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专题 12 阅读理解之说明文
2020-2023年高考英语阅读理解考情分析
项目 语篇类型 题型
年份 卷别 应用文 记叙文 说明文 议论文 细节理解 推理判断 主旨要义 词义猜测
新高考I卷 A B C/D 6 7 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 8 3 3 1
2023
全国甲卷 A B C/D 9 5 1
全国乙卷 B A/C D 5 8 1 1
新高考I卷 A C D B 10 3 1 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 7 5 1 2
2022
全国甲卷 A C/D B 8 3 3 1
全国乙卷 A C/D B 11 2 1 1
新高考I卷 A B C/D 6 6 2 1
新高考Ⅱ卷 A B C/D 9 4 1 1
2021
全国甲卷 A C B D 6 7 1 1
全国乙卷 A/B/C/D 4 8 2 1
新高考I卷 A B/C D 7 5 1 2
2020 全国I卷 A C/D B 4 8 2 1
全国Ⅱ卷 A D B/C 8 2 3 2
说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事
理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分(总)、递进等方式按一定的顺序(如时间、空间、从现
象到本质)进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读
说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、
特点等。
最近五年高考题中，说明文考查很多，变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题、高科
技领域的科研成果、人们比较关心的社会问题、人文方面的经典。所谓科技说明文，就是指研究自然科学
与技术的文章。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由易到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理
解题中相对比较难的，通常放在C或D篇。阅读理解试题的考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握，而
说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出
现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例
如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号(如破折号、冒号都有表示解
释和说明)等。题型归纳
题型01 细节理解题
【题型诠释】
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用
first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally, not only, but also, then, in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。
试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由 as, such as,
for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在
转折对比处命题，一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike, until, not so much…as
等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷
换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在
复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关
系和语法关系。
做这类题目时，一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项
不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。
【典例1】(2023上·山东·高三山东省实验中学校考阶段练习)
Animal appear to predict earthquakes by sensing electricity in the air — the first study to find reliable
evidence of the phenomenon has shown.
Cameras revealed an “amazing” drop in the number of animals up to 23 days before a major quake hit their
rainforest home at Yanachaga National Park in Peru. Lead scientist Dr Rachel Grant, from Anglia Ruskin
University, said, “The results showed that just before the earthquake, animals’ activity dropped right down.”
On a normal day the cameras placed around Yanachaga National Park record between 5 and 15 animals. But in
the 23 days before the earthquake, the number of animals dropped to five or fewer per day. No animals were
photographed at all on five of the seven days immediately before the quake.
Another study showed that animal activity remained normal in the park over a different period when seismic
(地震的) activity was low. Co-author, professor Friedemann Freund, said, “The cameras were located at an altitude
of 900 meters. If air ionization occurred, the animals would escape to the valley below, where there were fewerpositive ions (离子). With their ability to sense their environment, animals can help us understand small changes
that occur before major earthquakes.”
Other evidence suggested that before the earthquake, the air around the high mountain sites filled with positive
ions that can be produced when rocks are placed under stress. Positive ions have been known to cause ill effects in
humans as well as animals. Scientists believe the animals were made to feel uncomfortable by the positive ions,
leading them to avoid the area. They are thought to have escaped to lower ground, where the air was less ionized.
The findings may help experts develop better short-term seismic forecasts.
16. How did scientists conduct the study?
A. By comparing different animals’ habits. B. By observing animals in high mountains.
C. By explaining the positive ion phenomenon. D. By analyzing images of animals they obtained.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“On a normal day the cameras placed around Yanachaga National Park
record between 5 and 15 animals. But in the 23 days before the earthquake, the number of animals dropped to five
or fewer per day. No animals were photographed at all on five of the seven days immediately before the quake. (在
平常的一天，放置在Yanachaga国家公园周围的摄像机记录了5到15只动物。但在地震前的23天，动物
的数量下降到每天5只或更少。在地震前的七天中，有五天根本没有拍摄到任何动物)”可知，在地震前后
摄像机捕捉到的动物的图像的数量是有所变化的。由此可知，科学家通过分析他们获得的动物图像进行这
项研究的。故选D。
题型02 语意猜测题
【题型诠释】
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以
常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to … 或what does
the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。说明文在阐述说明对象
时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上
下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对
象。解这类题型时，考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此
为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在
文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。
【典例2】(2023上·广东广州·高三华南师大附中校考阶段练习)
Anyone can be late a handful of times, but to be the person who is always late—that’s an art, a frustrating art.
