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第 13 讲 完形填空说明文
目录
01 考情透视·目标导航····························································································································1
02 知识导图·思维引航····························································································································2
03 考点突破·考法探究····························································································································2
考点一 题型破解······································································································································2
知识点1 题型特点·······················································································································3
知识点2 解题要点·······················································································································3
知识点3 高分技巧·······················································································································3
考点二 解题策略 ································································································································4
知识点1 利用首句查明说明对象······························································································4
知识点2 利用逻辑关系之让步关系··························································································4
知识点3 利用逻辑关系之因果关系··························································································5
知识点4 利用逻辑关系之平行关系··························································································5
知识点5 利用逻辑关系之转折关系··························································································5
知识点6 利用词语（搭配）辨析······························································································5
知识点7 利用说明文的结构模式······························································································6
04真题练习·命题洞现
1.真题实战 ····································································································································6
2.命题演练 ····································································································································8
近四年完形填空考点细目
卷别 体裁 题材 词数 动词 名词 形容词 副词 介词
2024新课标I卷 记叙文 凡是要有自己主见 234 8 5 1 1
2024新课标II卷 记叙文 友善行为美食力量 227 9 5 1
2024全国甲卷 记叙文 厨房里的祖母聊天 276 7 8 3 1 1
2023新课标I卷 记叙文 越野赛的善行义举 225 7 7 1
2023新课标II卷 记叙文 帮狗狗与主人团聚 209 7 3 4 1
2023全国甲卷 记叙文 学会不要以貌取物 249 9 4 6 1
2023全国乙卷 记叙文 体操奥运冠军故事 244 12 3 4 1
2022新课标I卷 记叙文 家庭野营趣味经历 218 5 5 3 1 1
2022新课标II卷 记叙文 环球旅行免费住宿 209 5 6 4
2022全国甲卷 记叙文 因狗结缘爱情故事 277 8 7 1 3
2022全国乙卷 说明文 孩子捉迷藏的研究 261 7 7 4 2
2021新课标I卷 记叙文 暑期短暂打工体验 230 9 4 2
2021新课标II卷 记叙文 中国警察无畏事迹 192 7 7 1
2021全国甲卷 记叙文 致歉酒店终获原谅 242 10 5 4 1
2021全国乙卷 夹叙夹议 女患巧妙感谢医护 261 10 7 1 2考点一 题型破解
知识点1 完形填空题型特点
近年高考卷完形填空文章长度250词左右，选材来自英美国家的主流书刊或正规网站，题材多样化，遵循“文章内
容生活化”原则，体现正确的人生观、价值观，传递正能量。主题语境包含人与社会、人与自我、人与自然，体裁以记叙文为主，说明文和夹叙夹议文为辅。文章要求考生在正
确理解语篇主旨大意的同时，注重揣摩不同词语、句子及篇章结构之间的联系。
考查以语篇内容理解为主，注重对文章语境的理解和把握。从表面看考学生的词汇知识，实际上是以文章为裁体，
全面考察学生对文章的总体把握和全面理解，同时还考察学生的逻辑分析，推理等思维能力。
命题原则：高考完形填空把考查上下文 语境放在第一位 ， 词汇运用放在第二位。全文第一句不设空，设空间距为 10-15
词，每小题所给的四个选项大多属于同一种词类或同一范畴。新高考设空15个，全国甲、乙卷设空20个，设空平均间
距为10个词左右。首句不设空。4．选项以考查实词为主，如名词、动词、形容词等；虚词为辅，如介词、连词等。
高频命题点：高考完形填空遵循“以实词为主、虚词为辅、突出词汇语境化”的命题原则，。语言简单，长句不多，没
有生僻字。对动词、名词和形容词的考查最多，对一词多义、熟词生义进行适当行适当考查。
