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第 16 讲 动词时态之完成时
目录
01 考情透视·目标导航····························································································································2
02 知识导图·思维引航····························································································································3
03 考点突破·考法探究····························································································································4
基础详单
知识点1 时态概述 ·················································································································4
知识点2 解题策略 ·················································································································4
考点一 现在完成时
知识点1 现在完成时的构成及规则动词过去式和过去分词变化规则···························5
知识点2 现在完成时的具体用法··························································································5
知识点3 现在完成时特殊句式·······························································································6
考点二 过去完成时
知识点1 过去完成时的构成及具体用法··············································································7
知识点2 过去完成时特殊句式·······························································································7
考点三 将来完成时
知识点 将来完成时的构成及具体用法·················································································8
考点四 易混时态辨析
知识点1 现在完成时与现在完成进行时 ······································································10
知识点2 现在完成时与一般过去时 ··············································································10
知识点3 过去完成时与一般过去时 ··············································································10
知识点4 过去完成时与现在完成时 ··············································································10
考点五 时态的一致性三原则
知识点1 主句和定语从句时态一致原则 ··································································11
知识点2 主句和名词性从句时态一致原则 ·····························································11
知识点3 主句和状语从句时态一致原则 ································································10
04真题练习·命题洞现
1.真题实战 ·································································································································12
2.命题演练 ·································································································································12年份 卷别 现在时 过去时 将来时（含被动）
新高考I卷 walks
新高考II卷 were
2024
全国甲卷 were
浙江卷1月 have started
北京卷 gives was named; jogged
新高考II卷 wished
全国甲卷 become改为becomes make → made (can) be employed
2023 全国乙卷 was amazed
浙江卷1月 featured
北京卷 has established had arrived would throw
新高考I卷 is designed were
新高考II卷 were fixing; threw
was-were; become-
全国甲卷 has walked
became
2022
全国乙卷 lives-live; 去掉have后的been addressed
北京卷 has; has increased
is viewed/has been viewed
浙江卷1月
are；have promised
新高考I卷 was
新高考II卷 was
2021 全国甲卷 are改为is was built; hired
全国乙卷 删去are
北京卷 connects
全国I卷 means; is constructed touched
全国II卷 carries start改为started
2020
全国III卷 had改成have pointed (would) be chosen
新高考卷 are called; is formed
全国I卷 has reported；are
全国II卷 have made declared
2019
recommended；
全国III卷 required改为requires
were invited
北京卷 voiced
分析近年高考真题可知，高考对谓语动词的考查是结合时态、语态和主谓一致综合进行的考查。
近年对时态的考查命题较稳，对时态、语态和主谓一致的考查比较稳定，但又稳中求变，长句有
考情
分析 增加的趋势。
【复习目标】1. 系统复习并掌握时态的基本知识
2. 熟练运用各种时态尤其是一般现在时、一般过去式和现在完成时。
3. 掌握几种易混时态的区别。
4. 强化在复杂语境中辨别时态的能力。
时态 主动 被动 标志词
一般现在时 do/does; am/is/are am/is/are done usually, often, always,
frequently, rarely,
occasionally;
一般过去时 did; was/were was/were done yesterday, last week, the
other day, then, previous等
一般将来时 will/shall do will/shall be done in the future, in 5 days
would/should do would/should be done
过去将来时 was/were going to do was/were going to be done
was/were(about)to do was/were(about)to be
done
现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done now, at this time, look,
listen
过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done at this time yesterday
将来进行时 will/shall be doing
现在完成时 have/has done have/has been done so far, since, up to now, in
the past days
过去完成时 had done had been done by the end of last month
将来完成时 will have done will have been done
现在完成进行时 have/has been doing
过去完成进行时 had been doing
将来完成进行时 will/shall have been
doing
过去将来完成进 would/should have been
行时 doing【基础详单】
知识点1 时态概述
时态：英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示，这种表示动作或状态发
生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词时态。在英语中，根据动作发生的时间和动作的种类，动词又分为十六
种时态。高中一般掌握下列时态（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过
去将来时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时）。
高频考点 : 一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时 ；
中频考点：过去进行时
知识点2 解题策略
解题依据 具体方法
根据“标志性状 在题干中，yesterday, tomorrow, always, since, in the past few years, over the years, by＋时
语” 间， so far等都是动词时态常用的标志性状语，做题时可以通过寻找这些标志性状语
来判定时态。
当句中有两个或两个以上的动词时，它们之间可能是同时发生，也可能有一定的先后
根据“并列谓语”
关系，我们可以根据这种谓语动词的关系来判定时态。同一个主语的两个或两个以上
的并列谓语，谓语动词的时态要一致。
有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下，通过“语境暗示”，正确分析
根据“语境暗示”
语境也是解决时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。
根据“时态定义” 准确理解常考时态的定义是做题的根本。
掌握常用句式也是解决时态问题的快速且行之有效的方法。
根据“固定句式”
考点一 现在完成时
知识点1 现在完成构成、规则动词的过去式和过去分词的变化规则
谓语动词的构成：＋done
动词变过去分词规则
情况 规则 例词一般情况 加-ed play→ played→played ; discuss→discussed→discussed
以不发音的-e结尾的动词 加-d like→ liked→ liked; live →lived→ lived
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 变y为-ied carry→carried; try→tried
以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只 双写词尾辅音字 stop→ stopped →stopped; plan →planned →planned;
有一个辅音字母 母，再加-ed skip → skipped→ skipped; occur→ occurred
→occurred;
知识点2 现在完成时的具体用法
1. 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常用的时间状语：already，so far，
never，just，before，recently，for a long time，in the past/last few years等。
Great changes have taken place in our city in the past ten years.
