文档内容
2012年考研英语（一）真题逐词逐句精讲
rion xvf "Ffciiqk
• • • • —•••©
❶ The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.近来，对最高法院大法
官的道德评判已经成为一个重要议题。
句子主干 The ethical judgments...have become anjjngortantjssue recently.（主+系 +表）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The ethical judgments
—•级修饰 of the Supreme Court justices
3司汇注释 ethical [ eeikl] a.道德的;伦理的 supreme^ [surprizm] a.最高的；最大的;最多的
❷ The court cannot maintain its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law when justices behave like politicians. 当大法官
像政客一样行事时，最高法院则无法维持其作为法治捍卫者的合法性。
The court cannot maintain itsjegitimacy （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 介词短语作its legitimacy的补足语]
as guardian of the rule of law
when引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
—级修饰 when justices behave like politicians.
：i可汇注群 legitimacy [ludaitimosi] zi.合法性,合法;合理性guardian [ -gaidian]儿守卫者;保护者;监护人
❸ Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that weakened the court's reputation for being independent and
impartial.然而，在好几起事件中，大法官的行事方式损害了最高法院独立、公正的声誉。
—级修饰 in several instances,
]介词短语作句子主干的状语，表范围
句子主干 Yet,...justices acted （主+谓）
]介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
—级修饰 in ways that weakened the courfs reputation
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰the court's reputation
二级修饰 for being independent and impartial.
:要点注释 ' 介词短语in ways...中,that引导的定语从句修饰ways。
3可汇汪释:r*eputation [ jrepju-teijn]几.声誉;名声;声望impartial [mvpa:JI] q.公正的;无偏见的；中立的
•••,第二段•…
❶ Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events.例如，大法官安东宁,斯卡利亚就曾在一些政治
活动中露面。
句子主干 Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared （主+谓）
介词短语作句子主干的地点状语:
—级修饰 at political events.
Ill❷ That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments. 这种行为使
人们不太可能相信最高法院的裁决是公正的。
That kind of activity makes it less likely （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 it为形式宾语[that引导的宾语从句作真正的宾语
that the court's decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments.
❸ Part of the problem is that the justices are not bound by an ethics code.部分问题在于大法官没有受到道德准则的
约束。
句子主干 Part of the problem is th^£thejustic^^xej^bo^d （主+系 +表从）
介词by引出动作的发出者]
—级修饰 by an ethics code.
商无洼窿：be bound by受……约束 c*[kode 3ud] n.道德准则;行为规范;密码;法典诅为……编码
❹ At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal
judiciary至少，最高法院自身应服从那些适用于联邦司法系统内其他部门的行为准则。
—级修饰 At the very least,
I介词短语作状语，表程度
句子主干 the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct （主+谓+宾+宾补）
that引导的定语从句J修饰the code of conduct
—级修饰 that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary.
,词汇注释 at the very least至少，最少 judiciary [dsu'difari] n.司法系统；司法部；（统称）审判人员
♦ ...第三段•••«
❶ This and other similar cases raise the question of whether there is still a line between the court and politics.这一•事件
和其他类似的事件引发了这样一个问题:最高法院和政治之间是否还存在界限。
句子主干 This and other similar cases raise thejQiestion （主+谓+宾）
，of引出the question的同位语从句
一级修饰 of whether there is still a line
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a line
二级修饰 between the court and politics.
要点注释whether引导的同位语从句，解释说明the question o该从句使用了 There be句型，由“ there +
be（is） +主语（aline）”构成，副词still作状语。
词汇注释:a Hne between...and..........与....的界限 p*olitics [ pDbtiks] n.政治；政治活动;权术;政见
…•第四段•…
❶ The framers of the Constitution envisioned law as having authority apart from politics.宪法的制定者们设想，法律拥
有独立于政治之外的权威。
句子主干 The framers...envisioned law as having authority （主+谓+宾+宾补）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The framers
of the Constitution
一级修饰 介词短语作晶定语，修饰authority
apart from politics.
:词汇注释:framer [.freimar] n.制定者;创作者 envision [121311] vt.设想；想象;展望
112❷ They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate
political support.他们授予大法官终身职位,因此大法官就可以毫无顾忌地得罪当权者，且无须获得政治支持。
⑴They gave justices permanerH portions （主+谓+间宾+直宾）
I S
。连接的并列句，表因果
句子主干 （2）so they would be free to upset those in power （主+系+表）
| and连接的并列谓语
and （would） have no need
-E [动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰need
—级修饰 to cultivate political support.
:要成连释:（2）句中，系表结构would be free作复合谓语，动词不定式短语to upset those in power作（2）句的状语。
:词汇注释：p*ermanent [ •paimanant] a.终生的；永久的 u*pset [ ap*set] vt.使生气[,*sAetp] a.失望的
❸ Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely tied.正是因为法律和
政治之间的联系非常紧密，所以我们建立法律体系时，才会有意把两者分开c
句子主干 Our legal system was designed （主+谓）
___________ " [动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to set law apart from politics precisely
-级修饰 because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because they are so closely tied.
…•第五段•…
❶ Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social concepts like liberty and
property.宪法是政治性的，因为它是基于对自由和财产等基本社会观念选择的结果。
句子主干 Constitutional law is political （主+系+表）
1 because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
一级修饰 because it results from choices
过去分词短语作后置定语，|修饰choices
二级修饰 rooted in fundamental social concepts
like...举例说明fundamental social concepts j
三级修饰 like liberty and property.
:词汇注释: constitutional [ ikonsti tjuifanl] a.宪法的；章程的 result from 由....造成；因....而产生
root in以....为基础；建立在....之上 fundamental * [ jAnda mentl] a.基本的；根本的
❷ When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political—which is why decisions split
along ideological lines are so easily dismissed as unjust.当最高法院在作出有关社会政策的裁决时，其所影响的法
律不可避免地带有政治色彩，正因为如此，那些在意识形态上存在分歧的判决很容易被视为不公而不被接受。
一级修饰 When the court deals with social policy decisions,
］When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the law...is inescapably political (主+系+表)
［省略关系词(which/that )的定语从句，
law
it shapes
一级修饰 补充说明句子主干
—which is why decisions...are so easily dismissed as unjust.
［过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰decisions
二级修饰 split along ideological lines
113要点注释 which is why...中嵌套了一^ why引导的表语从句;该表语从句中，主语为decisions,谓语are...dismissed
使用了被动语态，介词短语as unjust作decisions的补足语，副词短语so easily作状语，修饰are...
dismissed o
词汇注释 inescapably [iinrskeipgbli]诚.不可避免地 s*plit [split] m产生分歧;分裂几.划分;裂口
ideological [ .aidia lndsikl] q.意识形态的 d*ismiss [dis mis]沉.不接受;驳回；解散;解雇
••••第六段••••
。The justices must address doubts about the court's legitimacy by making themselves accountable to the code of
conduct.大法官必须对行为准则负责，从而消除人们对最高法院合法性的质疑。
句子主干 The justices must address doubts （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰doubts
about the court's legitimacy
-级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
by making themselves accountable to the code of conduct.
词汇注释 a*ddress [a dres]拔.设法解决；处理;演讲 accountable [a kauntabl] a.负有责任的；应做解释的
@ That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, as a result, convincing as law.这样才
更有可能让人们认为他们的裁决是与政治相分离的，并因此像法律一样令人信服。
Tljg| would make ruHri^ more likely to be seen as separate from politics （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 | and连接并列的宾语补足语
and,...convincing as law.
[插入语
—级修饰 as a result,
词足注释 separate * [ -seprst] a.分离的；独立的 convincing [ ksirvinsig] a.令人信服的；有说服力的
、guon M ^eaoing 3邛呻财。皿i 乃
Part A
Text 1
….第一段•…
❶Come on一Everybody's doing it.来吧----大家都在这样做。
句子主干 Come on （祈使句：谓）
[补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 一E*sverybody doing it.
© That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer
pressure.当听到“同侪压力”这个词时,我们大多数人都会想到这句半邀请、半强迫的耳语。
一级修饰 half invitation and half forcing,
插入语,[补充说明That whispered message
That whispered message,...is...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 :what引导南表语从句
what most of us think of
when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 when we hear the words peer pressure.
114词汇注释:whispered [ wispgd] a.耳语的；谣传的 i*nvitation .mvrteijn] n.邀请;请柬;鼓动
❸It usually leads to no good—drinking, drugs and casual sex.同侪压力通常会导致不良的结果----酗酒、吸毒和滥交。
句子主干 It usually leads to no^good （主+谓+宾）
|举例说明no good
—级修饰 ~ rinkin修,drugs and casual sex.
❹ But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through
what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals
improve their lives and possibly the world.但是，蒂娜•罗森伯格在其新作《加入俱乐部》中声称，同侪压力也可以
通过她所谓的社会治疗成为一种积极的力量;在社会治疗中，机构和官员们利用群怵互动的力量帮助个人改善
生活,甚至可能改善世界。
一级修饰 in her new book Join the Club,
___________ [介词短语作句子主干的状语
But...Tina Rosenberg contends （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 :that引导的宾语从句，作contends的宾语
that peer pressure can also be a positive force
1
介词短语作方式状语
_____________ I
—级修饰 through what she calls the social cure,
介词in+which引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明the social cure
二级修饰 in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics
___________ [动词不定式短语作目的状语
三级修饰 to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.
'要，京洼释；介词短语through what...中,what引导的宾请从句作介词through的宾语。
诃汇注释：contend^ [ kan tend] vt.声称；主张vi.竞争 dynamics [ darnaemiks] n. [pl.]相互作用的方式，动态
第二段.
