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高考英语语法词汇专项突破:聚焦时态和语态十四个考点
【高考考例展示】
【考题1】(2023新高考II卷)As a little girl, I (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up.
答案与解析:wished。考查动词时态。分析句子结构可知,本句缺少谓语动词,所以wish作本句谓语,
和主语I之间是主动关系,根据后文的grew可知用一般过去时。故填wished。句意:作为一个小女孩,我
希望长大后成为一名动物园管理员。
【考题2】(2023▪全国乙卷)The remarkable development of this city, which is consciously designed to
protect the past while stepping into the modern world, (mean) there is always something new to discover
here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
答案与解析:means。考查时态。这里为本句谓语动词,根据上下文可知,本句时态为一般现在时;
主语为“development”,单数,所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故填means。句意:这座城市的显著发
展,在有意识地保护过去的同时步入现代世界,意味着这里总是有新的东西等待发现,我可以在接下来的
50年里一直拍摄北京。
【考题3】(2022年浙江1月卷)Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like frequently by
plane (view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.
答案与解析:is viewed或has been viewed。考查时态和被动语态及其主谓一致。描述人们普遍认知的
事情用一般现在时,此处也可以表示强调人们从过去到现在的认知,动名词作主语与主谓之间存在被动关
系,故填is viewed或has been viewed。句意:对科学家而言,旅行去参加会议、讲座、工作室之类的地方
来相聚并交流信息这件事被视为是重要的。
【考题4】(2022全国乙卷)May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named
officially the United Nations on November 27th, 2019.
答案与解析:by。考查被动语态结构的介词。句意:2019年11月27日,联合国正式将5月21日定为
第一个国际茶日。根据句意可知,此处表达“被联合国在5月21日命名”。表示被动,使用固定结构
“be+过去分词+by”。故填by。
【考题5】(2022年浙江6月卷) When he felt a 3D version of Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa” he
(notice)her smile right away. ”
答案与解析:noticed。考查动词时态。根据“he felt”可知,本句为一般过去时。故填noticed。考查时
态。句意:当他触摸到莱昂纳多·达·芬奇的3D版《蒙娜丽莎》时,他立刻注意到了她的微笑。【高考热点分析】
时态和语态一直是历年高考必考题,根据近几年的高考试题可以看出主要考查的时态有:1.一般现在
时; 2. 一般过去时 3. 一般将来时 4. 现在进行时 5. 过去进行时 6. 现在完成时 7. 过去完成时 8. 过
去将来时 9. 现在完成进行时 10. 过去完成进行时 11. 将来完成时。
语态通常与时态在一起考查,被动语态本身主要考点有:1.被动语态的构成 2. 主动形式表示被动意
义 3. 不可以用被动语态的情况 4. 被动语态中介词或者副词。下面就各个考点进行解读:
【应考指南】
动词的时态和语态是高考必考题,因此如何正确快速解题十分重要,下面介绍几种解题技巧。
一、利用时态标志解题
所谓时态标志,指的就是某些特定的词、短语或句式,在通常情况下要与某种特定的时态连用,如
yesterday, last week, last Friday等通常要与一般过去时或过去进行时连用;since, so far, in the past few years
等通常要与现在完成时连用;by the end of后接过去时间通常要与过去完成时连用;no sooner…than…,
hardly…when…等结构中的主句通常要用过去完成时,而从句通常要用一般过去时等等。同学们在做题时
若能充分利用这些时态标志,同时结合句子语境,就可很快选出正确答案。
二、利用句子语境解题
根据语境命题是近几年来高考英语单项填空题的一个十分重要的趋势,可以毫不夸张地说,每年的单
项填空至少有百分之九十五的考题或多或少与语境有一定的关系。所以,同学们在做题时,除根据各个时
态的不同用法和特点来分析外,还要充分根据句子本身所提供的语境来分析,不仅要使所填时态语法正
确,而且要使句子意思通顺,合情合理。
三、利用关键词解题
有的时态考题中往往会隐含有一个或几个对解题起着重要作用的词语,这就是我们所说的“关键
词”。同学们在解题时,若能充分挖掘这些关键词,并进行合理地分析和推理,对于得出试题的正确答案
将会有很直接的帮助作用。
四、揣测命题意图解题
一般说来,每道题的命制都有一定的测试目的。如果同学们在做题时能通过分析题干结构和选项特点
猜出命题人的命题意图,那么就会大大增强解题的针对性,同时也可以很方便地排除选项中的干扰项。
【时态语态考点全解】考点一、一般现在时及其被动形式
1. 考查基本概念:主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点,表示经常或习惯性的动作。句子中常有
often, always, from time to time 等时间状语,表示客观规律和永恒真理等。被动形式是is/am/are done。如:
Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.
He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.
Columbus proved that the earth is round.
【典例1】He is going to visit her aunt as soon as he _______ in Beijing.
