文档内容
中考英语语法图解
目录
一.名词.....................................................................................................................................................2
二.冠词.....................................................................................................................................................5
三.代词：.................................................................................................................................................8
四.形容词和副词..................................................................................................................................11
五.介词...................................................................................................................................................15
六.动词...................................................................................................................................................17
七.情态动词...........................................................................................................................................20
八.非谓语动词......................................................................................................................................22
九．定语从句.......................................................................................................................................25
十.名词性从句......................................................................................................................................27
十一.状语从句......................................................................................................................................28
十二.倒装句...........................................................................................................................................29
十三.虚拟语气......................................................................................................................................30
一.名词
I. 名词的种类：
专有名词 普通名词
国名，地可数名词 不可数名词
名人名，
团体机构个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词
名称
II. 名词的数：
1. 规则名词的复数形式：
名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：
规则 例词
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-
1 一般情况在词尾加-s
days
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-
2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es
watches, dish-dishes
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-
变-f和-fe为v再加-es
以-f或-fe结尾的 knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
3
词 belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-
加-s
proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs
4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families,story-stories, city-cities
以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以ytoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-
5
结尾的，加-s rays, Henry-Henrys
hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes,
一般加-es
potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
以辅音字母加-o piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-
6 不少外来词加-s
结尾的名词 autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-
两者皆可
volcanoes/ volcanos
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos,
7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s
zoo-zoos
truth-truths, mouth-mouths,
8 以-th结尾的名词加-s
month-months, path-paths,
2. 不规则名词复数：
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
规则 例词
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-
1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
geese, mouse-mice
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish,
2 单复数相同
species li, yuan, jin,
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods,
3 只有复数形式
glasses, compasses, contents
4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group,
部分集体名词既可以作单数（整
5 committee, government, population, crew,
体）也可以作复数（成员）
team, public, enemy, party
customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代),
spirits( 情 绪 ), drinks( 饮 料 ), sands( 沙 滩 ),
6 复数形式表示特别含义
papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表),
brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks,
加-s
表 示 Swedes, Europeans
7 “ 某 国单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
人” 以-man 或-woman 结尾
Englishmen, Frenchwomen
的改为-men,-women
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-
将主体名词变为复数
tellers, boy friends
合 成 名
8 无主体名词时将最后一部
词 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
分变为复数
将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s
构成，二是由
介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. ’s所有格的构成：
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s
单数名词在末尾加’s
photo,
复 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,
数
名 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights,
词
以 s 结尾的人名所有格加’s 或Dickens’ novels, Charles’ s job, the Smiths’
者’ house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and
尾均须加’s Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s
词末加’s father
表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my
格后名词省略 uncle’s
2. ’s所有格的用法：
１ 表示时间 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday
2 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches
the country’ s plan, the world’ s population,
3 表示国家城市等地方的名词
China’s industry
the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s
4 表示工作群体
victory
5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples
6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life’s time, the play’s plot
a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s
7 某些固定词组
wit’s end(不知所措)
3. of所有格的用法：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed
二.冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。
I. 不定冠词的用法：1 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.
2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.
3 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day.
4 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.
A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you
用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人were out
5
有类似性质的人或事
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.
A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a
6 用于固定词组中
hurry, have a walk, many a time
用于 quite, rather, many, half, what,
7 This room is rather a big one.
such之后
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to
8 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后
meet.
II. 定冠词的用法：
1 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful animal.
the universe, the moon, the
2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前
Pacific Ocean
Would you mind opening the
3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事
door?4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar
the reach, the living, the
5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
wounded
6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs
He is the taller of the two
7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前
children.
the United States, the
用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词
8 Communist Party of China, the
前
French
The compass was invented in
9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前
China.
10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s
11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.
用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词
12 He patted me on the shoulder.
组前
III. 零冠词的用法：
专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名Beijing University, Jack, China,
1
词前 love, air
名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each,I want this book, not that one. /
2
every等限制 Whose purse is this?March, Sunday, National Day,
3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前
spring
Lincoln was made President of
4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前
America.
5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess.
6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land
husband and wife, knife and fork,
7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时
day and night
8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.
