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词义猜测题——上下文中求答案
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根据上下文猜测词义是阅读能力的一部分，也
By saying that “...” in the first (second ...)
是高考阅读理解测试中重要的一项。要做好这类题
paragraph, the author means that ________.
目，考生要记住：在完整的语篇中，单词和词组的
In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by
意义总是受特定的语境、上下文限制的，因此考生
“______”．
可以根据上下文，并利用所掌握的语法、词汇和构
The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to
词法等知识确定它们的意义。词义猜测可以是对一
________.
个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子
Which of the following has the closest meaning
的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考
to ... (Paragraph ...)？
查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判
As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to
断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往
________.
往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通
The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph
过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不
probably means that ________.
熟悉的词或短语的含义。
词义猜测题7大猜词技巧
要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积
累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下文语
境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。
一根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后
的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例
如：
①Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.
句子给予了annealing一个明确的定义，即“退火”。
②It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily.
从that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。
③The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。
④The weather in this area is treacherous;_its sudden changes often endanger the lives of sailors.分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是treacherous, sudden change与treacherous在语义上相对应，因此含义是
“突变的”。
⑤Some good readers find it helpful to use their sense to visualize — or picture — what they read.
visualize的意思由破折号后的picture(想象)给出了说明，因此含义为“想象”。
⑥When President Torrijos of Panama met Carter, he tried to give him a friendly abrazo (hug)．
abrazo对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的hug(拥抱)，我们不难推测abrazo也是“拥抱”的意思。
[例1]
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too
became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the
nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications
in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English,
Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
29．Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A．Complex. B．Advanced.
C．Powerful. D．Modern.
[分析] 根据画线词所在句子可知，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被英语、西班牙
语、汉语等语言取代，画线词前后的解释暗示了这些语言逐渐占主导地位，故选 C项powerful (强大的，
有影响力的)。
2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国甲卷）C篇节选
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a
professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and
her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
二．根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词
义或句意进行猜测。例如：
①They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle,_a large building in old times.
同位语部分“a large building in old times”给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。
②We are on the night_shift — from midnight to 8 a．m. — this week.
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。
③The “Chunnel”， a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.此句中“a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位语。因此，Chunnel指的就是
英法之间的海底隧道。
[例2]
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of those, 51 have
been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's
how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be
implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?
A．provider B．delivery man
C．collector D．medical doctor
[分析] “a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hours to carry
stem cells (干细胞) in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病
人，即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择B项。
2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国乙卷）C篇节选
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is
calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including
sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work
that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
三．根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但
在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
①“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they're very interactive and creative in
that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”
文中interactive是由前缀inter(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以
判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。
②Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?
possibility是possible的同根名词，据此可以判断possibility的意思是“可能性”。
[例]
A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.
[分析] 根据构词法知识我们可知，un为否定前缀，ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们
可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。四．根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
①The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the
player could never play the sport again.
从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。
②Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in her
reading.
从前面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测engrossed的意思为“全神贯注的”。
③Our vision was obscured by the trees, so we couldn't see the lake from our window.
由后面的结果couldn't see(看不见)可知，我们的视线被树遮挡住(obscured)了。
[例]
…
If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a
“softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love
feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A．A dessert. B．A drink.
C．A container. D．A machine.
[分析] 该段第一句含有一个if引导的条件状语从句，若满足该条件，则产生的结果是第一句的后半
句和第二句， “you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a ‘softserve’
creamy dessert, to be eaten right away.” 即“将冰冻香蕉和其他莓类、水果片放进去，出来的是奶油状甜
品”。由此因果关系可推知juicer指的是榨汁机。故选择D项。
五．根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件
事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词
所指代的事物。例如：
①Like Schmid, the editors of several selfpublished art magazines also champion (捍卫) found photographs.
One of them,_called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car
to find under his wiper (雨刷) an angry note intended for someone else：“Why's your car HERE at HER
place？”
them指的是前面出现的selfpublished art magazines。
②However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists
are seriously thinking about it.
it指的是月球人(moon people)所问的问题(the question)。[例]
…
[2]Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the
music has failed to connect with younger generations.
