专题01动词的时态和语态（原卷版）_03高考英语_2024年新高考资料_3.2024专项复习_[高考字典]2024年高考英语一轮复习语法填空专题应对策略(通用版)

高考英语一轮复习语法填空专题应对策略 专题 01 动词的时态和语态 目录 一 命题规律 谓语动词的时态和被动语态，主谓一致，对时态、被动语态和主谓一致的综合考 查。 二 备考策略 谓语动词的时态， 被动语态，主谓一致 三 基本知识 高中主要时态 四 真题再练 近五年新高考动词的时态和语态专题训练 五 思路点拨 当句中缺少谓语动词时，括号中的动词就是谓语动词。此时要考虑时态、语态、语 气、主谓一致等四个方面。 六 考点归纳 谓语动词涉及时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等四个考点。 七 考点练透 再次巩固所掌握的知识点体系并能灵活应用 一．命题规律： 1. 谓语动词的时态和被动语态：结合语境重点考查了一般现在时（的被动语态）、一般过去时； 2.主谓一致：考查常见的主谓一致规则； 3. 对时态、被动语态和主谓一致的综合考查。 二．备考策略： 练习高考真题中关于谓语动词的题目，感悟高考命题规律和特点 1.谓语动词的时态： 1）重点掌握一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、现在进行时、一般将来时、过去进行时的基本用法； 2）了解过去完成时、现在完成进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时的基本用法； 3）熟练记忆上述各种时态常用的时间状语，不断提升能力 2.被动语态： 1）重点掌握一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时的被动语态的用法； 2）了解现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时和过去完成时的被动语态的基本形式； 3. 主谓一致：熟练掌握语法一致、就近一致和意义一致的基本规则。 三．基本知识： 高中主要时态 一、重点时态梳理 1）一般现在时 构成： do/does 用法：1. 表示现在的情况、状态、客观事实或真理。 2. 表示习惯性、经常性的动作或状态，常与always , every day , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually，at …， in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at noon, at night,on Sunday(s), at seven 等连用。 3. 在时间、条件或让步状语从句中通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 4. 表示按时间表、时刻表等将要发生的动作，常用动词为 go, come, open, leave, arrive, begin, start, return, close,take off等。 I always drink coffee for breakfast.我总是喝咖啡当早餐。 The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。 Our flight leaves at 11:45.我们的飞机11点45分起飞 2）一般过去时 构成： did 用法：1. 表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态，常与 in the past, the other day,...ago,just now,yesterday, last week, last year,in 2011等表示过去的时间状语连用。 2. 表示过去时间内连续发生的几个动作。 3. 表示过去时间内经常性、习惯性的动作或状态。 I went shopping yesterday. 昨天我去购物了。 I saw him in the street three days ago. 三天前我在街上见到他。 We had a good time last night. 昨晚我们玩得很开心。 3）现在完成时 构成： have/has +过去分词 用法： 2） 1. 表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与 yet (常位于否定句和疑问句句末）, already, before,ever（常用于疑问句), just, recently, lately, so far, up to now, in recent yeas, over the years, for+时间段eg. ① We have known each other for twenty years. ② My father has lived here since 2000. ③ I have been there for two days. ④ We haven’t seen each other since he went abroad. 2. 表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并可能延续下去的动作。 3. 表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经历，常常带有twice, ever, never, before等状语。 4. 在“It/This is +the first/second/third/...time+that从句”句型中， that从句中的谓语动词使用现在完成时。 eg. ①This is the first (that) I have come here. ②This is the best tea (that)I have ever drunk 5. 在“It/This is +the +形容词最高级+名词+从句”句型中， 从句中的谓语动词使用现在完成时。 6. 用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作而发生。 4）现在进行时 构成： am/is/are+现在分词 用法： 1. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生或进行的动作。常与now, right now, at this moment等连 用。 We are waiting for you now. 我们正在等你。 2.表示现阶段（说话前后一段时间内），一直在进行的活动。说话时动作未必正在进行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。 3.表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，常与always, constantly, forever,for over 等词连用，往往带有说 话人的主观色彩。 You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。 4.在表示此时此刻的语境中，比如出现了listen，look之类的词。 Look, the boy is taking a photo. 5.注意：表示按计划或安排要发生的动作。 表移动的终止性动词（come, go, arrive, leave, stay, start, land, meet, move, begin, return, stop, do等）用于 现在进行时，表示即将要发生动作。 I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 The train is arriving soon. 火车要到了。 5）一般将来时 构成： 用法 will/shall +动词原形 表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态 表示说话人临时做出的决定 is/am/are going to+动词原 表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事形 表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，推测某事即将发生 is/am/are about to+动词 表示打算或根据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示具体时间的状语连用，但可 原形 以与when引导的时间状语从句连用 is/am/are to+动词原形 表示按计划或安排要做的事情 表示按职责、义务将要发生的动作 四、时间状语： before long 不久 in the future 在将来 in two weeks 在两周后 the day after tomorrow 后天 next week / month / year /summer 下一周/月/ 年/夏天 some day 将来的某一天 soon 很快 this evening 今天晚上 this afternoon 今天下午 tomorrow 明天 She’ll go to play basketball. 