Or, a side effect of your personality, scientists have found.
So what is it that causes some people to constantly miss trains, make it to the wedding just after the bride’s
shown up and regularly annoy their friends? And why is it so hard for us to fix it? “There are all sorts of
punishments for being late, but we are still late even when those punishments and consequences exist.” said Justin
Kruger, a social psychologist at New York University.
One of the commonest reasons why people are frequently late is that-they fail to accurately judge how long a
task will take—something known as the planning fallacy. Research has shown that people on average
underestimate the tune to complete a task by a significant 40 percent.
Besides, forever-late-comers are more likely to be multitaskers. A 2023 study found that out of 181subway
operators in New York City, those who preferred multitasking were more often late for their job. This is because
multitasking makes it harder to have the awareness of what you’re doing. It’s also discovered there is a personality
type that’s more likely to be late. While highly nervous, achievement-oriented Type A individuals arc more possible
to be punctual, Type B individuals, however, who are calmer and more relaxed, have a higher chance to be late.
Admittedly, knowing all of this doesn’t necessarily help fix the problem. But scientists are starting to work on
strategies that can slowly improve our punctuality. For people who constantly underestimate tasks, breaking down
an activity into detailed steps can help people estimate how long something will take more accurately. As for your
personality type, unfortunately, there isn’t much you can do to change that. But accepting that you need to struggle
for it may just help. Acceptance, after all, is the first step to change.
27. What does the underlined word “fallacy” mean in paragrqph3?
A. A reasonable argument. B. A mistaken belief.
C. A modest expectation. D. A realistic idea.
【答案】B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段中“One of the commonest reasons why people are frequently late is that-they fail to accurately judge how long a task will take”（人们经常迟到的一个最常见的原因是——他们不能准
确地判断一项任务需要多长时间）以及“Research has shown that people on average underestimate the tune to
complete a task by a significant 40 percent.”（研究表明，人们平均低估了完成一项任务所需时间的 40%。）
由此可知，此处为这就是所谓的计划谬误。故可猜测划线单词fallacy为“谬论”的意思，结合选项B项A
mistaken belief“错误的信念”意思一致。故选B项。
题型03 主旨大意题
【题型诠释】
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。
主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以 This passage mainly talks about ____. What is the main
idea of the passage?为设问方式。这种试题多以This passage mainly talks about …
答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对
文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干
扰项，选出正确答案。
【典例3】(2023上·广东汕头·高三金山中学校考阶段练习)
Whenever you read text, your brain processes the visual stimuli (刺激物) to create meaning and understand
the content. Chances are, you don’t pay much attention to the way the information is presented- particularly the
font (字体) choice. That’s because your main target is reading comprehension, not aesthetics.
Although typography (排印) is missed by most of us, it’s essential in making texts legible, readable and
appealing for audiences. Beyond the visual aspect, research shows that fonts play a significant role in the mental
processes of understanding that happen while we read. A font’s impact on the way you learn and memorize
information might be hard to notice consciously, but your brain is certainly tuned in. Perhaps surprisingly, hard-to-
read fonts such as Bodoni, Comic Sans, or Monotype Corsiva are better for memorizing information than fonts like
Arial or Times New Roman, according to some studies.
“Difficulty can function as an alarm signal, giving the reader a sense that the task is challenging and will
require mental effort,” says Daniel Oppenheimer, a professor of psychology at Carnegie Mellon University and one
of a 2010 study authors, “Additionally, slowing down the reading speed to deal with the disfluency may increase
the probability of spotting errors in a text.”
Font characteristics such as style, size and color play a role in information retention memory or recall as well,says Stephen Banham, a typography lecturer at RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia. Experiments have
proved a U-shape relationship between font size and memory: Large-font items may predict higher recall regardless
of style, but very small font sizes can also introduce a desirable difficulty.
A document’s specific method of formatting information also makes an impact. Using font styles like bold or
italics to indicate significance can also improve memory. That’s because people are better able to remember
information they consider important, says Oppenheimer. Researchers found that bolded text has a higher recall than
text in italic or regular styles, regardless of the font size. However, if an entire document is bolded, the emphasis is
lost, and readers can no longer spot vital passages.
26. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. What Fonts Make Reading Easy B. What Fonts Make Memory Lasting
C. Why Fonts Impact Retention and Recall D. How Fonts Affect Learning and Memory
【答案】D
【答案】主旨大意题。根据第二段中“ Beyond the visual aspect, research shows that fonts play a significant
role in the mental processes of understanding that happen while we read. A font’s impact on the way you learn and
memorize information might be hard to notice consciously, but your brain is certainly tuned in.(除了视觉方面，研
究表明，字体在我们阅读时的心理理解过程中起着重要作用。字体对你学习和记忆信息的影响可能很难有
意识地注意到，但你的大脑肯定会注意到。)”以及通读全文，文章主要讲述的是字体选择在阅读理解、记
忆和信息提取过程中的重要性以及产生的影响。D选项“How Fonts Affect Learning and Memory(字体如何
影响学习和记忆)”概括全文，符合文章标题。故选D。
题型04 判断推理题
【题型诠释】
这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某
些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以
事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原
文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文
常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态
活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也
是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的
想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏、或对某个事物的批判。
这类题目常见的设问方式有：
1. What was the author’s attitude towards ...?
2. The passage is intended to ...3. The author suggests that ...
4. The story implies that…
5. Which point of view may the author agree to?
6. From the passage we can conclude that...
7. The purpose of the passage is to...。
解决这类题型时，应该根据不同的推理判断方法解题。学生要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文
章的真正内涵。答案不可能在文章中直接找到，而且推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可
推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，切忌过度推测或无理由推测，要结合语境和常识推论出未知部分，
把握作者的言外之意。
【典例4】(2023上·湖北·高三华中师大一附中校考期中)
With the availability of easy-to-use at-home kits, DNA testing for dogs has become increasingly popular
among dog owners in recent years. It can provide invaluable insights into a dog’s breed, health risks, and even
behaviors.
DNA testing typically works by analyzing the genetic material found in a sample of cells taken from the inside
of your dog’s cheek. This sample is then compared to a database of known breeds and genetic markers associated
with certain traits or health conditions.
The first step in obtaining a DNA test kit is selecting which type you want. Most companies offer several
different types of tests that vary in cost and complexity. For instance, some tests just analyze your dog’s breed
composition, while others can assess additional genetic markers associated with certain diseases or behaviors.
Then it’s time to collect your dog’s sample using the provided swab (拭子) kit or saliva-collection tube
included with most kits. The swab should be gently rubbed inside your pet’s cheek according to the kit’s directions
before being placed into the collection container provided by the company. After collecting the sample, it should be
mailed back to the laboratory for processing according to instructions given by the company providing the service.
Once received by the lab, it typically takes 1-2 weeks for results to be processed and sent back via email or mail.
Results will vary depending on which type of test was purchased, but they generally include detailed information
about your pet’s breed composition as well as any potential health risks or behavioral traits associated with their
genetics that could affect their overall well-being and quality of life.
If you’re looking for an easy way to learn more about your pup’s background without spending too much
money, then DNA testing might just be right up your alley.
11. What is the text?A. A dog advertisement. B. A dog DNA experiment.
C. A dog DNA testing survey. D. A dog DNA test kit promotion.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“With the availability of easy-to-use at-home kits, DNA testing for dogs has
become increasingly popular among dog owners in recent years. It can provide invaluable insights into a dog’s
breed, health risks, and even behaviors. (近年来，随着易于使用的家庭试剂盒的出现，狗的DNA检测在狗主
人中越来越受欢迎。它可以为了解狗的品种、健康风险甚至行为提供宝贵的见解。)”和最后一段“If you’re
looking for an easy way to learn more about your pup’s background without spending too much money, then DNA
testing might just be right up your alley. (如果你正在寻找一种简单的方法，在不花太多钱的情况下了解更多
关于小狗背景的信息，那么DNA检测可能正是你的选择。)”可知，这篇文章主要是售卖狗DNA检测试剂
盒，所以它是一场促销活动。故选D。
高考练场
题型01 细节理解题
(2023年新高考全国英语甲卷C篇)
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. It was full of ideas that
were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a
world of philosophy (哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people
who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.
Eric weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love
for philosophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work
in the context (背景) of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder
like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a
book about undestanding philosophy, is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he
does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in
history, and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding (解读) their mssages and adding his owninterpretation.
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls
them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a
coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It’s worth your time, even if time is
something we don’t have a lot of.
28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author?
A. Foucault. B. Eric Weiner. C. Jostein Gaarder. D. A college teacher.
题型02 语意猜测题
(2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语C篇)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it
asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital
minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly
intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter.
