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第 05 讲 阅读理解应用文
目录
01 考情透视·目标导航····························································································································1
02 知识导图·思维引航····························································································································2
03 考点突破·考法探究····························································································································2
考点一 题型破解······································································································································2
知识点1 文体特点·······················································································································3
知识点2 选材规律·······················································································································3
知识点3 高分技巧·······················································································································3
考点二 细节理解题 ································································································································4
考点三 推理判断题 ································································································································6
04真题练习·命题洞现
1.真题实战······································································································································7
2.命题演练····································································································································10
近三年阅读理解应用文考点细目
年份 卷别 主题语境 话题分类
新高考I卷 人与自然 保护生态栖息地恢复小组细节
新高考II卷 人与自然 参加卡洛秋季徒步节种方案
2024 全国甲卷 人与社会 艺术节艺术展览和艺术制作活动
浙江卷1月 人与社会 音乐剧《汤姆·索亚：河上历险记》
北京卷 人与社会 语言交流项目的相关信息
新高考I卷 人与社会 自行车租赁和雇佣导游的细节
2023 新高考II卷 人与自然 黄石国家公园提供的几项护林员项目
全国甲卷 人与社会 曼谷美食之旅的建议
全国乙卷 人与社会 四位从医人员的生平与事迹
浙江卷1月 人与社会 探险家营地的相关信息
北京卷 人与社会 成为国际奥委会青年领袖的项目以及要求
新高考I卷 人与社会 文学概论课程评分办法
新高考II卷 人与社会 关于儿童博物馆团体游的相关信息
2022
全国甲卷 人与社会 Cardiff当地的一些剧院和娱乐场所
全国乙卷 人与社会 画家亨利·雷伯恩爵士的展览
北京卷 人与自我 同伴辅助学习课程(PASS)
天津卷 人与自我 大学生活做更好准备的四个技巧
复习 1. 掌握应用文的文体特点及命题分布点。
目标 2. 掌握应用文解题的重要技巧。
3. 熟悉应用文的易错原因并在训练中强化避免。考点一 题型破解
知识点1 文体特点
应用文不同于其他文体的文章，其目的是为了向读者传输信息，措辞简洁明了，直截了当。内容贴近日常生活，它
包括：广告、通知、便条、课程选择、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍、新闻报道等，形式多样，题材各异，如图
示、表格等。
命题分布：高考中应用文一般是A篇出现，题目数量稳定，通常3题，以细节理解题为主，推理判断题和文章出处及写
作目的题为辅。
难度分析：主要考察考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查，
题目设置相对较容易。知识点2 选材规律
选材特点 信息量大，文句精炼，形式灵活，用最少的篇幅表达最大量的信息。
生活化，实用化，多样化，如产品宣传、服务介绍、通知、海报、启示、招生招聘
内容特点
等。
形式特点 标题醒目，重点突出，条理清晰，常用粗体字或各类项目符号使文章结构更鲜明。
语言特点 人名、地名、专有名词多；生词多；缩略词、祈使句、省略句多；结构不完整。
知识点3 高分技巧
应用文类型阅读文章多以细节事实理解为主，答案的寻找可以根据问题中的关键字顺藤摸瓜，辅助以适当的推理判断。
一 先题后文：
先读题目，明确考点。带着问题快速定位文中的关键信息。
二 精度题干：
1. 根据题干提供的信息，采用寻读、跳读的方法解答细节理解题。细节题题干都是相应原文的变形(如同义改写、词
性转换等)，因此要找到答案一定要找到题干在原文中的出处，再把原文和选项相比较。做题时，根据所提问题用寻
读、跳读的方法可达到事半功倍的效果。
2. 解答推理判断时，要以阅读材料所提供的事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的常识。
3. 在阅读时也要特别注意文中以粗体、大写、下划线等方式加以提示的文字，因为这很有可能是文章的核心或某一部
分内容的概括。
三 生词策略
遇到文中生词，如果不影响答题，直接跳过。如果涉及题目信息，则根据构词法，近义词、反义词、释义、同义替
换等方法结合上下文语境进行猜词。
四 核对选项：
1. 涉及文章出处和写作意图题时，要理解文章的主旨大意。一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心展开的,所以只有通过阅
读 掌握该短文的主旨大意,才能正确理解短文,进而根据短文的事实、细节推断作者的观点和写作意图。通过寻找
短文的主题句，而主题句通常在段首(最常见)、段中、段尾，段道和段尾或隐含在段落中。解答主旨大意题时采用
快速浏览法,即可找到主题句或主题线索。
2. 把一眼就能看出的干扰项排除，缩小选择范围，然后将剩余选项依据原文辨别真伪。
知识点4 易错点拨
一 忽视小标题。
一些同学忽略小标题，只关注文章的正文。其实各类标题更能帮我们把握整篇文章的大意，体现文体特点，有利于
帮助我们判断文章来源出处等。
二 忽视首尾段。
应用文的首段和尾段常常涉及文章的写作意图题和文章大意题。有时首段和尾段涉及文字并不多，容易被考生忽略。
