高考英语语法词汇专项突破：05解读“With+复合宾语”与“独立主格结构”+巩固训练+答案_3.2025英语总复习_2024年新高考资料_3.2024专项复习_2024年高考英语语法词汇专项突破3139734

高考英语语法词汇专项突破：05 解读“With+复合宾语”与“独立主格结构”+巩固训练+答案 【热点导读】 一、with +复合宾语 二、独立主格结构 三、with +复合宾语和独立主格结构的功能 四、“with +复合宾语”、”独立主格“及其与其他句式转换 五、“With+复合宾语”、“独立主格结构”的命题热点和解题策略 热点一、短语与句子的区别。主要是与状语从句、定语从句和并列句的区别。如： 热点二、非谓语动词用法。其中的不定式、现在分词、过去分词所表示的时间和语态为重要考点。 热点三、独立主格结构中的there be句型。there be句型包含“有”的含义，如果没有there，或者没 有be动词，则没有“有”的含义。 【高考真题展示】 （2023▪全国乙卷）Beijing is a city bridging the ancient and the modern. From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully (build) system of ring roads. 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了北京这座城市的古老建筑和现代化发展之间的独特结合，同 时探讨了城市如何在不断发展的同时保护其丰富的遗产。作者作为一名摄影师，记录了这座城市的变化， 并表示将来还会继续拍摄北京的风貌。 【答案与解析】 第一空：考查介词。句意：从佛教寺庙到博物馆，从狭窄的胡同到皇家宫殿，它拥有3000多年的辉煌 历史，甚至从它的布局来看，这座城市一直保持着精心建造的环城道路系统。根据上文的“From Buddhist temples to museums”可知，空处和上文保持一致，表示“从……到……”，用介词to。故填to。 第二空：考查非谓语动词。句意：从佛教寺庙到博物馆，狭窄的胡同和皇家宫殿，它是3000多年辉煌 历史的家园，即使是在它的布局上，这座城市也保持着精心建造的环城公路系统。这里为非谓语动词担当 定语，表示“精心建造的……”，和被修饰词“system of ring roads”之间为被动关系，用过去分词。故填 built。 分析句子发现，在最后的with the city keeping its carefully (build) system of ring roads.部分其实 是一个“with+名词+现在分词”结构。其中的介词是with，宾语是名词 the city，现在分词短语keeping...作宾语的补足语，与宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，所用现在分词的主动形式。 【重难点与热点解读】 “with+复合宾语” 和“独立主格结构”成为近几年高考试题新宠并不奇怪，对它们的考查从词性上 看可以涉及到：介词、名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词，其中的动词不定 式、现在分词、过去分词属于非谓语动词，同时也考查到短语与句子的区别。这两个结构极为相似，用法 也基本相同，为此把两个放在一起讲解。 一、with +复合宾语 “with+复合宾语”结构中的with是介词，作其宾语的是名词或代词，宾语后跟宾语补足语，宾语同补 足语一起构成复合宾语，宾语与补足语之间有逻辑上的主语和表语关系、主语和谓语关系。可以作其补足 语的词性有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词七种。这一结构在句中主要作 状语，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等，也可以作定语。主要构成形式有： (一) with＋宾语＋形容词（短语） I sleep with the window open unless it's really cold. 我总是开着窗户睡觉, 除非天气非常冷才关上窗户。 The boys were made a snowman, with hands red with cold. 孩子们堆雪人，手都冻红了。 (二) with＋宾语＋副词（短语） With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. 产量提高了60%，公司又经历了一个极好的年头。 (三) with+宾语+名词 He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl. 他去世时，女儿还是个小学生。 (四) with＋宾语＋介词短语 The master was walking up and down the room with the iron ruler under his arm and a book in his hand. 老师在教室里踱来踱去, 胳膊下夹着铁戒尺, 手里拿着书。 (五) with＋宾语＋动词不定式（或动词不定式短语） With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 由于有好多棘手的问题要解决，刚当选的总统正经历一个困难时期。 (六) with＋宾语＋现在分词（或现在分词短语）I couldn’t finish my work with those children playing around. 这些孩子在周围玩耍，我没有办法完成作业。 (七) with＋宾语＋过去分词（或过去分词短语） In the reading room, we found her seated at a desk, with her attention fixed on a book. 在阅览室，我们发现她坐在桌子旁。她在聚精会神的看书。 【拓展一】把with改为without则构成 without+复合宾语结构，是with+复合宾语结构的否定形式， 同样在句中主要作状语，也可以作定语。如： A girl with a necklace around her neck got on the bus. 一个脖子上戴着项链的女孩上了公共汽车。 She knows the kind of room you like and reserves one without any request on your part. 她知道你喜欢哪种房间，你不用提出要求，她就为你预订好了。 【拓展二】除了介词with和without可以跟复合宾语，介词like也可以跟复合宾语结构,多用现在分词 作宾语补足语，在句中作方式状语。即：like+名词/代词+现在分词。如： The old pine tree still stood there like a umbrella covering the entrance of the cave. 那个老松树在挺立在那里，就像一把雨伞罩着岩洞的入口。 The noise sounded like a train going under my house. 那声音就像一列火车行驶在我的屋子底下。 