文档内容
2012年考研英语（二）真题逐词逐句精讲
Section I Use of English
第一段
❶ Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. 1. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism,
but that's not how it used to be,在数百万美国人和其他国家的人看来，G. I. Joe是没有思想的战斗玩偶，是美国
军事冒险主义的象征，但在过去情况并非如此C
the symbol of American military adventurism,
a mindless war toy的同位语]
(l)Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. L Joe as a mindless war toy,(主+谓+宾+宾补)
句子主干 I but连接的并列句，表转折
(2)but that's not how it used to be.(主+系 +表从)
词汇注释:mindless ['mamdlos] a.不动脑筋的；愚笨的 symbol * ['simbl] n.象征；符号
military * fmibtri] a.军事的；军队的 adventurism [sd'ventfsnzsm] n.冒险主义
@ To the men and women who served in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the common man grown
into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who bore all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold
foxholes, who went without the necessities of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of
murder.对于曾在第二次世界大战.中服役的男兵和女兵以及他们所解放的人们来说，G. I. Joe是成长为英雄的
普通人，忍痛离家的贫困农家子弟，他承受了战争中所有的重负，睡过冰冷的兵坑，没有食物和庇护所等
必需品的供应，坚持到底，击退了纳粹分子的杀戮统治。
who served in World War II
二级修饰 who引导的定语从句，修饰the men and women
they liberated,
瞥［省略关系词（whom/that）的定语从句，修饰the people
—级修饰 To the men and women...and the people
［介词短语作状语，表对象
句子主干 the G. I. was 业芒…座卫2匹您理L坦。••剪鲤？（主+系+表）
过去分词短语作后置定语，［修饰the common man
grown into hero,
过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰the poor farm kid
_级修饰 tom away from his home,
who引导的定语从句，修饰the guy
who bore..., who slept..., who went..., who stuck...murder.
要点注释 To the men and women...and the people they liberated 是 and 连接的并列名词短语；一级修饰中的
who bore..., who slept..., who went..., who stuck...murder 为四个并列的 who 引导的定语从句，修饰
the guyo
67:域匚避； tear away from 忍痛离去 foxhole ['fbkshsul] n.散兵坑
stick it out坚持到底 reign * [rem] n.统治时期vi.统治
This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, but an average guy, up against the best trained, best equipped,
fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.他不是志愿兵，也没有丰厚的薪水，而是一个要对抗几个世纪以
来最训练有素、装备最精良、最凶狠和最残暴的敌人的普通人。
句子主干 This was （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语,修饰an average guy [
—级修饰 up against the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰enemies |
二级修饰 seen in centuries.
速应注查 not...not...but 连接三个并列的名词短语 a volunteer soldier、someone well paid 和 an average guy 作
表语，否定前两者，肯定后者。
average玄faevandj] «普通的；平均的 brutal * ['bru:tl] a.残暴的；兽性的
❶His name isn't much.他的名字并没多大意义。
句子主干 His name isn't much.（主+系+表）
@ G. I. is just a military abbreviation meaning Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles handed out to soldiers.
C./.只是一个军事缩写，意为“政府发给”，所有分发给士兵的物品上都印有这一缩略语。
一级修饰 meaning Government Issue,
现在分词短语作后置定语，[修饰a military abbreviation
（1）G. L is just a military abbreviation （主+系+表）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2）and it was onjdljafthe^rticl^ （主+系+表）
过去分词短语作后置定语J修饰all of the articles
handed out to soldiers.
:词汇注释i abbreviation [a.briivi'eijh] 〃.缩写，缩略语 article ★ Stikl]儿物品；文章；条款；项目
© And Joe?那么 Joe 呢？
句子讲解i 本句是省略句。补充完整为“And what is Joe?” And承接上文，表75延续❷句陈述的意思。
❹A common name for a guy who never made it to the top,它只是一个从未成功登上高位的人的常用名。
句子主干 （It is） A^commonjiame for a guy （主+系 +表）
[who引导的定语从句，修饰a guy
—级修饰 who never made it to the top.
!要点注释i 本句是对❸句的回答，是一个省略句。
❺ Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac...a working class name.如 Joe Blow、Joe Palooka 以及 Joe Magrac 等都是工人阶级
的名字。
"旬于群壁」 本句不是一个完整的句子，只是名词成分（姓名）的罗列，表举例。a working class name是对前
面这些名字进行的补充说明。
68❻ The United States has never had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.美国从未出现过名为 Joe 的总
统、副总统或国务卿。
句子主干 The United States has never had 蛭哗业竺既急Joe.
:要点注释:Joe 作宾语 a president or vice-president or secretary of state 的同位语。
「商匚 5主幕]president* ['prezidant] 总统；主席；董事长 secretary * ['sekratri] «.秘书；部长；文书
第三段
❶ G. I. Joe had a distinguished career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. G. I. Joe 在抗击德国、日本和朝
鲜军队的战斗中战绩卓著。
- -
句子主干 G. I. Joe had a^di^tinguished^axeer （主+谓+宾）
|现在分词短语作句子主干的状语
_级修饰 fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops.
"司汇生星:distinguished [drstnggwijt] a.卓越的；著名的 troops * [tru：ps] n. [pl.]军队；部队；士兵
❷ He appears as a character, or a collection of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on
the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle.在1945年根据美军战地记者厄尼•派尔生命最后时光的记录拍摄
的影片《美国大兵乔的故事》中，他以一个角色，或者说以一个集中体现美国人样的形象出现。
句子主干 Ile appears （主+谓）
［介词短语作He的补足语
as a character, or a collection of American personalities,
—级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
in the 1945 movie The Story ofG. L Joe,
形容词短语作后置定语j修饰％e Story ofG.L Joe
■ ■ •. .• ■■--
二级修饰 based on the last days
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the last days
三级修饰 of war correspondent Ernie Pyle.
:词汇: personality* [tp3：s9,naehti] «.个性；人格 correspondent * [.kDra'spDndsnt] n.记者；通讯员
❸Some of the soldiers Pyle interviewed portrayed themselves in the film.派尔采访过的一些士兵在影片中本色出演。
句子主干 Some of the soldiers...portrayed themselves （主+谓+宾）
:省略关系词（whom/who/that ）的定语从句，修饰the soldiers
Pyle interviewed
-级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
in the film.
:再）汇生星 i interview ['mtsvju:] vt.采访儿面试 portray* [po/trei] vt.扮演；描绘；表现
❹ Pyle was famous for covering the human side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many
miles were gained or what towns were captured or liberated.派尔因报道战争中人性的一面而闻名,他着笔于满身
是污垢、积雪和泥土的士兵，而非军队挺进了多少英里或攻陷、解放了哪些城镇。
69句子主干 Pyle was famous （主+系+表）
[介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 for covering the human side of the war,
i解释说明
writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers,
[how引导的宾语从句，作about的宾语
二级修饰 not how many miles were gained
|。施接并列的宾语从句
or what towns were captured or liberated.
词汇注释 cover *[*kAV9(r)]vA 报道；覆盖；包括 mud [mAd] n.泥；泥浆；淤泥
capture * ['kaeptfs(r)] vt.攻取；捕获；拍摄 liberate ☆ [libsreit] vt.解放；使自由
© His reports paralleled the "Willie" cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden.他的报道与为《星条旗报》
供稿的著名画家比尔•莫尔登创作的“威利”系列漫画相似。
句子主干 His reports paralleled也心理业（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the uWillie,, cartoons
—级修饰 of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden.
词汇注薜'、、、'parallel * ['paerslel] vt.与... 相似；比得上 famed [feimd] a.著名的；闻名的
❻ Both men emphasized the dirt and exhaustion of war, the fragments of civilization that the soldiers shared with each
other and the civilians： coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.他们两人都强调了战争的丑恶及损耗，以及士兵相
互之间以及士兵与平民之间共享咖啡、烟草和威士忌以及同住同睡的文明片段。
句子主干 Both men emphasized 些（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the fragments |
of civilization
that引导的同位语从句，修饰the fragments
—级修饰 that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians:
| shared的宾语
cofiee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.
:词汇注释:exhaustion [ig'zo^tfsn] n.耗尽；筋疲力尽 civilization * [.sivalai'zeijh] n.文明
civilian A [ss'vilisn]儿平民；老百姓 tobacco " [ta'baeksu] n.烟草；烟叶
@To Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. 1. Joe was any American soldier, at that point the most important person
in their lives.对埃及、法国和其他十几个国家而言，G. I. Joe是任何一名美国士兵，在那时，G. I. Joe是他们生
活中最重要的人。
—级修饰 To Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries,
[介词短语作状语，表对象
句子主干 G・ L Joe was （主+系+表）
American soldier的同位语]
一级修饰 at that point the most important person
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the most important person
二级修饰 in their lives.