三 阅读文章时逐字逐句，力争读懂每一句话。
根据应用文的文体特点和语言特点，解题时用查读法更有效。
四 慢更准确。
如果阅读拖时间太长，后面写作时间不够，严重影响写作质量。考点二 细节理解题
技巧一：划关键词：特殊疑问词、人名、地名、时间、数字等题干关键词。
技巧二：定位原文。迅速在原文找出相关句子或段落，一般不跨段。
技巧三：对对细节对文对现对选对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对。
典例1.（2024浙江1月卷）
Tom Sawyer Play Is an Adventure
A 35-minute hand-clapping, foot-stomping musical version of a Mark Twain favorite returns with this Tall Stacks festival.
“Tom Sawyer: A River Adventure” has all the good stuff, including the fence painting, the graveyard, the island and the cave.
It is adapted by Joe McDonough, with music by David Kisor. That’s the local stage writing team that creates many of the
Children’s Theatre of Cincinnati’s original musicals, along with the holiday family musicals at Ensemble Theatre.
......
21. Who wrote the music for “Tom Sawyer: A River Adventure”?
A. David Kisor. B. Joe McDonough. C. Nathan Turner. D. Robbie McMath.
思维建模：题干关键词即可迅速定位原文，故采用先题后文法。
典例2.（2024·湖南衡阳·模拟预测）
With the tallest mountains in the United Kingdom and home to the legendary Loch Ness, the Scottish Highlands have good
reason to make someone’s travel bucket list.
The best way to see the Scottish Highlands is by train, where you can take in the rolling hills and mystical lochs (湖) from the
comfort of your seat. Here are the most popular routes to exploring the Scottish Highlands by train:
Loch Ness: 3 hours, 18 minutes by train
For those seeking out the legendary Loch Ness monster, Inverness is the closest train station to the famous loch. From the station,
travelers can take a bus or taxi to Fort Augustus and board a boat tour to try to spot the creature. As Scotland’s second-largest loch,
Loch Ness is a great place to fish or kayak.
Fort William and Mallaig: over 5 hours by train
Although a long train ride, the trip from Edinburgh to Mallaig, a charming fishing village, is worth it. This route offers some of the
best scenery in the world. Travelers can board the 19th-century-inspired Jacobite Steam Train and wind past charming villages, the
Morar River and beaches.
Ben Nevis: over 5 hours by train
Ben Nevis is an ancient volcano that exploded and collapsed on itself to become the tallest mountain in the British Isles.
Travelers can take the train to Fort William, a town offering castles, and rugged coastlines along the West Highlands Peninsula.
The town is also known as the “Outdoor Capital” of Scotland, so thrill-seekers can go skiing and hiking to their heart’s desire.1．What can travelers do at Loch Ness?
A．Explore the area on foot.
B．Discover hidden villages.
C．Take a kayaking adventure.
D．Take a guided tour of castles.
2．What makes the route to Mallaig special?
A．It allows visitors to hike.
B．Its duration is relatively short.
C．It has a mysterious creature in the village.
D．It offers some of the world’s best scenery.
名师提醒：第一步：根据细节理解题的解题步骤迅速定位准确关键词如1.地点名词Loch Ness，2.Mallaig。第二步：定
位原文关键词处即可进行第三步对比细节。
变式训练（2024·浙江·模拟预测） Lonely Planet’s top places to go in 2024
Get your wishlist fired up! Lonely Planet just revealed its top travel destinations for the year ahead. The Best in Travel 2024
list is expanded across several categories.
Top country destination
The No.1 country is Mongolia, chosen for its wide-open spaces, adventure activities, and distinctive musical culture. This is
the world’s most sparsely (稀少地) populated country and the Mongolian government is ready to start filling it up a little. This
year it declared 2023 through 2025 the “Years to Visit Mongolia”.
