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第 04 讲 主旨大意题
目录
01 考情透视·目标导航····························································································································1
02 知识导图·思维引航····························································································································2
03 考点突破·考法探究····························································································································2
考点一 题型破解······································································································································2
知识点1 题型特点·······················································································································3
知识点2 选项规律·······················································································································3
知识点3 高分技巧·······················································································································3
考点二 文章大意题 ································································································································6
考点三 段落大意题 ································································································································7
考点三 标题归纳题 ································································································································9
04真题练习·命题洞现
1.真题实战 ··································································································································10
2.命题演练 ··································································································································13
近三年阅读理解主旨大意题考点细目
年份 卷别 题号
新高考I卷 26
2024 新高考II卷 31
全国甲卷 27
浙江卷1月 35
新高考I卷 32
2023 新高考II卷 27
全国甲卷
全国乙卷 32
浙江卷1月 27、35
新高考I卷 32
2022 新高考II卷 31
全国甲卷 27、31、32
全国乙卷 31考点一 题型破解
知识点1 题型特点
一篇文章一般表达一个中心或主题。这个中心或主题通常用一个句子来概括，此句叫主题句，主题句必须能简洁
明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步的解释、说
明、论证或拓展。
整体分布：主旨大意题在高考中出现次数稳定，通常1-2题，2022年全国甲卷涉及3题。说明文和议论文的主题句多位
于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。记叙文多在文章末尾点题，但有时不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，
需要考生在弄清段与段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。
设问方式：主旨大意题题干关键词best title, main idea/theme/subject, mainly about等。
难度分析：这类试题主要考查通过快速浏览文章，获得主旨大意，并对文章的标题、主题、段落大意等进行归纳、概括的能力。题目具有一定难度，属于易错重难题。
考查内容： 常见主旨大意题命题包括题目类型包括标题归纳题、段落大意题、文章大意题。
高频命题点
1. 段首、段尾处常考
2. 转折词处常考
3. 因果关系处常考
4. 问题处常考
知识点2 选项规律
干扰项特征 例句
断章取义 原文内容有出现，但仅为文中某一细节，与主题无关。
以偏概全 选项和文章主题有部分相关，但不能概括全部。。
主观臆断 选项涉及内容仅凭生活常理主观推断，而不符合文章或段落主题。
知识点3 高分技巧
一 文章大意题找主题句的技巧：
1. 段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2. 首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3. 作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4. 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。
二 段落首尾兼顾法寻找主题句：
1.段首段尾：段首--主题句多为段首一两句(观点或对象)；段尾--主题句也常为段尾句(结论或总结)。
2.段中：主题句有时在段中(前面的话是为引出主题）。
3.无主题句：有时没有主题句，需根据段落内容自己概括。
三 标题归纳题找主题句
1.概括性：概括全文，体现主旨；
2.针对性：内涵相符，范围一致；
3.新颖性：新颖奇特，吸引眼球；
4.简短性：名词短语,动名词短语或祈使句。
考点二 文章大意题
概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段
主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文
章大意。核对选项时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。
典例1.（2024·宁夏银川·一模）“We’ve got a problem here,” our mechanic (修理工) Randy said over the phone.“What is it?” I asked. My husband, Matthew, and I had dropped off our car for an oil change a couple of hours earlier. We
had made an appointment with our usual mechanic Randy and decided on using synthetic oil, which requires a change every 500
miles, as opposed to 300 miles for regular oil. Though synthetic oil was the more expensive option, it seemed like a good
investment considering how much we would travel.
“Once of my guys put in the wrong oil,” Randy explained. He had been out of the garage for a test drive and left our oil
change to one of his employees. The employee had put in the regular oil. “Now we can drain (排干) the engine and put in the
synthetic oil,” Randy said. “Or you can leave it as it is. You won’t be charged since it was our mistake.”
Matthew and I decided to leave things alone. Draining the engine seemed like a waste. We could get the synthetic oil the
next time around. But we did insist on paying for the work — it had been an honest mistake after all.
Matthew and I didn’t think about the oil change until a few weeks later. We were making plans to drive from South
Carolina, up through the mountains of West Virginia, to visit my uncle in Maryland. It was a long trip, and we’d already put 286
miles on the car since our last oil change, so we wanted Randy to change the oil early.
We dropped off the car before lunch and asked Randy to do the change. We’d barely sat down to eat when my phone rang.
It was Randy. “Your brakes are completely shot,” he said. “I’m surprised they lasted the drive over here. You’ll need to replace
them immediately.” Luckily, he had the parts on hand. We gave him the go-ahead and hung up.
Matthew and I stared at each other in disbelief. If the correct oil had been put in a few weeks earlier, we wouldn’t have gone
back to the mechanic so soon. We wouldn’t have known the brakes were bad. Who knows what could have happened, especially
on those mountain roads?
