文档内容
第讲 19 句子成分、基本句型、长难句
目录
01 模拟基础练
【题型一】句子成分的考查
【题型二】基本句型的考查
【题型三】长难句的考查
02 重难创新练
03 真题实战练
题型一 句子成分的考查
（分析句子的主要句子成分）
1.（2024年湖南师大高三模拟）During the past several years, fake news has been a frequent topic of real news,
with articles considering the role of social media in spreading fake news.
【答案】主干：fake news has been a frequent topic of real news.。主语fakenews; 谓语has been；表语a
topic；Of real news 为介词定语作后置定语；ｗｉｔｈ的复合结构作状语。During...为介词短语作
后置定语。
【句意】在过去的几年里，假新闻一直是真实新闻的常见话题，文章考虑了社交媒体在传播假新闻中的作
用。
2.（湖南省百所学校 2023-2024 学年高三联考试题）When an application for admission is approved, the
university will send a notice of admission for ａspecific term.
【答案】主语：the university ；谓语：will send ；宾语： a notice；of...为介词短语作后置定语。连词
when引导时间状语从句。
【句意】当入学申请被批准后，大学将发送特定学期的入学通知。
3.（浙江省名校新高考研究联盟）While ebikes have become increasingly commonplace, they are still
undeniably expensive.
【答案】连词while引导让步状语从句；从句主语ebikes ；从句谓语have become；表语 commonplace主
句they are expensive为主系表结构。副词undeniably为副词作状语。
【句意】虽然电动自行车已经变得越来越普遍，但不可否认，它们仍然非常昂贵。4.（江苏省前黄高级中学 2023-2024学年高三学情检测） It can be difficult to find a tasty food place that
caters to meat-free diet.
【答案】主语：it充当形式主语；to do不定式短语作真正的主语；a tasty food place作find的宾语。关系
代词that引导定语从句修饰place。
【句意】很难找到一个美味的食物场所。
5.（江苏省前黄高级中学2023-2024学年高三学情检测）Catherine Garland, a physics professor, started seeing
“the problem” in 2019.
【答案】主语：Catherine Garland；名词a physics professor作同位语；谓语started; 动名词定语作宾语。
【句意】物理学教授凯瑟琳·加兰德从2019年开始发现了“这个问题”。
6.（湖北省腾云联盟2023-2024年高三联考试题）Following a trend without thinking carefully can make you
stressed and depressed
【答案】主语：动名词短语Following a trend without thinking carefully ；谓语can make; 宾语：you； 补
语：stressed ,depressed。
【句意】不需要仔细思考就能遵循一个趋势会让你感到压力和沮丧。
7.（福建省厦门第二中学2023-2024年高三试题）A week later Quarles learned that she was having twins.
【答案】主语：Wuarles； 谓语learned; 状语A week later; 连词that引导宾语从句。
【句意】一周后，夸尔斯得知她有了一对双胞胎。
8.（2024年河北省百事联盟试题）Warming in the Arctic, for example, is leading to loss of sea ice which
has left polar bears short of food.
【答案】主语：动名词短语warming in the Arctic； 谓语is leading to; 宾语loss of sea ice;介词of...短语
作后置定语修饰名词loss； 关系代词which引导定语从句。
【句意】例如，北极的变暖正在导致海冰的减少，这使得北极熊缺乏食物。
9.（2024年河北省百事联盟试题）Some classrooms consisted merely of sticks stuck in the sand and a metal
roof.
【答案】主语：Some classrooms； 谓语consisted merely of ; 宾语sticks and a roof.
;介词of...和介词in....短语作后置定语修饰其前面的名词。
【句意】有些教室只是用插在沙子上的树枝和一个金属屋顶组成的。
10.（黑龙江2024年哈尔滨三中高三试题）“With visitor numbers around the world increasing towards pre-
pandemic levels, the issue of overtourism is once again rearing its head.
【答案】主语：the issue of overtourism；of overtourism 为介词短语作后置定语修饰 issue；谓语：is
rearing；宾语its head；介词短语with...作状语。of overtourism
【句意】随着世界各地的游客人数接近大流行前的水平，过度旅游的问题再次抬头。
题型二 基本句型的考查
1.（2024年湖南师大高三模拟）In the long run, the truth will win out.
【答案】主语＋谓语．主语：the truth，谓语will win out。【句意】从长远来看，真相会胜出。
2.（浙江省名校新高考研究联盟）Others were sceptical about the ability of language models to program robots
for complex tasks.