在过去的10年中我们的城市发生了很大变化。
【2024年北京卷】Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I
have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink.
虽然我喜欢打破几十年来使用油画颜料的禁忌，但我发现我现在更喜欢粉笔和墨水。
2. 表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态，常与“since＋时间点”或
“for＋时间段”等表示一段时间的状语连用。
He moved here in 2019 and he has lived here ever since.
他2019年搬到这里，自那之后他一直住在这里。
【2024年新高考I卷】It's been popular for almost two decades.
它已经流行了近二十年。
3. 现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。
Please return the book to me when you have finished it.当你读完这本书请归还给我。
知识点3 现在完成时的特殊句式
用于现在完成时的固定句型：
1. 在“It/This is/will be the first/second/third ... time＋that从句”中，从句中的谓语动词用现在完成
时。
This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
这是我们第一次作为一家人在电影院看电影。
2.在“It/This is the best/worst/most＋adj.＋名词＋从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
这是我到这个学校以来听过的最有教育意义的演讲。
3.It is/has been＋时间段＋since...表示“自从……以来已经……”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.我大学毕业已十年了。
名师提醒：1.注意避免思维定式：一看到for＋时间段，就用动词的现在完成时态。一定要看语境强调是
“该动作曾经做过多长时间”(一般过去时)，还是“该动作已经做完多长时间”(现在完成时)。 2.非延续
性动词leave， arrive， come， go， return， join， die， buy， borrow等的完成时，在肯定句中不
能与for引出的时间段，since＋时间点或how long等状语连用，要转化为相应的延续性动词才能与一段时
间连用。
[误]I have bought the car for a year.
[正]I have kept the car for a year.
这辆车我买了有一年了。
Yang Zhenning lived in America for many years and now he lives in China.
杨振宁在美国定居多年，现在他生活在中国。
Dashan has lived in China for many years.大山在中国住了许多年。
典例1.（2024·重庆沙坪坝·模拟预测）Over the past several months, the company (conduct) a deeper
study.
典例2.（2024年湖北省高三二模）Over the years, the architect (help) renovate around 20 households
in Mutianyu, most of which now operate as hotels or restaurants, while doing his best to preserve the original
structures as much as possible.
变式训练 1.（2024 年湖北高三三模）So far, Shoushan Stone, officially named “China National Stone”,
________ (become) a symbol of elegance, dignity and wisdom, which is worthy of collection.
变式训练 2.（2024 年湖年长沙三模）All in all, it is a day dedicated to poetry: an art form that
(exist) for centuries and continues to enrich our understanding of the human condition to this day.
考点二 过去完成时
知识点1 过去完成时的构成及具体用法
谓语动词的构成：had＋done
1. 表示到过去某一时间之前动作已经完成即“过去的过去”，常见的时间状语有 by...，by the end
of,until...，when...，before...等。
When he was in Beijing, he visited places where he had played as a child.
他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。
By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had already graduated from college.
杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。易错提醒：在复杂语境中，过去完成时的运用可能没有出现较为明显的时间状语，需要仔细观察上下文进
行合理推断。
【2020江苏卷】Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts
when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten.
最明显的是，这些人在锻炼初期，他们不吃早餐时的血糖水平要比吃早餐时低。
2. 表示意向的动词，如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原
本……(事实上未能……)”。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
我们原来预料你们能够赢比赛。
3.表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作发生，这种情况多见于宾语从句。
He remembered that he had left the key at home.
他记得他把钥匙落家了。
知识点2 过去完成时的特殊句式
常用于过去完成时的固定句型：
1. 在hardly/scarcely ... when ...，no sooner ... than ... 句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过
去时。意思为“一……就……”。
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
我一到家就开始下雨。
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。
2. It was＋一段时间＋since从句。since从句用过去完成时。
It was at least three months since I had left Beijing.