Top city destination
The top city Nairobi, the Kenyan capital, is known for its unique rhythms, locally inspired restaurants, and its art venues.
The Nairobi National Park, just a short drive out of the city’s central business district, is a place where you can see more than 400
species wandering on the open grass plains while skyscrapers (摩天大楼) twinkle on the skyline.
......
What can people do in Nairobi?
A．Try different adventure activities. B．Visit Michelin-starred restaurants.
C．Watch animals walking on grass plains. D．Appreciate distinctive musical culture.
考点三 推理判断题
特点：推理判断题的正确选项往往不是文章直接或明确说明的内容，而是间接表达出来的。除了符合文章主旨外，还符
合逻辑，让考生有推敲的余地，但不可过度推理。
选项：推理判断题的干扰向具有很强的迷惑性。牢记其特征：以偏概全、偷梁换柱、张冠李戴、断章取义、曲解文意、
无中生有等。
典例1.（2024·浙江金华·二模） Dear readers,“Persist.” — Viet Thanh Nguyen
“Success is no accident.” — Chris Bohjalian
“Keep writing and it’ll get easier.” — Lisa Jewell
“Be patient with yourself.” — Min Jin Lee
These are words of advice taken from our interviews with award-winning and bestselling authors. Notice, though, not a
single mention of their status, prizes, or advances—in other words, their success. And while status, literary awards, and money can
be indicators of a successful writer, one must actually sit down and write for any of those things to happen. That’s what all of these
pieces of advice have in common: putting words on the page.
......
The advice mentioned at the beginning highlights the importance of ______.
A．a big dream B．constant practice C．earning money D．achieving success
典例2.（2021年全国甲卷）
A Take a view, the Landscape（风景）Photographer of the Year Award, was the idea of Charlie Waite, one of today's most
respected landscape photographers. Each year, the high standard of entries has shown that the Awards are the perfect platform to
showcase the very best photography of the British landscape. Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers
from all comers of the UK and beyond
.......
3. Where can the text be found?
A. In a history book. B. In a novel. C. In an art magazine. D. In a biography.
变式训练（2024·浙江·模拟预测）
Eastman’s student body includes approximately 25% international students, who come from 30 different countries and
regions including China, S. Korea, Hong Kong, Canada and from Europe and South America. International applicants are
considered for admission and scholarship on the same basis as U. S. citizens.
......
What message does Eastman mainly want to convey in the opening paragraph?
A．It hopes to be a more multicultural school.
B．It is particularly friendly to Asian students.
C．It offers scholarship to international students generously.
D．It holds a welcome attitude toward international students.
一、 真题实战
1.（2024新课标I卷）
HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM
Help restore and protect Marin’s natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge. We’ll explore beautiful park siteswhile conducting invasive (侵入的) plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play
a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.
GROUPS
Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance. Please review the List of Available
Projects and fill out the Group Project Request Form.
AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING
Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.
Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form. Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval
section signed.
We’ll be working rain or shine. Wear clothes that can get dirty. Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.
Bring a personal water bottle, sunscreen, and lunch.
No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided. Fulfills (满足) community service requirements.
UPCOMING EVENTS
Time Meeting Location
Sunday, Jan. 15 10:00am-1:00pm Battery Alexander Trailhead
Sunday, Jan. 22 10:00am-2:30pm Stinson Beach Parking Lot
Sunday, Jan. 29 9:30am-2:30pm Coyote Ridge Trailhead
21. What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team?
A. To discover mineral resources. B. To develop new wildlife parks.
C. To protect the local ecosystem. D. To conduct biological research.
22. What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team?
A. 5. B. 10. C. 15. D. 18.
23. What are the volunteers expected to do?
A. Bring their own tools. B. Work even in bad weather.
C. Wear a team uniform. D. Do at least three projects.
2.（2024新课标II卷）
Choice of Walks for Beginner and Experienced Walkers
The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a great opportunity for the beginner, experienced or advanced walker to enjoy the
challenges of Carlow’s mountain hikes or the peace of its woodland walks.
Walk 1 — The Natural World
With environmentalist Éanna Lamhna as the guide, this walk promises to be an informative tour. Walkers are sure to learn
lots about the habitats and natural world of the Blackstairs.
