陶艺
metallurgy ma taebdsi] n.冶金学 o*riginate [ yridameit] vi.起源；发端于 vt.创立
❺ In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world. 事实上，
所有这些文化发展都是在世界多个地方于不同时期分别出现的。
句子主干 In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately （主+谓）
T
?介词短语作句子主十的时间状语
at different times
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主十的地点状语!
in many parts of the world.
« 词汇洼释'o*ccur [9-k3：（r）] vi.出现；发生 separately [ -sepratli] ad.分别地;单独地
"•••第六段•••
❶ Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence
anthropology.同样，在20世纪初期,法国社会学家埃米尔•杜尔凯姆详细阐述了一种会对人类学产生极大影响
的文化理论。
—级修饰 Also in the early 1900s.
___________ ]介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 Emile Durkheim developed义些四昧也业财（主+谓+宾）
t Emile Durkheim的同位语
---------------- I
French sociologist
一级修饰 that引导的定语从句,j修饰a theory of culture
that would greatly influence anthropology.
❷ Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity.杜尔凯姆认为宗教信仰能够加强
社会团结。
Durkheim proposed （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 :that引导的宾语从句，作proposed的宾语
that religious beliefs functioned
1
动词不定式短语作目的状语
—级修饰 to reinforce social solidarity.
词汇注释 f*unction [-fAgk/n] vi.起作用；正常工作几作用 r*einforce [ （riiin fo：s] m加强；巩固
33❸ An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European, and especially
British, anthropology.关注社会功能和文化之间的关系成为欧洲，尤其是英国人类学研究的一个重要主题。
二级修饰 between the function of society and culture
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the relationship
一级修饰 in the relationship
，介词短语作后置定语，修饰An interest
句子主干 An interest...became ajnajo^theiiie （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰a major theme
_____ i
—级修饰 in European, and especially British, anthropology.
Part C
•••第一段•••
❶ There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate
educating of the young.在和别人的相处中获得的教育与对青年人的刻意教育是明显不同的c‘
句子主干 There is a marked difference （ There be句型：There + is +主）
T介词短语作后置定语，修饰a marked difference
—级修饰 between the education...and the deliberate educating
which引导的定语从句,i修饰the education
which every one gets from living with others
二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语」修饰the deliberate educating
of the young.
词汇注释 marked [ maikt] a.明显的；处境危险的 deliberate * [ drhbarat ： a.有意的；沉着的
❷ In the former case the education is incidental ； it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the
association.就前者而言,教育是附带产生的;虽然这种教育既自然又很重要,但它并不是人际交往的特定目的。
—级修饰 In the former case
J 1
介词短语作（ ）句的状语
（l）the education is incidental;（主+系+表）
!并列句
（2） is
句子主干 世 四里回史辿（主+系+表）
j but连接的并列句，表转折
（3）but it is not ttie^xgressjreason （主+系+表）
，1
介词短语作后置定语 修饰the express reason
—级修饰 of the association.
:词汇洼蒋 incidental [.msi dentl] a.附带发生的；次要的 “ a*ssociation [aisaujreifn]几交往；协会
❸ It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience,
but this effect is not a part of its original motive.虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准都是其在丰
富和完善人生经验方面所起的作用，但这种作用并非其最初动机的组成部分。
34一级修饰 in enlarging and improving experience,
介词短语作后置定语■修饰its effect
that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect
:It为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
句子主干 ⑴共 may be said （主+谓）“
:but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but this effect is not a^jpart （主+系+表）
t介词短语作后置定语，修饰a part
—级修饰 of its original motive.
词汇注释:e*nlarge [*lain:d3 ； vt.扩充，扩大 m* otive ； -mautiv；几动机，目的
❹ Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil
influences； family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity； systematic labor, for the most
part, because of enslavement to others, etc.例如，建立宗教组织最初是为了获取神明庇佑和辟邪除恶；组建家庭
则是为了满足欲望和确保家族长存;系统性劳作在很大程度上是因为被他人奴役等等'
二级修饰 to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences;
]and连接并列的动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the desire
—级修饰 in the desire
:介词短语作（1）句的状语
（l）Religious associations began, for example,（主+谓）
i并列句
I
句子主干 （2）family life （began） in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity;（主+谓）
!并列句
（3）systematic labor （began）,（主+谓）
[插入语 ：介词短语作（3 ）句的原因状语
—级修饰 for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc.
词汇注样:secure * [srkjoa(r) ] vt.获得;拴牢a.安全的 overrule [ ^ova ruil] vt.统治，支配；否决
…ward off避免，防止，阻挡(危险等) gratify [ *graetifai] 〃.满足；使高兴
a*ppetite [ zepitait] n.欲望；食欲 perpetuity [ ipazpa-tjuiati]几永久，永远
s*ystematic [ isists-maetik] a.系统的；有条理的 enslavement [ m-sleivmant]几奴役
❺ Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as
a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.人们只是渐渐地才注意到这种机构附带产生的作用，而把这种
作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的这一过程则更为缓慢。
一级修饰 of the institution
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the by-product
（l）Only gradually was the by-product...noted,（倒装句：助动词+主+谓语动词）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
⑵and only more gradually still was this effect considered （倒装句：助动词+主+谓语动词）
，介词短语作this effect的补足语
一级修饰 as a directive factor
介词短语作后置定语，，修饰a directive factor
二级修饰 in the conduct of the institution.