三.代词：
I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：
主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
人称代
1
词
宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their
物主代
2
词
名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
3 反身代词
themselves4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some
who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever,
5 疑问代词
whatever
6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as
one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/
little/ a few/ a little,
7 不定代词
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
II. 不定代词用法注意点：
1. one, some与any:
1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问
句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?
3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:
each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三
个或三个以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each
have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak
points.
3. none和no：
no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可
数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。
There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
4. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week,
some other reason, no other way,
the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.
Some like football, while others like basketball.
5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in
English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a
teacher.
四.形容词和副词
I. 形容词：
1. 形容词的位置：
1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：
修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的nobody absent,
1
复合不定代词时 everything possible
以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰the best book available,
2
的名词之后 the only solution possible
3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 the only person awake
4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long
a huge room simple and
5 成对的形容词可以后置
beautiful
a man difficult to get on
6 形容词短语一般后置
with2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：
代词 数词 性状形容词
冠 冠词
词 大小
前 指示代词 性质 新旧 国籍 材料
的 序数词 基数词 长短 颜色
形 不定代词 状态 温度 产地 质地
容 形状
词 代词所有格
名
the 词
all
a beautiful large Chines
silk
bot secondone new black e
h this good short
ston
next four cool yellow Londo
e
suc another poor square n
h
your
3) 复合形容词的构成：
1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词 world-famous
2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving
3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词 snow-covered
4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10 数词+名词 twenty-year
II. 副词
副词的分类：
soon, now, early, finally, once, always, often, frequently,
1 时间副词 5 频度副词
recently seldom, never
here, nearby, outside,
2 地点副词 6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why
upwards, above
how, when, where, why,
hard, well, fast, slowly,
3 方式副词 7 连接副词 whether, however,
excitedly, really
meanwhile
almost, nearly, very, fairly,
4 程度副词 8 关系副词 when, where, why
quite, rather
III. 形容词和副词比较等级：
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形
容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。
1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as
you are.
2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far,
any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder youwork, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.
5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as
yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme,
perfect。
五.介词
I. 介词分类：
1 简单介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below,
beyond, during, in, on
2 合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon,
within, without
3 短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to,
owing to, thanks to
4 双重介词 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in
between
5 分词转化成的介词 considering(就而论), including
6 形容词转化成的介词 like, unlike, near, next, opposite
II. 常用介词区别：at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子
1 表示时间的in, on, at
有关
since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，
2 表示时间的since, from
from指从时间的某一点开始
in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或
3 表示时间的in, after
用在过去时的一段时间中
in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范
4 表示地理位置的in, on, to
围之外
5 表示“在…上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分
表示“穿过”的 through, through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表
6
across 面上通过，与on有关
7 表示“关于”的about, on about指涉及到，on指专门论述
between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以
8 between与among的区别
上的中间
besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，
9 besides与except的区别
减去什么”，不放在句首
with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度
10 表示“用”的in, with
量，单位，语言，声音
as 意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like 为“象…一
11 as与like的区别
样”，指情形相似
in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的
12 in与into区别
地或位置六.动词
I. 动词的时态：
1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：
现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时
一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask
进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will bes hould/would be
asking asking
完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will haves hould/would
asked have asked
完成进行 have/has beenh ad been asking shall/will haves hould/would
asking been asking have been asking
2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成
的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之
利用过去，说明现在。如：
I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过且了解书
的内容)
2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连
用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)
I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）
3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多
用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时
一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。
4. 一般将来时的表达方式：
将来时 用法 例句
表示将来发生的动作或存在的状My sister will be ten next
1 will/shall+动词原形
态 year.
It’s going to clear up.
be going to+动词原含有“打算，计划，即将”做某
2 We’ re going to have a
形 事，或表示很有可能要发生某事
party tonight.
go, come, start, move, leave,
be + doing 进行时表 He is moving to the south.
3 arrive等词可用进行时表示按计
示将来 Are they leaving for Europe?
划即将发生的动作
I was about to leave when
表示安排或计划中的马上就要发
be about to + 动词 the bell rang.
4 生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状
原形 The meeting is about to
语
close.
We’ re to meet at the
5 be to + 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见
school gate at noon.
The meeting starts at five
时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好
o’clock.
6 一般现在时表示将来 的事情，可用一般现在时表示将
The plane leaves at ten this
来
evening.