70Section H Reading Comprehension
〃/〃/〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃/〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃■/-/ art
Text 1
a
❶ Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been
particularly scorned.家庭作业从来就没有受到过学生甚至许多家长的热烈欢迎，但近年来它尤其饱受诟病。
一级修饰 with students and even many parents,
介词短语作状语[
（l）Homework has never been terribly popular （主+系+表）
句子主干
—级修饰
|
第一段：
but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but...it has been particularly scorned,（主+谓）
[介词短语作（2）句的时间状语
in recent years
词汇注释 terribly ['terabli] ad.非常;很 scorn [sko:n] vt.拒绝；轻蔑；鄙视
@ School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational
ritual.全国各地的学区都在改变他们对这一教育惯例的看法，洛杉矶联合学区最近也在这样做。
句子主干 School districts...are revising th^irttiinkii^ （主+谓+宾）
[插入语，补充说明School districts
most recently Los Angeles Unified,
介词短语作后置定语，修饰School districts
一级修饰 across the country,
介词短语作后置定语， 修饰 thinking
on this educational ritual.
词汇注释 revise ☆ [n'vaiz] vt.改变；修订v.复习 ritual * ['ntfual]儿惯例；习惯；程序a.仪式上的
❸ Unfortunately, L. A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced
courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student's academic grade.不幸的是，洛杉矶联合学
区制定了一项硬性政策，规定除一些高级课程外，家庭作业在学生学业成绩中所占比重不得再超过10%。
句子主干 Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced anjnflexible^ol^ （主+谓+宾）
which引导的定语从句J修饰t I
an inflexible policy
which mandates
一级修饰
that引导的宾语从句J作mandates的宾语
that...homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student's academic grade.
[介词短语作状语，表范围
二级修饰 with the exception
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the exception
三级修饰 of some advanced courses,
词汇注释i inflexible [m'f lekssbl] a.不可改变的；僵化的 mandate ['maendeit] vt.要求；授权 n.授权
advanced * [9d*va:nst] a.高级的；先进的 count for有价值（文中引申为"占”）；有重要性
71a
第二段]
❶This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing
their homework.这一规定旨在解决家境贫困或家庭状况混乱的学生在完成家庭作业时可能遇到的困难。
句子主干 This rule is meant （主+谓）
[动词不定式短语作This rule的补足语
—级修饰 to address the difficulty
that引导的定语从句，[修饰the difficulty
二级修饰 that students...might have in completing their homework.
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰students
三级修饰 from impoverished or chaotic homes
谓语is meant使用了被动语态；介词短语in completing their homework作定语从句的方面状语。
顶5匚注释」 be meant to g*在；被普遍认为 address * [s'dres] vt.设法解决；演讲n.地址
impoverished [im'pDvsn^] a.贫困的；枯竭的 chaotic [kefptik] a.混乱的；杂乱的
❷But the policy is unclear and contradictory.但政策内容不明晰且自相矛盾。
句子主干 But the policy is unclear and contradictory.（主+系+表）
i词汇注释i policy * ['pnhsi] n.政策；方针 contradictory [.kuntrs'diktari] a.相互矛盾的；对立的
© Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without
expensive equipment.当然，不应给学生布置他们无法独立完成或需要昂贵设备才能完成的家庭作业。
句子主干 Certainly, no homework should bn assigned （主+谓）
[that引导的定语从句，修饰homework
that students cannot complete on their own
一级修饰 or连接并列的定语从句
or that they cannot do
[介词短语作条件状语
二级修饰 without expensive equipment.
i词汇注释: assign * [a'sain] vt.布置；委派；指定 equipment [I'kwipmsnt] n.设备；器材
❹ But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family
lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.但如果学区本质上
是屋给那些因家庭生活复杂而不做家庭作业的学生通行证，则近于在冒险暗示应降低对贫困孩子的标准。
三级修饰 because of complicated family lives,
[介词短语作定语从句的原因状语
二级修饰 who do not do their homework
who引导的定语从句,修饰students |
一级修饰 if the district is essentially giving a pass to students
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 But...it is going riskily close to the implication （主+系+表）
that引导的同位语从句,[解释说明the implication
一级修饰 that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
72词汇注释 complicated * ['knmplikeitid] a.复杂的；难懂的 implication * [ impli'keifh] n.暗示；含意
第三段
O District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as
they want.学区管理人员称家庭作业仍将是学校教育的一部分；教师可以自主安排作业量。
that homework will still be a part of schooling;
[that引导的宾语从句，作say的宾语
句子主干 （l）District administrators say （主+谓+宾从）
|并列句
（2）teachers are allowed （主+谓）
|动词不定式短语作teachers的补足语
—级修饰 to assign as much of it
[ as引导的比较状语从句
二级修饰 as they want.
❷ But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see
very little difference on their report cards.然而，由于家庭作业在学生成绩中的比重不超过10%,他们可以轻易
地逃避一牟的家庭作业，而成绩报告单上却几乎不会有什么变化。
—级修饰 with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades,
[with独立主格结构作句子主干的原因状语
But...students can easily skip half their homework （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and （can） see very little difference on their report cards.
；词汇注释i skip ★ [skip] Vt.逃避；不做V.略过 difference * fdifrons] 〃.变化（之处）；分歧
© Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who
performed well on the tests and did their homework?有些学生可能不完成家庭作业也能在州考中表现出色，但那
些做了家庭作业且在州考中表现出色的学生又该如何解释呢？
—
—级修饰 without completing their homework,
[介词短语作状语
（1） Some students might do well on state tests （主+谓）
句子主干 I but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but what about the students （特殊疑问句：what about +主）
[who引导的定语从句，修饰the students
_级修饰 who performed well on the tests and did their homework?
❹It is quite possible that the homework helped.极有可能是家庭作业起了促进作用。
It is quite possible （主+系+表）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that the homework helped.
© Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across・the-
boardmle.然而该政策不是授权教师去寻找什么样的方式最适合学生，而是强制实行了 一条死板的、一刀切的规定。
73what worics best for their students,
what引导的宾语从句，作find的宾语]
一级修饰
rather than empowering teachers to find
[rather than...作句子主干的状语
句子主干 Yet...the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.（主+谓+宾）
项汇胡. empower [im'paua(r)] vt.授权；给予... 权力 impose * [im'psuz] vt.强制实行；迫使
flat * [flaet] a.固定的；单调的；平坦的 across-the-board包括一切的；一揽子的
❶ At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework.同时，这一政策并未解决
任何关于家庭作业的真正棘手的问题。
—级修饰 At the same time,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the policy addresses about homework.（主+谓+宾）
i词汇注释: truly [tru.li] ad.(指性质)真正；确定；精确 thorny ['Oo:ni] a.棘手的；麻烦的
@ If the district finds homework to be unimportant to 让s students' academic achievement, it should move to reduce or
eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing.如果学区发现家庭作业对其学生的学业成绩影
响不大，那么就应该减少或者取消家庭作业，而不是让它们在成绩中的比重变得微乎其微。
二级修饰 to its students, academic achievement,
[介词短语作状语，表对象
一级修饰 If the district finds homework to be unimportant
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 it should move （主+谓）
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to reduce or eliminate the assignments,
一级修饰 并列的动词不定式短语作目的状语
not （to） make them count for almost nothing.
i词汇注释i eliminate * [flimineit] vt.消除；排除；淘汰 assignment * [s'sammant] n.作业；分派；任务
❸ Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade.相反,如果家庭作业很重要，
那就应该让其在成绩中占据重要比重。
一级修饰 if homework matters,
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 Conversely,...it should account for a significant portion （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰a significant portion
—级修饰 of the grade.
:词汇注释; significant * [sig'nifiksnt] a.重要的；显著的 portion * ['po:jh] n.部分；（食物的）一份
❹ Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their
age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.与此同时，这
74一政策并未采取任何措施确保学生所接收的家庭作业对他们的年龄和所学科目来说是有意义或合适的，也并
未采取任何措施确保教师布置的家庭作业不会超出他们愿意批改的量。
句子主干 Meanwhile, this policy does nothing （主+谓+宾）
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to ensure
that引导的宾语从句，[作ensure的宾语
—级修饰 that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate
| or连接并列的宾语从句
or that teachers are not assigning more
“ 介词短语作状语，表对象
to their age and the subject,
二级修饰 than引导的比较状语从句，作宾语从句的比较状语
than they are willing to review and correct.