选项规律：2024年新高考I卷： 3A；4B；4C；4D； 2024年新高考II卷： 4A；4B；4C；3D
2023年新高考I&II卷：4A；4B；3C；4D； 2022年新高考I&II卷：4A；3B；4C；4D
2021年新高考I&II卷：4A；4B；4D；3C； 2021年新高考I&II卷：4A；4B；4C；3D
知识点2 说明文类完形填空解题要点
解题步骤 内容解读
通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。
1.明确说明对象，
在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的关系，加深对说
理清段落关系。
明对象的理解。
在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行解说。把握了说明顺序
就能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、
2.弄清说明顺序，
空间顺序、逻辑顺序(如因果关系、果因关系、先主后次等)和认识顺序(如由此及
把握作者态度。
彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由现象到本质等)。另外，在理清作者思路的基础
上，还要注意反映作者态度的关键词或关键句，把握作者的写作情感和意图。
3.运用高分技巧 按照命题分布规律和高分技巧正确解题并代入验证。
知识点3 高分技巧
一 利用首句，明确说明对象
说明文一般有三类；一是实体事例说明文，包括说明书、广告、解说词、人物介绍等；二是事理说明文，包括理论
性解释、文书简介、学术流派等；三是文艺性说明文，即说明对象拟人化。掌握说明对象，可以从整体上把握主旨大意 。
二 把握说明文的结构模式
1. 总分式：包括总-分；分-总；总-分-总等具体形式。
2. 递进式：事理说明文多用递进式结构，一层一层地剖析事理。具体包括：空间顺序-从上到下、从外到内、从左
到右、从远到近、从中间到四周、从整体到部分；时间顺序-事情都有发生、发展、消亡的过程；逻辑顺序-剖析事理时
就按照其逻辑关系进行安排，或从原因到结果、从主到次、递进或对比等严密的条理性。掌握结构模式，可以对文章的
逻辑有更好的把握。
三 逐句精读文章，熟悉逻辑衔接次。逻辑关系 例词
but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately, although, even though, nevertheless, in spite of,
让步和转折 regardless of, anyhow, instead of, rather than, not…but等。
because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…that, such…that, in order that, consequently,
因果关系 accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that,
now that, as a result, for this reason等。
并列关系 and, or, neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to
say, as well as, the same…as等。
递进关系 then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what’s worse, even worse等。
总分关系 such as, for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically等。
考点二 解题策略
1. 利用首句查明说明对象。
2. 利用逻辑关系之让步关系。
典例1.（2024·北京西城·二模）You may have heard of the famous workplace communication software, Slack. Many companies
use Slack to virtually communicate across teams. What most people don’t know is that Slack, despite its 46 , was never
meant to exist.
46．A．problem B．history C．success D．limitation
名师提醒：根据首句可知说明对象为实体对象说明文。进而把握主旨，空格处前despite可判断其与文中的逻辑关系为
转折。
3. 利用逻辑关系之因果关系。
.
典例2
（2024·河南·三模）Emily was once invited to a party. Not knowing anyone except the host, she was anxious. She eventually
called the host, saying she had to 32 their appointment as she wasn’t feeling well.
32．A．arrange B．confirm C．announce D．cancel
思维建模：首句判断事理说明人的情绪状态。设空处后as表示“因为”，即逻辑关系为因果。根据上下句即可推知。4. 利用逻辑关系之平行关系。
典例3.
（23-24高三·上海闵行·阶段练习）GuiltyPleasures? No Such Thing
We know them when we see them: The TV shows and movies we love, even though we just know they’re bad.
Yes, these are our guilty pleasures — what some people consider the 17 food in our media diets.
17．A．junk B．sugary C．spiritual D．transformative
5. 利用逻辑关系之转折关系。
典例4.
（2024·北京西城二模）You may have heard of the famous workplace communication software, Slack. Many companies use
Slack to virtually communicate across teams. What most people don’t know is that Slack, despite its success , was never
meant to exist. In fact, the company who developed Slack actually had been hoping to create the next popular video game. But
after raising millions of dollars to fund the game development, the company ultimately 47 the project because the game
failed to attract enough users.
47．A．took down B．shut down C．cut down D．passed down
6. 利用词语（搭配）辨析。
典例5.