II. 动词的被动语态：
常用被动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成
1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked
2 一般过去时 was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked
3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked
4 过去将来时 should/would be9 将来完成时 will/would have been
asked asked
5 现在进行时 am/is/are being1 0 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be
asked asked
注 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加 not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉
其中介副词。固定结构be
意 going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动
态。 如：
事 Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by hisclassmates.
Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：
It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that…
It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed
that…
It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…
下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：
The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading
项
twice.
The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. /
The book sells well.
The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.
下面词或短语没有被动态：
leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have,
appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with,
keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
七.情态动词
I. 情态动词基本用法：
情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答
能力（体力，智力，技能） can not / cannot
can Can…do…?
允许或许可（口语中常用） /can’t do
Yes,…can.
可能性（表猜测，用于否定
could couldn’t do No,…can’t.
句或疑问句中）
May…do…? Yes,…may.
may 可以（问句中表示请求） may not do
No,…mustn’t/can’t.
可能，或许（表推测）
Might…do…? Yes,…might
might 祝愿（用于倒装句中） might not do
No,…might not.
必须，应该（表主观要求） Must…do…? Yes,…must.
must not/mustn’t
must 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推 No,… needn’ t/don’ t
do
测） have to.
只好，不得不（客观的必 Do…have to do…?
have to don’t have to do
须，有时态人称变化） Yes,…do. No,…don’t.
Ought…to do…?
应当（表示义务责任，口语ought not
ought to Yes,… ought. No,…
中多用should to/oughtn’t to do
oughtn’t.
将要，会
用于一三人称征求对方意见 shall not/shan’ tS hall…do…?
shall
用于二三人称表示许诺、命do Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t.
令、警告、威胁等应当，应该（表义务责任） should
should Should…do…?
本该（含有责备意味） not/shouldn’t do
will 意愿，决心 will not/won’t do
Will…do…?
请求，建议，用在问句中would
would Yes,…will. No,…won’t.
would比较委婉 not/wouldn’t do
Dare…do…?
敢（常用于否定句和疑问句dare not/daren’ t
dare Yes,… dare. No,…
中） do
daren’t.
需要 Need…do…?
need not/needn’t
need 必须（常用于否定句和疑问 Yes,… must. No,…
do
句中） needn’t.
Used…to do…?
used
Yes,… used. No,…
not/usedn’ t/usen
used to 过去常常（现在已不再） use(d)n’t.
’t to do
Did…use to do…?
didn’t use to do
Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.
II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测：
以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测
可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。
1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must
have already arrived there.
2. may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。
He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否
定、疑问句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有
发生）
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library
just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)III. 情态动词注意点：
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而
can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。
2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示
过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。
3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：
两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为： needn’t/daren’t
do；Need/dare…do…?
做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/
dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do
八.非谓语动词
I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：
构成
非谓语形式 特征和作用
时态和语态 否定式 复合结构
to do to be done for sb. to具 有名词，副词
to be doing to have been do sth. 和形容词的作用
不定式 to haved one 在 句 中 做 主 、
done 宾、定、表和状
语
doing being done
现在分 在非谓语 具有副词和形容
having done having been
词 前加not 词的作用
分词 done
在 句 中 做 定 、
过去 分
done 表、宾补和状语
词
doing being done sb’ s具 有名词的作用
动名词 having done having been doing 在 句 中 做 主 、
done 宾、定和表语
II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较：
情况 常用动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide,
只接不定式做宾语的
pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise,
动词
happen
mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish,
escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike,
avoid, risk, resist, consider
只接动名词做宾语的can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to,
动词或短语 get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud
of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look
forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay
attention to, stick to
begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多
指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）
意义基本相同
need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接
不定式则应用被动形式）
stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事
意义相反
stop doing 停止正在做的事
remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚go on to do
未发生） （接着做另外一
remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已件事）
两 者
经发生） go on doing
都 可
（接着做同一件
以
事）
try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） mean to do
意义不同
try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） （打算做，企图
做）
mean doing
（意识是，意味
着）
can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不
住要做）
III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：
与宾语的逻辑关系及
常见动词 例句
时间概念
ask, beg, expect, get, order,主 谓关系。强调动作I heard him call me
tell, want, wish, encourage 将发生或已经完成 several times.