要电主臀 that the homework…中，省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句 students receive,修饰 the homeworko
商汇注释 appropriate * [s'prouprist] a.合适的；恰当的 review * [n'vju:] vt.检查；回顾〃.审查
第五段」
O The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy,
looks into the matter and conducts public hearings.在负责制定教育政策的校董事会深入调查并举行公众听证会
期间，有关家庭作业的规定应暂缓实施。
句子主干 The homework rules should be put on hold （主+谓）
一级修饰
二级修饰
| while引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
while the school board,...looks into the matter
| and连接的并列谓宾
and conducts public hearings.
which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明the school board
which is responsible for setting educational policy,
词汇注释 put on hold暂停；搁置；延期 look into调查；浏览（书刊等）
conduct * [kan'dAkt] vt.组织；实施 fknndAkt] n.行为 hearing * ['hisng] n.听证会；听审；听力
❷It is not too late for L. A. Unified to do homework right.对于洛杉矶联合学区来说，正确处理家庭作业这件事还为
时不晚。
It is not toojate （主+系+表）
句子主干
要点注释
| It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
for L. A. Unified to do homework right.
该句中的for...right为不定式的复合结构，其中for引出动词不定式短语的逻辑主语L. A. Unified。
Text 2
第一段
O Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls'
lives.穿粉色好看：成年女性不记得自己曾对这个颜色如此痴迷，然而它却充斥着我们年轻女孩的生活。
75句子主干 （Women are） Pretty in pink:（省略句：主+系+表）
[补充说明
adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour,
一级修饰 yet连接的并列句，表转折
yet it is pervasive in our young girls' lives.
i词汇注释： obsessed [sb'sest] a.对... 痴迷的 pervasive [ps'veisiv] a.充斥各处的；弥漫的
@ It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in
one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls' identity to appearance.并不是粉色本身不好，而是它只是彩虹中
十分小的一部分。虽然粉色也许能在某种程度上烘托少女特质，但它也反复且牢固地将女孩的特质融入其外
表中。
（1） It is not that pink is intrinsically bad,（主+系+表从）
but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow
and连接的并列句
（2） and,...it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls5 identity to appearance.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
[though引导的让步状语从句，作（2）句的让步状语
一级修饰 though it may celebrate girlhood in one way,
[通匚建」 intrinsically [m'trmzikli] ad.本身地；固有地 celebrate* fsehbreit] vt.赞美（文中引申为“烘托”）
fuse ★由u:z] v.（使）融合；（使）熔化 identity* [afdentati]几个性；特征
语法课堂
表语从句：在一个复合句中，作主句表语成分的从句，说明主句的主语是什么或者怎么样。引导表语
从句的连接词有:that, what, who, where, when, which, why, whether, how, whoever, whichever, whatever 等；还
有诸如 because, as if, as though 等。例如：His suggestion is that we should stay calm. （ that 引导的表语从句）;
He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. （ what 引导的表语从句）；The question is when he can arrive
at the hotel. （ when引导的表语从句）。注意：that引导表语从句时，that不可以省略。
❸ Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence
of innocence.于是，粉色就呈现出女孩间，甚至两岁女孩间的共性：纯真，且粉色也被视为女孩纯真的证明。
二级修饰 even among two-year-olds,
插入语,!补充说明girls
一级修饰 between girls
介词短语作后置定语，[修Wthat connection
Then it presents thatconnection,（主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 |介词短语作that connection的补足语
as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence.
；词汇注释i present* [pn'zent] vt.呈现；提出；产生 innocence「mosns".纯真；无辜；单纯
❹ Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls' lives and interests.环顾四周，我绝望地
发现，人们对女孩生活和兴趣的想象是如此贫乏。
76-级修饰 Looking around,
［现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
句子主干 I despaired (主+谓)
［介词短语作状语，表对象
二级修饰
at the singular lack of imagination
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰imagination
二级修饰 about girls' lives and interests.
词汇注释 despair * [dfspe^r）] vi.绝望；失去希望 singular * ［'si硕olo(r)］ a.显著的；异常的；单数的
第二段
O Girls' attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoietti, an
associate professor of American Studies, it is not.女孩对粉色的喜欢似乎无法避免，仿佛以某种方式被编码进了她
们的DNA,但根据美国研究的副教授乔•帕雷提的说法，情况并非如此。
_级修饰 somehow encoded in their DNA,
_________ 解释说明]
（l）Girls9 attraction to pink may seem unavoidable,（主+系 +表）
句子主干 I but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but...it is not （unavoidable）.（省略句：主+系+表）
__________ [插入语
—级修饰 according to Jo Paoletti,
[插入语
both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.（主+谓+宾从）
| Jo Paoletti的同位语
二级修饰 an associate professor of American Studies,
i词汇生魅i unavoidable LAndvsdobl] a.无法避免的 encode [in'koud] vt.把....编码；把....译成密码
❷ Children were not colour-coded at all* until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all
babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. 20 世仑己初期之刖，
儿童是没有任何颜色编码的：在家用洗衣机问世之前的年代，出于实用角度，所有婴儿都穿白色的衣服，因
为清洁衣服的唯一方法是将衣服水煮。
句子主干 Children were not colourjcoded at all （主+系 +表）
, [介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
until the early 20th century:
一级修饰 解释说明|
all babies wore white as a practical matter,
介词短语作时间状语[
in the era before domestic washing machines
二级修饰 since引导的原因状语从句
since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them.
「疏己主蒋I domestic★ [do'mestik] a.家用的；本国的 boil虫[boil] v.用沸水煮；烧开
❸ What's more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.此外，男孩和女孩都穿着被认
为是中性的衣服。
—级修饰 What's more,
句子主干
77:要点注释:what引导的宾语从句中，谓语were thought of使用了一般过去式的被动语态。
❹ When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of
red, which was associated with strength.育儿颜色被引入时，粉色实际上被认为是更具男性特征的颜色，是红色
的柔和版，与力量相关。
一级修饰 When nursery colours were introduced,
When引导的时间状语从句，[作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 pink was actually considered （主+谓）
[名词短语作pink的补足语
the more masculine colour,
[the more masculine colour的同位语
a pastel version of red,
二级修饰 which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明the more masculine colour
which was associated with strength.
词汇注释 nursery * ['n3：sari] a.幼儿教育的 masculine fmaeskjalm] a.男性的;阳性的
pastel [*paestl] a.柔和的；（色彩）淡的 be associated with 与... 有关
❺ Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity.蓝色象征着女性气质,
因其让人联想到代表着坚贞与忠诚的圣母玛利亚。
句子主干 Blue,...symbolized femininity.（主+谓+宾）
[插入语，补充说明Blue
一级修饰 with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness,
[词汇注释」 intimation [jntfmeijh] n.暗示；提示 constancy ['knnstsnsi] n.坚贞；坚定不移
symbolize ['simbalaiz] vt.象征；代表 femininity [.fems^msti] n.女性气质；阴柔
❻ It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing
strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them
as female, at least for the first few critical years.直到20世纪80年代中期,当强化年龄和性别差异成为儿童市场
的主导营销策略时，粉色才彻底流行起来，自那时起，它才开始对女孩产生一种看似固有的吸引力，成为定
义她们女性特质的一部分，至少在最初关键的几年里是如此。
二级修饰 when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy,
when引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明the mid-1980s
It was not until...that
—级修饰 j It was not untiL..that为强调句型，强调时间状语the mid-1980s
the mid-1980s,
]名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 pink fully came into its own,（主+谓）
when引导的时间状语从句j作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls,
:补充说明 八
part of what defined them as female,
二级修饰 介词短语作时间状语
at least for the first few critical years.
词汇注释 amplify ['aemplifai] vt.增强 dominant * ['dnmmsnt] a.占支配地位的
inherently [m'higrantli] ad.固有地；天性地 critical ★ fkntikl] a.关键的；批评的
78第三段
O I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core
beliefs about their psychological development.我原本并未意识到营销趋势能够如此深刻地影响我们对儿童天性
的认知，包括我们对于儿童心理发展的核心观念。
句子主干 I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception （主+谓+宾从）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰our perception |
of what is natural to kids,
—级修饰 补充说明our perception
including our core beliefs about their psychological development.