.•娜
❶ Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action： In South Carolina,
a state -sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. 普利策奖得
主罗森伯格列举了很多正在进行中的社会治疗案例:在南卡罗来纳州，一场由州政府资助的名为“怒对烟雾”的
反吸烟活动旨在让吸烟变成不酷的行为。
二级遍
the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,
I Rosenberg的同位语
句子主干 Rosenberg,.. .offers ajios^ofexamgles （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰examples
of the social cure in action:
—级修饰 补充说明examples
a state-sponsored antismoking program...sets out to make cigarettes uncool.
［介词短语作地点状语
In South Carolina,
二级修饰 过去分词短语作后置定语, 修饰a state-sponsored antismoking program
called Rage Against the Haze
115诃汇汪释 r*ecipient [n sipiant] n.接受者，领受者 a host of许多;大量;众多
in action在运转;在活动中（文中引申为“在进行中”） sponsored [ sponsad] a.赞助的
haze [heiz] n.烟雾；霾;迷蒙v.（使）笼罩 set out to do sth.开始着手做某事
In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as Love Life recruits young people to promote safe sex among their
peers.在南非，一项名为“热爱生命”的预防艾滋病的倡议活动招募年轻人在其同龄人中宣传安全性行为。
一级修饰 In South Africa,
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 an HTV-preventioii initiative...recruits youngjpeople to promote safe sex （主+谓+宾+宾补）
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰an HIV-prevention initiative
known as LoveLife
一级修饰 介词短语作状语
among their peers.
:塑:洼释; i*nitiative [rmjativ] n.倡议；主动性 recruit*[ nkru：t]。.招募；吸收 n.新兵
»•••第三段•••*
❶ The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.这一想法似乎很有前景，罗森伯格也确实是一
位敏锐的观察家。
（1） The idea seems prwnising,（主+系+表）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2） and Rosenberg is a^erceptiye^bserver.（主+系+表）
词汇注释: p*romising [.promisirj] a.前景很好的 perceptive [p3 septiv] a.观察敏锐的；有洞察力的
Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on： they fail to mobilize peer pressure for
healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.她对许多公共健康运动缺陷
的评论一针见血:它们没能调动同侪压力以促成健康的生活习惯，而且展示出对心理学严重的理解偏差。
二级修饰 of many public-health campaigns
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the lameness
一级修饰 of the lameness
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Her critique
句子主干 Her critique...is spot-on:（主+系+表）
[解释说明句子主干
they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits,
一级修饰 and连接的并列句
and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.
；网汇注努」 critique [ krrti：k] n.评论；评论（文章） lameness [leimnss] n.缺陷；跛行
spot-on完全正确的；准确的 mobilize^ [ maubalaiz] vt.调动；调用；动员
d*[emonstrate demanstreit] vt.展示；证明 “Hawed [fb：d] a.有错误的；有缺陷的
❸"Dare to be different, please don't smoke!" pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among
teenagers—teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. 一项旨在减少青少年吸烟的广告牌宣传运动倡议：
“敢于与众不同，请勿吸烟！”一但青少年最渴望的恰恰是融入群体。
116"Dare to be different, please don't smoke!"
I直接引语作pleads的宾语
句子主干
pleads one billboard campaign （倒装句：宾+谓+主）
过去分词短语作后置定语,[修饰one billboard campaign
一级修饰 aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers
[补充说明teenagers
二级修饰 ―eenagers,
who引导的非限定性定语从句,[补充说明况enagers
三级修饰 who desire nothing more than fitting in.
词汇注释 plead☆ [ pli：d] v.请求,恳求；以....为借口 billboard [ -bilboid] n.广告牌;布告栏;招贴板
c*ampaign [ kaem pein] m 运动；活动；战役 d*esire [drzaia（r） ] vt.渴望；期望 n.欲望
❹ Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at
applying peer pressure.罗森伯格指出，公共健康倡导者应该向熟练运用同侪压力的广告人学习，这一观点很有
说服力。
Rosenberg argues convincingly （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作argues的宾语
句子主干
that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,
补充说明advertisers [
一级修饰 so skilled at applying peer pressure.
词汇注释 advocate * [ aedvakat] n.倡导者[，aedvokeit] vt.提倡 take a page from 跟....学习；借鉴
s*killed [skild] a.熟练的;有技能的;需要专门技术的 a*pply [3 plai] vt.运用vi.申请
*•••第四段
❶ But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.但在社会治疗的总体成效方面，
罗森伯格的观点就没那么有说服力了。
句子主干 But...Rosenberg is less^gersuasive,（主+系+表）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 on the general effectiveness of the social cure,
:高云注释；effectiveness [rfektivnas] n.成效；效力；有效性 persuasive [po sweisiv] a.有说服力的
❷ Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors
that make peer pressure so powerful.（加入俱乐部》一书中充斥着太多无关的细节，而且没有充分探究使同侪压
力变得如此强大的社会和生物因素。
句子主干 Join the Club is filled （主+谓）
I介词短语作状语
with too much irrelevant detail
—级修饰 | and连接的并列成分
and not enough exploration
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰enough exploration
二级修饰 of the social and biological factors
that引导的定语从句,J修饰the social...factors
三级修饰 that make peer pressure so powerful.
1171国汇注释 irrelevant [rrebvant] a.不相关的；无关紧要的 exploration [ ©ksplyreijn]几•探究，探索;勘探
❸ The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long.如书中所
述，社会治疗最明显的缺陷是它不能持久地发挥良好的作用。
—级修饰 of the social cure
介词短语作后置定语£修饰The most glaring flaw
The most glaring flaw...is...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 - :that引导的表语从句
that it doesn't work very well for very long.
as引导的状语从句
—级修饰 as it's presented here
诃无生释 glaring [ ^leang] a.明显的；显眼的;刺眼的;生气的
❹Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. 一旦政府拨款被削减，"怒对烟雾”运动就会失败。
句子主干 Rage Against the Haze failed （主+谓）
| once引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
—级修饰 once state funding was cut.
❺ Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.证明"热爱生命'运动产生持久变
化的证据有限且有好有坏。
句子主干 Evidence...is Hmited^ndjnixed.（主+系+表）
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明Evidence
—级修t伍 that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes
••••第五段••••
。There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.毫无疑问，同龄群体会对我们的行
为产生巨大的影响。
句子主干 There5s no doubt （There be句型：There + is + 主）
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明doubt
—级修饰 that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.
:词汇注释:e*xert [ig-Z3it] vt.产生（影响）；施加;行使 b*ehavior [brheivja（r） ] n.行为;举止;表现方式
❷ An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of
friends via social communication.不断涌现的大量研究表明，积极的健康习惯和消极的健康习惯一样，都会通过
社交在朋友圈中传播。
An emerging body of research shows （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，:作shows的宾语
that positive health habits...spread
插入语，补充说明positive health habits [
——as well as negative ones
介词短语作状语，妥范围
一级修饰 through networks of friends
介词短语作方式状语
via social communication.
118词汇生释:emerging [i maidsiij] a.新兴的 b*[ody -bodi] n.大量（信息）；身体;主要部分
s*pread [spred] m传播;蔓延;伸展;涂 via^t -vaia] prep.通过,凭借;经过
❸ This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.这是一种不易察觉的
同侪压力：我们会不自觉地模仿每天看到的行为。
句子主干 This is恐也迪鱼凹岌卫竺史（主+系+表）
[解释说明句子主干
—级修饰 we unconsciously imitate the behavior
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，j修饰the behavior
二级修饰 we see every day.
商定生释's*ubtle [ SAtl] a.不易察觉的;微妙的；不明显的i*mitate [ imiteit] m模仿;效仿
•••第六段••一
O Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their
activities in virtuous directions.然而,更难确定的是，专家和官员能在多大程度上成功地选择我们的同龄群体，
并引导其行为朝着良性方向发展。
FaHes^certain, however, is...（倒装句：表+系+主从）
[how引导的主语从句
句子主干 how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups
| and连接的并列谓宾
and （can） steer their activities
I
介词短语作状语
—级修饰 in virtuous directions.
词汇注释 bureaucrat [ bjuarakraet] n.官员；官僚 s*elect [ si4ekt] vt.选择；挑选；选定a.精选的；高级的
steer[stis（r） ] vt.引导;控制 virtuous [-vaitjuas] a.有道德的（文中引申为“良性的”）
❷ It's like the teacher who breaks up 由e troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved
classmates.这就像老师把后排捣乱的学生分开，让他们和表现较好的学生坐在一起一样。
句子主干 Its likethejeacher （主+系+表）
[who引导的定语从句，修饰the teacher
一级修饰 who breaks up the troublemakers
:介词短语作后置定语，修饰the troublemakers
in the back row
二级修饰 介词短语作方式状语
by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.
词汇注释：break up散开;粉碎;分手;破裂;结束 troublemaker [，trAblmeiko（r） ] n.捣乱者;麻烦制造者
r*ow [rsu] n. 一排；纠纷。.划船 p*air [ pea（r） ] vt.使成对；配对 n. 一双;一对
❸The tactic never really works.这个策略从来没有真正奏效过。
句子主干 The tactic never really works.（主+谓）
词汇注释 t*actic [ taektik]几策略；手段；招数
❹ And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on
choosing our own friends.而这就是从外部进行调控的社会治疗的问题所在:在现实世界中，就像在学校一样，我
们坚持自己选择朋友。
119二级修饰 engineered from the outside:
|过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a social cure
一级修饰 with a social cure
介词短语作后置定语,]修饰the problem
句子主干 And that's tiwjroblein （主+系+表）
［解释说明the problem
一级修饰 in the real world,...we insist on choosing our own friends.