不定式
have, notice, see, watch,
hear, feel, let, make
现在分词 主谓关系。强调动作I found hernotice, see, watch, hear, 正在进行，尚未完成 listening to the
find, keep, have, feel radio.
动宾关系。动作已经We found the
过去分词 完成，多强调状态 village greatly
changed.
IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别：
区别 举例
与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式I have a lot of
表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前papers to type.
发生
不定式
I have a lot of
papers to be
typed.
通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the
动名词
swimming pool?
与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时the boiling water /
现在分词
发生 the boiled water
the developing
与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作country/the
之前，现已经完成 developed
country
过去分词
the falling leaves /
the fallen leaves
V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：
区别 举例多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做My dream is to become a teacher.
主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后
面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且To obey the law is important.
不定式
意义不变，并且还能用 what来提问主语
或表语。
(dream, business, wish, idea, plan,
duty, task做主语时常用)
与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近It is no use saying that again and
于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指again.
动名词
习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主
语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。 Teaching is my job.
无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容The situation is encouraging.
词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特
征性质或者状态等，可被 very, quite, The book is well written.
rather等副词修饰。
分词 (常见分词有 astonishing, moving,
现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语tiring, disappointing, puzzling,
的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。shocking, boring, amusing 及其-
过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状ed形式)
态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。
九．定语从句
I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引
导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是
在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。
关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注
Do you know the man who is
who 人 主语
talking with your mother?
Mr. Smith is the person with
whom I am working
whom 人 宾语 whom, which 和
The boy (whom) she loved died
that 在从句中做
in the war..
宾语时，常可以
关系 I like those books whose topics
省略，但介词提
代词 are about history.
whose 人，物 定语 前时后面关系代
The boy whose father works
词不能省略，也
abroad is my deskmate.
不可以用that
A plane is a machine that can
fly.
that 人，物 主语，宾语
She is the pop star (that) I want
to see very much.The book (which) I gave you
was worth $10.
which 物 主语，宾语
The picture which was about
the accident was terrible.
He is such a person as is
respected by all of us. as做宾语一般不
as 人，物 主语，宾语
This is the same pen as I lost 省略
yesterday.
I will never forget the day when
when 时间 时间状语 可用on which
we met there.
关系 This is the house where I was
where 地点 地点状语 可用in which
副词 born.
I can’t imagine the reason why
why 原因 原因状语 可用for which
he turned down my offer.
II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别：
情况 用法说明 例句
1 ． 先 行 词 为 all, everything, 1.He told me everything that he
anything, nothing, little, much,等knows.
不定代词时。 2.All the books that you offered has
2． 先行词被all, any, every, each, been given out.
much, little, no, some, few 等修饰3.This is the best film that I have
时 ever read.
只 用 that
3． 先行词有形容词最高级和序数4.We talked about the persons and
的情况
词修饰时 things that we remembered.
4． 先行词既指人又指物时 5.He is the only man that I want to
5． 先行词被the only, the very修see.
饰时 6.Who is the man that is making a
6． 句中已经有who或which时，speech?
为了避免重复时
1． 在非限制性定语从句中，只能He has a son, who has gone abroad
用which指代物，用who/whom指for further study.
只 用人 I like the person to whom the
which, 2． 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的teacher is talking.
who, 定语从句中，只能用 which 指物，Those who respect others are
whom 的whom指人。 usually respected by others.
情况 3． 先行词本身是that时，关系词
用 which, 先行词为 those, one, he
时多用who。
III. as与which的区别：
定语从句 区别 例句
限制性定语名词前有 such 和 the same 修饰He is not such a fool as he looks.
从句中 时，关系代词用as,不能用which Don’ t read such books as youcan’t understand.
They won the game, as we had
as和which都可以指代前面整个主
expected.
句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并
非限制性定 They won the game, which we
可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，
语从句中 hadn’t expected.
那么用as；而which引导的从句只
As is well known, he is a famous
能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。
film star in the 1980s.
IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：
类别 语法意义及特征 例句
对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果
限制性定语从去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，The accident happened at the time
句 这种从句与主句的关系十分密when I left.
切，写时不用逗号分开。
对先行词作附加的说明，与主句
的关系不十分密切，较松散。从
非限制性定语句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当His mother, whom he loved deeply,
从句 于一个插入语，不能用 that 引died ten years ago.