（2024·江苏盐城·三模）Tucked away in Tongxiang city, Zhejiang province, the captivating water town of Puyuan is 1
in history and elegance.
1．A．shrouded B．soaked C．steeped D．submerged
典例6.
（2024·河南·三模）If you 34 with social anxiety too, you may have experienced such things:
34．A．struggle B．assist C．deal D．engage
7. 利用说明文的结构模式之递进式说明。
典例7.
（2024·江苏盐城三模）Recently, this ancient haven has 2 on a remarkable project, merging reality with literature by
vividly reenacting scenes from a renowned classic. From late June to the end of August, Puyuan 3 into a living, breathing
canvas where the book’s antiquated lifestyle is resurrected, beckoning visitors into a realm where time stands still.
2．A．launched B．embarked C．initiated D．started
3．A．transforms B．changes C．evolves D．shifts典例8.（2024·河南·三模）Before going to a party, you can turn to some friends for some effective 40 . At the party
if uneasiness 41 you, you can move away to the bathroom and then 42 what to do next. After the party,
you can 43 yourself for going to the party.
40．A．strategies B．treatment C．communication D．teamwork
41．A．escapes B．seizes C．ignores D．angers
42．A．discuss B．ask C．resolve D．know
43．A．enjoy B．reflect C．reward D．adjust
名师提醒：此处运用递进式说明按照时间的顺序进行说明，结构严谨，逻辑清晰。
educational
一、 真题实战
1.（2022全国乙卷）
Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek. For them, there’s something highly exciting about
41 someone else’s glance and making oneself unable to be seen.
However, we all witness that preschool children are remarkably 42 at hiding. They often cover only their eyes with
their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies 4 3 .
For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was 44 as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我
中心的) creatures. But our 4 5 research results in child developmental psychology 4 6 that idea.
We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. Each 47 sat down with an adult
who covered her own eyes or 48 . We then asked the child if she could 49 or hear the adult. Surprisingly,
children replied that they couldn’t. The same 50 happened when the adult covered her own mouth: 51 children
said that they couldn’t 5 2 to her.
A number of 53 ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked. The results were clear: Our
young subjects 54 the questions and knew 55 what was asked of them. Their 56 to the questions
reflected their true 57 that “I can see you only if you can see me, too.” They simply 58 mutual (相互的)
recognition and regard. Our 59 suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of
egocentrism. In fact, children consider this method 6 0 when others use it.
41. A. following B. taking C. escaping D. directing
42. A. clever B. bad C. scared D. quick
43. A. exposed B. examined C. untouched D. imbalanced
44. A. supported B. guaranteed C. imagined D. interpreted
45. A. disappointing B. mixed C. surprising D. desired
46. A. explained B. confirmed C. contradicted D. tested
47. A. parent B. child C. researcher D. doctor
48. A. feet B. nose C. hands D. ears49. A. see B. help C. reach D. fool
50. A. event B. thing C. action D. accident
51. A. Yet B. Now C. Soon D. Once
52. A. speak B. listen C. turn D. wave
53. A. instructions B. descriptions C. experiments D. assumptions
54. A. comprehended B. predicted C. explored D. ignored
55. A. partly B. honestly C. vaguely D. exactly
56. A. responses B. approaches C. contribution D. sensitivity
57. A. ability B. belief C. identity D. purpose
58. A. hold back B. relate to C. insist on D. make up
59. A. limitations B. requirements C. theories D. findings
60. A. tentative B. impressive C. creative D. effective
2.（2015广东卷）
How long can human beings live? Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is 56 to live no longer
than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live — if he or she is 57 healthy and
lucky. Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years! Yet, our cells simply cannot continue to reproduce 58 . They
wear out, and as a result, we get old and 59 die.
Even though we can’t live forever, we are living a 60 life than ever before. In 1900, the average American life span(寿
命)was only 47 years, but today it is 75 years!
When does old age begin then? Sixty-five may be out-of-date as the 61 line between middle age and old age. After all,
many older people don’t begin to experience physical and mental 62 until after age 75.