A. will arrive B. arrived C. arrives D. is arriving
[答案与分析] C。根据主句一般将来时知道从句的动作是将要发生的事情,但是在时间状语从句、条件句
中,从句用一般现在时代替将来时。故选 C。常用引导时间状语从句和条件句的连词有:When, while,
before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment,
the minute, the day, the year, immediately等。
【典例2】The train ______ at 10 o'clock in the morning, so we have enough time.
A. is starting B. would start C. started D. starts
[答案与分析] D。火车是按照时间表发车的,一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或时间表将要发生的事,
这类用法限于表示“移动”的动词:go去,come来,leave离开,start出发,begin开始,arrive到达,take
off/fly起飞等。故选D。
【典例3】Make sure that the windows ________ before you leave the room.
A. are closed B. is closed C. will be closed D. is going to be closed
[答案与分析] A。在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。再根据
主谓一致关系知道动词用复数。故选A。
【典例4】Here _______ the bus. Hurry up, or we’ll miss it.
A. is coming B. comes C. will come D. came
[答案与分析] B。在完全倒装句中,一般现在时表示动作正在进行,Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
故选B。
【典例5】It was Columbus who proved that the earth______ round.
A. is B. was C. will be D. were
[答案与分析] A。在表示客观真理、客观存在、科学事实的句子中用一般现在时,此用法如果出现在宾语
从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。“地球是圆的”是科学论断,因此用一般现在
时。故选A。
2. 考查对其他时态的替代作用:(1)在时间和条件状语从句中,代替一般将来时。常用引导词表时间的有 when, until, after, before, as
soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 表条件的有if, unless, provided (that).,在the more… the
more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。如:
If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.
【典例】(XXXX湖南)— Do you have any problems if you ______ this job?
— Well, I’m thinking about the salary.
A. offer B. will offer C. are offered D. will be offered
解析:C。及物动词offer通常跟双宾语,即offer sb. sth.,主语you与谓语动词offer之间是动宾关系,所以
用被动语态,排除A、B。if引导的条件状语从句要用一般现在时代替将来时。故选C。
(2)表示将来已经列入日程的时间,尤其是谈到计划时间的时候,用一般现在时表示将来,像车船
飞机等的出发或者离开的时间等。如:
【典例】(XXXX四川) Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 ____ off at 18:20.
A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken
解析:A。飞机、火车等是按照时刻表来运行的,通常用一般现在时表示将来。根据 Hurry up!提示知道飞
机现在还没有起飞,否则就没有必要“赶快”了,排除B、D。C项语态错误。故选A,一般现在时表示将
来。
(3)在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter +宾语从句中,从句用一般现在时代替一般将
来时。如:
So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.
考点二、现在进行时及其被动形式
1. 考查在所设置的特定的语境下暗示动作正在进行,或者是表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这时
多有表示将来的时间状语)。结构是is/am/are being done。如:
【典例1】 (XXXX四川) —Why don’t we choose that road to save time?
—The bridge to it __________.
A. has repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. will be repaired
解析:C。根据表示建议的句型why don’t可以看出是想“选择那条路”,目的是“为了节约时间”,答句
的主语bridge与谓语动词repair之间是动宾关系,所以用被动语态,排除A。问句问的是现在的情况,
所以只有“桥正在被维修”才使得我们没有办法选择那条路。故选C。
【典例2】 My aunt_______ for Shanghai at eleven o'clock tomorrow morning.
A. was leaving B. leaves C. is leaving D. has left[答案与分析] C。表示位置移动的动词,如leave, move, go, come, start, begin等常用现在进行时表示将要发
生的事,而不表示动作现在正在进行。根据tomorrow morning知道是将来的动作,但是备选项中没有将来
时,进行时可以表示将来。故选C。
【典例3】— Is that boy Jack?
— No. Jack_______ his homework in the classroom.
A. is doing B. does C. will do D. has done
[答案与分析] A。根据否定回答知道用进行时态,说明杰克做作业的情况应正在发生,所以不可能是杰
克,应用现在进行时。
2. 考查与频率副词,如always,constantly,continually,again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、
厌烦、埋怨等)。如:
She is always helping others.她总是乐于助人。
考点三、现在完成时及其被动形式
1. 通过标志性状语考查。现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,完成在过去,但强调与现在情况仍有联系,其
结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语:for + 时间段;since + 时间点; lately;
recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now, so far, these days 等表示不确定的时间状语。in the past few
years/months/weeks/days;over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through
centuries; throughout history。被动形式是has/have been done等表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状
语中。如:
I have learned English for ten years.
Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the last ten years.
【典例】(XXXX全国卷I) His sister left home in 1998, and since.