导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省
略。
十.名词性从句
种类 作用 常用关联词 例句
在复合句中做主语，相当 Whether he will come or not
于名词，一般置谓语之 doesn’t matter much.
主语从句 that, whether,
前，也可用 it 作形式主 Whoever comes here will be
if, as if, as
语，主语从句放主句之后 welcome.
though, who,
在复合句中做表语，相当 It looks as if it is going to
表语从句 whose, which,
于名词，位于系动词之后 snow.
how, when,
在复合句中做宾语，相当 He asked me which team
宾语从句 where, why,
于名词 could win the game.
what,
放 在 名 词 之 后 (news,
whatever, You have no idea how worried
problem, idea,
whoever, we are.
同位语从句suggestion, advice,
wherever The fact that he lied again
thought, hope, fact 等)
greatly surprised us.
表明其具体内容十一.状语从句
种类 连接词 注意点
when, whenever, while, as,
before, after, until, till, by the
主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在
time, as soon as, hardly…
时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性
时间状语 when, no sooner… than, the
的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性
moment, the minute,
的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。
immediately, directly,
instantly
地点状语 where, wherever
because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家
原因状语 because, as, since, now that
都明了的原因，as又次之。
if, unless, once, in case, as 从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般
条件状语
long as, on condition that 时代替
so that, in order that, for fear so that 和 in order that 后常接 may,
目的状语
that should, could, would等情态动词
结果状语 so…that, such…that
than, as… as, not so/as… as,
比较状语
the more…the more
as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟
方式状语 as if, as though, as
语气。
though, although, even if,
even though, as, no matter
what, whatever, no matter as 在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；
让步状语 who, whoever, no mattera lthough 和 though 用正常语序，可和
which, whichever, no matter yet连用，但不可和but连用
how, however, no matter
when, whenever
十二.倒装句
种类 倒装条件 例句
here, there, up, down, in, out, off,
Out rushed the children.
away等副词开头的句子表示强调
完全倒 Under the tree stood two tables and
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首
装 four chairs.
强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子Present at the meeting were 1,000
平衡 students.
never, hardly, scarcely, seldom,
little, not until, not等表示否定意义Hardly did I know what had happened.
的副词放于句首
部分倒
Only then did he realized the
装 only和修饰的状语放于句首
importance of English.
not only…but also 连接并列的句Not only does he know French, but
子，前倒后不倒 also he is expert at it.neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前Neither do I know it, nor do I care
后都倒装 about it.
so… that, such… that 中 的 so 或
So busy is he that he can not go on a
such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒
holiday.
后不倒
as引导的让步状语 Child as he is, he has learned a lot.
so, neither 或nor 表示前句内容也
He can play the piano. So can i.
适用于另外的人或事。
用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 May you be in good health!
Were I you, I would not do it in this
省略if的虚拟条件
way.
十三.虚拟语气
类别 用法 例句
从句动词：过去式（be 用
were） If he were here, he
与现在事实相反
主 句 动 词 ： should/would/would help us.
could/might+动词原形
从句动词：had+过去分词 If I had been free, I
If引导的条件与过去事实相反 主 句 动 词 ： should/would/would have visited
从句 could/might+have+过去分词you.
从 句 动 词 ： 过 去 式 /
should+动词原形 / were+不If it should rain
与将来事实相反 定式 tomorrow, we would
主 句 动 词 ： should/would/not go camping.
could/might+动词原形
They are talking as if
as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成
they had been friends
式
其它状语从 for years.
句 in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用Turn on the light so
can / could / may / might / would等+动词原that we can see it
形 clearly.
demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动He suggested that we
词为should+动词原形 not change our mind.
宾语从句 wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和I wish I could be a pop
should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将singer.
来情况相反
在It is necessary / important / strange that…,
It is strange that such a
It is suggested / demanded / ordered /
主语从句 person should be our
requested that… 等 从 句 中 ， 谓 语 动 词 用
friends.
should+动词原形
It is time that… 句 型 中 动 词 用 过 去 式 或It’s high time that we
should+动词原形 left.
其它句型中
would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过I would rather you
去完成式 stayed at home now.If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，If only our dream had
表示强烈的愿望 come true!