我离开北京至少有三个月了。
3. It was the first/second/ ... time＋(that)从句。从句用过去完成时。
It was the first time that I had chatted online in English.
这是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
4. By the time ...起连词的功能，引导从句， (表示过去时间的句子)＋主句(过去完成时)。
By the time he was ten, Tom had built a chemistry lab himself.
到十岁的时候，汤姆已经自己建了一个化学实验室。
典例1.（2024年重庆高三三模） By the end of last year, 97 percent of primary and secondary schools in Zibo
(complete) the digital transformation, with 295 schools establishing smart campuses equipped with multimedia
classrooms.
典例 2.（2024 年湖北襄阳三模）However, in 2017, the park made history with its removal from the list. a
significant and remarkable achievement of the Government of Ethiopia. By then various efforts (devote)
to achieving this.变式训练1.It was the fourth time she (shop) online for hours.
变式训练2.Years later, having moved to France, I turned up at the appointed hour for a dinner, only to find that no
other guest (arrive) and my hostess was still in her sleeping suit.
考点三 将来完成时
知识点 将来完成的构成及具体用法
构成： will have＋过去分词
用法：将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作或一直持续的状态。经常与 before＋将来
时间或by＋将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。
We will have finished our project by the end of this month.
本月底我们会完成我们的工程。
By the end of this month, we will have finished the project.
到这个月底为止，我们就能完成这项工程了。
考点四 易混时态辨析
知识点1 现在完成时与现在完成进行时
区别 现在完成 现在完成 示例
进行时 时
表示动作 一般不表 Have you been meeting him recently? 你最近常和他见面吗？
一 的重复 示重复性 Have you met him recently? 你最近见到过他吗？
一般是平 I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你两个小时。（表
二 含有感情 铺直叙 示不满）
色彩
I have waited for you for two hours. 我等了你两个小时。（说明事实）
强调事情 强调事情 We have been cleaning the classroom.（强调过程）
三 的过程 结果 We have cleaned the classroom.（强调结果）1. 现在完成时表示动作已经完成，强调事情的结果，现在完成进行时表示动作未完成，强调动作的过
程；现在完成时表示动作过程的持续性，现在完成进行时强调动作持续的长久性。
例1. I have watered the flowers this morning. （动作已经完成）
今天早晨我已经浇过花了。
例2. I have been watering the flowering this morning. （动作一直在持续）
今天早晨我一直在浇花。
例3. Who has been eating the oranges?
谁一直在吃这些桔子呀？（强调动作的过程）
例4. Who has eaten the oranges?
谁把桔子吃光了？（强调事情的结果）
易错提醒：状态动词、情感动词和知觉动词，如see,feel,know, love等，不能用于现在完成进行时，但可以
用于现在完成时。
(错误)I have been knowing her for a long time.
(正确）I have known her for a long time.
【2020年海南卷阅读理解】Make sure to be honest about how you feel and how long you’ve felt that way.
一定要诚实地说出你的感受以及你有这种感觉多久了。
2. 现在完成时同某些频度副词或数词连用时，表示反复的但可能有间断的动作；现在完成进行时可以表
示反复的、不间断的动作，不能同具体数词或表示具体词数的词连用。
(错误)I have been reading this book three times.
(正确)I have read this book three times.
知识点2 现在完成时与一般过去时
现在完成时表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，不与确定的过去时间状语连用。
一般过去时侧重说明在过去某个时间发生的事情、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，不强调对现在产生的影
响，常与确定的过去时间状语连用。
例1. He cleaned the room an hour ago, but it’s dirty now.
他一小时前打扫过房间，可是现在房间又脏了。
例2. He has cleaned the room. 他已经打扫房间了。
知识点3 过去完成时与一般过去时
过去完成时必须又一个过去的时间来衬托，必须是“过去的过去”才可以用过去完成时。
一般过去时是相对现在而言的，过去完成时是相对于过去某一时刻而言的，两种时态建立的时间参照不
同。
例1. Last week they learned Lesson 6.上周他们学了第六课。
例2. By the end of last week they had learned 3 units.
到上周末为止，他们已经学习了3个单元。知识点4 过去完成时与现在完成时
二者所表示的动作均始于过去。现在完成时以现在的时间为基点，侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响。
过去完成时以过去的时间为基点，强调“过去的过去”。若动作截至到现在，用现在完成时；若截至到过
去某时，则用过去完成时。
例1. Up to now he has been to the Great Wall three times.迄今为止，他去过长城3次了。
例2. He said he had been to the Great Wall three times.他说他已经去过长城3次了。
典例1.（2024年湖南长沙模拟预测）A total of 19 awards in different categories (announce) at the 2023
Chengdu World Science Fiction Convention.