Bamboo has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. 竹子那修长的树叶在风中摇动, 好象伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。 The tree stands at the gate, like a miss welcoming guests. 那棵树站在门口, 像一位小姐欢迎客人。(like + 名词+现在分词短语，表示行为方式) 二、独立主格结构 状语有时可以由一个名词或代词和另一成分构成的复合结构担任,称为独立主格结构。该结构与“with ＋复合宾语结构”极为相似，即将其中的with去掉，并把原来作为宾语的宾格代词改为主格代词（名词不 再变化），即是一个“独立主格结构”。独立主格作状语与分词作状语的一个主要区别就是，分词作状语 一般要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致，而独立主格就是其逻辑主语独立于句子的主语，就是其有自 己的逻辑主语。 独立主格结构只是一种短语结构，不是句子，因此，它与句子的主干之间一般只用逗号隔开，而不能 加用诸如and, but, so之类的连接词。这一结构在句中可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况，偶 作作定语。主要构成形式有：(一)名词/代词＋形容词（短语） The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse． 特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。 Today’s festivals have many origins, some religious, some seasonal, and some for special people or events. 现在的节日有很多的由来，一些是宗教的、一些是季节性的、一些是纪念特殊的人和事件的。 (二)名词/代词＋副词（短语） He stood before his teacher, his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。 (三)名词/代词＋介词短语 1. In front of the house was a tall tree，its top well above the tops of the other trees. 房子的前面是一棵高高的树，树冠高出其他树许多。 2. The moment I sat in the armchair, a robber burst into the room, knife in hand. 我刚在扶手椅子上坐下，一个劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。 （注意：当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构要加。） (四)名词(代词)+名词 1. Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。 2. Then there were two grey reef sharks, each about one and a half metres long, which suddenly appeared from behind some coral. 然后，还有两条灰色的沙湖鳖，每条大约1.5米长，突然从珊瑚后面游泳了出来。 (五)名词/代词＋动词不定式（或动词不定式短语） She proposed a picnic, she herself to pay the railway tickets, and Mary to provide the food. 她建议去野炊，她自己付车费，玛丽提供食物。 (六)名词/代词＋现在分词（或现在分词短语） 1. There being no buses，we had to walk home. 注意：there being 是there be 句型的独立主格结构，其中的being不可以省掉。一般的“名词/代词 +being+形容词/介词短语的 being可以省掉，但强调进行的being done，there being 中的being不省掉。 2. The question having being settled (The question settled), we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后，我们结束了会议。 3. … but this being my first experience, I stayed at the top and watched them.我是第一次经历这样的事，所以留在山顶上观察他们。 (七)名词/代词＋过去分词（或过去分词短语） 1. All things considered, I think we ought to give the job to George. 各方面考虑起来，我想我们应当把工作交给乔治。 2. He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。 注意：当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。 三、with +复合宾语和独立主格结构的功能 “with +复合宾语”和独立主格的功能基本相同，作状语时可以表示时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随 等。“with +复合宾语”也可以作定语。 （一）作时间状语 The guest having left，they went on with their discussion. 那个客人走后，他们继续讨论。 （二）作条件状语 Weather permitting，we will go picnicking by the waterfall. 要是天气好的话，我们就到瀑布边去野炊。 （三）作原因状语 1. With my wife away, I had to cook myself. 因为夫人不在家我得亲自做饭。 2. Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. 汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。 3. An important lecture to be given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into night. 因为明天要发表一个非常重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 （四）作伴随状语或用来补充说明 1. Then last night，I followed him here，and climbed in，sword in hand. 然后我便跟踪他的弟弟来到这里，手里拿有一柄剑。 