What is a suitable title for the text?
A．An unexpected “mistake” B．Be grateful for a “mistake”
C．An undesirable car accident D．Be regretful for an oil change
典例2.（2023年福建厦门一中模拟测试）For the first time, scientists have measured what actually happens with face-to-face
interactions when employees start to work at an open-plan office, and their results show these modern workspaces are not as
cooperative as you’d think.
Two researchers from Harvard Business School and Harvard University wanted to test whether removing walls at a real-
world workplace really increases interactions between co-workers. “To our knowledge, no prior study has directly measured the
effect on actual interaction that results from removing walls to create an open office environment,” Ethan S. Bernstein and
Stephen Turban write in the paper. To that end, they approached two multinational companies that were re-organizing their office
spaces at the global headquarters, and enlisted small groups of employees for two studies.
For eight weeks before the office redesign and eight weeks afterward, the researchers tracked employees’ social interactions
and locations. This data was analyzed together with email and instant messaging information from the company’s servers to
measure differences in how people were communicating with each other.
What they found was a pretty astonishing difference in face-to-face interactions — but not in the direction you might think.
Across both experiments, employees’ social interactions in person decreased by a crazy 70 percent, while emails saw an uptick by
roughly 20 to 50 percent.
So, instead of spending more time cooperating with co-workers in the new space where everyone could see them, people got
their heads down and tried to preserve their privacy any way they could. According to these results, it appears that being forced
into a more open-plan environment can make people switch from chatting to others in person to sending an email or using instant
messaging instead.
As the team notes, it’s not automatically a bad thing, but it can certainly change work dynamics in an unexpected way. “That
can have important consequences for how — and how productively — work gets done,” the researchers conclude.What is the main idea of the text?
A．Real-world workplaces increase employees’ interaction.
B．Work dynamics don’t have much effect on work efficiency.
C．Modern workspaces change workers’ way of communication.
D．Open-plan offices can’t promote cooperation between co-workers.
考点三 段落大意题
段落常见结构
总分型 主题句在段首；
分总型 主题句在段尾；
总分总型 主题句段首尾前后呼应；
分总分型 开头抛砖引玉，主题在段总；
名师提醒：解答段落大意题时，除了关注段落结构外，还应当抓住段落中出现频率较高的关键词，然后对其概
括和归纳，确定段落大意。易错提醒：当段中没有出现明确的主题句时，不能生搬硬套随便选择文中原
句，而应当根据文中内容提炼主题句。
典例1.（2024·湖南长沙·三模）
The couple had set up a page on a website to raise money for this purpose. They had hoped to raise about $20,000.
Nevertheless, Ms. McIntyre’s last post attracted a lot of attention. The donations on her web page quickly passed the total goal. In
less than a week, the site had raised 10 times more than expected and the donations are still coming in. By November 22, 2023,
Ms. McIntyre’s web page had raised over $627,000, or enough money to pay off about $60 million in medical debts.
Mr. Gregory planned a special event in December to celebrate Ms. McIntyre’s life and to announce how many millions of
dollars of medical debts her efforts had paid for.
What is paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．The couple’s anticipation. B．The public involvement.
C．The operation of a website. D．The increase of medical debts.
典例2.（2024·陕西宝鸡·三模）
......
Approaching the unconscious victim, Lobb saw that it was a middle-aged man. When at last they reached Pier 15, they
faced a new uncertainty. How-to get out? On the pier, a crowd had gathered. From somewhere, the onlookers produced a rope and
a life preserver (救生圈), which they threw to Jafri and Lobb. With the two men pushing from below and the crowd pulling from
above, the man’s dangling body slowly rose until helping hands pulled him onto the pier.
What is the fourth paragraph mainly about?
A．The knowledge about first aid. B．The way to rescue the drowned.
C．The process of saving a stranger. D．The value of people’s pulling together.变式训练（2025·浙江·模拟预测）......
In contrast to its links to negative emotions, nostalgia doesn’t make us sadder. Rather, nostalgia is a defensive response to
unhappiness, one that brings relief from a negative mood. Research from 2006 shows that nostalgia can actually strengthen social
ties, improve self-esteem, and uplift our mood. Other studies suggest that it can also enhance our view of life’s meaning, reduce
fear of death, boost spirituality, and increase optimism.
What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．The mismatch between two findings.
B．The potential benefits of nostalgia.
C．The impact of nostalgia on personal mood.
D．The mechanisms behind nostalgia’s effects.
考点四 标题归纳题
解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括
和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。
做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误：
1. 概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)；
2. 过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；
3. 以事实、细节替代文章大意。
典例1.（23-24高三·江西赣州·期中）Imagine this situation: you live on a tiny island off the north coast of Australia, and you
and most of your friends have never even been to Darwin. You all love dancing: any style, any time, but especially at the local
disco, where hundreds of local kids gather every weekend.