35词汇注释 by-product [-baiiprodAkt] n.副作用；副产品 c*onsider [ kan-sida（r） ] vt.视为 v.考虑
directive [ dg-rektivl a.指导的 n.指示 c*onduct [ kondAkt ] n.经营（方式）；行为
❻ Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional
reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with
physical output.即使在我们工业化生活的今天,除了勤劳和节俭等某些价值观以外，与物质的产出相比，我们很
少关注人类各种形式的交往所产生的智力和情感上的反应,而这个世界就是依靠这些反应来运作的。
二级修饰 of industriousness and thrift,
介词of引出certain values的同位语|
__________ *
apart from certain values
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
in our industrial life,
l介词短语作句子主干的状语 j
句子主干 Even today,...the intellectual and emottonal reactioii...receives little^ttention （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the...reaction
—
of the forms of human association
which引导的定语从句，;修饰the...reaction
—级修饰 under which the world's work is（ arrie（l on
：as...作句子主干的比较状语
as compared with physical output.
,词汇注释 industriousness ' in dAStngsnisj n.勤劳 thrift 逆rift] n.节俭，节约
•••第二段•••“
O But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.但在和
青年人交往时，交往本身作为一种直接的人为事实，其重要性却在日益加强。
—级修饰 But in dealing with the young,
:介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 the fact...gains in importance.（主+谓+宾）
|介词of引出the fact的同位语
—级修饰 of association itself as an immediate human fact.
:词汇洼释：immediate商]。.直接的；立即的 gain in增加，增长；获得
❷ While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in
dealing with adults.尽管我们在与青年人交往时容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，但在与成年
人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。
of our acts upon their disposition,
二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语J修饰the effect
in our contact with them
介词短语作状语]j
to ignore...the effect
一级修饰 ]it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
While it is easy
! While引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 it is nnt so. easj^ （主+系+表）
，as...作比较状语
—级修饰 as in dealing with adults.
36:要点注释 句子主干中，it为形式主语，因其真王的主语与While引导的状语从句的主语一致，均为to ignore...
the effect of our acts upon their disposition.故为避免重复，此处将真正的主语承前省略
词汇洼释 in contact with与....接触中，与....联系 d*isposition dispa zijnj n.性情;倾向；布置
❸ The need of training is too evident and the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to
leave these consequences wholly out of account.培训的必要性显而易见，对他们的态度和习惯加以改变的压力
也很紧迫,这让我们不能全然不顾这些后果。
（1） The need of training is too evident （主+系+表）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2） and the pressure...is too urgent （主+系+表）
:动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the pressure
to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作（2）句的结果状语
to leave these consequences wholly out of account.
词汇洼嘉 leave ...out of account对.... 不予夸虑；置之度外 w*holly hoolli］ ad.完全地；整体地
❹ Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not
we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.由于我们对青年人所做的首要匚作在于使他们能够融入
共同生活中去，所以我们不禁要细想自己是否正在形成让他们获得这种本领的能力C
二级修饰 in a common life
介词短语作状语］
-------------- V
—级修饰 Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share
1
Since引导的原因状语从句，作句了•主「•的原因状语
-------------- 4- 、
句子主干 竺 cannot help considenng^whether or not we arejorming thejpowere （主+谓+宾）
A
which引导的定语从句J修饰the powers
—级修饰 which will secure thi« ability.
［要:弱注棒 句子主干中,whether引导的宾语从句，作considering的宾语一，
❺ If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human
effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.每个机构的最终
价值都是对人产生独特的影响，如果人类在这方面的认识已经取得了些许进展，那么我们不妨认为这一教训很
大程度上是人们从与青年人交往的过程中学到的。
三级修饰 of every institution
介词短语作后置定语修饰the ultimate value
二级修饰 in realizing that the ultimate value...is its distinctively human effect
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰some headway
_级修饰 If humanity has made some headway
［ If引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
零 may well believe （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 :that引导的宾语从句，作may...believe的宾语
that this lesson has been learned
j
介词短语作方式状语
—级修饰 largely through dealings with the young.
37墨，点注释」句子主干中，may well用于加强推测语气，表示具有较大的可能性 介词短语in realizing...effect
中，that引导的宾语从句作realizing的宾语。
词汇注释:u*ltimate [ sltimot] a.最终的；根本的 distinctively [drstirjktivli] ad.独特地
…第三段…
O We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more
formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling.这就使我们得以在一直讨论的广义的教育过程中进一
步区分出一种更为正规的教育形式，即直接讲授或学校教育。
句子主干 We are thus led （主+谓）
[动词不定式短语作We的补足语
—级修饰 to distinguish,...a more formal kind of education
'，介词短语作状语
within the broad educational process
二级修饰 i I a more formal kind of education的同位语
―hat of direct tuition or schooling.
:which引导的定语从句，修饰the broad educational process
三级修饰 which we have been so far considering,
:词汇任祁：distinguish [drstiggwi/J v.区分;使著名 t*uition ' tju-ijn] n.讲授;学费
❷ In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training,在一些不发达的社会群体中，我们发
现他们几乎没有正规的教学和培训。
—级修饰 In undeveloped social groups,
j介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 we find哭必也坦^主!!?辿坦同11坚5!!511史（主+谓+宾）
:词汇洼祢；undeveloped [ 1AndrveIgpt] a.不发达的
❸ These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps
adults loyal to their group.这些群体主要依赖相同类型的交往方式向青年人灌输一些必需的品质，正是这样的
交往方式使成年人忠诚于自己所在的群体。
—级修饰 for instilling needed dispositions into the young
j
介词短语作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 These groups mainly rely...upon迎袈也热竺^也其竺（主+谓+宾）
which引导的定语从句，修饰the same sort of association
—级修饰 which keeps adults loyal to their group.
，词汇注释 instill [ in stil] m逐步灌输;逐步培养 l*oyal [ bigi] a.忠诚的；忠实的
38