她要去打篮球。 The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。 6）过去进行时 构成： was/were+现在分词 用法： 1、表示在过去某时刻正在进行或发生的动作，通常与表过去的时间状语连用。 At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天这个时候，我正在收拾东西去露营。 2、在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生之后，另一个动作正在进行。 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。 7）将来进行时 构成：will/shall+be doing 用法：表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。 At this time tomorrow, I will be lying on the beach. 8）过去完成时 构成： had+过去分词 用法： 1. 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past- in-the-past ）”。----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|----------------------------> 过去的过去 过去 现在 She had learned some English before she came to the institute. 2. 表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有：by/until/before/ by the end of +过去时间点(过去的某一时间), by + 过去时间点; by the time + 过去时间点; before + 过去时 间点; by then 3.在宾语从句中，当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成 时。常在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said that she had seen the film before. 4. intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think, propose, wish 等动词可以用过去完成时表示过去未 能实现的计划、设想、意图或希望等. We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 5.Hardly/ Scarcely/ Rarely/ Barely…when…; No sooner…than…句型位于句首时，主句用过去完成时，从句用 一般过去式，且用倒装，译为：刚刚......就......; 一......就...... No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 6. 用在“It was the+序数词或最高级+that+…”； 7.用在It was high time that... 从句用过去完成时 但It is high time that ....从句用一般过去时或(should)+动词原形 9)现在完成进行时 构成： have/has been doing 用法： 现在完成进行时表示某动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。 现在完成进行时可表示1.持续性 2.重复性 3.感情色彩 现在完成进行时所用的时间状语： all day / month this month / week / year these days recently / lately in the past few + 时间段 since +时间点 for + 时间段... 现在完成进行时 vs 现在完成时 He has cleaned the window. 他把窗户擦干净了。(动作已完成) He has been cleaning the window. 他一直在擦窗户。(动作不一定完成) He has met the girl in the library again. He has been meeting a girl in the library lately. 1. 现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时强调动作的延续和反复Tom _______________ (ride) horses the whole morning. .has been riding Tom ___________ (ride) horses three times this morning. .has ridden 2. 现在完成进行时表示反复的，连续的动作，不与表示次数、频度的词连用 Who has been eating my apples？ Who has eaten my apples？ 3.现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或 结果。 He _______________ (paint) for decades amd he says he sees no possibility of quitting his job. .has been painting 4. 在表示动作的延续时，虽然既可用现在完成时，也可用现在完成进行时，但在明确表示动作还要持续下 去时，应用现在完成进行时。 10）过去将来时 would/should +动词原形 表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态 was/were going to+动词原形 表示过去某时计划、打算做某事 was/were about to+动词原形 表示过去某时即将做某事 .下面是以动词change为例的各时态和语态的表格。 时态 V动词（以change为例） 被动语态 1.一般现在时 change/changes is/am/are changed 2.一般过去时 changed was/were changed 3.一般将来时 will/shall change will/shall be changed is /am/are going to change is /am/are going to be changed 4.过去将来时 would change would be changed 5.现在进行时 am/is/are changing am/is/are being changed 6.过去进行时 was/were working was/were being changed 7.现在完成时 have/has changed have /has been changed 8.过去完成时 had changed had been changed 二．主动语态表达被动意义： 1. lock, open, read, sell, teach, translate, wash, write等动词，用来说明主语的性质特征而不是强调被执行 的动作时 （且常与not, hardly, well, easily, badly, nicely等副词连用。）例如： The poem translates well. 这首诗翻译得很好。 The cloth washes easily. 这种布料容易洗涤。 Bikes of that kind hardly sell. 那种自行车很难卖出。 2. weigh, measure, cost, last, break out, take place, happen 表示“称重”、“测量”、“花费”、“持 续”、“发生”等状态动词或不及物动词。例如： The meeting lasted two hours. 会议持续了两小时。 What happened to him last night? 昨晚他发生了什么事？3. feel, look, sound, smell, taste等系动词。例如： The bamboo chair feels cool. 这竹椅摸起来很凉快。 His theory sounded reasonable. 他的理论听起来有些道理。 4. 表示“需要”的need, want, require等动词以及形容词worth（值得），后面跟动词-ing的主动形式 表达被动意义。例如： The old house wants repairing (or: to be repaired). 那座旧房子需要修了。 