［插入语
二级修饰 as in school,
Text 2
第一段.・*
❶A deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved.协议就是协议，但安特吉公司似乎是个例外。
句子主干 A deal is ^deal （主+系 +表）
［补充说明
一级但希
—xcept, apparently, when Entergy is involved.
❷ The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it
announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the state's strict nuclear regulations. 该公司
是新英格兰地区一家主要的能源供应商，它上周宣布将违背一项长期承诺，即不再遵守佛蒙特州严格的核法
规,这在该州激起了合乎情理的民愤。
一级修饰 a major energy supplier in New England,
〔The company的同位语
句子主干 The company,...provoked jjjgj距gj w四匪（主+谓+宾）
t
介词短语作地点状语］
in Vermont
一级修饰 名词短语作时间状语
last week
| when引导的定语从句，修饰last week
二级修饰 when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a longstanding commitment t
三级修饰 to abide by the state's strict nuclear regulations.
要点注释 when引导的定语从句中，嵌套了一个省略引导词（that）的宾语从句it was reneging...,作announced
的宾语。
:词汇注释 p*rovoke [prawouk] vt.激起；引起；挑衅 o*utrage [-autreids] n.愤慨；暴行 vt.使震怒
renege on违背（诺言）；背信弃义；食言 longstanding [ Jorj-staendig] q.长期存在的
commitment [ka mitmgnt] n.承诺，保证；献身 abide by遵守;遵循（法律、协议、协定等）
••-第二段••・•
O Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality
of Vermonfs rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power
120plant running,相反,该公司恰恰做出了它曾长期承诺不会做的事:在联邦法院质疑佛蒙特州核法规的合宪性,
这是它为了使其佛蒙特扬基核电厂能够继续运营而做出的拼命努力的一部分。
Instead, the company has done precisely （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干
:what引导的宾语从句，作has done的宾语
what it had long promised it would not:
[补充说明
一级修饰 challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court,
]补充说明
二级修饰 as part of a desperate effort
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a desperate effort
三级修饰 to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.
罢，京洼释 what引导的宾语从句中嵌套了一个省略引导词（that）的宾语从句it would not,作had...promised
的宾语。
:词汇注释； constitutionality [ jkonstiitjuija naebti]几 合宪性 d*esperate [.despargt] a.拼命的；绝望的
Ifs a stunning move.这是一个惊世之举。
句子主干 It's ajtunningjnovB.（主+系+表）
:商W注释； stunning [ -stAnirj] a.令人震惊的;绝妙的；给人以深刻印象的
*•••第三段•••，
O The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the coi-poration bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant, an aging
reactor in Vernon.矛盾自2002年起就已经开始浮现，当时该公司购买了佛蒙特州唯一的核电厂,位于弗农镇的
一个日渐老化的核反应堆。
句子主干 The conflict has been surfacing （主+谓）
I
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 since 2002,
[when引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明2002
二级修饰 when the corporation bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant,
nuclear power plant 的同位语 j
三级修饰 an aging reactor in Vernon.
:国汇注释:s*urface [-S3：fis] vi.显露；浮出水面；醒来n.表面 reactor [ ri，aek0（r） ] n.核反应堆
❷ As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate
past 2012.作为获得佛蒙特州批准该交易的条件,该公司曾同意,2012年以后的经营许可须向州监管机构申请。
一级修饰 As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 the company agreed to seek permission （主+谓+宾）
"[介词短语作状语
from state regulators
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰permission
to operate past 2012.
121:词汇注释 approval * [ a pruivl]几批准；认可；赞成 regulator [ Tegjuleita(r) ] n.监管机构；监管者
© In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subject to the Vermont
legislatures approval. 2006年，佛蒙特州更进一步，要求该核电厂许可证的任何延期申请均须得到佛蒙特州立法
机关的批准。
句子主干 In 2006, the state went a^step further,(主+谓+宾)
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
—级修饰 requiring that any extension...(should) be subject to the Vermont legislature's approval.
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰any extension
二级修饰 of the plant's license
:要点注释:现在分词短语requiring...中，that引导的宾语从句，作requiring的宾语;requiring在此表示"要求”，
故其宾语从句使用了虚拟语气，谓语省略了 ( should ) o
问汇注群:go a step further更进一步 be subject to服从于;受....的支配
❹ Then, too, the company went along.该公司那时也同意了°
句子主干 Then, too, the company went along.(主+谓)
….第四段...
❶ Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn't foresee what would happen next.
安特吉公司要么从来就没真正打算信守这些承诺，要么根本就没有预料到未来会发生什么。
（l）Either Entergy never really intended 四坦爻^匕虫竺g丝孩业世，（主+谓+宾）
I Either...or连接的并列句
句子主干 ⑵or it simply didn't foresee （主+谓+宾从）
what引导的宾语从句，[作didn't foresee的宾语
what would happen next.
:词汇注释 i*ntend [in tend] v.打算;想要;计划 f*oresee [f"si：] vt.预料;预见;预知
@ A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe
system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management—especially after
the company made misleading statements about the pipe,―系列的事故，包括2007年冷却塔局部倒塌以及地下管
道系统被发现泄漏,让人们开始严重质疑佛蒙特扬基核电厂的安全性以及安特吉公司的管理能力，尤其是在该
公司对管道泄漏事件做出误导性声明之后。
of an underground pipe sys tem leakage,
二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语, 修饰the discovery
of a cooling tower in 2007
介词短语作后置定语,j修饰the partial collapse
一级修饰 including the partial collapse...and the discovery
］插入语，补充说明A string of accidents
句子主干 A stnmg of accidents,...raised 竺四些 qu倒也（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰serious questions
about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management
一级修饰 补充说明句子主干
—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.
122'再）汇注将:a string of一系列；一连串 collapse * [ ksUaeps ] n. /vi.倒塌，塌陷;晕倒;崩溃
leakage [ li：kid3 ] n.泄漏；渗漏；泄漏量 statement * [ >steitm9nt] n.声明；表述，陈述；报告
❸ Enraged by Entergy's behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.安特吉公司
的行为激怒了佛蒙特州参议院,去年参议院以26票比4票的结果否决了它的延期申请。
—级修饰 Enraged by Entergy's behavier,
___________ [过去分词短语作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against辿丝匝竺史里g西贝.（主+谓+宾）
要点注释:句子主干中,26 to 4作方式状语;last year作时间状语。
词汇注释 enrage [m reid3] vt.激怒，触怒;使异常愤怒 e*xtension [ik stenfn] n.延期；扩大;延伸
"…第五段•…
❶ Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only
the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.现在，安特吉公司突然声称，由于 2006 年制定 了
法规，因此2002年的协议无效，而且只有联邦政府对核问题有监管权。
Now the company is suddenly claiming （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，:作is...claiming的宾语
句子主干 that the 2002 agreement is invalid
| and连接并列的宾语从句
and that only the federal government has regulatory power
___________ 介词短语作原因状语
because of the 2006 legislation,
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰regulatory power
over nuclear issues.
商W注释 invalid [m vaehd] a.无效的；站不住脚的 regulatory [ Tegjalatari] a.具有监管权的；监管的
❷ The legal issues in the case are obscure： whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory
authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those
powers extend.此案件中的法律问题模糊不清:虽然最高法院已经裁定，各州对核能确实有一定的监管权力，但
法律学者表示，佛蒙特州案件将提供一个检验“（州政府的）那些权力究竟有多大”的先例。
句子主干 The legal issues in the case are obscure:（主+系+表）
T解释说明句子主干
—级修t布 legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a precedent-setting test
of how far those powers extend.
whereas引导的让步状语从句
—级修饰 whereas the Supreme Court has ruled
| that引导的宾语从句，作has ruled的宾语
that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power,
要点注释 在legal scholars say...中，that引导的宾语从句，作say的宾语。在介词短语of how...中，宾语从句
how far those...作介词of的宾语°
词汇注释 obscure^ [9b-skjua(r)] a.模糊的；晦涩的 precedent^ [ .presidgnt]儿先例，前例；传统；常规
123❸ Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules.
当然，如果各州都制定自己的规则，可能会产生“补丁”法规,人们对此的担忧是合理的。
句子主干 Certainly, there arc valid concerns （ There be句型：there + are + 主）
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰valid concerns
about the patchwork regulations
作句子主干的条件状语'
一级修饰 if引导的条件状语从句,
if every state sets its own rules.
that引导的定语从句， 修饰the patchwork regulations
二级修饰 that could result
词汇注释：concern * [kan-S3：n] n.担忧；关心vt.使担忧；涉及 patchwork [ paetjw3：k] n.拼凑之物；拼缝物
❹ But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.但是如果安特吉公司能遵守诺言，那样的争
议就无关紧要了。
—级修饰 had Entergy kept its word,
[省略引导词（if）的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 But...that debate would be besHejhe^oint.（主+系+表）
:要点注释」省略引导词（if）的条件状语从句使用了虚拟语气的倒装结构，其主语是Entergy,谓语是had...
kept，宾语是 its word。
「词定注释.keep one^ word遵守诺言，信守承诺 beside the point无关紧要；离题;不中肯
,,,第六段…
O The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose
by going to war wi由the state.安特吉公司似乎已经断定，它在佛蒙特州已经名誉扫地，和州政府开战也不会再损
失什么了。
The company seems to have concluded （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，［作seems to have concluded的宾语
that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged
so...that引导的结果状语从句i
—级修饰 that it has nothing left to lose
［介词短语作方式状语
二级修饰 by going to war with the state.