2. "Marquis," said the boy, turning to the man，his eyes opened wide and his hand raised. 男孩转向那个人, 眼睛瞪得大大地, 举起他的右手, 说道: "侯爵,” （五）作结果状语 The war was over, without a shot being fired.一枪没打战争就结束了。 （六）作方式状语 Wu Song fought the tiger, with a stick his only weapon. 武松打虎，手中只有一根棍子作为武器。 The tree stands at the gate, like a miss welcoming guests. 那棵树站在门口像一位小姐欢迎客人。 （七）作定语 1. There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them. 那里有成排的白色房屋，前面有树。 2. Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 靠近岸时，我看见几个深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。 四、“with +复合宾语”、”独立主格“及其与其他句式转换 （一）“with +复合宾语”和独立主格结构的相互转换 “with +复合宾语”和独立主格结构的转换是把“with +复合宾语”的介词with去掉就成了独立主格结 构，要注意的是：如果前者复合宾语的宾语是宾格代词改为主格代词，如果是名词则不再变化。复合宾语 是“名词+in+名词”则在独立主格中都不用冠词或形容词性物主代词。如： He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. He stood at the door, computer in hand. Flag on shoulder, the soldier rushed to the top of the mountain. The soldier rushed to the top of the mountain, with a flag on his shoulder. （二）跟句子相互转换 由于二者都可以作状语，因此可以与状语从句进行转换。根据所作状语的功能可以转换成时间状语从 句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。如果作伴随状语或补充说明的时候转换为 and连接 的并列句。由于“with +复合宾语”可以作定语，所以还可以转换成定语从句。如： 1. It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some measuring over 90 metres. (P34 Book 3人 新教材) It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, and some measure over 90 metres. It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some of which measure over 90 metres. 2. In fact, it has one-third of the world’s total fresh water, and much of it is in the Great Lakes. In fact, it has one-third of the world’s total fresh water, much of it in the Great Lakes.In fact, it has one-third of the world’s total fresh water, much of which is in the Great Lakes. 3. Without anything left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat. Because there was anything left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat. Nothing left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat. 4. Time permitting, we will pay a visit to him before we leave. If time permits, we will pay a visit to him before we leave. 5. I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. I won’t be able to go on holiday because my mother is ill. 6. The dirty clothes having been washed, the girl hung them up outside. After the dirty clothes (had been/was) washed, the girl hung them up outside. 五、“With+复合宾语”、“独立主格结构”的命题热点和解题策略 热点一、短语与句子的区别。主要是与状语从句、定语从句和并列句的区别。如： 【考例1】（XXXX·浙江卷）Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some ______ a life span of around 20 years. A. having B. had C. have D. to have 【解题策略】选A。首先要注意句子中间的逗号，由此可以看出是一个单句，前面已经是一个完整的 句子，而且没有连词，因此可以推断后面只可能是一个短语，不是句子，因此也就不可能用谓语动词，这 样只有A和D答案供选。再根据不定式表示将来，现在分词表示现在，本句是陈述一个事实。故选A，是 独立主格结构的“代词+现在分词”。 【考例2】(XXXX福建卷) You have no idea how she finished the relay race her foot wounded so much. A. for B. when C. with D. while 【解题策略】选C。前面是句子，后面的wounded不是谓语动词，因为句子中没有连词，如果填上连 词则wounded应该加上was，因此排除连接句子的连词B和D项。根据题干看出是“名词+过去分词”， 符合“with+复合宾语”结构，故选C。 【考例3】(XXXX-XXXX学年河南省许昌一高高三第五次月考英语试卷)There were lots of people in the reading room, most of _______ with their heads bent over their books. A. whom B. which C. that D. them 【解题策略】选D。