要点注释 介词短语of what is natural to kids中，what引导的宾语从句，作介词of的宾语；including...中,
介词短语 about their psychological development 作后置定语，修饰 our core beliefs o
词汇注释i dictate * [dikteit] w.影响；命令v. 口述 psychological [.saiks'lndsikl] a.心理的；精神上的
@ Take the toddler.以蹒跚学步的儿童为例。
句子主干 Take th^toddler (as an example).(祈使句：谓+宾+宾补)
i要点注释：本句是祈使句的省略形式，也可视其为take的一种特殊用法，用来表示列举，表示“以……为例；
..........将……作为例证”。
"司定-注幕]toddler ftndhCr)] 学步的儿童；蹒跚行走的人
❸ I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong.我原以
为儿童学步阶段是专家对儿童行为研究多年之后得出的结论：但是我错了。
句子主干 I assumed that phase was something （主+谓+宾从）
省略关系词（that）的定语从句J修饰something
experts developed after years of research into children's behaviour:
一级修饰 补充说明 .
wrong.
.要点注释 '、、,宾语从句中省略了引导词(that) , that phase中的that为代词“那个”，而非引导词(that);
介词短语 after years...children's behaviour 作时间状语。
:词汇注释i assume^ [9'sju:m] vt.认为；假定；假设 phase * [feiz] 〃.阶段；时期w.分阶段进行
❹ Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick
by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.事实是，据儿童消费主义历史学家丹尼尔•库克所言，儿童学步阶段是
在20世纪30年代被服装制造商用作一种营销技巧而得以普及的。
二级修饰 a historian of childhood consumerism,
Daniel Cook的同位语]
一级修饰 Turns out, according to Daniel Cook,
j插入语
句子主干 it was popularised...in the 1930s.（主+谓）
[介词by引出动作的发出者
by clothing manufacturers
一级修饰 介词短语作it的补足语
as a marketing trick
词汇注释: turn out原来是；结果为；证明是 historian 丈[hi'sto:rian] n.历史学家
consumerism [kan'sju:m9nz9m] n.消费主义 popularise ['pnpjshraiz] vt.使普及；推广
79第四段〕
❶ Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a "third stepping
stone,, between infant wear and older kids' clothes.商业出版物建议百货商店：要增加销量就应该在婴幼儿服装和
大龄儿童服装之间创造一个“第三跳板”。
Trade publications counselled 取度史耍史迎｛竺（主+谓+间宾+直宾）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作counselled的直接宾语
that, in order to increase sales, they should create a <4third stepping stone"
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a "third stepping stone"
_级修饰 between infant wear and older kids* clothes.
词汇注释:counself'kaunsl] vt.建议；劝告n.忠告 infant5^ fmfont] n.婴儿；幼儿a.初期的
@ It was only after "toddler" became a common shoppers* term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage.
直到“蹒跚学步儿童”成为常见购买者用语后，它才演变为人们普遍认可的儿童成长阶段。
It was...that
—级修饰 | It was...that为强调句型，强调时间状语从句after...term
only after “toddler" became a common shoppers9 term
[after引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 it evolved into 四辿匕竺gggjgd也（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释:evolve * [i'vnlv] v.逐渐演变；进化 developmental [di,velap*mentl] a.发展的；成长的
❸ Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits.事实证明,把儿童或
成人细分为更小的类别必然会提高利润。
句子主干 Splitting kids, or adults,...has proved a^ure-firejw^ （主+系+表）
[介词短语作状语
into ever-tinier categories
—级修饰 动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a sure-fire way
to boost profits.
词汇注释 Split * [split] v.分开;裂开n.分裂 category* ['kaetagsri] n.类别；种类
sure-fire必定成功的；肯定会发生的 boost * [bu:st] vt.使增长；使兴旺
❹ And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences—r invent them where they did not
previously exist.而细分市场最简单的方法之一就是放大性别差异——或者创造出原本并不存在的性别差异。
__________ 电
—级修饰 to segment a market
[动词不定式短语作后置定语,修饰the easiest ways
句子主干 And one of the easiest ways...is to magnify gender differences （主+系 +表）
1 —as——8—8BB—88——a— — B—B—» T.；*,■—
. 省略（to ）的动词不定式短语，[补充说明表语
一级修饰 —or （to） invent them
[where引导的地点状语从句
二级修饰 where they did not previously exist.
词汇注释 i segment* [seg'ment] w.细分；划分 magnify☆ fmaegmfai] vt.放大；扩大
80Text 3
I
第一段
❶ In 2010, a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. 2010 年，一位联邦法官彻底震惊了美国生物
技术行业。
,舄牌*娜撬螳'祀噩衅牛1沁炒
句子主干 In 2010, a federal judge shook也史£辿直旦理竺史虫四竺y to its core.(主+谓+宾)
要点还释 介词短语In 2010作句子主干的时间状语；介词短语to its core作状语，表程度。
商定涌 federal * ['fedorsl] a.联邦的；联邦制的 biotech「baiootek]几生物技术
❷ Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades—by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented^ 几十年
来，许多公司都获得了分离DNA的专利——截至2005年，大约有20%的人类基因被申请了专利。
句子主干 Companies had won patents...for decades （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰patents
for isolated DNA
一级修饰 补充说明
—by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented.
词汇注释 Patent* [•paetnt] 专利权；专利证书w.获得专利权 isolated ['aisaleitid] a.单独的；孤独的
❸ But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable.但是在 2010 年 3 月，一位法官裁定基因不可申请
专利。
. ・
句子主干 But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable.（主+谓+宾从）
「疏匚生蒋I rule * [ru:l] v.裁定；控制；支配 gene * [d3i:n]几基因
❹Executives were violently agitated.这让公司高管们极其焦虑。
句子主干 Executives were violently agitated,（主+系+表）
:词汇注释！ violently ['vaiahntli] ad.强烈地，激烈地 agitated ['aedsiteitid] 焦虑不安的；激动的
© The Biotechnology Industry Organisation （BIO）, a trade group, assured members that this was just a '"preliminary step"
in a longer battle.生物技术产业协会（BIO ）这一贸易组织向其成员保证这只是长期斗争的“前奏”。
■ The Biotechndtogy Industiy Organisatioii （BIO）,...assured mmtes （主+谓+间宾+宜宾）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作assured的直接宾语
that this was just a ^preliminary step" in a longer battle.
名词短语作The Biotechnology Industry Organisation （BIO）的同位语
a trade group,
要点注释:介词短语in a longer battle作后置定语，修饰a "'preliminary step”。
i司元生幕:assure☆ (Xfg(r)]讨.向保证；查明 preliminary* [prflimmsri] 初步的；开始的
第二段
❶ On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. 7 月 29 日，他们松了一 口气，至少暂时如此。
81句子主干 On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily.（主+系 +表）
:词汇亩窿！ relieved [n!li:vd] a.放心的；感到宽慰的 temporarily ['temprarsli] ad.暂时地，临时地
❷ A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two
genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer.联邦上诉法院推翻了先前的判决，裁定麦利亚德基因公
司的确可以拥有两项帮助预测女性乳腺癌风险的基因专利。
句子主干 A federal appeals court overturned the^rioi^decision,（主+谓+宾）
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
■一 ,」■ ■
-级修饰 ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents
介词短语作后置定语J修饰patents
二级修饰 to two genes
that引导的定语从句，修饰genes |
三级修饰 that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer.
现在分词短语ruling that...中，that引导的宾语从句，作ruling的宾语。
appeal★ 3pi：l]机上诉；吸引力讨上诉 overturn^ [,auv9't3：n] vt.推翻y.翻倒；倾覆
prior* [,praig(r)] a.先前的；优先的 breast * [brest] n.乳房；胸部；心窝
© The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.位于犹他
州的麦利亚德公司的首席执行官称，这一裁决对于公司和患者来说都是一件幸事。
The chief executive of Myriad,...said （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 |省略引导词(that)的宾语从句，作said的宾语
the ruling was a blessing
Myriad的同位语
a company in Utah,
一级修饰 介词短语作状语，表对象
to firms and patients alike.