Date and Time: Saturday, 1st October, at 09:00
Start Point: Scratoes Bridge
Walk Duration: 6 hours
Walk 2 — Introduction to Hillwalking
Emmanuel Chappard, an experienced guide, has a passion for making the great outdoors accessible to all. This mountain
walk provides an insight into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure you get the most from future walking trips.
Date and Time: Sunday, 2nd October, at 09:00
Start Point: Deerpark Car ParkWalk Duration: 5 hours
Walk 3 — Moonlight Under the Stars
Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone. Breathtaking views of the lowlands of Carlow can be
enjoyed in the presence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs. A torch (手电筒) along with suitable clothing is essential
for walking in the dark. Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate.
Date and Time: Saturday, 1st October, at 18:30
Start Point: The Town Hall
Walk Duration: 3 hours
Walk 4 — Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest
This informative walk led by Richard Smyth introduces you to the basic principles of photography in the wild. Bring along
your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest path.
Date and Time: Sunday, 2nd October, at 11:45
Start Point: Kilbrannish Forest Recreation Area
Walk Duration: 1.5 hours
21. Which walk takes the shortest time?
A. The Natural World. B. Introduction to Hillwalking.
C. Moonlight Under the Stars. D. Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest.
22. What are participants in Walk 3 required to do?
A. Wear proper clothes. B. Join a walking club.
C. Get special permits. D. Bring a survival guide.
23. What do the four walks have in common?
A. They involve difficult climbing.B. They are for experienced walkers.
C. They share the same start point.D. They are scheduled for the weekend.
3.（2020新课标卷）
POETRY CHALLENGE
Write a poem about how courage, determination, and strength have helped you face challenges in your life.
Prizes
3 Grand Prizes:Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice.
Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of
National Geographic World.
6 First Prizes:The book Sky Pioneer:A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda
Finch.
50 Honorable Mentions:Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory
of Earhart’s final flight.
Rules
Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification.
■Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. Your poem can be any format, any number of lines.
■Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper. You may use both the front and back of the paper.
■On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name, address, telephone number, and birth date.
■Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year.
21. How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip?A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Six.
22. What will each of the honorable mention winners get?
A. A plane ticket.
B. A book by Corinne Szabo.
C. A special T-shirt.
D. A photo of Amelia Earhart.
23. Which of the following will result in disqualification?
A. Typing your poem out.
B. Writing a poem of 120 words.
C. Using both sides of the paper.
D. Mailing your entry on October 30.
二、 命题演练
1.（24-25高三·湖南·开学考试）
A Selection of Museums and Attractions in Washington DC
The Tidal Basin
The basin, part of the West Potomac Park, is surrounded by a path that’s perfect for walking, running or cycling. The
memorials to Thomas Jefferson and Martin Luther King Junior are two highlights surrounding the lake. It is the location most
associated with Washington’s Cherry Blossom (樱花) Festival that takes place each spring.
National Museum of African American History and Culture
The museum opened in late 2016 after more than a decade of planning. It is dedicated to African American history and
culture and is organized like a vertical timeline, starting with the Atlantic slave trade on the 1400s and moving up to the 21st
century. Higher up are exhibitions on African American music, theatre and art. It’s a powerful experience and also very popular:
you’ll have to apply for a timed ticket to enter.
The Newseum
Further along Pennsylvania Avenue is the Newseum, loved for the 800 newspaper front pages from around the world that
are hung outside every morning. Inside, there are moving exhibits showing how important historical events have been reported,
such as the September 11 attacks. Alongside newspaper pages from the day after the attacks, there’s a video exhibit highlighting
the work of journalists reporting on the Twin Towers falling. A must if you’re interested in journalism.
National Gallery of Art
The art gallery is an impressive space: two buildings, linked underground, and a sculpture garden next door. Inside the
light-filed East Building there’s modern art, including a roomful of Jackson Pollock’s murals (壁), Andy Warhol’s Green Marilyn
and Roy Lichtenstein’s Look Mickey.
The classical West Building tends to house older artwork: the European impressonists and Italian Renaissance art (from
artists including Da Vinci and Raphael) are two highlights.
1．Which of the following requires reserving a ticket in advance?
A．The Newseum.
B．The Tidal Basin.
C．National Gallery of Art.
D．National Museum of African American History and Culture2．What can visitors do at the Newseum?
A．Learn about the stories about news.
B．Learn how to report important events.
C．Talk with journalists about the 9/11 attacks.