This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days,
you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive
benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll
draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear
these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you
should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable
digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the
necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each
chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for
your particular circumstances.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.题型03 主旨大意题
(2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷英语D篇)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come
to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some
cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some
people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together,
they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same
errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that
people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the
accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The
key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a
discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent
individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was
significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group
members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did
they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant
response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow,
these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have
limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are
enormous.
12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
题型04 判断推理题
(2023年新高考全国英语甲卷D篇)
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of theAmerican psyche-we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the
world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a
grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As
grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly
being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or
more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by
settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975,
grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and
allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies
remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm
animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and
campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other
farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free
place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who
manages bears in and around Missoula.
35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies. B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies. D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
名校模拟
A
(2023上·山东·高三山东省实验中学校考阶段练习)
New York Broadway Show: Aladdin
Have a genie (精灵) grant your wish to see the Disney classic live on Broadway!Provider: Tiqets International B. V.
Duration: 2h 30mins
Ticket Info:
A. $91.20 Admission to Aladdin
B. Smartphone tickets accepted
C. Instant ticket delivery
Highlights & Description
Roll out the magic carpet and get ready for a whole new world. The producer of The Lion King brings the
timeless story of Aladdin to the New York stage in a musical spectacular for the whole family.
From the producer of The Lion King, this magical spectacle is packed with all your favorite songs from the
Disney animated classic Aladdin, and more!
Come to the New Amsterdam Theatre and step into “A Whole New World”!
Instructions
Your tickets will be sent to you via email. Please show your ticket at the New Amsterdam Theatre entrance for
the time and date of your show.
Seating starts 30 minutes prior to showtime, but there may be a wait to enter the theatre due to the security
check. Please give your group plenty of time to get to the theatre and find their seats. Latecomers will be
accommodated during the first appropriate break in the performance.
Reschedule and Cancellation Policy
Refunds are not possible for this ticket.
Rescheduling is not possible for this ticket.
1. Where is the text probably taken from?
A. A Disney brochure. B. A travel blog. C. A ticketing website. D. A Broadway introduction.
2. What is the feature of the Broadway show Aladdin?
A. It is set in ancient Amsterdam. B. It is adapted from The Lion King.
C. It is an animated classic from Disney. D. It is a magical musical with many songs.
3. If you arrive late, you will __________.
A. be kept waiting until the first suitable break. B. be turned away and the refund is impossible.
C. be rescheduled for the earliest available show. D. be admitted immediately after the security check.
B
(2023·山东潍坊·潍坊一中校考模拟预测) One man’s trash is another man’s treasure is absolutely the case inTurkey where garbage collectors started collecting books that have been thrown away and ended up opening a
library.
It started when garbage man Durson Ipek found a bag of abandoned books when he was working and then it
snowballed from there. Ipek and other garbage men started gathering the books they found on the streets that were
ready for landfills (垃圾填埋地) and as their collection started to grow, so did word of mouth. Soon, local residents
started donating books directly. The library was initially available only to the garbage employees and their families
to use but as the collection grew, so did public interest and the library was opened to the public in 2017.
“On the one hand, there were those who were leaving these books on the streets. On the other hand, others
were looking for these books,” Ankaya mayor Alper Tasdelen told CNN. “We started to discuss the idea of creating
a library from these books. When everyone supported it, this project happened.”
All the books that are found are sorted and checked for condition. If they pass, they go on the shelves. Today,
the library has over 6,000 books that range from fiction to nonfiction and there’s a very popular children’s section
that even has a collection of comic books. An entire section is devoted to scientific research and there are also
books available in English and French. The collection has grown so large that the library loans books to schools and
educational programs.
“Village school teachers from all over Turkey are requesting books,” Tasdelen told CNN. The government has
to hire a full-time employee to manage the library.
This library is incredibly popular. It is frequently filled with the children of the city’s workers and students
from nearby schools. There is a waiting room set up for readers and chess boards for the people who visit the
library. You can even enjoy a cup of tea in the waiting room.
4. What does the underlined word “snowballed” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Declined quickly. B. Grew slowly. C. Developed rapidly. D. Worsened steadily.