前面是一个句子，如果后面也是句子就要用连词，根据介词with以及their heads 与bend之间的动宾关系看出bent是过去分词，不是谓语动词。所以，应该是“代词+介词短语”的独立主格结构，故选D。注意不要与定语从句混淆。比较：There were lots of people in the reading room, most of whom bent their heads over their books. 热点二、非谓语动词用法。其中的不定式、现在分词、过去分词所表示的时间和语态为重要考点。 【考例 1】(XXXX 辽宁卷) The old couple often take a walk after super in the park with their pet dog _____them. A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows 【解题策略】选B。四个备选项有三个是非谓语动词形式，C项虽然也可以看成是谓语动词，但是是 过去时形式，显然与前面句子的谓语动词take时态不一致。要考虑非谓语动词时态和语态。根据介词with 看出连接的不是句子，排除D。“with+复合宾语”结构中的宾语与复合宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系， follow的动作是由dog发出的，所以用主动形式，根据句意follow them与take a walk同时发生，由此得出 B正确。 【考例2】(山东卷) The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _____at the end of last March. A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched 【解题策略】选B。这句话前面已经有了has already sent up作谓语动词了, 逗号不能连接两个完整的句 子, 所以A答案是最迷惑的, 如果是分号或者有个连词and就可以用A。后面三个备选项都是非谓语动词， the most recent其实就是the most recent unmanned spacecraft省略，是承前省略形式，由所给的选项都是被 动的形式，所有主要解题关键在时态。C表示正在，D表示将来，根据时间状语at the end of last March看 出选B，属于“名词/代词+现在分词”的独立主格结构。 【考例3】(XXXX湖南卷)I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 【解题策略】选C。根据句子结构看出是短语，所选不是句子，因为没有连词。再根据时间状语today 与表示将来的时间状语in a year“一年之后”看出用表示将来的动词不定式。故选C。 热点三、独立主格结构中的there be句型。there be句型包含“有”的含义，如果没有 there，或者 没有be动词，则没有“有”的含义。如： 【考例 1】(原创题) _______ no further business, the meeting was stopped at 9:15 p.m., and the next regular meeting is scheduled for May 15, at 8:40 p.m. A. It being B. There being C. Being D. There was 【解题策略】选B。根据逗号后面的句子和句子没有连词排除D。根据句子的意思看出是“有”的意 思，即“由于没有更多的事要讨论”。A答案只说明“是”，是系表结构，体现不出“有”的意思，therebeing是独立主格结构，故选B。句意是：由于没有更多的事要讨论，会议在晚上9点1刻暂时休会。下次 例会安排在5月15日下午8点40分举行。 【考例2】(XXXX江西卷)______and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor’s help to end her life. A. Having given up hope of cure B. With no hope for cure C. There being hope for cure D. In the hope of cure 【解题策略】选B。根据逗号后的句子看出前面应该是短语作状语，再根据第一个and看出所填部分 应该是与no way并列的部分。根据句意看出C和D错误，如果C改为There being no hope for cure则可以 用，这样there being…就是独立主格结构。A项具有形容词性质，不能与名词并列。故选B，该部分是由介 词with构成的短语及现在分词短语suffering from the terrible disease构成的，介词with有两个宾语，分别 是 no hope for cure和 no way to reduce her pain。句意是：这位病人由于没有治愈的希望和减轻其痛苦的 方法，她饱受疾病煎熬，于是请求大夫结束她的生命。 【牛刀小试】 一、句型转换: 根据汉语意思转换句型，每空一词。 1. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。 (1)When we _____ the city from the hilltop, we can find it more beautiful. (2) _______ the city from the hilltop, we can find it more beautiful. (3) The city _____ from the hilltop, we can find it more beautiful. (4) ________ from the hilltop, the city looks more beautiful. 2. 那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。 (1)The strange man was walking down the street, ______ a stick _____ ____ _____. (2) The strange man was walking down the street, _______ he ______ a stick in his hand. (carry) (3)The strange man was walking down the street, _____ in _______. 3. 这里是前三卷，第四卷下个月出版。 (1)Here are the first three volumes _____ the fourth one ______ ____ ____ next month.(come out) (2)Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one ____ ____ ___ next month. .