:商汇i executive* [ig'zekjotiv] 执行总监；主管领导 blessing ['blesir)] n.幸事；祝福；赞同
O But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy.但随着许多公
司继续尝试个性化医疗，法院将仍会相当忙碌。
_级修饰 as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine,
[as引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 But...the courts will remain rather busy.（主+系+表）
:词汇注释i personalised「pasmolaizd] q 个性化的 rather * ['ra:da（r）]诚相当；有点儿；而是
The Myriad case itself is probably not over.麦利亚德案本身可能并未完结。
The Myriad case itself is probably not over.（主+系+表）
❸ Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene
patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents5 monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as
MyriacFs.批评者们反对基因专利的原因主要有三点：基因是自然的产物，因此不可申请专利；基因专利抑制
创新，而非奖励创新；专利垄断限制基因测试的使用，如对麦利亚德基因公司基因测试的使用。
82句子主干 Critics make three main arguments （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰three main arguments
against gene patents:
解释说明 three main arguments
a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented;
-级修饰 |并列句
gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it;
j and连接的并列句
and patents * monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's.
i词汇注释i suppress ★施pres] w.抑制；压制；镇压innovation * [jns'veifn] n.创新；改革；新思想
monopoly * [ma'nnpali] n.垄断；独占 restrict * [n'stnkt] vt.限制；束缚；妨碍
❹A growing number seem to agree.似乎越来越多的人认同上述观点。
句子主干 A growing number （of people） seem to agree.（主+谓）
© Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests.去年联邦专项小组敦促对基因测试方
面的专利进行改革。
句子主干 Last year a federal task-force urged reform （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰reform
_级修饰 for patents related to genetic tests.
词汇注释 urge * [3/3] w.敦促；催促；驱赶 genetic [d3O,netik] a.基因的；遗传的
❻ In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule "is no less a
product of nature...than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.,, 10 月,司法部在针对麦利亚德
案呈交的案情摘要中表示，分离的DNA分子“如同从棉花籽中分离出的棉纤维一样，是自然的产物”。
句子主干 In October the Department of Justice filed abrirf （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰a brief
in the Myriad case,
-级修饰 补充说明a brief
arguing that an isolated DNA molecule "is no less a product erf nature...
[than引导的比较状语从句
二级修饰 than are cotton fibres
that引导的定语从句,j修饰cotton fibres
三级修饰 that have been separated from cotton seeds.”
要点注释 现在分词短语 arguing that...of nature...中，that 引导的宾语从句 an isolated DNA...of nature...,作
arguing的宾语。
词汇注释; file 丈[fail] v.提出；提起 vt.使归档 molecule ' [,mnlikju:l] n.分子
cotton f'kntn] «.棉花；棉布；棉线 fibre [rfaiba（r）] 纤维；纤维素
a 第四段
❶ Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered.尽管上诉法院做出 了裁决，但一些重大问题
仍没有解决。
一级修饰 Despite the appeals court's decision,
l介词短语作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 big questions remain unanswered.（主+系+表）
83@ For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it.
例如，对一个完整的基因组进行排序是否会侵犯其内部单个基因的专利，这一问题的答案尚不清楚。
For example, it ib unclear （主+系+表）
[t为形式主语，whether引导的主语从句作真正的主语
句子主干
whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the patents [
一级修饰 of individual genes within it.
要点注释 whether...the patents 中,介词短语 of a whole genome 作后置定语，修饰 the sequencing;—级修饰中,
介词短语within it作后置定语，修饰individual geneso
词汇注释 sequencing [*si:kw9nsig] n.（对基因、DNA 的）排序 violate * ['vaisleit] vt.侵犯；违反；污损
❸The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.这一案件也许还会上诉到最高法院。
■ :
句子主干 The case may yet reach the^ugreme^ourt.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 supreme☆ [su「pri：m] Q （级别或地位）最高的，至高无上的 court * [ko:t] n.法院；法庭
第五段」
❶ As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact.然而，随着该行业的发展，其他诉
讼案也许会产生更大的影响。
—级修饰 As the industry advances,
]As引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 however, other suits may have （主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 SUit*[SU：t] 〃.诉讼;讼案;西服 impact * ['impaekt] n.巨大影响；撞击
❷ Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules—most are already patented or in the public
domain.各公司不大可能提交更多关于人类DNA分子的专利申请一一大多数人类DNA分子已被申请专利或
属于公共领域。
句子主干 Companies are unlikely to file many more patents （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰patents
for human DNA molecules
一级修饰 解释说明句子主干
—most are already patented or （are） in the public domain.
词汇注释 public ★ fpAbhk] a.公共的；公众的 domain * [ds'mem] n.领域；领土；势力范围
❸ Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of
disease or predict a drug's efficacy.各公司目前正在研究基因如何相互作用，以探寻基因间可能用于确定疾病起
因或预测药物疗效的关联。
句子主干 Firms are now studying how genes interact,（主+谓+宾从）
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
一级修饰 looking for correlations
that引导的定语从句j修饰correlations
二级修饰 that might be used
[or连接并列的动词不定式短语作目的状语
三级修饰 to determine the causes of disease or （to） predict a drug's efficacy.
84要理主释 句子主干中，how引导的宾语从句作are...studying的宾语。
词汇5主释 interact [jntsr'aekt]讨相互作用；相互影响 correlation [.knra'leijh] n.关联；相互关系
determine* [di'ts^m] vt.确定；查明；决定 efficacy [*efik9si] n.功效，效力
❹ Companies are eager to win patents for "connecting the dots/* explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.生物技术产
业协会的律师汉斯•索尔解释道，各公司都渴望获得“连接相关基因点”的专利。
二级修饰 for "connecting the dots,"
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰patents
to win patents
]动词不定式短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 Companies are eager （主+系+表）
[插入语，补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.
词汇注释 be eager to do sth.渴望做某事；热切想做某事
a
第六段]
O Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court
will hear in its next term.他们能否成功可能取决于由梅奥医学中心提起的一宗相关诉讼案，最高法院将在下一
庭审期审理此案。
句子主干 Their success may be determined （主+谓）
[介词by引出动作的发出者
—级修饰 by a suit
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a suit]'
related to this issue,
并列的过去分词短语|
二级修饰 brought by the Mayo Clinic,
which引导的非限定性定语从句， 补充说明a suit
which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term.
词汇注释 issue *['iju:] n.重要议题；争论的问题 hear * [his（r）] vt.审理；听审 y.听见
❷ The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents.最
近，生物技术产业协会召开了一次大会，其间开展了一系列研讨会，针对不断变换的基因专利形势对律师进
行培训。
句子主干 The BIO recently held ajconyention （主+谓+宾）
which引导的定语从句,:修饰a convention
一级修饰 which included sessions
动词不定式短语作后置定语J修饰sessions
二级修饰 to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents.
词汇注释 convention * [ksn'venjn] n.大会；惯例；习俗 session会fsejh] n.会议；（法庭的）开庭
❸Each meeting was packed.每场会议都座无虚席。
句子主干 Each meeting was packed.（主+系+表）
词汇注释！ packed [p缶kt] a.挤满人的；异常拥挤的
85Text 4
第一段]
❶ The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning.大衰退也许结束了 ,但高失
业率的时代可能才刚刚开始。
（1） The great recession may be over,（主+系+表）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning.（主+谓）
i词汇注释:recession * [rfsefh] n.萧条；经济衰退 era'[而可时代；年代；纪元
@ Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults.在它结束之前，它将
很可能改变年轻一代的人生历程和性格。
Before it ends,
|
一级修饰
Before引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 it will likely change 座土竺丝蛭岂空（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰the life course and character
—级修饰 of a generation of young adults.
"瓯5主释 course* [ko:s] n.进程；课程；讲座；航向 character ★「kaeroktMr）] 性格；特征；品质
❸ And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.而且最终，它
很可能在未来许多年重塑我们的政治、文化和社会特征。
句子主干 And ultimately, k is likely to reshape史典虫耍孩££业!些逆皿顷些史?垣理E（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the character
—级修饰 of our society for years.
:词汇注释：ultimately ['Altimstli] ad.最终；最后；根本上 reshape [.ri/jeip] vt.重塑；改变
第二段
❶ No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster.在这场全国性的经济灾难
中，没有人比失业者更努力地寻求一线希望。
二坂涵 than the jobless
[than…作句子主干的比较状语
句子主干 No one tries harder （主+谓）
to find silver linings
一级修饰 介词短语作状语，表范围
in this national economic disaster.
顶匚注释 jobless ['d3nbl9s] a.失业的 silver lining ―线希望；一线光明
❷ Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less
materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others.许多人认为失业虽然极
其痛苦，但在某些方面却让自己有所进步：他们不再那么物质至上，而且在经济上更加审慎；他们也更能体
会到别人的艰辛。
86句子主干 Many said 业史H竺口（主+谓+宾从）
while引导的让步状语从句j作宾语从句的让步状语
while （it is） extremely painful,
解释说明some ways
—级修饰 they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent;
|并列句
they were more aware of the struggles of others.