A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard of
C. had not heard of D. has not heard of
分析:B。根据since的提示可以看出表示的是since 1998,所以句意是“从1988年至今没有听到过她(的
消息)”,时态应该是现在完成时,主句His sister是谓语动词hear of的动作对象,二者之间是动宾关系,
所以用被动语态。故选B。
2. 在特定句型中考查。It ‘s X times that sb. has done sth.表示“第几次做某事”或在 “It is the best (worst,
most interesting ) +名词 +that” 后面跟现在完成时。如:
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
【典例】(XXXX陕西)This is the first time we______ a film in the cinema together as a family.A.see B.had seen C.saw D.have seen
分析:D。根据题干This is the first time提示知道用现在完成时。故选D。
考点四、一般过去时及其被动形式
1. 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作,或过去习惯性动作,不强调对现在的影响,只说明过去。常
跟明确的过去时间连用,如:yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; a few days ago;
when等,被动形式是was/were done。如:
【典例】(XXXX全国II) If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it ________ all day.
A. rained B. rains C. has rained D. is raining
解析:A。if从句表示的是与过去事实相反的情况,句意是“要是当时天气好一点,我们就去野炊去
了”,事实上没有去,表示与过去事实相反,原因就是“整天都在下雨”,表示过去的情况,用一般过去
时。故选A。
2. used to + do,表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式,后接动词原形;在时间和条件
状语从句中,代替过去将来时。
My mother used to tell us stories when we were children.
When you get there, you will find it is a beautiful city.
考点五、过去进行时及其被动形式
1. 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。被动形式是was/were being done。如:
He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.
【典例】(XXXX 湖南卷)I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her
brother _____ on the phone all the time!
A. was talking B. has been talking C. has talked D. talked
解析:A。给Hannah打电话好多次在过去,都没有通是因为在我打电话的时候占线,当时就是她哥哥在一
直跟她通电话,即与我打电话的特定时刻同时进行的动作,用过去进行时。故选A。
2. 表示过去将来时,像leave, start, go, come等词。
She said she was leaving for Beijing in five days.
考点六、过去完成时及其被动形式
1. 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作,即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”,句中有明显的参
照动作或时间状语,这种时态从来不孤立使用,时间状语标志有before, after, by, up to, till等)。被动形式是had been done。如:
By the end of last term we had finished the book.
2. 表示“第几次做某事”,主句用过去时,从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
3. hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时,表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had intended to see you but I was too busy.
4. 用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。
I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.
No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. (注意主谓倒装)
考点七、一般将来时与过去将来时及其被动形式
一般将来时表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况,常和tomorrow, next year, in XXXX等表示将来的时间
状语连用,其表现形式多达5种。被动形式是will/shall/ be to/ be about to be done等。
1. 常用will do, be going to表示将来,“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”,表示打算要做的事或可能要发
生的事。表示有迹象表明要发生某事用be going to。
【典例】(XXXX北京卷)No decision about any future appointment until all the candidates have been
interviewed.
A. will be made B. is made C. is being made D. has been made
解析:A。由until从句的谓语动词用一般现在时可以看出状语从句用现在时表示将来,所以主句是一般将
来时。由短语make a decision知道主语decision与make是动宾关系,因此是一般将来时的被动语态。故选
A。句意是:直到所有的选手都面试完之后,才能做出进一步约见的决定。
2. 一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中, 主句用一般将来时,从句中一定要用
一般现在时替代一般将来时。在“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”这种结构中,and/or后面的句子谓语用一般将
来时。
【典例】(XXXX全国I卷)The wet weather will continue tomorrow, when a cold front ______ to arrive.
A. is expected B. is expecting C. expects D. will be expected
解析:A。主语a cold front“冷锋”是谓语动词expect动作的受动者,即两者之间是动宾关系,所以用被动
语态,排除B、C。when引导的是状语从句,应该用一般现在时代替一般将来时。故选A。句意是:明天
将有一股冷锋到来,雨天还将继续。
3. 某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等,用现在进行时形式表示将来。
I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.4. am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。“am (is, are) to + 动词
原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。
They are to be married in this May.
【典例】(XXXX湖南)When he ______ the door, he found his keys were nowhere.
A. would open B. opened C. had opened D. was to open
解析:D。时间状语从句谓语动词不可以用将来时,排除 A,根据句意“到处找不到钥匙”知道门还没有
开,所以是“打算开门”,选D,be to do表示“计划要做……”。
5. 过去将来时就是一般将来时对应的过去时形式,有 would, was/were going to do, 还可以用was/were to do,
was/were about to do, was/were coming/leaving/starting/ arriving等表示。如:
She was about to open the door when the bell rang.
考点八、将来进行时
表将来某个时间正在发生的动作,或按计划一定会发生的事情,具有一般将来时和现在进行时的共同特
点,即will be doing。
I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。
考点九、将来完成时及其被动形式
1. 表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情,时间状语非常明显,一般用 by+将来的时间。如:by the end of
this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year 以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从
句。被动形式是will have been done。如:
【典例】(XXXX天津) By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _______for London to attend a meeting .