❷But there should be consequences.但它肯定要承担后果。
句子主干 But there should be consequences. （ There be句型：there + should be +主）
；词汇洼群:c*onsequence ［-konsikwsns］ n.后果；结果
❸Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust.核电厂的经营许可关乎公众信任。
句子主干 Permission...is apublicjrust.（主+系+表）
［动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰Permission
—级修饰 to run a nuclear plant
124❹ Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.安特吉公司在美国
还经营着另外11家核反应堆，其中包括位于普利茅斯的皮尔格林核电站。
—级修饰 in the United States,
句子主干 Entergy runs ll^therreactoi^ （主+谓+宾）
[补充说明 11 other reactors
—级修饰 including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.
❺ Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.
该公司在保证安全运行皮尔格林核电站的前提下，已经向联邦政府提出了“再经营20年”的申请。
—级修饰 Pledging to run Pilgrim safely,
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
句子主干 the company has applied for federal permission （主+谓）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰federal permission
—级修饰 to keep it open for another 20 years.
:要点注释:动词不定式短语to keep...中，it指代Pilgrim,作keep的宾语，形容词open作it的补足语，介词短语
for another 20 years 作时间状语。
词汇注释:pledge*[pled3] vt.保证;发誓;典当n.保证;誓约 a*pply [a plai] vi.申请v.应用
❻ But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission （ NRC） reviews the company's application, it should keep in mind what
promises from Entergy are worth.但是，当美国核管理委员会（NRC）审核该公司的申请时，应该会考虑安特吉公
司所做的承诺到底有多少价值。
—级修饰 as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission （NRC） reviews the company's application,
[as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
But...it should keep in mind （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 j what引导的宾语从句，作should keep in mind的宾语
what promises from Entergy are worth.
Text 3
•••第一段
O In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by
objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.在理想化的科学研究中，有关世界的真相
正等待着运用科学方法开展研究的、实事求是的研究者们去观察和收集。
二级修饰 of how science is done,
介词短语作后置定语,]修饰the idealized version
一级修饰 In the idealized version
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected （主+谓+宾）
介词by引出动作的发出者［
—级修饰 by objective researchers
who引导的定语从句,［修饰objecti
live researchers
二级修饰 who use the scientific method to carry out their work.
125要点注释 介词短语of how...中包含一个由how引导的宾语从句，作of的宾语。从句的主语为science,谓语
is done使用了被动语态。
词汇注释:idealized [ardiajaizd] a.理想化的 version *[ V3：Jn]几.描述，说法；版本;变体
❷ But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows aann ambiguous and complicated route.但是在日
常的科学实践中，科学发现却常沿一条模糊且复杂的路径前行。
—级修饰 in the everyday practice of science,
|介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 But...discovery frequently follows （主+谓+宾）
3司汇注释 a*mbiguous [aem bigjuss] a.模糊的；不明确的 c*omplicated [ komplikeitid] a.复杂的；难懂的
❸ We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences.我们力求客观，但却无法摆
脱自身独特的生活经历背景。
⑴业£ aim tobe^objective,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 I but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but we cannot escape the context （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the context
一级修饰 of our unique life experiences.
❹ Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent
actions we take.先前的知识和兴趣会影响我们的经历、我们对经历的理解以及我们随后采取的行动。
Prior knowledge and interests influence （主+谓+宾从）
| what引导的宾语从句，作influence的宾语
what we experience,
句子主干 I并列的宾语从句
what we think our experiences mean,
I and连接的并列宾语
and the subsequent actions
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句,!修饰the subsequent actions
一级修饰 we take.
词汇注释 p*rior [ -prai9（r） ] a.先前的，较早的；优先的 subsequent * [ -SAbsikwant] a.随后的，之后的
❺ Opportunities for misinterpretation , error, and self-deception abound.误解、差错和自我欺骗的"机会"无处
不在。
句子主干 Opportunities...abound.（主+谓）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Opportunities
—级修饰 fbr misinterpretation, error, and self-deception
词汇注释'、、deception [drsepjn] 〃.欺骗;蒙骗;骗局;诡计 abound[ 9 baund]庆.大量存在；富于;充满
*・••第二段・••*
❶ Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.所以，发现声明应该被视为科学的
雏形。
126句子主干 Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of （主+谓）
|介词短语作discovery claims的补足语
—级修饰 as protoscience.
[词汇注释:discovery claim对于发现的申明；申请开采权 protoscience [ prauta saians] n.原始科学
❷Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential.与最新发布的采矿权声明相似，它们充满着可
能性。
—级修饰 Similar to newly staked mining claims,
[形容词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 they are fulloTpotential.（主+系+表）
:词汇注释：s*take [steik] vt.表明对....的所有权 potential * [ ps tenjl] n.可能性;潜力a.潜在的
❸ But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. 但是将一■个发
现声明转变为成熟的发现需要集体的审查和认可。
But it takes业也冬些空冬剪5/竺虫2££9匹SJ些（主+谓+宾）
:it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
句子主干
to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.
:词汇洼释 s*crutiny [ 'skruztani] m 认真彻底的审查;仔细检查 m* ature [ma'tju9（r） ] q.成熟的
❹ This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher's me, here, now becomes the community's
anyone, anywhere, anytime.这就是“取信过程”，通过这一过程,个体研究者的“我” “此地”和“此时”就转变成
了科学界的“任何人”“任何地点”和“任何时间”。
句子主干 This is tihe^redibiU^jjrocess,（主+系+表）
which引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明th仓credibility process
—级修饰 through which the individual researcher's me, here, now...anyone, anywhere, anytime.
:要点注释:非限定性定语从句中，主语为the individual researcher's me, here, now；,系动词为becomes,表语为
the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime o
:词汇注释:credibility [ ikredo-biloti]几.信用；可信性 community * [ ka mjumsti ] n.界;群落；社区；共享
❺ Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.客观知识是目标，而不是起点。
句子主干 Objective knowledge is ttie^oal,（主+系 +表）
|补充说明the goal
—级修饰 not the starting point.
…第三段•…
❶ Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.—旦某项发现声明公开化，其发
现者就会获得学术赞誉。
一级修饰 Once a discovery claim becomes public,
I Once引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 the discoverer receives intd^ectual^credit.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释:c*redit [ -kredit]几赞扬;信誉;学分纨.认为是....的功劳;存入金额
127❷ But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next.但和采矿权声明不同，科学界将
掌控其随后的发展。
—级修饰 unlike with mining claims,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
But,...the community takes control of (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干 what引导的宾语从句，[作takes control of的宾语
what happens next.
词汇注释:take control of控制；掌管
❸ Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries ； editors and reviewers act
as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process ； other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes ；
and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.
在科学界这个复杂的社会结构中，研究者做出发现;编辑和评审人员通过控制发现的发布过程来扮演看门人的
角色;其他科学家使用新发现来满足他们自己的需求;最后，公众(包括其他科学家)接受这个新发现以及可能
随之产生的技术。
—级修饰 Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,
l
介词短语作句子主干的状语
(1) researchers make discoveries;(主+谓+宾)
I
并列句
(2) editors and reviewers act as gtekeepers by controlling the publication process;(主+谓+宾)
I
并列句
句子主干 (3)other scientists use thejiewjmdiir^ to suit their own purposes;(主+谓+宾)
| and连接的并列句
(a4n)d finally, the publig..receives thejnew^discoyery (主+谓+宾)
| and连接的并列宾语
and possibly accompanying technology.
补充说明the public
—级修饰 (including other scientists)
词汇注释 I s*tructure [ -strAktfsCr) ] □.结构；构造;建筑物 gatekeeper [ .geitki：pg(r) ] m 看门人;把关系统
purpose*[ p3：pas] n.目的；意图；目标 accompanying [a kAmpaniirj] a.随同的；伴随的
Q As a discovery claim works its way through the community,由e interaction and confrontation between shared and
competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuaFs discovery claim into the
community's credible discovery.当发现声明通过科学界的审查时，与该科技相容或相抗的理念间的相互作用和
相互对峙,会把个人的发现声明转变成科学界的可信发现。
-级修饰 As a discovery claim works its way through the community,
〔As引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
the interaction and confrontation...transforms
介词短语作an individuaFs discovery claim的补足语[
句子主干
into the community's credible discovery.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the interaction and confrontation
between shared and competing beliefs
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰beliefs
二级修希 about the science and the technology involved
128词汇注释:work one's way through逐步达到（标准、目标） interaction [ jntar'aekjn] n.相互作用
confrontation [ （konfrAn-teifn] n.对峙；对抗 transform...into...将....转变成....
«・..第四段...•
r*
❶ Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.这个取信过程中存在两个悖论。
句子主干 Two paradoxes exist （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 throughout this credibility process.
:词汇注释！ p*aradox [ •paeradoks] n.悖论;矛盾的人或事 throughout * [ eru： aot ] prep .贯穿；自始至终;各处
❷ First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.
第一，科研工作倾向于关注主流知识中被认为不完整或不正确的方面。
一级修饰 First,
___________ [插入语
句子主干 scientific work tends to focus on 竺凹竺迎四述g弟竺虫爰邑四也四建（主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句,[修饰some aspect of prevailing knowledge
—级修饰 that is viewed
[介词短语作that的补足语
二级修饰 as incomplete or incorrect.
:词汇洼释I prevailing [prrve山a.主要的；流行的 incomplete [ iinkam-pliit] a.不完整的；未完成的
❸ Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.重复并证实一些早已
被人熟知及认可的知识几乎没有回报。
句子主干 Little reward accompanies虫更企蛆兰顼坦J些（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰duplication and confirmation
—级修饰 of what is already known and believed.