词汇注释 improve* [im'pru^] v.改进；改善；提高 materialistic [ms.tisria'listik] a.物质至上主义的
prudent* [*pru:dnt] a.审慎的；慎重的 aware * 0w8（r）] a-意识到；察觉到
❸ In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off.从有限的几个方面来说，此次经济衰退也许
将使社会变得更好。
—级修饰 In limited respects,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 perhaps the recession will leave society better off.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
词汇注释 respect * [rfspekt] 〃.方面；尊敬 vt.尊重 better off更好的；更幸福；更满意
❹ At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary
end to an era of reckless personal spending.至少它将我们从“暴富”和“豪宅”这种全民狂热的美梦中唤醒，并
为挥金如土的个人消费时代画上了必要的句号。
—级修饰 from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
At the very least, it has awoken us （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and put a necessary end to an era
介词短语作后置定语j修饰an era
一级修饰 of reckless personal spending.
要点注释 介词短语At the very least作状语，表程度；介词短语of easy...houses作后置定语,修饰dreamo
词汇注释 fever *rfi:v9(r)] n.狂热；发热；激动不安 reckless会['reklss] a.不顾后果的；无所顾忌的
a
第三段
❶ But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off.但对大多数情况而言，这些好处似乎是微乎
其微、不明确且遥不可及的。
一级修饰 for the most part,
[介词短语作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 But...these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 uncertain [An's3：tn] a.不明确的；难预料的 faroff遥讴的；(时间)久远的
@ In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and
outside the U. S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited
and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms.在《经济增长的道德影响》
一书中，经济史:学家本杰明•弗里德曼指出，不论是在美国还是在其他国家，长时间的经济停滞或衰退几乎
总会使社会变得更为狭隘、更缺乏包容性，也通常会使权利和自由的发展停滞不前或发生逆转。
87一级修饰 In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作argues的宾语
that...lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society
句子主干
，and连接的并列谓宾 “
and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms.
形容词短语作society的补足语
more mean-spirited and less inclusive,
介词短语作宾语从句的地点状语
both inside and outside the U. S.,
词汇注释 stagnation [stagg'neijh] n.停滞；不景气 mean-spirited [iiniin'spintid] a•心胸狭隘的
inclusive ☆ [m*klu:siv] a.包容性强的；包括的 reverse * [n'v3：s] vt.使完全相反；颠倒
❸ Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.反移民情绪往往会高涨，
如同种族冲突和阶级矛盾会加剧一样。
（1）Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases,（主+谓）
句子主干 I as连接的并列句
（2）as does conflict （倒装句:谓+主）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰conflict
—级修饰 between races and classes.
要点注释：（2）句是倒装句，谓语does在此代替increases; as在此相当于and soo
词汇注释:anti-immigrant反移民的 sentiment * ['sentiment] n.情绪；观点；伤感
第四段
❶ Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one.经济衰退期间,收入差距通常会
缩小，但这次却没有。
（1） Income inequality usually falls during a recession,（主+谓）
句子主干 I bu涟接的并列句，表转折
（2） but it has not shrunk in this one.（主+谓）
:要点注释:介词短语during a recession和in this one均作时间状语；（2 ）句中的it指代income inequalityo
:词汇注幕i inequality [jni'kwnhti] 不平均；不平等 shrink ☆[问）灯"（使）缩小，收缩
@ Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them—
especially for young people.事实上，这一时期的经济疲软可能会加剧阶级分化，并减少弥合阶级分化的机
会——对年轻人尤其如此。
Indeed, this period...may reinforce class^diyides,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and （may） decrease opportunities to cross them
介词短语作后置定语，修饰this period
of economic weakness
一级修饰 补充说明
一 specially for young people.
88词汇注释:reinforce* [|ri:m'fo:s] vt.加强；加固 cross *[kms] v.越过；穿越；渡过
❸ The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a
recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they
otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is 由e masses beneath them that are left behind.哥伦
比亚大学经济学家蒂尔-冯・瓦赫特的研究显示，不是所有在经济衰退时期毕业的人都认为人生机会渺茫：
那些名牌大学的毕业生能够相当快地达到他们毕业于经济较好时期本该处于的位置，落后的是那些不如他们
的普通大众。
二级修饰 the economist at Columbia University,
]Till Von Wachter的同位语
一级修饰 of TiU Von Wachter,
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The research
The research...suggests （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句J作suggests的宾语
that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed:
解释说明
those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to
并列句
一级修饰 it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
where引导的宾语从句，作catch up...to的宾语
where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times;
要点注释 that引导的宾语从句中，现在分词短语graduating into a recession作后置定语，修饰people;介词短
语with degrees...universities作后置定语，修饰those;第二个并列句it is...behind为强调句，使用了
it is...that强调句型,强调主语the masses;介词短语beneath them作后置定语，修饰the masseso
词汇注释 dim ☆ [dim] （使）变渺茫a.昏暗的 elite* [ei'li：t] a.精英的；最优秀的n.精英
a
第五段〕
O In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society.
在互联网时代，了解隐藏于美国社会内部的怨恨非常容易。
一级修饰 In the Internet age,
]介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
it is particularly easy （主+系+表）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to see the resentment
—级修饰
| that引导的定语从句，修饰the resentment
that has always been hidden within American society.
词汇注释 resentment [n'zentmsnt] n.怨恨；愤恨 hide * [haid] vt.隐藏；隐瞒
@ More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society's character.而当前更
难的是准确地弄清楚这些经济困难时期如何影响社会特征。
More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely （倒装句：表+系+主）
句子主干 [how引导的宾语从句，作discerning的宾语
how these lean times are affecting society's character.
89要点注释 本句是一个倒装句，还原后动名词短语discerning precisely how...society's character作主语；介词
短语in the moment作句子主干的时间状语。
词汇注释 discern ☆ [di‘S3：n] vt.识别；察觉出 lean，[li:n] a.萧条的；贫乏的w.倾斜
©In many respects, the U. S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of
national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results.从许多方面来讲，进入这次经济衰退的美国比
历史上任何时期都更具有社会包容性，而且从衰退起，各种关于社会矛盾的全国民意调查都显示出不同的结果。
than at any time in its history,
一级修饰 than...作(1 )句的比较状语
entering this recession
“ ]现在分词短语作(1 )句的时间状语
(l)In many respects, the U. S. was more socially tolerant (主+系+表)
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
(2)and a variety of national polls...since then have shown mixed results.(主+谓+宾)
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰national polls
—级修饰 on social conflict
要点注释 (1 )句中，介词短语In many respects作状语，表范围。
词汇注释 poll* [pool] n.民意调查；计票 mixed [mikst] a.混合的；复杂的
We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric.这些艰难的日子到底将如何
重塑我们的社会结构，我们只能继续观望。
We will have to wait and see exactly (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干 how引导的宾语从句J作will have to wait and see的宾语
how these hard times will reshape our social fabric.
词汇注释 wait and see观望；等着瞧 fabric * ['faebrik] n.(社会、机构等的)结构
❺ But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.但可以确定的是，它们一定会重塑我
们的社会结构，并且艰难时期持续得越久，重塑的程度就越甚。
(1) But they certainly will reshape it,(主+谓+宾)
句子主干
要点注释
| and连接的并列句
(2) and all the more so the longer they extend.
(2 )句可还原为"the longer they extend, the more they will reshape itn ,即"the + 比较级... ，
the +比较级……”结构，表示一方的程度随另一方的变化而变化；其中前者相当于比较状语从
句，后者相当于主句，此处主句用all the more so代替是为了避免重复。
词汇注释 all the more so更是如此,尤其这样 extend * [ik^tend] vi.延续 vt.延长；扩大
Part B
Q
第一段.
O "Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men
who have worked here," wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle.维多利亚时期的哲人托马斯•卡莱尔曾写道："世
界史，即人们在这个世界上所取得的种种成就的历史，它归根结底是那些曾经在世界上有所作为的伟人们的
历史。”
90一级修饰 the history of what man has accomplished in this world,
|Universal history的同位语
“Universal history,...is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,"
［直接引语作wrote的宾语
句子主干
wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
要点注释i 介词短语of what man has accomplished in this world中，what引导的宾语从句，作of的宾语；直
接引语中，who引导的定语从句，修饰the Great Meno
词汇注释 universal * [ju:nFv3：sl] a.全世界的；普遍的 accomplish * [a'kAmpIV']讨做成功；达到
at bottom根本上；本质上；实际上 sage [seid3] n.哲人；圣人；智者
❷Well, not any more it is not.然而,如今不再如此T。
句子主干 Well, not any more it is not （the History of the Great Men）.（省略句：主+系+表）
要点注释 表否定的副词词组not any more前置,表强调。
Tips: not any more 与 not any longer 的区别
1. not any more与瞬间动词连用，侧重于指“次数”。例，I don't want to eat hamburgers any more.我再也
不想吃汉堡了。
2. not any longer与持续性动词连用，侧重于指“时间”。例，He couldn't wait any longer.他不能再等了。
a
第二段
❶ Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form.忽然之间，英国似乎不再钟爱其最喜欢的
历史形式了。
句子主干 Suddenly, Britain looks tojiayejallei£out （主+系+表）
:介词短语作状语，表对象
—级修饰 with its favourite historical form.
