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专题 15 阅读理解：词意猜测题
备考 2023 年高考英语二轮复习讲练测--讲练
命题解读
词义猜测题考查的是考生根据上下文推断猜测猜测词语或句子的能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它不
但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。同时，考生应掌握一些
猜词技巧，通过定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义、构词、常识及上下文线索等确定词义。
词句猜测题每套试卷一般为1题，但有一定难度，也是学生容易失分的题型。
考点分类
词义猜测解体技巧一 词语猜测题
常见设问方式
The underlined word “ … ” refers to/ (probably) means .
In paragraph..., “...” can be replaced by “...”.
“…” as used in the passage can best be defined as…
By saying that “...” in the first paragraph, the author means that_____
What does the underlined word “…” refer to in the last paragraph?
Which of the following words can take the place of the word “ … ”?
The underlined word /sentence in the ... paragraph could best be replaced by…
Which of the following has the closest meaning to the word “ … ”?
解题技能
1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。这都是判断该词或短语意
义的主要依据。有时候利用上下文提供的语境和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，从而推断词义，这是近几
年考试重点，这种题型更能检查学生英语综合能力。
典例剖析
(2022年 全国乙卷)
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel
safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year onmaintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’
efforts.
What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. personnel safety.
B. assistance from drones.
C. inspection and repair.
D. construction of infrastructure.
【答案】C
【解析】根据第二句 … sending maintenance staff … to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. 可知
maintenance是“维护，保养”的意思，C项Inspection and repair与句中的inspect and repair对应。因此
答案为C。
2.根据同位关系或列举进行猜测
被裁撤的词后面有时紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜
测。
同位标志词：or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely 等
列举标志词：for example, for instance, such as, like, including
典例剖析
(2021年 新高考I卷)
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier . Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of
those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because
I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are
harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72
hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?
A．provider B．delivery man
C．collector D．medical doctor
【答案】B
【解析】“a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hours tocarry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送
给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择B项。
3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了
一定的构词知识之后，就可以根据词性变化来帮助解题。通常的词形变化有名词动化，动词名化以及形容
词动化。此外，派生词也是帮助猜测词义的有效方法之一。我们常用的反义前缀有：un- , im- , dis- ,
il- 等，反义后缀有：-less， 改变词性后缀的有：-ful, -ly, - ment, -ness等。
典例剖析
1.…Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they’re being stared at. If
people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the
experiments and see for themselves.” …
The underlined word “outcome” in the last paragraph most probably means .
A. value B. result
C. performance D. connection
【答案】B
【解析】运用“构词法”进行猜测。动词词组 come out 的意义为“露出、出现、显露出”。再根据句子
的语境，可猜测出其意义是：(实验的)结果，因此答案为B。
典例剖析
2. “Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that
they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”
【解析】文中interactive是由前缀inter(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以
判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。
4.根据因果关系进行猜测
在阅读文章猜测词义时，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
表原因：because, because of, for, since, as a result of
表结果：so, therefore, so that, so/such … that … , lead to, result in, contribute to典例剖析
If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft
serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit
and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A．A dessert. B．A drink.
C．A container. D．A machine.
【答案】D
【解析】第一句含有一个if引导的条件状语从句，若满足该条件，则产生的结果是第一句的后半句和第二句，
“you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a ‘softserve’ creamy dessert, to be
eaten right away.” 即“将冰冻香蕉和其他莓类、水果片放进去，出来的是奶油状甜品”。由此因果关系可推知
juicer指的是榨汁机。故选择D项。
5.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词it, that, he, him，they或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有
时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事
物。
1.明确代词所指代内容的位置
2.代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句话的前面一句中，或者前几个句子中。
3.用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。
典例剖析
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music
has failed to connect with younger generations.
It's Jason Moran's job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen
the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
…
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Jazz becoming more accessible.
B．The production of jazz growing faster.
C．Jazz being less popular with the young.D．The jazz audience becoming larger.
【答案】C
【解析】根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz audience
continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的内容，即爵士乐
听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选C。
6. 根据逻辑关系进行猜测
常见的逻辑关系有转折对比关系，比较并列关系，因果关系，下面逐一分析。
1.转折对比关系：根据画线词的反义词猜测词义
转折词：but, however, otherwise, though
对比词：unlike, in contrast, while, on the other hand, rather than, instead of
典例剖析
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental
United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had
practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of
Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. tested B. separated.
C. forced out. D. tracked down.
【答案】C
【解析】画线词的前一分句说“曾经灰狼在黄石地区和大部分美洲大陆上随处可见”，由 but话锋一转，
“但是由于人类的发展，它们渐渐地_____”。渐渐地怎么了？由后句可知“到 20世纪20年代灰狼在黄
石地区几乎消失了，它们去了人口稀少的加拿大森林了”，可见灰狼是因人类的发展而“被迫离开(forced
out)”美国大陆去了更远的北方加拿大，故选C项。
典例剖析
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were
alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious
natural resources wisely.
Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades
to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水禽 ) were killed at thehands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands
were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A. acquire. B. export.
C. destroy. D. distribute.
【答案】C
【解析】根据前一句“Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.”可
知，北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句与上一句
形成了转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者
破坏了这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A. acquire获得；B. export出口；C. destroy破坏；D.
distribute分配。故选C。
2.比较并列关系：根据画线词的近义词猜测词义
标志词：similarly, like, or, just as, and also, as well as, the same as, as…as, and等
典例剖析
“The Yongle Emperor improved the porcelain techniques and elevated the importance of porcelain
from being an ordinary bowl into a true work of art. This small bowl has both practical and artistic
value, ” McAteer said.
What does the underlined word “elevated” in Paragraph 6 probably mean?
A．foresaw. B．promoted.
C．assessed. D．acknowledged.
【答案】B
【解析】根据第六段第一句中的“The Yongle Emperor improved the porcelain techniques”（永乐皇帝
改进了制瓷技术）和下文的“from being an ordinary bowl into a true work of art.（从普通的碗变成真
正的艺术品。）。当然利用关键词“and””可知，elevate 和improve意思一致，此处是指提高了瓷器的
重要性，所以elevated意为“提高”。故选B。
二 真题练一练
1.（2022新高考 I 卷）
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been
given financial support to roll it out countrywide.Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents
really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the
project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really
help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
2.（2022年全国甲卷）
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a
professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her
sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting
work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on
ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland.
“I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to
do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
3. （2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷）
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It
would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and
use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine
whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-
free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed
for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people
are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
4.（2022年高考真题北京卷）As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the
public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement
might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through
stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests,
perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back
to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
33.What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A.Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant.
5.（2022年浙江卷6月）
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many
workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues
who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that
value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says
Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to
lift mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch
effort.
8．The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______.
A．is good at handling pressure B．works hard to become successful
C．a has a natural talent for his job. D．gets on well with his co-workers
6.（2021年新高考1卷）
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with
an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans have taken care of these precious natural resourses wisely.
Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of
these resources. Millions of waterfowl（水禽）were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of
overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing
populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（栖息地）.
2.What does the underlined word "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?
A.Acquire. B.Export. C.Destroy. D.Distribute.7.（2021年全国乙卷）
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only
on their smartphones, according to a survey（调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a
third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they
never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
2．What does the underlined word "concede" in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Admit. B.Argue. C.Remember. D.Remark.
8.（2021年6浙江卷）
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to
counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three,
were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without
getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself
"marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to
young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network a group of
organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2
A．records B．predicts
C．delays D．confirms
1.【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
【答案】C
【解析】根据 “Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the
project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking
forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”可知，WendyWilson是着手这项工程的
人之一，也是做这个项目的创始人之一，因此可知，画线处 embarkon意为“开始着手做某事”，与 C项
“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C项。
2.【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Bazlinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望探险，
不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。
【答案】A【解析】根据 “After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the
world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile.”可知，此处是指做有挑战性的事情，所
以 take the plunge 意为“尝试有挑战性的事情”。B 选项表示获得一个学位；容易受到 After taking a
degree at Chichester University in Related Arts 这句话的干扰。C.选项表示找回失去的记忆；D选项表示坚
守承诺。C和D选项是无中生有。故选A。
3.【导语】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的
一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
【答案】A
【解析】根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior.”可知，something
是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going
to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当 Textalyzer法案
成为法律。受到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故 something指代的是法律。
故选D。
4.【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里
斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。
【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to
hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（
但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解
的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，
所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C.
Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。
5.【答案】B
【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal
get dirty looks from the corner office.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目
光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努
力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划
线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
6.【答案】C
【解析】词义猜测题。根据题干信息first paragraph定位到第一段：Unfortunately, it took the explorers and thesettlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. 根据 Unfortunately（不幸地
是）可知，此处与前文 "taken care of" 形成对比，故此处应表示 "损害、毁坏" 。原文译为：不幸地是，这
些探险者和定居者只花了几十年的时间就毁掉了这些资源的很大一部分。故选C。
7.【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。根据题干信息concede，定位到第三段Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone
at home… Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really necessary…。分析可知，
虽然55%的人的家中都还有座机，但他们中的三分之一的人认为座机其实并不十分必要。由此我们可以推测，
这些人在说it's not necessary的时候是在承认这件事。故选A。
8.【导语】这是一篇说明文。文中主要说明了电影制片人David Bond通过制作纪录片的形式来让孩子们走进大
自然的做法。
【答案】A
【详解】词义猜测题。根据第二段划线词前面的句子“He documented his journey as he set about treating nature a
brand to be marketed to young people(他记录了自己的旅程，他开始将自然作为一个品牌向年轻人推销)”可知，
其中的“documented”意为“记录”。因此，结合划线词后面的“the birth of the Wild Network ”可知，他的纪录
片记录了一个组织的诞生，由此可知，“charts”意为“记录”，故选A。