:夔露您整：介词短语of what...中,what引导的宾语从句作介词of的宾语。从句主语为what,and连接的并列
谓语is...known和（is） believed均使用了被动语态;副词already作状语，修饰并列谓语is...known
和（is） believedo
3可汇洼释:duplication [ （djuiplrkeifn] n.重复；复制；副本 confirmation [ ikonfa1 meijn] n.证实;确认
❹The goal is new-search, not research.科学研究的目标是新研究而不是重复研究。
句子主干 The goal is ^^search,（主+系+表）
T补充说明new-search
—级修饰 not research.
❺ Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing
will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.（这样一来）貌似重要
且有说服力的新发布的发现声明和可信发现都会面临未来研究者的质疑、可能的修正或者反驳，也就不足为
奇了。
129—级修饰 Not surprisingly,
j
插入语
句子主干 iwwl^j>ubl^hM»d discovery daims and credible discoveries...will always be opm （主+系+表）
[that引导的定语从句，修饰newly...discoveries
that appear to be important and convincing
一级修饰 介词短语作状语
to challenge and potential modification or refutation
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰challenge...or refutation
二级修饰 by future researchers.
词汇注释credible [ •kredabl] a.可信的；可靠的；可接受的 refutation [ irefjwteijn] n.反驳;驳斥
❻ Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief,第二,新奇的事物本身就经常招致怀疑。
—级修饰 Second,
___________ !插入语
句子主干 novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 n*[ovelty novlti] n.新奇的事物；新颖；廉价小饰物
❼ Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as 44 seeing what everybody has seen and
thinking what nobody has thought. M诺贝尔奖得主、生理学家阿尔伯特•圣捷尔吉曾将科学发现描述为"见人皆
所见，思人所未思。”
一级修饰 Nobel Laureate and physiologist
I Albert Szent-Gyorgyi 的同位语
Albert Szent-Gy6rgyi once described discovery as "seeing..and thinking...''（主+谓+宾携补）
what引导的宾语从句，作seeing的宾语:
句子主干 what everybody has seen
what引导的宾语从句，作thinking的宾语
what nobody has thought
3司汇注释 laureate [ loriat] n.获奖者；荣誉获得者
❽ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.但是思
考别人没有想到的东西并告诉他们忽略了什么，可能无法改变这些人的看法。
what nobody else has thought
:what引导的宾语从句，作thinking的宾语
句子主干 But thinking...and telling others...may not change their views.（主+谓+宾）
[what引导的宾语从句，作telling的直接宾语
what they have missed
"要注释'在现在分词短语telling. ..中,others作telling的间接宾语,what引导的宾语从句作telling的直接宾语。
❾ Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.有时候，真正新奇的发
现声明需要很多年的时间才能被接受和认可。 “
句子主干 Sometimes years are required （主+谓）
，动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修t布 for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
130:矍点汪释:for truly...appreciated中，介词for引出动词不定式短语to be accepted...的逻辑主语truly novel
discovery claims o
E可汇注样:novel *[ -novi] a.新奇的；与众不同的;珍奇的几小说 appreciate * [ apriijieit ]沉.欣赏;感激
•…第五段,,,•
r»
O In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier
has described as the commons of the mind.最后，可信度与发现声明"不期而遇”，这个过程与哲学家安尼特•拜尔
所描述的“思维的交汇”不谋而合。
句子主干 In the end, credibility "happens" to a^iscoveijjclaim （主+谓+宾）
i
补充说明句子主干
_级修饰 一a process
that引导的定语从句,[修饰a process
that corresponds to
二级修饰 what引导的宾语从句，[作corresponds to的宾语
what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.
:词汇注释：correspond to相一致;相当于
❷ “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions of reason."
“我们共同推论、质疑、修正并且完善彼此的推理以及彼此对理性的理解。”
tfcWe reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each^ther\jeasoning （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列宾语
and each other's conceptions of reason.
Text 4
....第一段.…
O If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servants.如果工会主义者吉
米•霍法至今还健在，他可能会代表公务员。
—级修饰 If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today,
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 he would probably represent ciyi^seryants.（主+谓+宾）
:词汇注释:unionist [ • ju：niamst]几工会主义者;工会会员 civil*[ sivl] Q.国家的;平民的;有礼貌的
❷ When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a
union； now 36% do. 1960年，霍法领导的卡车司机工会处于鼎盛时期，当时只有十分之一的美国政府工作人员
加入了工会;而如今这一比例上升到了 36% o
二级修饰 in 1960,
I
介词短语作时间状语
—级修饰 When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime
|When引导的时间状语从句，作（1）句的时间状语
（1） only one in ten American government workers belonged to auinion;（主+谓+宾）
I
句子主干 并列句
（2） now 36% do.（主+谓）
131要点注释:（2）句为省略句，其中do代替（1）句中出现过的谓语，避免重复。补充完整为now 36% of Ameri-
can government workers belong to a union o
:词汇: be in one^ prime繁荣;风华正茂 belong to是....的成员；属于，归...所有
❸ In 2009 the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.
2009年，美国公共部门的工会会员人数超过了私营部门的工会会员人数。
—级修饰 of unionists in America's public sector
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰the number
句子主干 In 2009 the number...passed ttiat （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰that
—级修饰 of their fellow members
介词短语作后置定语,!修饰their fellow members
二级修饰 in the private sector.
"要您注魅;句子主干中，代词that指代其前出现过的the number,避免重复。
:词汇生薜:f*ellow ［ felau］ a.同类的；同事的n.同事 p*rivate ［-praivot］ a.私营的;私有的;私人的
❹ In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.在英国，
超过一半的公共部门职员加入了工会，但加入工会的私营部门职工仅约15% o
In Britain, more than half of public・sectoc workers ...are unionized.（主+系+表）
句子主干 I but连接的并列主语
but only about 15% of private-sector ones
词汇注释 unionized ［ Juznisnaizd］ a.已加入工会的；工会化的
••••第二段••••
❶ There are three reasons for the public-sector unions, thriving.公共部门工会蓬勃发展的原因有三个。
句子主干 There are three reasons （ There be句型：There + are +主）
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰three reasons
一级修饰 for the public-sector unions * thriving.
:商无生释 thrive★［敬a】v］讶.蓬勃发展;兴旺发达;繁荣;茁壮成长
❷ First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences,首先，他们可以罢工而不必承担
太多后果。
句子主干 First, they can shut things down （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
—级修饰 without suffering much
［介词短语作状语
二级修饰 in the way of consequences.
释 shut down （使）停业;（使）关闭 “
❸Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.其次，他们大多聪明睿智且受过良好教育。
句子主干 Second, they are mostly也国吐迎（主+系+表）
132❹ A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree.四分之一的美国公共部门职员具有大学文凭。
句子主干 A quarter of America's prblic-sector workers have ajiniyersit^degree.（主+谓+宾）
❺ Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics.第三，他们目前主导着中左政治。
句子主干 Third, they now dominate 里（主+谓+宾）
:词汇注释 d*ominate [ dommeit] v.控制；支配；影响 left-of-centre politics 中左政治
❻Some of their ties go back a long way.两者之间的一些关系由来已久o
句子主干 Some of their ties go back a long way.（主+谓+宾）
❼ Britain's Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism.英国工党，顾名思义，长期
以来一直与工会主义关联密切。
句子主干 Britain's Labor Party,...has long been associated （主+系+表）
[插入语 "
as its name implies,
一级修饰 介词短语作状语，表对象
with trade unionism.
:网汇注释 imply [im'plai] vt.含有... 的意思；暗示；暗指;表明 be associated with和.... 联系在一起
❽ Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.其现任领导人埃德•米利班
德能够当选，公共部门工会的选票功不可没。
句子主干 Ed Miliband, owes his^gositic ）n （主+谓+宾）
[Ed Miliband的同位语
Its current leader,
一级修饰 介词短语作状语， 表对象’
to votes from public-sector unions.
词汇注释 c*urrent [-kArsnt] a.现在的;流通的儿电流;潮流;趋向 owe...to把....归功于;欠....（某物）
…•第三段•…
❶At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.公共部门工会在州一* 级的影响力更加可怕。
—级修饰 At the state level
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 their influence can be evenniorefearsome.（主+系+表）
「同汇生群:fearsome [ •fiasam] Q.很可怕的；十分吓人的
❷ Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is patrolled by
unions.加利福尼亚公共政策研究所的马克•巴尔达萨雷指出，该州多数预算受到工会监察。
Mark Baldassare...points out （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 jthat引导的宾语从句，作points out的宾语
that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰Mark Baldassare
—级修饰 of the Public Policy Institute of California
1333司汇汪释:i*nstitute [-mstitjuit] n.研究所;机构;学院讥制定（规章等） p*atrol [ pairaul] v.巡查;巡逻
❸ The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.
教师工会监察学校，加州监狱和平促进委员会监督监狱,而各种劳工组织则紧盯着医疗保健部门。
（l）The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools,（主+谓+宾）
I并列句
句子主干 （2）the CCPOA （keeps an eye） on prisons （主+谓+宾）
| and连接的并列句
（3）and a variety of labor groups （keep an eye） on health-care,（主+谓+宾）
:商无生努：keep an eye on监视;照看；留神，留意 a variety of种种;很多
"•••第四段•••“
❶ In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.在许多富裕国家，公共部门
的平均工资高于私营部门。
—级修饰 In many rich countries
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 average wages in the state sector are higher （主+系+表）
|than...作句子主干的比较状语
—级修饰 than （average wages） in the private one.
❷But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.但真正的收益来自福利和工作制度。
句子主干 But the real gains come （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 in benefits and work practices.