【答案】主语+系动词+表语。主语：others; 表语：sceptical。
【句意】其他人则对语言模型为机器人编程完成复杂任务的能力表示怀疑。
3.（江苏省前黄高级中学2023-2024学年高三学情检测）Some may blame the generational incompetence.
【答案】主语+谓语+宾语。主语：Some ; 复杂谓语：may blame ；宾语：the generational incompetence.
【句意】有些人可能会责怪这一代人的无能。
4.（湖北省腾云联盟2023-2024年高三联考试题）In fact, an efficient learner knows how to strike a balance
between work and rest.
【答案】主语+谓语+宾语。主语：an efficient learner ; 谓语：knows ；宾语：how to strike a balance; 定
语；between..介词定语作后置定语。
【句意】事实上，一个高效的学习者知道如何在工作和休息之间取得平衡。
5.（福建省厦门第二中学2023-2024年高三试题）These days Quarles uses social media to document her joyful
motherhood journey.
【答案】主语+谓语+宾语；to do不定式作目的状语。
【句意】这些天，夸尔斯用社交媒体记录了她快乐的母亲之旅。
6.（2024年高三全国专项训练）He found the door of study closed to him.
【答案】主语+谓语+宾语+补语。宾语:the door; 介词of study短语作后置定语；补语：closed to him。
【句意】他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。
7.（2024年河北省百事联盟试题）Besides tai chi, Darrin also learned to perform Yuju Opera, which is
known for its melodic singing, amazing martial arts movements and stories.
【答案】主干句子结构：主语+谓语+宾语。宾语:to perform ...;。枝叶：besides ...为介词短语作状语；关
系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。
【句意】除了太极，达林还学会了表演豫剧，以其优美的演唱、惊人的武术动作和故事而闻名。
8.（2024年河北省百事联盟试题）She was showing me something in the backyard
【答案】主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语。
【句意】她在后院给我看一些东西。
9.（黑龙江2024年哈尔滨三中高三试题）There are ways to better manage tourism by promoting more off-
season travel, limiting numbers where possible and having greater regulation within the industry.
【答案】there be句型；主干：There are way; to do不定式短语作后置定语修饰ways。limiting...，having
greater...为并列现在分词短语用于介词by之后，作方式状语。
【句意】通过促进更多的淡季旅游，尽可能限制数量，并在行业内进行更大的监管，来更好地管理旅游
业。
10.（2024年江西省重点中学高三联考试题） What makes the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center an ideal place
for launching satellites?【答案】主谓宾宾补句型。主语：what; 谓语：makes; 宾语：the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center名词an
ideal place作宾语补足语。
【句意】是什么使酒泉卫星发射中心成为发射卫星的理想场所？
题型三 长难句的考查
1.（2024年湖南师大高三模拟）Schools want to address the issue of summer learning loss not only because it
may widen achievement gaps, but also because it“wastes”so much of the knowledge students have gained during
the school year.
【答案】主干：Schools want to address the issue．枝叶：介词短语作后置定语of summer learning loss；not
only because it may widen achievement gaps, but also because it“wastes”so much of the knowledge 连接并列结
构作原因状语从句；定语从句 students have gained during the school year.前面省略关系代词修饰先行词
knowledge。
【句意】学校希望解决暑期学习损失的问题，不仅因为它可能会扩大成绩差距，还因为它“浪费”了学生
在学年中获得的大量知识。
2.（湖北省腾云联盟2023-2024年高三联考试题）The brain science behind Alzheimer’s is complex, but CT and
MRI scans suggest that poisonous changes occur in the brain, including the abnormal buildup of proteins called
amyloid plaques and tau tangles.
【答案】主干：but连接并列句。主干：The brain science is complex; CT and MRL scans suggest that;
枝叶：介词 behind 短语作后置定语修饰前面名词；including 为现在分词短语作非限制性定语修饰
changes。
【句意】阿尔茨海默氏症背后的大脑科学是复杂的，但 CT和MR共振扫描显示，大脑中会发生有毒的变
化，包括被称为淀粉样斑块和tau蛋白缠结的蛋白质的异常聚集。
3.（福建省厦门第二中学2023-2024年高三试题）The fact that it can be made better can’t diminish (降低) the
fact that it is a useful instrument for understanding the world.