This dictionary is well worth buying. 这本字典很值得买。 5. easy, difficult, hard, heavy等用于说明主语性质特征的表语形容词后面，所跟的不定式用主动形式表 达被动意义，该不定式与句子的主语须具备逻辑上的动宾关系。例如： The schoolbag seemed heavy to carry. 这个书包背起来似乎很重。 The water in the river is unfit to drink. 这条河里的水不宜饮用。 6. 不定式作定语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语、间接宾语或说话人时。例如： She has an old grandfather to look after. 她有一位年迈的爷爷需要照顾。 Please give the child a picture-book to read. 请给那孩子一本图画书看。 四．真题再练 1.(2023年全国Ⅱ卷·65) As a little girl, I ___65___ (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up. 2.(2023年全国乙卷·67) Having visited several times over the last 10 years, I ____67____ (amaze) by the co- existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing. 3.(2023年全国乙卷·70) The remarkable development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, _____70_____ (mean) there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years. 4.(2022 年 新 高 考 Ⅰ 卷 ·58) The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that __________________ (be) previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas. 5. (2022年新高考Ⅰ卷·60) The GPNP ________________ (design) to reflect the guiding principle of“protecting the authenticity(原真) and integrity of natural ecosystems…” The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity… 6. (2022年新高考Ⅱ卷·62) Henry ____________ (fix) his car when he heard the screams. 7. (2022年新高考Ⅱ卷·63) He quickly _______ (throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out. 8.(2022年全国甲卷·67) In the last five years, Cao ____________(walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro. 9.(2021年新高考Ⅰ卷·61) What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it ____ (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. 10.(2021年新高考Ⅱ卷·63) Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic, I’d send an email. One of the biggest companies I wrote to _____ (be) Alaska Airlines Paris.11. (2021年全国甲卷·41) It (The Xi’an City Wall) __________(build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复). 12. (2021年全国甲卷·46) We _________ (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky but did the job. 13.(2021·浙江, 语篇填空)It doesn’t impress like George Washington’s plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, _____________(prove) irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public. 14.(2021·全国甲, 语篇填空)It _____________(build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复). 15.(2021·天津 3 月, 单项填空)We _____________(do) quite enough work for the morning; now let’s take a break. 16.(2020·全国Ⅰ, 语篇填空)The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe (探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess _____________(touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin. 17. (2020 年新高考Ⅰ卷·38) In the 18th and 19th centuries, wealthy people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art. They kept their collection at home…The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, _________ (form) the core collection of the British Museum… 18. (2020年新高考Ⅰ卷) The parts of a museum open to the public ___________ (call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museum’s collection ______ (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research. 19. (2020年新高考Ⅱ卷) Because the number of possible topics ______ (be) practically limitless, we focus on a sample of the most interesting and useful applications and tools and explain the basic principles of technology. Readers __________________ (encourage) to continue exploring the digital world with the guidance of our Further Resources section featured in each volume. 20. (2020年全国Ⅰ卷·67&68) “This really excites scientists,” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it ________ (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon _________________ (construct).” 21.(2020 年全国Ⅱ卷·62) This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers _________ (carry) special significance. They represent the earth… 22.