❸ Politicians have repeatedly "backloaded" public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to
holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.政治家们一再"变相提高'公共部门的薪酬待遇：使薪酬
保持低幅增长，但却增加了节假日，尤其是增加了原本就丰厚的养老金。
句子主干 Politicians have repeatedly "backloaded"史皿£芝迦匚於戏竺⑥（主+谓+宾）
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
keeping the pay increases modest
一级修饰 I but连接并列的现在分词短语
but adding to holidays and especially pensions
that引导的定语从句,[修饰pensions
二级修饰 that are already generous.
要点注皆:现在分词短语keeping the pay increases modest中，形容词modest作the pay increases的补足语。
词汇注曜：m* odest [ modist] a.（幅度等）较小的;谦虚的 p*ension [ penjn] □.养老金;退休金;抚恤金
••第五段•••”
O Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education, where charter schools, academies and
134merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.改革一直受到强烈抵制，情势最糟的也许是教育领域，其中，特许学校、专
科院校和教师的绩效工资制度都面临旷日持久的战斗。
句子主干 Reform has been vigorously opposed,（主+谓）
插入语，[补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 perhaps most notoriously in education,
where引导的非限定性定语从句,[补充说明education
二级修t布 where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.
:词汇注释，vigorously [-vigargsli] ad.强烈地;精力旺盛地 notoriously [ nauloiriasli] ad.声名狼藉地
merit pay绩效工资 drawn-out [ tdr□:n aut] a.持续很久的;延长的
❷ Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers' unions
have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.即使有大量的证据表明，教师素质是（影响教
育质量的）最重要的变量，教师工会仍然反对解雇不能胜任的教师，也反对晋升优秀教师。
二级修饰 that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,
that引导的同位语从句，[解释说明evidence
―级修饰 Even though there is plenty of evidence
|Even though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
teachers' unions have fought against gettingjri^o£bad^ones （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列宾语
and promoting good ones.
词汇注释 v*ariable [ -vegriabl] n.变量;可变因素q.多变的；易变的 fight against反对;与....做斗争
get rid of摆脱;除去;扔掉
第六段•…
❶ As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down.随着非工会人员的损失日益
明显，政治家们开始采取强硬手段。
—级修饰 As the cost to everyone else has become clearer,
〔As引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 politicians have begun tojclam^down.（主+谓+宾）
"坷汇洼皆 clamp down强行压制；取缔;进行镇压
❷ In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.
在威斯康星州，工会已集结了数以千计的支持者反对走强硬路线的共和党州长斯科特-沃克。
—级修饰 In Wisconsin
I
介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 the unions have rallied thousand^of^ugporters （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰thousands of supporters
一级修饰 against Scott Walker,
Scott Walker的同位语T
二级修饰 the hardline Republican governor.
商W生格 rally ☆ o.集合；召集；复原;价格回升n.集会 hardline [.haidUam] a.强硬的；不妥协的
135❸ But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.但在现行体制下，公共部门中很多人也深受
其害。
句子主干 But many within the public sector suffer...too.（主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 under the current system,
要点注释、'、介词短语within the public sector作后置定语，修饰manyo
•••第七段•*••
O John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who
want to stay put but are bad for high achievers.哈佛大学肯尼迪学院的约翰•唐纳修指出，西方行政部门的文化
标准适合那些寻求安稳的人，但不利于业绩优异者。
—级修饰 at Harvard's Kennedy School
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰John Donahue
John Donahue...points out （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作points out的宾语
句子主干 that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put
but连接的并列谓语
but are bad for high achievers.
要点注释 that引导的宾语从句中，but连接并列谓语，其中，are bad为系表结构作复合谓语;who引导的定语
从句，修饰thoseo
词汇注释 n*orm [no：m]々.标准;规范;行为标准;常态 stay put待在原地；留在原处
achiever [s-tji：va（r） ] n.取得....成绩的人;成功者
❷ The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the
president of the United States.在美国公共部门的职员中，年收入达到25万美元以上的只有大学体育教练和总统。
The only Americaii public-sector workers...are 竺也竺（主+系+表）
句子主干 I and连接的并列表语
and the president of the United States.
who引导的定语从句, 修饰The only American public-sector workers
—级修饰 who earn well above $250,000 a year
❸ Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers
may be a much bigger problem for America.银行家的丰厚收入一直饱受指摘，但不对业绩优异者给予奖励的公共
部门体制可能才是美国面临的更大问题。
（1） Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted much^criticism,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but a public-sectoc system...may be ajnuch^i^erproblem for America.（主+系+表）
I that引导的定语从句，修饰a public-sector system
—级修饰 that does not reward high achievers
词汇注释 f*at [fact] a.（薪水等）优厚的;赚钱的 pay packet所得工资;工资袋
criticism * [ •kntisizam] n.指责；批评；评论 reward * [n-wojd] vt.奖励，奖赏n.奖励；报酬
136Part B
・...第一段...
。Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than
a bird.想想那些稍纵即逝的瞬间:你从飞机窗（J往外看，意识到自己正在天空翱翔，飞得比鸟儿还高。
句子主干 Think of t也竺 现§也是兰四些理jg （祈使句:谓+宾）
when引导的定语从句，[修饰moments
when you look out of an aeroplane window
一级修饰 | and连接的并列谓语
and realise that you are flying, higher
| than...作比较状语
二级修饰 than a bird.
:国汇注样 fleeting [ a.飞逝的；短暂的 a*eroplane [ earsplem] n.飞机
❷ Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. 再想想你
那比牛皮纸信封还薄的笔记本电脑，或者想想你手中的手机。
—级修t布 thinner than a brown-paper envelope,
插入语，［补充说明your laptop
Now think of jwirJIagtop,（祈使句：谓+宾）
句子主干 | or连接的并列宾语
or your cellphone
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰your cellphone
—级修饰 in the palm of your hand.
❸Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels.请花一点时间来感叹这些奇迹吧
句子主干 Take amomen£ortwo （祈使句：谓+宾）
I动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to wonder at those marvels.
3可汇洼臀:wonder at sth.对... 感到吃惊 marvel ［ ma：vl］ n.奇迹;不平凡的成果vi.感到惊奇
❹You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.梦想已经成真，你就是它的幸运继承者。
句子主干 You are tiheh^^inheritor （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰the lucky inheritor
—级修饰 of a dream come true.
■词汇注释:inheritor ［ m-hentafr）］几.继承者;后继者
• •••第二段•••，
❶ The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to
create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and
gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. 20 世纪下半叶涌现出了一大批天才、勇士、企业家及
有远见卓识的人,他们不辞劳苦，创造出了一台绝妙的机器，它可以兼作打字机和印刷机、摄影棚和剧院、画笔
和画廊、钢琴和收音机、邮件和邮递员。
137The second half of the 20th century saw 3HCoUection^^yiMOTiar^ （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 [a collection of...visionaries的补足语
labour to create a fabulous machine
that引导的定语从句J修饰a fabulous machine
一级修饰 that could function
I介词短语作状语
as a typewriter and printing press,
二级修饰 I并列成分
studio and theatre...the mail as well as the mail carrier.
无脱:在释
entrepreneur^ [ iontrspra-naiCr）]几.企业家；创业者 visionary [ •visanri]几.有远见卓识的人
l*abour [ -leiba^）]航.艰苦地做;干苦力活 f*abulous [ faebjalas] a.绝妙的；极好的
function as 具有....功能;起....作用 paintbrush [ -pemtbrAf ] n.画笔;漆刷
❷ Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a
worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.他们不仅研发出了这样的设备，而且在世纪之交，还成
功地将其嵌入一个每天都有数十亿用户访问的全球系统。
（1） Not only did they develop such^deyice （助动词+主+谓语动词+宾）
句子主干 | Not only...but连接的并列句
（2） but...they had also managed t^embedjt （主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作（2 ）句的时间状语“
by the turn of the millennium
-级修饰 介词短语作状语
in a worldwide system
过去分词短语作后置定语,[修饰a worldwide system
二级修饰 accessed by billions of people every day.
:要点注释:本句中,Not only位于句首，后接部分倒装结构，还原后正常语序为They not only developed such a
device...every dayo
:词汇注释：millennium [mvleniam] n.千禧年;一千年 embed [imbed]次.使嵌入;使扎根于;派遣
第三段•••«
O The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of
distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique.联网计算机是一种了不起的设备，是第一台可以兼
作生产方式、传播途径、接收站点及评论平台的媒介机器。
句子主干 The networked computer is anamamigde^ce,（主+系+表）
— I an amazing device 的同位语
—级修饰 the first media machine
that引导的定语从句,[修饰the first media machine
that serves as the mode of production,
二级修饰 并列的名词短语I
means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique.
❷ The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.计算机就是 21 世纪的文化机器。
句子主干 The computer is 也（主+系+表）
138…第四段…
❶ But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, wwee must also act with caution.但是尽管有很多理由赞颂
计算机，我们也必须谨慎行事。
to celebrate the computer,
二级修饰 动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the reasons
there are
I省略关系词（that ）的定语从句，修Wthe reasons
—级修饰 for all the reasons
I
介词短语作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 But...we must also act with caution.（主+谓）
词汇注释: celebrate * [ -selibreit ] v.赞美；歌颂；庆祝 c*aution [ koijn] n.谨慎;小心；警告;告诫
❷ This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive
consumption and active creation——whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.
这是因为联网计算机已经引发了一场下载和上传——被动消费和主动创造一一之间的秘密战争，其结果将以
一种我们之前难以想象的方式影响我们共同的未来。
句子主干 This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war （主+系+表从）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a secret war [
between downloading and uploading
一级修饰 whose引导的定语从句, 修饰a secret war
whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways
插入语，补充说明between...uploading
——between passive consumption and active creation——
二级修饰 省略（in which ）或关系词（that）的定语从句，修饰ways
we can only begin to imagine.
i s*[sppaarrkk] vt.引发，触发vi.产生火花n.火花;热情 p*assive [ -paesiv] a.被动的；消极的
❸I call it a secret war for two reasons,我将其称为秘密战争的原因有两个o
句子主干 I call it a secret war （主+谓+宾+宾补）
i
介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 for two reasons.