典例2.（2024年广东梅州高三二模）Many key breakthroughs (make) in recent years at the Yinxu
site and its surrounding areas.
变式训练1.If they don’t stop in time, they are likely to fall off the cliff. No wonder it (recognize) as
one of the steepest cliffs in China.
变式训练2.By the end of he was 14 years old, he (learn) advanced mathematics by himself.
变式训练3.You have to hurry up, or the train (leave) by the time you reach the station.
考点五 时态一致三原则
知识点1 主句和定语从句时态一致原则
定语从句的动词应根据动词本身所涉及的时间运用恰当的时态。如:
That is the person who will give us a lecture tomorrow.
那就是明天要给我们做报告的那个人。
That was the person who would give us a lecture the next day.
那就是第二天要给我们做报告的那个人。
知识点2 主句和名词性从句时态一致原则
1.主句是现在时或将来时时,从句可以用任何所需要的时态。如:
The woman tells me that she is/was/will be a nurse.
2.主句是过去时态时,从句的时态有下面几种情况:
(1)从句与主句动作同时发生,从句须用一般过去时或过去进行时。如:
I thought he worked very hard.我认为他工作很努力。
The actor said he was living in Beijing.
这位男演员说他住在北京。
(2)如果从句有具体的过去时间点,尽管从句动作发生在主句动作之前,有时仍用一般过去时。如:She told me her brother died in 1960.
她告诉我她哥哥是1960年去世的。
(3)从句说的是一般真理或客观事实时,即使主句用过去时态,从句仍用一般现在时。如:
The teacher told us that the earth is round.
老师告诉我们地球是圆的。
(4)从句动作发生在主句动作之后时,从句须用过去将来时。如:
I knew where Tom would celebrate his birthday.
我知道汤姆将在哪里庆祝生日。
(5)从句动作发生在主句动作之前时,从句须用过去完成时。
知识点3 主句和状语从句时态一致原则
在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中,若主句为一般将来时,则从句往往用一般现在时表将来;若主句为过去时,
则从句也用相对应的过去时。如:
You’ll make progress if you keep working hard.
如果你继续努力,你就会取得进步。
He told us that he wouldn’t give up until he succeeded.
他告诉我们在成功之前他决不放弃。
一、 真题实战
1.（2024年浙江卷1月语法填空）Over the last two years, some supermarkets ________ (start) selling chicken
or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份).
2.（2022北京卷）The use of those plastics (increase) by 300% since 2019. The world won’t survive
if this situation continues.
3.（2022年全国甲卷）In the last five years, Cao _________ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in
2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain.
4. (2019年江苏) The musician along with his band members ______________(give) ten performances in the last
three months.
二、 命题演练
1.（辽宁省六校2023-2024学年高三联考试卷）On the basis of research that he (do) for the past six
years, Dr. Zimbardo estimates that about 40 percent of all Americans, around 84 million people, consider
themselves shy.
2. （ 河 北 省 任 丘 市 第 一 中 学 2023 年 高 三 试 题 ） Wudang martial arts based on the Taoist
ideology__________(create) by one of the most famous Taoists, named Zhang Sanfeng in the early years of the
Ming Dynasty.3.（江苏省常熟市 2023-2024学年高三10月抽测试题） It was a big day for Liu Jing, an overseas Chinese
student in Paris. She (work) with her friends for three months on an exhibition.
4.（江苏省前黄高级中学2023-2024学年高三学情检测）The center (launch) in June on Zhenxing
Road to help relieve the pressure on many of those running its 435 street stalls, many of whom are migrant workers
from around the country without local relatives to help take care of their children.
5.（江苏省镇江第一中学2023-2024学年高三学情检测）According to a recent report archaeologists______
(restore) more than 140 Terracotta Warriors.
6.（湖南省岳阳市湘阴校联考2023-2024学年试题）Since the Chinese highly qualified silk (make) its
fame to the western countries, the merchants sought the opportunity of trading Chinese silk along this route and
gained a great fortune.
7.（湖南省益阳市南县第一中学 2023-2024 学年高三试题）As we know, China’s Belt and Road
Initiative______ (motivate) more countries to cooperate more closely so far.
8.（湖南省邵东市第一中学2023-2024学年高三试题）Nang cultural industrial parks (build) so far in
many cities.
9.（湖南省衡阳市衡阳县2023-2024年高三试题）On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example,roughly
200 academics - many of them climate scientists （promise） to fly as little as possible since the effort
started two years ago.
10.（湖南省部分校 2023-2024 学年高三试题）The couple just gets registered at the government office.
Marriage ________ (regard) as a cardinal issue since ancient times.