❷ This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach
the past: less concerned with learning from our forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain.这可能只是一*时
的文学热潮，但它也反映了如今我们如何对待历史的一个更为普遍的事实：不重视从前人处借鉴学习，而对
感受前人的痛苦更有兴趣。
（1） This could be no more than a 变瓯嘎些三竺匕£史竺，（主+系+表）
句子主干
一级修饰
| but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but it also points to ajbroadertruth （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰a broader truth
about how we now approach the past:
解释说明 a broader truth
less concerned with learning from our forefathers
| and连接并列的形容词短语
and more interested in feeling their pain.
词汇注释 literary * [Hitarsri] a.文学的；书面的 craze [kreiz] n.狂热；疯狂
broad * [bro:d] 普遍的；广泛的 forefather ['fo:fa:d9（r）] n.祖先；祖宗
© Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.如今，我们想要的是情感共鸣，而非精神鼓舞。
91句子主干 Today, we want empathy,（主+谓+宾）
[补充说明
_级修饰 not inspiration.
词汇注释 empathy fempsOi］ n.共鸣；同情；同感 inspiration * [jnsps'reijh] n.鼓舞人心的事物
a
第三段］
O From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men.
从文艺复兴早期开始，书写历史就意味着讲述伟人的典范人生。
一级修饰 From the earliest days of the Renaissance,
［介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the writing of history meant %里四巫典££些兰竺也坚（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰the
exemplary lives
一级修饰 of great men.
词汇注释 recount ［n'kaunt］讨.讲述；描述；叙述 exemplary [ig'zemplari] a.典范的；惩戒性的
❷ In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris lllustribus—On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus （or
virtue） of classical heroes. 1337年，彼特拉克开始创作他的杂文集-《名人列传》，该书彰显了古典英雄们
的美德。
句子主干 In 1337, Petrarch began work （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰work
一级修饰 on his rambling writing De Viris lllustribus —On Famous Men,
补充说明Oe Viris lllustribus —On Famous Men
二级修饰 highlighting the virtus （or virtue） of classical heroes.
词汇注释 rambling ［'rasmbhg］ a.杂乱无章的；冗长含糊的 highlight * fhailait］讨.突出；强调；使醒目
❸ Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top.彼特拉克歌颂了他们战胜命运、达
到人生顶峰的伟大。
句子主干 Petrarch celebrated tfidi^greataess （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语j修饰their greatness
-级修饰 in conquering fortune and rising to the top.
词汇注释 conquer ☆［岫玳。（。］w.战胜；占领；征服 fortune* ['fo:t|u:n] n.命运；运气；巨款
❹ This was the biographical tradition which Niccold Machiavelli turned on its head.而尼可罗•马基亚维利颠覆了这
种传记体的写作传统。
句子主干 This was晚上理史g些史苴现退丝（主+系+表）
which引导的定语从句，[修饰the biographical tradition
一级修饰 which Niccold Machiavelli turned on its head.
词汇注释 biographical ［.bai^graefikl］ 传记的；关于（某人）生平的 turn sth. on its head 彻底改变
❺ In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills
of successful leaders.在《君主论》一书中，他将狡诈、冷酷和勇敢，而非美德、宽容和正义，拥为成功领袖
所必备的技能。
92一级修饰 In The Prince,
：介词短语作句子主干的状语
he championed （主+谓+宾+宾补）
[介词短语作cunning.. .boldness的补足语
句子主干 as the skills of successful leaders.
rather than连接的并列成分，肯定前者，否定后者
rather than virtue, mercy and justice,
词汇注释 champion * ['tfaempian]讨.拥护；支持 n.冠军 cunning * ['kAnig] n.狡诈 a.狡诈的
ruthlessness ['ru:0bsn9s] «.冷酷；无情 boldness ['bsuldnss] 〃.勇敢；冒失
第四段
。Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted.随着时间的变迁,"伟大” 一词的内涵也发生了变化。
句子主干 Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted.（主+谓）
词汇注释 attribute * [，aetribju:t] n.特征；属性；性质 shift 玄[Jift] vi.变换 v.转移
❷ The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's
personal experience rather than public glory.浪漫主义者通过强调艺术家们个人经历的独特性而非社会荣耀来纪
念同时代杰出的画家和作家。
句子主干 The Romantics commemorated 如或理卫也竖J莫史（主+谓+宾）
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience
一级修饰 | rather than连接的并列成分，肯定前者，否定后者
rather than public glory.
词汇注释！ commemorate [ks'memsreit] vt.纪念 glory ['glo:ri] n.荣誉；光荣；赞颂
❸ By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers,
industrialists and explorers.与此相反，维多利亚时期的作家塞缪尔•斯迈尔斯撰写了《自我拯救》一书，记载
了一系列工程师、实业家和探险者们有价值的人生。
—级修饰 the Victorian author
]Samuel Smiles 的同位语
By contrast,...Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help （主+谓+宾+宾补）
介词短语作吻的补足语[
句子主干
as a catalogue of the worthy lives
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the worthy lives |
二血福 of engineers, industrialists and explorers.
词汇注释 a catalogue of 一系列，一连串 industrialist [in'dAstriahst] n.实业家；工业家
❹"The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working, and steadfast
integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit,wrote Smiles, "what it is in the power of
each to accomplish for himself.n斯迈尔斯写道："他们提供的宝贵事例体现了自强的力量、坚定的目标、不懈
的努力以及始终如一的正直，塑造了他们真正高贵的品德和男子气概，这些杰出人物的宝贵事例展示了每个
人成就自我所应具备的内在力量。”
93“what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself."
[what引导的宾语从句，作exhibit的宾语
句子主干
“The valuable examples...exhibit,"（主+谓+宾从）
[插入语 [which引导的定语从句，修饰examples
wrote Smiles, which they furnish
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰examples
of the power of self*help, of patient purpose, resolute working, and steadfast integrity,
[现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰the power...integrity
二级修饰 issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character,
词汇注释 resolute [Yezalu^] a.不屈不挠的；有决心的 integrity * [m'tegrgti] n.正直；诚实；完整
issue in导致；结果是 exhibit[ig'zibit] vt.展现；表现v.展览
❺ His biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working
man through his difficult life.他所撰写的有关詹姆斯•瓦特、理查德•阿克莱特和约书亚•威基伍德的传记被
奉为指引工人阶层度过人生艰难时期的灯塔。
—级修饰 of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood
j介词短语作后置定语，修tftHis biographies
句子主干 His biographies.. .were held up （主+谓）
j介词短语作His biographies的补足语
—级修饰 as beacons
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰beacons
二级修饰 to guide the working man through his difficult life.
词汇注释 hold up举出... 作为赞扬的对象 beacon ['bi:kon] n.灯塔；指路明灯
第五段
O This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther,
Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte,对托马斯•卡莱尔而言，这未免有点平庸，他的人物传记主要记述马
丁 •路德、奥利弗•克伦威尔和拿破仑-波拿巴这些真正英雄人物的生活。
句子主干 This was all a bit bourgeois （主+系+表）
，介词短语作状语，表对象
_级修饰 for Thomas Carlyle,
| who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Thomas Carlyle
二级修饰 who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives
介词短语作后置定语，修饰lives |
三级修饰 of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte.
:词汇注释！ bourgeois ['bu^wa:] a.平庸粗俗的；资本家的 heroic * [ha'rouik] a.英雄的；英勇的
❷ These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than
mere mortals.这些划时代的人物所代表的人生难以模仿，但必须承认他们的人生比普通人的更具权威性。、
句子主干 These epochal figures represented lives （主+谓+宾）
形容词短语作后置定语，修饰lives | "
hard to imitate,
一级修饰 补充说明
but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.
94词汇注释 epochal fi^nksl] a.划时代的；开创新纪元的 imitate * ['imiteit] vt.模仿；仿效
possess * [pdzes] vt.具有；拥有；占有 mortal [*mo:tl] n.普通人；凡人a.致命的
第六段]
❶Not everyone was convinced by such bombast.不是所有人都信服此类高调言论。
句子主干 Not everyone was convinced （主+谓）
介词短语作状语，[表对象
一级修饰 by such bombast.