A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left
解析:C。by the time 意为“到……时为止”,主句常用完成时;本句中 by the time 从句用了一般现在
时,主句要用将来时,两者合一,故此句应用将来完成时,答案选 C。句意是“珍妮到家时,她的姑姑将
已飞往伦敦去参加会议。”
2. 在时间和条件状语从句中,将来完成时则由现在完成时代替。如:
The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.
考点十、现在完成进行时与过去完成进行时
1. 现在完成进行时表示从过去某时发生,动作或状态一直持续到现在,强调现在正在进行,而且还有可能
会持续下去,具有现在完成时和现在进行时两者共同的特点。从动词的构成形式可以看出have been体现了现在完成时,been doing体现了进行时态。这两种时态通常没有被动形式。如:
I’ve been waiting for an hour but she still hasn’t come.
我已经等了一个小时,可是她还没有来。 (现在还在等,看样子还要等下去)
Jim has been seeing about a driving license for you. 吉姆一直在想办法给你弄一张驾驶执照。
We have been discussing the matter several times this year.我们今年已经数次讨论那件事了。
【典例】(XXXX江西)—I have got a headache.
—No wonder. You ____ in front of that computer too long.
A. work B. are working C. have been working D. worked
解析:C。第一句“头痛”是目前的情况,从下一句看出是“在电脑前时间太久”的结果。根据常识知道
不会一到电脑前就头痛,因此是一段时间之后,根据被选项可以看出 C最佳,表示还在电脑前,即已经在
电脑前一段时间,现在还在电脑前,work动作还有可能再继续下去,符合现在完成进行时的定义。故选
C。
2. 过去完成进行时构成形式是“had+ been+ doing”,表示从过去某时发生,动作或状态一直持续到过去另
一时间,强调当时还在进行。它具有过去完成时和过去进行时二者的共同特征。如:
【典例】(XXXX 重庆) The crazy fans _____ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star
arrived.
A. were waiting B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait
解析:B。从and后的分句可知电影明星还没有到,所以当时还在等,体现了过去进行时态;从第一分句
的时间状语for two hours可知是过去完成时,由此可知用过去完进行时。故选B。
考点十一、主动表示被动意义
像 sell/ wear/ wash/ read/ open/ shut 等及物动词作不及物动词使用时,可以跟副词 easily, well, nicely,
smoothly等, 强调谓语动词给主语带来某种结果,多用主动表示被动。另外还有 be to blame; Sb. have sth.
to do.( do 由sb. 发出);形容词easy/difficulty/light/heavy/tiresome…+to do等用主动形式表示被动意义。
如:
This kind of cloth washes well.这种布料耐洗。
【典例】(XXXX安徽) Mr. Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old, saying that he was not the one ______.
A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed
解析:C。blame的意思是“谴责;归咎”,短语be to blame的意思是“应受谴责”,要求不定式用主动形
式表示被动意义。故选C。考点十二、没有被动语态和进行时态的动词
主要有:不及物动词和短语 come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out,
appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed 等;表示感觉、感情和情绪,精神活动的动词feel,hear,
see,admire,hate,like,agree,appreciate,forget,know;表示拥有的动词belong,owe,own,possess;
连系动词appear, sound, look, keep, stay, remain等。如:
【典例】(XXXX重庆)Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future ______to the well-educated.
A. belongs B. is belonged C. is belonging D. will be belonged
解析:A。belong表示“属于”不用进行时,排除C,本身是不及物动词,所以不用被动语态,排除B,
D。故选A。
考点十三、被动结构get done
“get+过去分词”结构和被动语态差不多,可以看作是被动语态到另一种表达形式,强调谓语动词的动
作。如:
Finally he got elected. 最后他被选上了。
I got drunk for the first in my life last night.
【典例】(XXXX全国卷)Sarah, hurry up. I'm afraid you can’t have time to ______ before the part.
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
解析:选A。本题检查“get + done”被动结构,get changed 的含义为“换衣服”。同样的情况还有:get
dressed, get killed, get burned等。
考点十四、表示“据说”常用的三个被动句型
1)It is said that…2)sb. / sth. is said to…3)There is said to be,其中3)表示“据说有…”的意思,因为
是there be 句型。除了say以外,还有believe, think, consider, consider, suppose, hope, suggest, report, know,
understand等也可以用于该句型。如:
【典例】 (XXXX 重庆)Leonardo da Vinci (1452—1519) ________ birds kept in cages in order to have the
pleasure of setting them free.
A. is said to be buying B. is said to have bought
C. had said to buy D. has said to have bought
解析:根据句意应该是“据说”的意思,用sb. is said to do sth.形式,排除C、D。buy动作在say之前发
生,不定式用完成时形式。故选B。