Then one day, on a dusty basketball court, your group is doing an up-beat version of the Sirtaki dance from the 1964 movie
Zorba the Greek. Someone films it, and the film is up-loaded to the Internet. It’s so funny that suddenly you are a sensation, with
thousands of hits in the first few days. Before long, you are receiving invitations to perform all over Australia.
This did happen in 2007 to the Chooky Dancers, an Indigenous dance group who live on Elcho Island, off the coast of
Arnhem Land. Since then, the energetic and very amusing Chookies have performed at numerous comedy festivals and cultural
events all around Aus-tralia. They have also appeared in a full-length feature film. These young Yolngu men absorb and then
reinvent dance moves from everywhere: from traditional Indigenous dance styles and ideas, to techno and hip hop, kung fu and
Bollywood.
And now the Chookies have gone global. In early 2011, they travelled out of Australia for the first time. They went to
Beijing, the capital of China, where they performed their particular brand of dance to a Chinese TV audience of probably close to
one billion.
The Chookies’ act was part of one of China’s biggest annual shows — the Spring Festival Gala. Over the years the festival
has hosted a huge variety of act s from all around the world and of every imaginable style and content. Even so, the audience had
seen nothing like the Chooky Dancers, who began, as usual, with a traditional Yolngu dance, before breaking out into theirsignature Zorba. The Chinese were totally won over.
It’s a great international, multicultural, outback youth success story—an Indigenous Australian dance troupe performs a
techno version of a Greek dance on Chinese TV!
What could be the best title of this passage?
A．Chooky Dancers Go Global B．The Chookies Appear in Beijing
C．Dancing Perfectly Combines with Basketball D．Technology Makes Improvements in Dancing
一、 真题实战
1.（2024年全国甲卷B篇）
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they
rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess
amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If
a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend
to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's
attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their
environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However,
another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your
face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell
immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random
objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物).
Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their
nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
7. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
2.（2023年新高考I卷D篇）
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to
overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting
in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out.
In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s
errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
22. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.3.（2022年新高考I卷C篇）
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the
Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not
found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Supporting evidence for the research results.
B．Potential application of the research findings.
C．A further explanation of the research methods.
D．A reasonable doubt about the research process.
4.（2022年浙江卷1月D篇）
The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New
researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia in
later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said : "These findings are exciting because
it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular （心血管的）fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from
developing dementia. "
For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their
peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women were in the medium
fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their
exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other cardiovascular problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women
developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with
medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
"However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an
association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look
at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important. " She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were
studied, all of whom were form Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups.
Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B．Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C．Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D．Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness
二、 命题演练
1.（2024·山东·模拟预测）In my early childhood, I was often surprised when I saw my father making a small amount of money with difficulty. Being a
child, I was unable to understand him. When I was older, my father started doing a part-time job at home. He used to bring some
work back and work till late night.
I can’t forget he played with me when I was 3-4 years old. He taught me how to read when I was at the age of 5. He took
care of me all night when I was sick. Whenever I felt down, he would cheer me up. He also cared about my lessons and often
helped me get ready for examinations. Later he sent me to New Delhi for the best education. Whenever I needed money, he never
refused. He always managed money for my studies.
Two years ago, I got a job at a hospital in New Delhi. When I got my first salary which was about ten times more than my
pocket money, I spent it all on myself.
When I returned home one fine morning, I heard my father communicating with one neighbor. He was telling him my
success in the job very proudly. He also told him that I had a higher salary than him at the end of his work. A dream, his son
should become better than himself came true.
I was unable to move on my feet. Past 23 years flashed into my mind in a moment. I knew my father loved me very much. I
could understand the decisions my father made in the past. His goal is making his child more successful than himself.
If today I am successful, this is because of my father.
The best title of this passage may be ______.
A．A Successful Child B．An Unforgettable Moment
C．A Difficult Time D．A Father’s Love
2.（2023年湖北武汉校考阶段练习）
Blinkist, a website and an app, now summarizes nonfiction titles in the form of quick takes labeled “blinks”. The end result is
more than one sentence, but not by much. Sarah Bakewell’s “At the Existentialist Café” is broken into 11 screens of information;
Michelle Obama’s “Becoming” fills 13.
What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．What Blinkist is. B．Why Blinkist is popular.
C．How to use Blinkist. D．Where you can use Blinkist.
3.（2024年全国高三模拟试题）
Did you watch the popular TV series Meet Yourself during your winter vacation? In the TV series, the heroine Xu Hongdou
travels to a village in Yunnan province and volunteers at a local cafe. She gets free meals in return. As the show finds a growing
audience, volunteer travel—an old-yet-modern form of travel similar to Xu’s type of work — has attracted more attention.