❹ First, most people do not realise that 由ere are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption
mode.首先，大多数人没有意识到,一些强大的商业模式正在发挥作用，使他们保持被动的消费模式。
First, most people do not realise （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 :that引导的宾语从句，作do not realise的宾语
that there are strong commercial agendas at work
[动词不定式短语作目的状语
—级修饰 to keep them in passive consumption mode.
[词汇注释1 c*ommercial [ka maifl] a.商业的；贸易的；营利的几广告 m* ode [maud]几.模式;方式;状态
❺ Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what
they are doing.其次，大多数使用联网计算机上传信息的人甚至没有意识到自己这种行为的重要意义。
139句子主干 Second, the majority of people...are not even aware （主+系+表）
who引导的定语从句,[修饰the majority of people
who use networked computers to upload
一级修饰 介词短语作状语
of the significance of what they are doing.
要点注释 介词短语of the significance...中，介词短语of what...作后置定语，修饰the significance ；其中，what
'引导的宾语从句作介词。f的宾语。
…第五段八•
❶All animals download, but only a few upload,所有动物都在“下载”，但只有少数动物在“上传”。
（1） AI1 animals download,（主+谓）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but only a few upload.（主+谓）
❷Beavers build dams and birds make nests.海狸建造水坝，鸟儿修筑巢穴。
（1） Beavers build dams （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and birds make nests.（主+谓+宾）
:词汇注释 beaver [ -biiV9（r） ] □.海狸；河狸；海狸的皮毛 n*est [nest] n.鸟巢；家;藏匿点痴.筑巢
❸ Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading.然而，在大多数情况下，动物王国都
以“下载”的方式在这个世界上生存。
_级修饰 for the most part,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 Yet...the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading.（主+谓）
要点注释:介词短语through the world作状语;现在分词downloading作方式状语。
❹ Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous
material goods—paintings, sculpture and architecture—and superfluous experiences—music, literature, religion and
philosophy.人类却很独特，他们不仅有能力制造工具，而且还能反过来利用这些工具创造出额外的物质产品
（绘画、雕塑和建筑）以及额外的精神体验（音乐、文学、宗教和哲学）O
句子主干 Humans are unique （主+系+表）
介词短语作状语，，表方面
—级修饰 in their capacity
|动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰their capacity
二级修饰 to not only make tools but then turn around and use them
动词不定式短语作use them的目的状语[
三级修饰 to create superfluous material goods...and superfluous experiences
举例说明superfluous material goods
——paintings, sculpture and architecture—
四级修饰 举例说明superfluous experiences
——music, literature, religion and philosophy.
140:词汇注释:s*uperfluous [ su： p3：fluas] a.多余的；过剩的 s*culpture [ 'skAlptJs(r) ] n.雕塑；雕刻
architecture *[ •aikitektfa(r) ] n.建筑物；建筑学 philosophy * [ fa lossfi ] n.哲学；哲学体系
❺ Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human.
当然，正是这些额外的事物定义了人类文化,并最终定义了人类。
it is...that
it is...that为强调句型,!强调主语these superfluous things
句子主干 Of course,...precisely these superfluous things... define hunianculture (主+谓+宾)
| and连接的并列宾语
and ultimately what it is to be human.
:宴店注海U and连接的并列宾语中，其中一个是what引导的宾语从句，从句中，it为形式主语,动词不定式短
语to be human作真正的主语，系动词为is,表语为what。
❻ Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a
defining constituent of humanity. M下载”和消费文化需要高超的技能，但如果不能超越“下载”模式，就相当于剥
夺了人之所以为人的定义要素。
(1) Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills,(主+谓+宾)
、 '........ ...... X ”， ...... F --------------------------------------■
句子主干 |but连接的并列句，表转折
(2) but failing to...downloading is to^tri^oneselfofa^lefimng^onstitiie^ (主+系+表)
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a defining constituent [
—级修饰 of humanity.
;词汇生释！ strip sb. of sth,剥夺某人的某物 c*onstituent [ kan-stitjuant] n.构成要素；成分;选民
…•第六段…
。For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode.尽管我们的新文
化机器具有各种可能性，但是大多数人仍停留在“下载”模式上。
一级修饰 For all the possibilities of our new culture machines,
[介词短语作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 most people are still stuck (主+系+表)
j介词短语作状语
—级修饰 in download mode.
顶无注释:be stuck in困住;陷于
❷ Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people
uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining
content to just consume.即使在社交媒体广泛出现后，金字塔式的创造模式仍然存在：少数人在上传资料，稍多
一点的人评论或修改这些上传的内容，而绝大多数人仅仅满足于消费。
—级修饰 Even after the advent of widespread social media,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 a pyramid of production remains,(主+谓)
[with独立主格结构作句子主干的伴随状语
with a small number of people uploading material,
|并列的with独立主格结构
—级修饰 (with) a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content,
| and连接并列的with独立主格结构
and (with) a huge percentage remaining content to just consume.
141词汇注释 advent 7 [ «aedvent] n.出现;到来；问世 p*yramid [ piramid] n.金字塔式的组织；金字塔
❸ One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media
culture has been defined by a single medium一television—and television is defined by downloading. 这种金字塔式的
创造模式持续存在的一个原因是，在过去50年里，世界上大多数媒体文化一直被一种单一的媒介——电
视一所定义，而电视的本质就是“下载” O
―级修饰 for the persistence of this pyramid of production
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰One reason
One reason...is...（主+系+表从）
[that引导的表语从句
句子主干 that...much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium
| and连接并列的表语从句
and （that） television is defined by downloading.
介词短语作时间状语 插入语，补充说明a single medium
一级修饰 for the past half-century, —television—
• • •
❶Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes.电视就像单向水龙头一样，（使信息）流入千家万户。
句子主干 Television is a^ne^waj^t^ （主+系+表）
现在分词短语作后置定语J修饰a one-way tap
—级修饰 flowing into our homes.
"司定注释、one-way [ twAn，wei] a.单向的；单方面的；单程的 tap [taep] n.水龙头；轻拍vt.轻拍；发掘
❷ The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.它需要人们做的最艰
巨的任务就是在打开之后再关闭它。
—级修饰 that television asks of anyone
j that引导的定语从句，修饰The hardest task
句子主干 The hardest task... is tojurnjhe^oweroff （主+系+表）
after引导的时间状语从句，[作表语的时间状语
—级修饰 after he has turned it on.
❸ The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading
and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.联网计算机提供了 50年来第一次扭转这种流向的机会，它鼓
励深思熟虑后的“下载”，更重要的是鼓励有意义的“上传”。
句子主干 The networked computer offers th^firs£chance in 50 years （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语,[修饰the first chance"
to reverse the flow,
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作句子主干的结果状语
to encourage thoughtful downloading and,...meaningful uploading.
“ J插入语
二级修饰 even more importantly,
词汇注释 r*everse [rrv3：s] m彻底转变;颠倒;撤销 thoughtful去[a.深思熟虑过的;体贴的
142…第八段…
O What counts as meaningful uploading?怎样才算是有意义的“上传”呢？
句子主干 What counts as meaningful uploading?（特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+谓）
:罢点汪群 介词短语as meaningful uploading作what的补足语。
My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness"—creations and experiences to which others adhere. 我的定义
围绕“粘性”这一概念展开，即能让他人坚持追随的创造和体验。
句子主干 My definition revolves around 也切四匹亚竺坦5竺^（主+谓+宾）
[补充说明the concept of "stickiness"
一级修饰 ―reations and experiences
which引导的定语从句,[修饰creations and experiences
二级修饰 to which others adhere.
Part C
«•••第一^段•*••
❶ Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise.自亚里士多
德时代以来，科学事业的特点一直是寻求普遍原则。
一级修饰 Since the days of Aristotle,
［介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 a search...has characterized 也戈巨竺匝£整史££逃・（主+谓+宾）
:介词短语作后置定语，修饰a search
一级修饰 for universal principles
;词汇注释: c*haracterize [ kaeraktsraiz] vt.以....为特征 e*nterprise [ -entspraiz] n.事业；公司；进取心
In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science.在某些方面，这种对共性的追求定义了科学。
-级修饰 In some ways,
［介词短语作状语，表方面
句子主干 this quest for commonalities defines science.（主+谓+宾）
3司汇注释 commonality [ ikoman aelati]几.共性；共同特征
❸ Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory
framework.牛顿运动定律和达尔文进化论，都分别把大量不同的现象放在一个单一的解释框架之内。
句子主干 Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind
[介词短语作bind的状语
一级修饰 into a single explicatory framework.
explicatory [ ek-splikstari] a.解释的，说明的 framework * [ *freimw3 ：k ] n.框架；结构；机制
• •••第二段•*••
O In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single
generative equation for all we see.在物理学领域，有一种做法把这种寻求大同理论的冲动推向极端，它试图寻
求一种万有理论---种涵盖我们所看到的一切的单一生成性公式。
143—级修饰 In physics,
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
one approach takes鱼虫鱼j四如史匝31?亟空ISU （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and seeks a theory of everything
• 介词短语作状语，表程度
to its extreme,
—级修饰 解释说明a theory of everything
—a single generative equation for all we see.