词汇注释 convince 虫[ksn'vms] vt.使信服；说服 bombast ['bnmbaest] n.夸大的言辞
❷"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles/* wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist
Manifesto.马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中写道：“迄今为止，一切现存社会的历史都是阶级斗争的历史。”
of all hitherto existing society
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The history
句子主干 4"The history...is the history of class struggles,,9 wrote Marx and Engels （倒装句：宾+谓+主）
介词短语作句子主干的状语|
—级修饰 in The Communist Manifesto.
词汇注释 hitherto* [hi如tu:] ad.迄今；直到某时 manifesto [.maeni'festsu] n.宣言；声明
© For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: "It is man, real, living man who does
all that.”对他们而言，历史本身并没有做什么，它既没有占有巨额的财富，也没有发动战争：“是人，是真实的、
活生生的人做了这一切。”
句子主干 For them, history did nothing,（主+谓+宾）
[解释说明句子主干
一级修饰 it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:
[补充说明
二级修饰 "It is man, real, living man who does all that."
要点注释 注意，句子主干与it...battles之间缺少必要的连词连接，此用法不规范，故考生在写作时不宜
模仿。"It is...that.”为It is...who结构的强调句型，强调主语man, real, living mano句首的介词
短语For them作状语，表对象。
词汇注释 immense * [i'mens] a.巨大的；极大的 wage* [weid3]讥发动（战争或运动）；进行
❹ And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.因而历史应当是人民大众的历史，是记录
他们斗争的历史。
句子主干 And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 mass * [maes] n. （the masses ） [pl ]群众 record * [*reko:d] n.记录；记载；唱片
❺ As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch
stood.正因如此，历史必须重视每个时代所处的经济现实、社会背景和权力关系。
As such, it needed to appreciate （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 |并列的名词短语作appreciate的宾语
the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations
介词in+which引导的定语从句,[修饰the economic realities...power relations
一级修饰 in which each epoch stood.
95i司元主释；context* ['knntekst] 背景；上下文；语境 epoch 1 [*i：pnk] n.时代；纪元；时期
❻ For: "Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances
chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past."这是因为: "人
类虽然创造自己的历史，但他们并不是按照自己的意愿去创造；他们不是在自己选择的环境中去创造历史，
而是在直接发现的、既定的、过去传承下来的环境中创造历史。”
⑴ For: "Men make tfieir^wnhistory,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干
I but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but they do not make it （主+谓+宾）
[as引导的方式状语从句，作（2）句的方式状语
just as they please;
—级修饰 解释说明
they do not make it under circumstances...but under circumstances
过去分词短语作后置定语，|修饰circumstances
chosen by themselves,
二级修饰 and连接并列的过去分词短语作后置定语， 修饰 circumstances
directly found, given and transmitted from the past."
词汇注释 circumstance * [,s3：kamst9ns] n.环境；状况；条件 transmit1^ [traens'mit] vt.留传 v.传送；发射
a
第七段
❶ This was the tradition which revolutionised our appreciation of the past.这一传统彻底改变了我们对过去的认识。
句子主干 This was the tradition （主+系+表）
===== ...
[which引导的定语从句，修饰the tradition
—级修饰 which revolutionised our appreciation of the past.
词汇注释 revolutionise [（rev9'lu:Jbnaiz] vt.彻底改变 appreciation 0pri：JTeiJh] 〃•认识；欣赏；体谅
❷ In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm.继托马斯•卡莱尔
之后，英国培养出了克里斯托弗•希尔、爱德华•帕尔默•汤普森和埃里克-霍布斯鲍姆。
一级修饰 In place of Thomas Carlyle,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释i in place of代替；取代 nurture^ [*n3：tfo（r）]w.培养；培育；支持
© History from below stood alongside biographies of great men.平民的历史和伟人传记并存。
句子主干 History from below stood （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
-级修饰 alongside biographies of great men.
要点注释 介词短语from below作后置定语，修饰Historyo
❹ Whole new realms of understanding—from gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked
the multiplicity of lost societies.随着学者们对过去社会多样性的深入研究，全新的理解领域——从性别到种族
再到文化研究——被开创出来。
96.,.7 -，
句子主干 Whole new realms of understanding...were opened up （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语，表范围
—fnmi gender to race to cultural studies
一级修饰 as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies.
词汇注释 realm * [relm] n.领域；范围；王国 gender 玄[*d3end9（r）] n.性别
unpick [,An*pik] w.拆开（文中引申为“开创” ） multiplicity [.mAlti'plissti] n.多样性；大量
© And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.这也改变了公众史学：底
层社会和上层社会一样极具吸引力。
句子主干 And it transformed public history too:（主+谓+宾）
I解释说明句子主干
一级修饰 downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.
词汇注释 transform* [traens'fo:m] vt使改变；使转换 fascinating ['faesmeitirj] a.极有吸引力的；迷人的
Section HI Translation
a
第一段〕
❶ When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best
and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world.当发展中国家的人们
担心移民问题时， 他们通常担心的是本国最优秀、最聪明的那类人可能会前往硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学
这些地方工作。
When people in developing countries worry about migration,
.[When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 they are usually concerned at the prospect （主+系+表）
ssssssssa —
t介词短语作后置定语，修饰the prospect
of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities
-_ 介词短语作后置定语，修饰hospitals and universities
二级修饰 in the developed world.
要点注释 When people...migration 中，介词短语 in developing countries 作后置定语，修饰 people; of their best...
universities 中,介词短语 to Silicon Valley...and universities 作后置定语，修饰 departureo
词汇注释 migration [mafgreijh] n.移居；迁移；迁徙 prospect* [*prDspekt] «.可能性；展望；风景
@ These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules
that privilege college graduates.而这类工作者正是诸如英国、加拿大和澳大利亚这样的国家通过对大学毕业生
提供优惠的移民政策来设法吸引的人才。
句子主干 These are fliejdn^ofwork^ （主+系+表）
that引导的定语从句,[修饰the kind of workers
—级修饰 that countries...try to attract by using immigratioii ndes
举例说明countries
like Britain, Canada and Australia
二级修饰 that引导的定语从句, 修饰immigration rules
Uiat privilege college graduates.
97词汇注释 i immigration [.imfgreijh] «.移居（入境） privilege *「pnvohda］讨给予特权»•特权
｝第二段］
❶ Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate.大量
研究表明，发展中国家受过良好教育的人更可能移民。
Lots of studies have found （主+谓+宾从）
................—---------------
句子主干 J that引导的宾语从句，作have found的宾语
that well-educated people...are particularly likely to emigrate.
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰well-educated people
_级修饰 from developing countries
，问汇亩建，well-educated受过良好教育的；有教养的 emigrate* femigreit] vi.移民；移居国外
@ A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education,
compared with around 3. 3% of all Indians over the age of 25.在 2004 年，对印度家庭开展的一项大规模调查表明，
将近40%移居国外的人接受过高中以上教育，相比之下，全印度25岁以上的人中接受过高中以上教育的大
约占3. 3%o
_级修饰 of Indian households in 2004
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰A big survey
A big survey... found （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语
句子主干
that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education,
[过去分词短语作宾语从句的比较状语
一级修饰 compared with around 3. 3% of all Indians over the age of 25.
i 词汇注释:household [^aushauld] n.家庭；一家人
❸ This ''brain drain,, has long bothered policymakers in poor countries.这种"人才流失”现象长期以来困扰着贫困
国家的决策者。
句子主干 This "brain drain" has long bothered policymakers in poor countries.（主+谓+宾）
■:问汇生幕；brain drain （国家的）人才流失 bother玄［rbDds（r）］ vt.困扰；烦扰
❹ They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their
universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.他们担心这种
情况会损害本国经济发展，使他们失去急需的技术人才，而这些人才本可以在国内的大学任教，在国内的医
院工作或设计新奇产品供本国工厂生产。
句子主干 They fear虫辿史巴坐虫巨以竺弦迎史，（主+谓+宾从）
［现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
_级修饰 depriving them of much-needed skilled workers
who引导的定语从句J修饰skilled workers
who could have taught at their universities,
|并列谓语
二级修饰 （could have） worked in their hospitals
and连接的并列谓语
and （could have） come up with clever new products for their factories to make.
「渝匚淫幕;deprive * ［dfpraiv］ vt.使丧失；剥夺；使不能享有 come up with想出，提出（计划、想法等）
98