(come out) (3)Here are the first three volumes _____ the fourth one is _____ _____next month. .(come out) 5. 岁月流逝，由于我一再提起这个故事，以至于连自己都开始相信这是我的亲身经历了。 (1) As time ______ ______, I repeated the story so often that I began to think of it as something that had happened to me. (go on)(2) With time_____ ______, I repeated the story so often that I began to think of it as something that had happened to me. (go on) 6. 他们在会议上提出了很多计划，但是在工作很少有实施。 (1) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _______ _______ ______ in their work. (carry out) (2) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of ______ _______ ______ ______ in their work. (carry out) (3) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, _______ none of _____ ______ ______ ______ in their work. (carry out) (4) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, _______ none of them ______ ______ in their work. (carry out) 二、从所给的A、B、C、D四个选项选出最佳答案。 1. The girl in the photo was smiling sweetly, _____________. A. her long hair was flowing in the breeze B. her long hair flowing in the breeze C. her long hair flowed in the breeze D. her long hair to flow in the breeze 2. There were a lot of people in the reading room, most of_____ seated there chatting and laughing. A. them B. whom C. that D. which 3. Mr. Smith offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work_________, we didn’t accept the offer. A. hadn’t been finished B. wasn’t finished C. not having finished D. not having been finished 4. ______ no nobody in the room, we realized that there was no use crying. A. Because there is B. There was C. There being D. It being 5. We planted 500 trees today, the rest_____ tomorrow. A. is to be planted B. are to plant C. being planted D. to be planted 6. _______ so many homework to do, Mary won’t have time to play with her friends this morning. A. Without B. With C. By D. Because 7. From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered glob，with a few patches of land ____ out above the water. A. to stick B. stuck C. sticking D. stick 8. And today，if you go to Salt Lake City，you can see a monument ____ seagulls on top of it. A. with B. like C. for D. over 9. Many large cities, such as Liverpool and New York, have had experiments of this kind, ________ old factoriesturned into successful art centers. A. for B. with C .as D .like 10. ________our food ________, we had to walk to a village for help. A. Since; runs out B. Because; run out C. With; running out D. For; running out 11. When I finish the story, Lenin jumped up from his chair and started pacing the floor, ____, deep in thought. A. with his head bending B. in his head bent C. his head bending D. his head bent 12. All flights_______ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A. had been put off B. were put offC. have been put off D. having been put off 参考答案： 一、 1. (1) see (2) Seeing (3) seen (4) Seen 2. (1) with; in his hand (2) and; carried (3) stick; hand 3. (1) with; to come out (2) to come out (3) and; coming out 4. (1) went on (2) going on 5. (1) them carried out (2) which were carried out (3) but; them were carried out (4) with; carried out 二、1-5 BADCD 6-10 BCABC 11- 12 DD