(2020 年全国Ⅲ卷·63) The artist was sure he would ____________ (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister, the old man laughed. 23.（2020年全国Ⅲ卷·66) When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and _________ (point) down the river. 24. (2019年全国Ⅰ卷·65) In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut ________________ (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements. 25. (2019 年全国Ⅰ卷·70) Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six _____(be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. 26. (2019年全国Ⅱ卷·64) Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene __________ (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business. Irene said… 27. (2019年全国Ⅱ卷·66) Irene said, “I don’t see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ____________(make) over the years. 28. (2019 年全国Ⅲ卷·65) Our hosts shared many of their experiences and _____________ (recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit. 29. (2019年全国Ⅲ卷·69) When they were free from work, they invited us… They also shared with us… On the last day of our week-long stay, we _____________ (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm… 30. (2018年全国Ⅰ卷·64) While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it ____ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming. 31. (2018年全国Ⅱ卷·61) Since 2011, the country ___________ (grow) more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years. 五．思路点拨 当句中缺少谓语动词时，括号中的动词就是谓语动词。此时要考虑时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等四个 方面。 1.时态 确定时态的四条依据： (1) 依据上下文时态一致。看上下文谓语动词是什么时态(过去、现在、将来)，空格处要填的动词时态一般 应与上下文的时态一致。这是高考语法填空中确定时态的最重要的依据之一。但需注意：客观事实或真理 可能时态不一致；直接引语的时态会与引号外的时态不一致。 (2) 依据并列谓语动词的时态一致。 (3) 依据时间状语。如recently, so far, up to now, up to the present, over/in the past/last few years 常与现在完成 时连用；by the end of, since 1980, for three years常与完成时连用。又如in 2005, the other day(不久前某 一天), a moment ago, last Friday, yesterday等通常与一般过去时连用。 (4) 依据固定句式。请熟读以下句式并体会句中的时态。 This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的一部电影。 This is the second time that I have spoken to a foreigner.这是我第二次同外国人讲话。 It was the second time that I had spoken to a foreigner. 那是我第二次同外国人讲话。 Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 我一上公交车，车就开动了。I had no sooner lain down than the telephone rang.我刚躺下，电话铃就响了。 I was doing my homework when she suddenly walked in.我正在做作业，突然她走了进来。 I was about to do my homework when she suddenly walked in.我正要做作业，突然她走了进来。 I was on the point of going out when the phone rang.我正要出去，电话响了。 2.语态 主语是谓语动词的执行者，即主语与谓语动词在逻辑上是主谓关系，用主动语态；主语是谓语动词 的承受者，即谓语动词与主语在逻辑上是动宾关系，用被动语态。解题中，在判断用被动语态后，还要考 虑时态和主谓一致等。如果是在情态动词后，be就用原形。 3. 语气 是否用虚拟语气，主要由一些特殊的词或句式来决定，详见“考点归纳”。(到目前为止，全国 卷中暂未考查) 4. 主谓一致 一般来说，主语是单数, 谓语动词用单数；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数。 六．考点归纳 谓语动词涉及时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等四个考点。以下重点提醒其中两个。 1.时态 尽管课标或考纲中列出了10种时态, 但近四年全国卷高考真题只考查了一般现在时、现在完成时 和一般过去时三种时态。 尽管如此，以下8种时态的基本用法和构成还是应该掌握的： 时态 构成(以do为例) 时态 构成(以do为例) 注意变化 一般将来时 will do 过去将来 would do will→ would 时 一般现在时 do/does 一般过去时 did do/does→ did 现在进行时 am/is/are doing 过去进行时 was/ were doing am/is/are→ was/ were 现在完成时 have /has done 过去完成 had done have/ has→ had 时 2.语气 尽管到目前为止，全国卷语法填空中尚未考查虚拟语气，但在阅读中会常遇到，在写作中也非常 有用，因此，有必要在此列出来复习一遍。需掌握以下两类八点： 类别 编号 具体情况(熟记于心) 典型例句(熟读背诵) 过去式 1 if引导虚拟条件句 If I were you, I should take my time.如果我是你，我就不着急。 2 with, without, or，but for, oth But for your help, I would have failed in the exam.要不是有你的 erwise等引出的含蓄虚拟条 帮助，我这次考试就过不了关。 件 3 wish后的宾语从句 I wish I had a house in Guangzhou, but I can’t afford one.我多希望 在广州有房，可是我买不起。 4 if only后的句子 If only I were rich.要是我很富有，多好呀！5 would rather后的句子 I’d rather you hadn’t said that. 我真希望你没有那样说过。I woul d rather you went tomorrow.我宁愿你明天去。I’d rather you were happy.我愿你快乐。 6 as if /though后的句子(可能 Mr Li, my English teacher, treats me as if I were his own son.英语 用) 老师李老师像对待他儿子般对待我。 (should 7 一个“坚持(insist)” I insist that she (should) come tomorrow.我坚持要求她明天来。 +动词 （10 二个“命令(order, command He gave orders that the work ( should) be started immediately. 