【答案】主干：The fact can’t diminish (降低) the fact。从句：两个that分别引导同位语从句，修饰名词
fact。
【句意】它可以变得更好的事实并不能减少（降低）它是理解世界的有用工具的事实。
4.（2024 年辽宁省实验中学高三试题）The National Library of France, which now contains an astonishing
collection of 30 million, dates back to the14th century and this royal library was set up at the Louvre Palace by
King Charles V.
【答案】主干：The National Library dates back to the14th century and this royal library was set up at the Louvre
Palace. 关系代词which引导定语从句。本句为and连接的并列句。
【句意】法国国家图书馆，现在拥有惊人的3000万册藏书，可以追溯到14世纪，这座皇家图书馆是由国
王查理五世在卢浮宫建立的。
5.（2024年辽宁省实验中学高三试题）While we complain about environmental destruction over Christmas,
environmentalists often forget what the holiday season actually means for many people.【答案】主干：environmentalists often forget what...; 本句为复合句；主句中what引导宾语从句，并在宾语
从句中作宾语；while引导让步状语从句。
【句意】当我们抱怨圣诞节期间的环境破坏时，环保主义者经常忘记了假期对很多人来说到底意味着什
么。
6.（2024 年江西省重点中学高三联考试题） If the satellite’s orbit is in the same direction as the Earth’s
rotation, a lower latitude adds to the speed when the satellite is launched, leading to lower fuel costs.
【答案】句子结构：主谓宾；主句主干：a lower latitude adds to the speed；从句主干：the satellite’s orbit is
in the same direction。
【句意】如果卫星的轨道与地球的自转方向相同，那么较低的纬度会增加卫星发射时的速度，从而降低燃
料成本。
题型 阅读理解
Passage 1 （2024年河南省名校联考高三试题）
New Caledonian crows are well-known for using different types of tools for preying (捕食) from tree holes
and other hiding places. While they firmly hold their tools in the bill, they need to put them down to eat. This is
when crows are at risk of losing their tools by accidentally dropping them or having them stolen by other crows.
In an earlier study, researchers in the UK had discovered that crows keep their tools safe when not needed,
using one of two “safekeeping” strategies—they either securely hold them trapped underfoot, or temporarily put
them into a nearby hole or behind bark. But are crows more careful when handling particularly valuable tools?
“Many of us will fuss (大惊小怪) about a brand-new phone, making sure it does not get scratched, dropped or
lost. But we may handle an old phone with a cracked screen quite carelessly,” said lead author Barbara Klump from
the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Germany.
Crows at one of the team’s long-term study sites use two different kinds of stick tools: complex hooked tools
and basic non-hooked tools. The former are painstakingly crafted from a relatively scarce plant species, while the
latter are simply twigs (细枝) sourced from the forest floor. “Hooked tools are not only more costly to obtain, but
they are also much more efficient,” explained Barbara Klump. “Depending on the foraging (觅食) task, crows can
get prey with these tools up to ten times faster than with non-hooked tools.”
In their new study, the researchers now discovered that New Caledonian crows are more likely to keep
valuable hooked tools safe between uses than the more basic non-hooked tools. “It was exciting to see crows are
just a bit more careful with tools that are more efficient and more costly to replace. This suggests that they have
some conception of the relative value’ of different tool types,” noted study co-author James St Clair.
This is the first study to investigate how animals handle and store tools of different kinds, providing a new
way to measure how much they value these objects.8．Why are phones mentioned in paragraph 3?
A．To indicate the necessity of phones in our daily life.
B．To emphasize people’s attachment to their old devices.
C．To stress the similarity between humans and crows.
D．To show people’s improper attitude to old things.
9．What’s the main advantage of a hooked tool?
A．It can be gotten easily. B．It can be adjusted freely.
C．It can make crows’ foraging more productive. D．It can prevent crows from danger.
10．What excited the researchers about the New Caledonian crows?
A．Their secret hiding places. B．Their unusual eating habits.
C．Their creation of complex tools. D．Their treatment of valuable tools.