5. What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us about the library?
A. Its great popularity. B. Its potential significance.
C. Its huge collection of books. D. Its wide variety of readers.
6. Why did the government hire a full-time employee?
A. To raise people’s awareness of recycling. B. To classify and check the donated books.
C. To expand the social influence of the library. D. To meet the huge demand from rural teachers.
7. What can be inferred about the library from the last paragraph?
A. It’s an excellent place to enjoy tea. B. It’s crowded with readers every day.
C. It needs to improve its management. D. It provides a very considerate service.C
(2023·山东济南·山东师范大学附中校考模拟预测) Distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic has made
both physical and social connections a touch more difficult to maintain. For Stanford University student Millie
Salvato, being apart from her friend on the opposite coast has proved challenging. Sometimes a text or video call is
not enough, and people in Salvato’s situation often long for a way to send a comforting hug from afar. In a new
study detailed in IEEE Transactions on Haptics, she and her colleagues demonstrated a wearable sleeve that can
simulate (模拟) human touch and convey social messages sent electronically.
Salvato and her team measured how 37 participants expressed social messages in different situations. In each
test, one person wore a pressure-sensing device on an arm, and another touched it to respond to six different scenes:
attention seeking, gratitude, happiness, calming, love and sadness. After collecting 661 touch movements, Salvato
and her colleagues mapped the location and pressure of each. Next, they used a machine-learning algorithm (算法)
to select the movements that were most reliably part of each response. Finally, they programmed a wearable sleeve
to simulate these movements using eight built-in disks that vibrate when electronically signaled. “The instant it
received signals, I could feel the touch and identify its intended meaning. “One participant reported.
Even with no training, the participants correctly matched the simulated touches to the six scenes 45 percent of
the time. For comparison, a previous study found participants could match scenes for touches from real human
hands 55 percent of the time.
Gerling, a touch researcher at Harvard who was not involved in the study, said the invention was really
surprising. But the study was small and needs to cover far larger groups of people to determine exactly which are
the most desirable responses. Besides, he believes the sleeve surely will enjoy great popularity once launched on
the market.
8. What were participants asked to do during the study?
A. Pick up reliable responses. B. Model on electronic touches.
C. Respond to different situations. D. Mark out programmed movements.
9. What does the underlined word “vibrate” mean in paragraph 2?
A. Alarm. B. Shake. C. Shine. D. Inform.
10. What does Gerling suggest according to the last paragraph?
A. Covering more scenes. B. Launching on the market.
C. Conducting further research. D. Interviewing the participants.
11. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A. Electronic Sleeves Helping Feel Virtual TouchB. New Technology Improving Social Connections
C. New Sensing Device Increasing Physical Touches
D. Electronic Sleeves Responding to Different Situations
D
(2023·山东济宁·济宁一中统考三模) Thousands of years have passed since humans discovered silk, but
scientists are still finding new uses for this remarkable material. Now researchers say it could help tackle a growing
environmental and health concern: Micro-plastics.
Micro-plastics that are now found worldwide are increasingly recognized as a serious pollution threat, and
have been found in the bloodstream of animals and people. Some of these micro plastics are intentionally added to
a variety of products to generally protect some specific active components from being degraded by exposure to air.
For example, vitamins are often delivered in the form of micro capsules packed into a pill or capsule,and herbicides
(除草剂) are similarly enveloped. But the materials used today for such micro-encapsulation are plastics that stay
in the environment for a long time. To date, there has been no practical, economical alternative available that would
biodegrade naturally.
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and chemical company BASF developed a silk-
based biodegradable alternative to these capsules.
Silk is recognized as safe for food or medical use, as it degrades naturally in the body. The silk protein used in
the new alternative material is widely available and inexpensive and the silk fibers can simply be dissolved (溶解),
lead researcher Benedetto Marelli says. Besides, the processing is so simple and tun-able that the resulting material
can be adapted to work on existing manufacturing equipment.
Replacing non-biodegradable micro-capsules with silk might not work in every case,but given the current and
future challenges related to food insecurity, agricultural production, and a changing climate, the silk-based material
is of great importance. Products using silk-based micro-capsules are expected to be commercially available in a few
years. And the researchers will next try encapsulating active components that could require a different
manufacturing approach, such as those that must remain in liquid or gas forms.
12. What can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A. Removing plastic pollution is a piece of cake.
B. Micro-plastics can degrade quickly and naturally.
C. Micro-plastics have become a severe pollution threat.
D. Developing an alternative for micro-plastics is urgent.
13. What’s the major concern of researchers choosing silk as an alternative?A. It is economical. B. It is biodegradable. C. It is widely available. D. It is skin-friendly.
14. What’s the last paragraph mainly about concerning the silk-based material?
A. Its promising future. B. Its marketing method.
C. Its existing limitations. D. Its making approach.
15. In which part of a magazine can the passage probably be found?
A. Climate. B. Agriculture. C. Technology Advances. D. Health Guidelines.