D．Read 800 recently published newspapers.
3．Why is Green Marilyn exhibited in the East Building?
A．It’s a painting of modern art.
B．It is a painting of traditional art.
C．It is a painting by a famous artist.
D．It is a priceless painting of the gallery.
2.（2024·浙江金华·三模）Grant Village and West Thumb
Yellowstone National Park offers a range of engaging activities for families, nature lovers, and wildlife enthusiasts alike.
From exploring the Grant Village and West Thumb regions to participating in interactive programs, visitors can immerse
themselves in the park’s natural wonders and learn about its diverse wildlife and geological features.
Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone (May 26 to September 2).
Whether you’re hiking a backcountry trail, camping, or just enjoying the park’s amazing wildlife from the road, this quick
workshop is for you and your family. Learn where to look for animals and how to safely enjoy your wildlife watching experience.
Meet on the back porch of the Grant Visitor Center.
West Thumb Geyser Basin Walk (June 9 to September 2)
Take a guided walk along the beautiful shores of Yellowstone Lake while exploring the origins of glittering geysers,
belching mud pots, and emerald hot spring s in West Thumb’s dynamic geyser basin. Meet at the West Thumb Visitor Information
Station. Round-trip distance is 1/2 mile. Easy.
Junior Ranger Discovery Program (June 16 to September 2)
Investigate and discover the many curiosities of Yellowstone during this interactive program geared towards kids 4-13 years
and up. Meet at the Grant Village Pavilion, located behind the visitor center along the edge of the lake.
Grant Village Evening Program (June 23 to September 2).
Learn more about Yellowstone’s natural and cultural history in this presentation highlighting one of Yellowstone’s wonders.
Inquire locally and on bulletin boards for program descriptions. Meet at the Grant Visitor Center Amphitheater. Dress warmly and
bring a flashlight.
4．Which program is suitable for a family to learn about safely watching wildlife in Yellowstone?
A．Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone. B．Grant Village Evening Program.
C．West Thumb Geyser Basin Walk. D．Junior Ranger Discovery Program.
5．Which program lasts for the shortest time?
A．Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone. B．Grant Village Evening Program.
C．West Thumb Geyser Basin Walk. D．Junior Ranger Discovery Program.
6．What should you do if you are interested in the origin of geysers and mud pots?
A．attend the Grant Village Evening Program.
B．join the Junior Ranger Discovery Program.
C．take a guided walk along Yellowstone Lake.D．meet at the Grant Visitor Center Amphitheater.
3.（2024·浙江·模拟预测）Already a volunteer? Log in.
The Huntington, a collections-based research and educational institution, is committed to creating and maintaining a diverse
and inclusive environment for volunteers.
Benefits
Our program offers a wide range of activities for participants as young as 14, from gardening to assisting guests with
wayfinding, to engaging with visitors about the collections in Huntington. We offer training, enrichment, and community-building
opportunities to our volunteers throughout the year, in addition to discounts, service awards, and an annual recognition event.
*Join a devoted community — ages 14 to 80+
*Discounts, early entrance, and invitations to special events
Requirements
You don’t need an art degree, green thumb, or a background in history. Adult volunteers are asked to commit to a minimum
of 8 hours of volunteer service per month. Some assignments allow for flexible self-scheduling, while others, like gardening, ask
for a weekly 3-hour shift.
Teen volunteers are asked to commit to a weekly 2-hour assignment for a 4-month term with the potential to participate in
additional terms.
Applications
Application opens for two months every August, December and April. Adults can apply after April 1,2024. Our teen
program runs year-round with terms beginning in February, June, and September.
After submitting your application, you will be contacted by email within 4-6 weeks and directed to sign up to attend an
information session or interview depending on your areas of expressed interest.
Volunteers are accepted based on their potential for personal growth, positive impact, and availability.
If you have questions about your application, or available assignments, please contact the volunteer office,
volunteer@huntington.orgorcall 626-405-3429.
7．What can a volunteer in Huntington do?
A．Build community spirit. B．Organize recognition events.
C．Introduce the collections. D．Design service awards.
8．How long does an adult volunteer need to serve for a four-month term?
A．8 hours. B．12 hours.
C．24 hours. D．32 hours.
9．Who is more likely to be accepted as a volunteer in Huntington?
A．A kid with wide interests. B．A teenager with beneficial influence.
C．An adult with rich experience. D．An elder with early submission.