11．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Crows Use Strategies to Gain Valuable Tools
B．Crows Learn to Use Special Tools for Preying
C．New Discovery of How Crows Make Tools
D．New Caledonian Crows Keep Favorite Tools Safer
【答案】8．C 9．C 10．D 11．D
【导语】本文为说明文，主要讲的是研究人员发现，New Caledonian乌鸦不但会使用工具捕食，而且它们
似乎会把带钩的特殊工具放在更安全的地方。
8．推理判断题。根据第二段的“In an earlier study, researchers in the UK had discovered that crows keep their
tools safe when not needed, using one of two “safekeeping” strategies—they either securely hold them trapped
underfoot, or temporarily put them into a nearby hole or behind bark.(在早期的一项研究中，英国的研究人员发
现，乌鸦在不需要的时候会用两种“安全保管”策略中的一种来保护它们的工具——它们要么把工具牢牢
地夹在脚下，要么暂时把它们放在附近的洞里或树皮后面。)”和第三段“Many of us will fuss (大惊小怪)
about a brand-new phone, making sure it does not get scratched, dropped or lost. But we may handle an old phone
with a cracked screen quite carelessly(我们中的许多人都会为一部全新的手机而烦恼，确保它不会被划伤、掉
落或丢失。但我们可能会不小心处理屏幕破裂的旧手机)”可知，第三段提到了电话，是为了强调人类和乌
鸦之间的相似性，即在保护自己的工具时的共同点。故选C。
9．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Hooked tools are not only more costly to obtain, but they are also much
more efficient(钩形工具不仅成本更高，而且效率更高)”可知，相较于用普通的树枝做捕食工具，乌鸦使用
精心加工过的带钩的树枝，其捕食的效率更高。故选C。
10．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“It was exciting to see crows are just a bit more careful with tools that are
more efficient and more costly to replace.(令人兴奋的是，乌鸦在使用更高效、更昂贵的工具时更加小心。)”
可知，新喀里多尼亚乌鸦对高效率的带钩的捕食工具非常谨慎小心，这种处理方式让研究人员激动不已。
故选D。
11．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的“In an earlier study, researchers in the UK had discovered that
crows keep their tools safe when not needed, using one of two “safekeeping” strategies—they either securely holdthem trapped underfoot, or temporarily put them into a nearby hole or behind bark.(在早期的一项研究中，英国
的研究人员发现，乌鸦在不需要的时候会用两种“安全保管”策略中的一种来保护它们的工具——它们要
么把工具牢牢地夹在脚下，要么暂时把它们放在附近的洞里或树皮后面。)”可知，本文主要讲述新喀里多
尼亚乌鸦会非常小心地把自己喜爱的带钩的工具存放在更安全的地方，因此最好的题目是D选项“New
Caledonian Crows Keep Favorite Tools Safer(新喀里多尼亚乌鸦让最喜欢的工具更安全)”。故选D。
【全文翻译】
新喀里多尼亚乌鸦以使用不同类型的工具从树洞和其他藏身之处捕食（捕食）而闻名。当他们牢牢地
把工具放在账单上时，他们需要把它们放下去吃。这是当乌鸦有失去工具的危险，因为它们不小心扔下工
具或被其他乌鸦偷走。
在早期的一项研究中，英国的研究人员发现，乌鸦在不需要的时候使用工具安全，使用两种“安全”
策略中的一种——要么安全地把它们困在脚下，要么暂时把它们放在附近的洞里或树皮后面。但是乌鸦在
处理特别有价值的工具时会更小心吗？
“我们很多人会对一部全新的手机（大惊小怪）大惊小怪，确保它不会被刮掉或丢失。但我们可能会
不小心处理屏幕破裂的旧手机，”德国马克斯·普朗克动物行为研究所的主要作者芭芭拉·克鲁普说。
在该团队的一个长期研究网站上的乌鸦使用两种不同类型的棍状工具：复杂的钩状工具和基本的非钩
状工具。前者是由一种相对稀缺的植物物种精心制作的，而后者仅仅是来自森林地面的细树枝（细枝）。
芭芭拉·克朗普解释说：“挂钩工具不仅成本更贵，而且效率也高得多。”“根据觅食（觅食）任务，乌鸦
用这些工具获取猎物的速度比用无钩工具快十倍。”
在他们的新研究中，研究人员现在发现，新喀里多尼亚乌鸦比更基本的非钩状工具更有可能保持有价值
的钩状工具的安全。“令人兴奋的是，看到乌鸦只是更小心的工具更高效，更换成本更高。这表明，他们
对‘不同工具类型’的相对价值有一些概念。”
这是第一个调查动物如何处理和存储不同种类的工具的研究，提供了一种新的方法来衡量它们对这些
物品的重视程度。
1.（2024年全国甲卷）In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with
an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving
on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
【句意】在第一部分中，我论述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，首先探讨了到底是什么样的力量使得许多人
的数字生活越来越难以忍受，然后对数字极简主义生活准则进行详细讨论。
【解析】starting with … 为分词结构作状语；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词forces。2.（2024 年全国甲卷）You'll hear these participants' stories and learn what strategies worked well for
them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
【句意】你将了解到这些参与者的故事，知悉哪些策略对他们有效，以及他们遇到了哪些你应当避免的陷
阱。
【解析】learn后有两个由what引导的宾语从句，that引导定语从句，修饰先行词traps。
3.（2024年新高考I卷）This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on
mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.