Volunteer travel refers to taking a trip where all or part of the purpose of the trip is to participate in an arranged service
opportunity to help others. These volunteer trips are usually arranged by church organizations, human interest groups or nonprofit
organizations, and they take form of equal exchanges. During the trip, volunteer travelers often provide services like teaching,
cooking, animal caring, and cultural activities. In exchange for their help, the volunteers may get free or discounted
accommodation, meals and laundry, activities, or classes.
Traditionally, the volunteer activities take place in a foreign country. However, just as what Meet Yourself describes, more
volunteer trips have taken place within the same countries or regions the volunteers originate from in recent years. Sanlian
Lifeweek magazine commented that volunteer projects in rural areas are now attracting more urban visitors as a break from the
fast and stressful pace of urban living. Yang Yan, a founder of a volunteer platform, told the magazine that it has indeed been a
growing trend for urban residents to volunteer in rural areas.
What does the third paragraph mainly talk about?
A．A new trend of volunteer trips. B．The future of volunteer trips.C．The significance of volunteer trips. D．Different views on volunteer trips.
4.（2024·安徽·二模）Using hypodermic needles to deliver drugs has been common for more than a century. The past hundred
years have seen all manner of medical advances, yet the needle has stayed mostly unchanged. Although now available in a variety
of different sizes, it remains a hollow (中空的), pointy tube. With luck, that may soon change. Researchers around the world are
looking for ways to ease the passage of needles into the skin. Many have been inspired by nature.
An obvious source of ideas has been mosquitoes, which manage to take their blood meals almost painlessly. One reason is
that the insects release anaesthetic (麻醉的)chemicals when they first puncture(刺穿)the skin. But another has to do with the
shape and action of their mouthparts.
The point of a mosquito’s mouthparts is serrated (锯齿状的)and softer at its tip. The insect stretches the skin of its target
before biting, and shakes its mouthparts quickly as it pushes it in. All of this helps to reduce the force needed to puncture the skin.
One paper, published in 2020 by a group of researchers in America and China, found that a mosquito-inspired needle required
27% less force than an ordinary one. And less puncture force means less pain.
Mosquito-inspired needles might also be useful for delicate procedures such as biopsies (活组织检查). A paper from the
University of Michigan, also published in 2020, found that the lower puncture force led to less movement of the sampling area,
ensuring that the needles were guided accurately to the area, rather than missing the target.
For now, such devices remain restricted to labs. But there is a big market for better needles. According to the World Health
Organization, around 16bn injections were given in 2018. With one person in four saying they suffer from trypanophobia, or a fear
of needles, the savings on stickers and sweets for the brave souls who roll up their sleeves would be considerable.
Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．The painless needles inspired by nature.
B．The application of the mosquito-inspired needles.
C．The latest medical advances made by researchers.
D．Mosquitoes’ unique way to take the blood painlessly.
5.（2025·浙江·模拟预测）
Do you ever find yourself randomly thinking back to the times we wandered, collecting wildflowers and smiling beneath the
sky? That feeling is often referred to as nostalgia (怀旧).
Psychologists have defined nostalgia as a self-conscious, social emotion, bittersweet but dominantly positive. It comes from
our happy memories and our desire to go back to the past and reconnect with the people we cared about. Often, nostalgia involves
sensory stimuli. On some occasions, the smell of autumn leaves might generate a fierce longing for your childhood home. Almost
everyone can experience nostalgia, although its object tends to vary throughout life. One survey conducted by the psychologist
Krystine Irene Batcho found that younger people felt more nostalgia for pets, toys, and holidays than did older people, who felt it
more strongly for music.
In contrast to its links to negative emotions, nostalgia doesn’t make us sadder. Rather, nostalgia is a defensive response to
unhappiness, one that brings relief from a negative mood. Research from 2006 shows that nostalgia can actually strengthen social
ties, improve self-esteem, and uplift our mood. Other studies suggest that it can also enhance our view of life’s meaning, reduce
fear of death, boost spirituality, and increase optimism.
Scholars remain uncertain about the precise mechanism behind the effectiveness of nostalgia; however, some suggest that
reflecting on joyful memories strengthens our sense of self-worth and belonging, particularly during times of loneliness or self-
doubt. Its power lets the happiness of the past overcome the current unpleasantness, offering a bit of escape from tough times. To
form stronger connections, we can establish traditions around shared past experiences in families, friend groups, and workplaces.Observing special occasions like childhood sports or post-college meetups can give us something to look forward to.
Perhaps because it is so powerful and complex, nostalgia has received magical treatment from poets and writers. “The past
is hidden somewhere outside the realm (领域), beyond the reach of intellect,” Marcel Proust wrote.
Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Nostalgia: Why We Should Avoid Reflecting on the Past
B．Nostalgia: A Shelter Against the Unhappiness of Our Life
C．A Nostalgia Warning: Our Mental Health Being Attacked
D．Power of Nostalgia: Struggling for an Irreplaceable Present