要点注释:破折号后的a single generative equation for all we see中，介词短语for all we see作后置定语，修饰
a single generative equation；we see 为省略（that）的定语从句，修饰 allo
3司汇生蒋:i*mpulse [ impAls] n.冲动;刺激;脉冲 unification [ Juimfi-keiJn] n.统一;联合
e*xtreme [ik-striim] n.极端;极限 a.极度的 generative equation 生成性公式
❷ It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes
that it might entail.然而，考虑到这样的理论可能涉及的维度和领域，它是否会是一种简化，就变得不那么明
确了。
that such a theory would be a simplification,
句子主干 [it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
It is becoming less^clear, however,（主+系+表）
:介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修t布 given the dimensions and universes
that引导的定语从句，[修饰the dimensions and universes
二级修饰 that it might entail.
要保泛释1本句中，副词however作插入语，表示本句与上文为转折关系。定语从句中，that代替先行词the
dimensions and universes 作宾语，主语 it 指代 such a theory,谓语为 might entailo
词汇注释 '、、simplification [ .simplifrkeijn] n.简化；简化的事物 d*imension [ dai menjn] □.维度；范围；规模
u*niverse [jumiv3is] n.（思想、学科等的）领域;宇宙entail^ [ m teil] vt.牵涉;需要;使必要
❸Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.虽然如此，多样性的统一化仍然是主要的目标o
—级修饰 Nonetheless,
___________ [插入语
句子主干 unification of sorts remains amajo£goal.（主+系 +表）
藕• . • 二' ，
O This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.长久以来，自然科学的这种倾
向在社会科学领域也很明显。
—级修饰 in the natural sciences
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰This tendency
句子主干 This tendency ...has long been evident...too.（主+系+表）
?介词短语作句子主干的状语
__________ I **
—级修饰 in the social sciences
❷ Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose
that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.这里，达尔文学说似乎提供了理据，因
为如果人类有着共同的起源，那么似乎就有理由认为，文化的多样性也可以追溯到更为有限的起源。
144—级修饰 Here,
___________ :插入语
（l）Darwinism seems to offer justification,（主+谓+宾）
| for连接的并列句
句子主干 ⑵for...it seems reasonable 4 主+系+表）
"[it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.
if引导的条件状语从句，作（2）句的条件状语
—级修饰 if all humans share common origins,
:至流注暮〕本句为并列连词for连接的并列句，其中，（2）句是对（1）句的解释说明。动词不定式短语to
suppose...中,that引导的宾语从句，作suppose的宾语。
"词汇注释:be traced to追溯到 constrained [kan-stremd] a.过于受约束的;强迫的;不自然的
❸ Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps
the world's languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. 正如人
类各种令人眼花缭乱的求爱仪式都可被视为性选择的形式，也许世界上的语言、音乐、社会和宗教习俗,甚至历
史,均受普遍性的制约。
二级修饰 forms of sexual selection,
|名词短语作the bewildering...rituals的补足语
—级修饰 Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered
[as引导的方式状语从句，作句子主干的方式状语
perhaps the world's languages,…are governed （主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列成分
music, social...and even history
介词by引出动作的发出者
—级修饰 by universal features.
:词汇注释:bewildering [bi wildanrj] a.使人眼花缭乱的 courtship [ -koitjip] n.求爱;求偶;追求
ritual*[ -ntjusl] n.仪式;规矩;程序 g*[overn gAvn] m约束;影响v.统治;治理
❹ To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and
what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.从共性中筛除个性，这会使我们得以理解复杂的文化行为是如何
产生的，并从进化或认知角度理解是什么引导了它的走向。
—级修饰 from what is shared
[介词短语作状语，修饰filter out
To filter out what is unique...might enable us to understand （主+谓+宾+宾补）
how引导的宾语从句，[作understand的宾语
句子主干 how complex cultural behavior arose
| and连接并列的宾语从句
and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
:妻蠢注海]句子主干中，动词不定式短语To filter out...作主语，其中，what引导的宾语从句，作filter out的宾
语;介词短语from what is shared中,what引导的宾语从句,作介词from的宾语。
项无注释]filter out筛除，过滤掉,淘汰掉 c*[.okgDngitnive 3tiv] a.认知的;认识的
145….第四段…
O That, at least, is the hope.至少，那是一种希望。
—级修饰 at least,
___________ ]插入语
句子主干 That,...is thejjope.（主+系+表）
❷ But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check.但是，今天网上所公布的
一项语言特征的比较研究（对这种想法）进行了现实检验。
—级修饰 of linguistic traits
|介词短语作后置定语,修饰a comparative study
句子主干 But a comparative study...supplies a^realitj^check.（主+谓+宾）
|过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a comparative study
—级修饰 published online today
词汇注释 linguistic* * [lijgwistik] a.语言的；语言学的 s*upply [sa-piai] vt.提供;供给n.供应量;供给量
❸ Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two
previous attempts to find universality in language.奥克兰大学的罗素•格雷和他的同事根据前两次寻找语言普遍
性的尝试,分析了语法的演变。
句子主干 Russell Gray ...and his colleagues consider 虫gj史亟虫2糜£基55些2史（主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Russell Gray
at the University of Auckland
一级修饰 介词短语作状语
in the light of two previous attempts
动词不定式短语作后置定语j修饰two previous attempts
二级修饰 to find universality in language.
词汇注释 in the light of根据;按照；考虑到；鉴于 universality [ Jumivarsaelati] n.普遍性;通用性
••••第五段•…
O The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate
language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.在这些寻找语言普遍性的努力中，最著名的一次由
诺姆-乔姆斯基做出，他认为人类生来就具有一种掌握普遍语法的先天性语言习得能力
句子主干 The most famous of these efforts was initiated （主+谓）
|介词by引出动作的发出者
—级修饰 by Noam Chomsky,
who引导的非限定性定语从句,!补充说明Noam Chomsky
二级修饰 who suggested that humans are bom with an innate language-acquisition capacity
that引导的定语从句，修饰an innate...capacity |
三级修饰 that dictates a universal grammar.
*4
要您注释 who引导的非限定性定语从句中嵌套了一个that引导的宾语从句，作suggested的宾语。
商无注释;initiate^ [i mjieit] vt.发起;创始；使了解 be born with与生俱来；天生具有
innate [rneit] a.先天的；天生的；与生俱来的 dictate* [dik teit]".支配；口述;命令
146@ A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why
children can learn it so quickly.少量的生成规则就足以展现一种语言的全部基本结构，这就是儿童学习语言如
此之快的原因。
句子主干 A few generative rules are then sufficient （主+系+表）
" ” [动词不定式短语作状语
to unfold the entire fundamental structure
一级修饰 which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干•
which is why children can learn it so quickly.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the entire fundamental structure
二级修饰 of a language,
:词汇注释：s*ufficient [ sa fijnt] a.足够的；充足的 unfoldad fauld] v.展现；打开
…•第六段…
O The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in
word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.
第二次努力一由乔舒亚•格林伯格做出一一采用更为经验主义的方法来研究语言的普遍性,确定了多种语
言的共同特征(尤其在词序方面)，这些特征被认为体现了因认知局限而产生的倾向。
句子主干 The second,...takes gjj攻匡竺辿典他坐^^四虫匹也iXSJSSlilX，(主+谓+宾)
［插入语，补充说明The second
by Joshua Greenberg,
一级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
identifying traits (particularly in word order)
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰traits |
shared by many languages,
二级修饰 which引导的非限定性定语从句， 补充说明traits
which are considered to represent biases
that引导的定语从句，[修饰biases
三级修饰 that result from cognitive constraints.
:词汇注释:empirical * [ im pinkl] q.经验主义的；以经验为依据的 bias^[ baias]几.倾向；偏见;偏爱
…•第七段•…
O Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than
2,000 languages.格雷和他的同事通过分析四种语法谱系（相当于2000多种语言），对这两种理论进行了
检验。
—级修饰 to the test
[介词短语作状语
句子主干 Gray and his colleagues have put them （主+谓+宾）
I
介词短语作方式状语
—级修饰 by examining four family trees
that引导的定语从句，[修饰four family trees
二级修饰 that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.
147❷ Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway
tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-
order relations.乔姆斯基的语法应该显示出语言变化的模式，这些模式并不受语言谱系或贯穿谱系路径的影
响，而格林伯格式的普遍性理论则预言了特定的词序关系类型之间所存在的紧密互依性。
二甄修g tracked through it,
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the pathway ]
一级修饰 that are independent of the family tree or the pathway
that引导的定语从句,］修饰patterns of language change
(1) Chomsky's grammar should showgattenis^Jaiigu^echsnige (主+谓+宾)
| whereas连接的并列句，表对比
句子主干
(2) whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong^o-depend^ia<^ (主+谓+宾)
介词短语作后置定语j修饰strong co-dependencies
一级修饰 between particular types of word-order relations.
:词汇注释i p*attern [ paetn] n.模式；图案;范例u.构成图案 p*redict [pn dikt] vt.预言；预告;预报
❸ Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific
and not governed by universals.这两种模式均未通过此次分析得以证实，这表明语言结构具有种系特异性，而不
受普遍规律支配。
—级修饰 by the analysis,
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 Neither of these patterns is borne out (主+谓)
［现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific
一级修饰 | and连接的并列谓语
and (are) not governed
［介词by引出动作的发出者
二级修饰 by universals.
要点汪释j现在分词短语suggesting that...中，that引导的宾语从句，作suggesting的宾语，从句中，and连接并
列谓语:谓语一是系表结构are lineage-specific,作复合谓语;谓语二（are）not governed使用了被动
语态。
词汇港庭:be borne out被证实，被印证 lineage [ qmiid3] n.世系；宗系；家系；血统
148