【句意】这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性观测数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记
录了他们在附近地区与物种的偶遇情况。
【解析】原因状语从句主句 This makes sense。从句 z 主干 …because the people are often citizen
scientists…定语从句…the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices。非谓语作
后置定语…citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.
4.（2022 全国甲卷 ) After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went out separate
ways--he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
【句意】在我们跑了三次后，安德鲁关掉了引擎，然后我们分道扬镳。他去午休, 我去探索这座城
市。
【解析】本句的主干是Andrew shut down the engine, and we went out separate ways。And连接两个并
列句。破折号后面是两个省略句，he和I都省略了谓语动词went
5. （2022年全国甲卷） Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and
64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy.
【句意】莱文和他的研究团队挑选了年龄在45岁到64岁之间的志愿者，他们不怎么锻炼，但在其他方
面都很健康。
【解析】本句的主干是Levine and his research team selected volunteers 。Aged是形容词短语充当后
置定语，修饰名词volunteers。关系代词who引导定语从句，修饰先行词volunteers。在定语从句中使用并
列句，并列连词but连接。
6.（2022年全国甲卷）In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of
age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的)
shapes.
【句意】 在人类中，婴儿可以从一岁左右就把圆形放在圆形洞里，但再过一年才能用不那么对称（对称
的）形状做同样的事情。
【解析】 这是一个并列句，由but并列前后两句，前句是一个主谓宾的简单句:In humans, babies can put
a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age;后句是由before引导的主从复合句:主句部分
是:it will be another wear:从句部分是: they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的
)shapes。
7.（2021浙江卷） A couple of years ago film-maker David Bond realized that his children, then aged five and
three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear
without getting a response.【句意】几年前，电影制作人大卫·邦德意识到他的两个孩子（当时分别是5岁和3岁）都离不开屏幕，以
至于他对着3岁的儿子的耳朵说“巧克力”都没有回应。
【解析】本句是主从复合句。主句中的主谓宾结构 A couple of years ago film-maker David Bond realized
that...，that引导宾语从句，在从句中不充当句子成分。宾语从句中主语为 his children, 形容词短语aged
five and three充当定语，宾语从句中谓语动词为were attached to...。Where为关系副词，引导定语从句，
修饰先行词point。
8.（2022 浙江卷 1 月） With the help of Tesla, Westinghouse's firm developed a system using
alternating current(交流电)，which soon became the major form of power delivery.
【句意】在特斯拉的帮助下，西屋公司开发了一种使用交流电（交流电）的系统，这很快成为了主要
的电力输送形式。
【解析】本句主句为Westinghouse's firm developed a system。With the help of Tesla为介词短语充当状
语，现在分词短语using alternating current充当后置定语，修饰名词system，关系代词which引导非限制
性定语从句。
9.（2022年浙江卷 6月） The feeling of being able to see it and form my opinion is like breaking down
another wall as a blind person.
【句意】能够看到它并形成我的观点的感觉就像作为一个盲人打破了另一堵墙。
【解析】 本句是主从复合句。主句The feeling is like breaking down another wall。of being able to see
it and form my opinion为介词短语充当后置定语，修饰名词feeling。like为介词,后面跟动词的ing形式。as
a blind person为介词短语作方式状语。
10.（2022年浙江卷） Most of these rabbits change their fur color from white in the wintertime to
brown in the summer, each designed to give them better cover from predators (捕食者).
【句意】 大多数这种兔子的毛皮会在冬天是白色，夏天变成棕色，每个颜色都为了让自己能够更好地躲
避捕食者。
【解析】 理解本句的难点在于理清句子结构并了解独立主格结构中非谓语的用法。句子谓语为 change，
其后跟了from...to...的介词结构；逗号后“each designed to give them better cover from predators”是一
个独立主格结构，each (color)为主语，因为不是独立的句子没有谓语，designed是过去分词做后置定语修
饰each (color)。