[3]It's Jason Moran's job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to
widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
…
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Jazz becoming more accessible.
B．The production of jazz growing faster.
C．Jazz being less popular with the young.
D．The jazz audience becoming larger.
[分析] 根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz
audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的内
容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选C。
2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新高考I卷）C篇节选
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said:
“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits
and fun the project can bring to people here.”
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
六．根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的
词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
[例]
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more_is_more
when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did
how to live more with less.
…
32．What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．The more, the better.
B．Enough is enough.
C．More money, more worries.
D．Earn more and spend more.
[分析] 根据该段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.”可知，作者认为成年人都理解物质过剩的那种感觉，后面又用反问句提出了问题：但是，说到孩子们和他们的物品，我们
为什么通常又认定more is more呢？由此推知，这里的 more is more与前面的 flooded with为近义呼应，指
“越多越好”。故选A。
七．根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据
某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：
①A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle;_it can be a basket of fun.
从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思
是“困难，麻烦”。
②She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才
来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
③The players in the World Cup are professionals, while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs.
由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出amateurs是professionals(专业人士)
的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。
[例]
…
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States,
but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from
the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans
around.
…
29．What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Tested. B．Separated.
C．Forced out. D．Tracked down.
[分析] 画线词的前句说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词 but转折了句子意义，
后来由于人类的发展，灰狼数量逐渐减少，几乎消失，由此可推断出画线词的意思为“被迫离开”，故选
择C项。
2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新高考全国Ⅱ卷）B篇节选
This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday.
I had brought a children’s book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures — a perfect match for his age.
4. What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in paragraph 2?
A. Provided shelter for me. B. Became very clear to me.
C. Took the pressure off me. D. Worked quite well on me.
2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新高考全国Ⅱ卷）C篇节选"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for
the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going
to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
随堂练习
2021年高考全国甲卷
C
When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray January
morning. Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless
blue—sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery.
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous
crashing of skateboards left your head ringing .I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our
own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when
trying a certain trick on the beam（横杆）, I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came
over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards
loud, shouting: “ Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.
When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, but the locals were far less
welcoming. Within a couple of years, I'd given it up.
When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to Southbank, spending hours there. I've
traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring. The day was cold but clear: tourists and Londoners
stopped to watch the skaters. Weaving（穿梭）among the kids who rushed by on their boards, I found my way to
the beam. Then a rail—thin teenager, in a baggy white T—shirt, skidded（滑）up to the beam. He sat next to me.
He seemed not to notice the man next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances. “I was a local here 20 years
ago,” I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head. “Safe, man. Safe.”
“Yeah,” I said. “Safe.”
8. What can we learn about the author soon after he moved to London?
A. He felt disappointed. B. He gave up his hobby.
C. He liked the weather there. D. He had disagreements with his family.
9. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean?
A. Be careful! B. Well done! C. No way! D. Don't worry!
10. Why did the author like to spend time in Southbank when he returned to London?
A. To join the skateboarding. B. To make new friends.
C. To learn more tricks. D. To relive his childhood days
11. What message does the author seem to convey in the text?
A. Children should learn a second language.B. Sport is necessary for children's health.
C. Children need a sense of belonging
D. Seeing the world is a must for children.
2021年高考全国乙卷
B
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a
landline（座机）?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile
phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls
anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only
on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third
concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it
while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor
（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby
Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do
with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone
rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever
ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling
before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）.
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk
deliveries?
24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity.
C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design.
25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit. B. Argue.
C. Remember. D. Remark.
26. What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A. They like smartphone games. B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family.
27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall out of use some day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.D. It is as important as the gas light.
2021 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新高考 I 卷）
C
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an
astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.
Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of
these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly
ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations,
greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation
took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their
survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal
Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from
Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of
Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to
purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures
this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars
has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp
Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