他发 原形) 个 )” 出指示要立即开始工作。 词） 三个“建议(advise, suggest, I recommended that he (should) consult a lawyer.我曾建议他去咨 recommend)” 询律师。 四个“要求(ask, request, req She asked that she (should) be kept informed of development.她要 uire, demand)” 求告知进展情况。 It is necessary/ natural / impor It is necessary that he (should) come to the office. 他有必要到办公 tant/ strange that… 室来。 七．考点练透 用单词的适当形式完成句子 1.Though the main building (destroy), the library still survives as a museum. 2.The first part of the Space Exploration Project (improve) by our group so far. 3.English now (speak) as a foreign or second language in South Asia. 4．Listen! The project (discuss) at the meeting now. 5. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, (develop) and perfected now. 6. We went to the supermarket to do some shopping. only to be told that it （decorate） 7．By the end of 2021, several other metro lines . （complete） 8．Henry (fix) his car when he heard the screams. He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony. He quickly (throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out. 9．He (watch) TV when someone knocked at the door. 10．It’s said that Samuel the first permanent (settle) in present Canada. 11．They (settle) in Shanghai last year. 12．The competition was so close that no one was sure that who (win) the Best Actor award. 13．He (behave) as if/though nothing had happened. 14．My sister, as well as her classmates who （be）late for class, （punish）by Mr. Hunt this morning. 15．She (face) difficulties before, and she knew that her young players could win if they worked together as a team.16．In the past 10 years, frequent natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes (destroy) countless homes. 17．This is the first time that I (visit) Shanghai. 18．It has been fifteen years since we last (meet )each other. 19．This is the most interesting movie we (watch). 20．Some citizens of this area supported the idea of rebuilding the park, but others (argue) that the noise may cause trouble. 21．What (strike) me in the movie Changjinhu most was the soldiers’ strong will and determination. 22．Thanksgiving which Children all over the USA are looking forward to (be) a traditional American holiday. 23．It is the third time you (ask) me such a silly question. 24．I found the lecture hard to follow because it (start) when I arrived. 25．How many of you (come) to the party tonight? 26．The students of our class (visit) the museum now. 27．If I see him, I (give) him your message. 28．It was only after he went abroad he realized the importance of English. 29．They didn’t finish the project on time; I （后悔）that I hadn’t given them a hand. 30．We (move) to the new house the day after tomorrow. 31．About 9,000 African elephants (appear) in the 1990s. They’re in great danger. 32．Lily (leave)tonight. we had better send her off. 33．They will come if he (invite)them. 34．This concert （conduct）by a famous （conduct）from Beijing. 35．He said physical inactivity should (recognise) as a global epidemic. 36．It is said that a new robot (design) by him in a few days. 37．The collection has been built over the last seventeen years. 38．After successfully raising the alarm, Bailey went downstairs to try to get out. But he (catch) in the fire. 39．The old adding machine (replace) with a computer many years ago. 40．WWF hopes that more and more wild animals (protect) in the future. 41．Thousands of holiday-makers remained (stick) abroad due to the earthquake. 42．The workers in the factory demanded that their pay (raise) by 20 percent. 43．It is obvious that babies (attract) to bright colours. 44．All the business letters (answer) by tomorrow. 45．At present, something is (do) to prevent the rain forests from being destroyed. 46．It is the first time that this kind of book (publish) in this world. 48．The earliest gardens in Egypt (create) for rich people to rest in the shade of trees. 49．For some reason, she (impress) with my work and me.50．Drunken persons (prohibit) driving.