People are living longer because more people 63 childhood. Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature, many
children died of common childhood 64 . Now that the chances of dying 65 are much lower, the chances of living long are
much higher due to better diets and health care.
On the whole, our population is getting older. The 66 in our population will have lasting effects on our social
development and our way of life. Some people fear such changes will be for the worse, while some see 67 , not disaster.
Today, many men and women in their "golden years" are healthy, still active, and young in 68 if not in age.
As our society grows old, we need the 69 of our older citizens. With long lives ahead of them, they need to 70
active and be devoted.
56．A．designed B．selected C．improved D．discovered
57．A．completely B．generally C．apparently D．extremely
58．A．rapidly B．harmlessly C．endlessly D．separately
59．A．eventually B．hopelessly C．automatically D．desperately
60．A．busier B．longer C．richer D．happier
61．A．finishing B．guiding C．waiting D．dividing
62．A．stress B．damage C．decline D．failure
63．A．survive B．enjoy C．remember D．value
64．A．problems B．fears C．worries D．diseases
65．A．poor B．young C．sick D．quiet
66．A．changes B．recovery C．safety D．increases67．A．dreams B．chances C．strengths D．choices
68．A．mind B．appearance C．voice D．movement
69．A．protection B．suggestions C．contributions D．permission
70．A．sound B．appear C．turn D．stay
二、 命题演练
1.（23-24高三-·山东滨州·期末）It’s hard to put into words how much of a sense of freedom I get from being outdoors
and in the wilderness. If I’m 1 by buildings for too long, I get a bit anxious. I need to see a field, a river or a mountain
2 in front of me.
Spending time outdoors is a wonderful 3 , I like nothing more than getting to the end of a day spent outdoors and
4 the ache in my legs from a long walk. It helps me sleep and is far more 5 than training in a gym.
There are so many 6 walks to choose from all over the UK. We live on a tiny island, relatively speaking, but the
scenery we have here easily 7 some of the most beautiful in the world. We are extremely 8 : on our doorstep
we have beaches, rivers, hills and mountains.
Thanks to the light and the weather, the same walk can feel very different 9 the time of year you do it. But for
breathtaking views whatever the 10 is, I’d recommend Cow and Calf Rocks on Ilk-ley Moor in West Yorkshire. It’s
quite a challenge climbing them, which is why doing so feels more daring than a normal walk and offers 11 that you
don’t get from following a gentle path. It’s perfect if you want a workout as well as fresh air and gives you the chance to get up
high and 12 a view that changes all year round.
Otley Chevin in West Yorkshire is another 13 climb that offers beautiful views. And like Cow and Calf Rocks,
it is within easy 14 of the nearby town. But being Cambrian, my heart will always belong to the Lake District. I grew
up walking those fells in all weathers and seasons, and I think there is nothing more 15 than a big hill walk that gets
your lungs burning and brings you to a view you’ve never seen before.
1．A．crowded B．surrounded C．impressed D．involved
2．A．disappearing B．revealing C．emerging D．floating
3．A．experience B．expectation C．arrangement D．ambition
4．A．doubting B．curing C．feeling D．removing
5．A．harmful B．beneficial C．graceful D．pitiful
6．A．powerful B．grateful C．confusing D．amazing
7．A．rivals B．highlights C．escapes D．explores
8．A．lucky B．tense C．certain D．tough
9．A．picking up B．depending on C．contrasting with D．getting over
10．A．season B．custom C．emotion D．response
11．A．curiosity B．excitement C．encouragement D．indication
12．A．put on B．give off C．take in D．set up
13．A．challenging B．exhausting C．moving D．annoying
14．A．limit B．center C．reach D．distance
15．A．regular B．remote C．obvious D．special2.（23-24 高三·广东广州·开学考试）It’s common to post on social media to keep a record of the fun things you do.
Although social media has its positive aspects, it can also have some serious 16 results. For example, have you ever
been bored and decided to check social 17 , only to find out that your best friend is at the Great Wall, one of your
classmates is eating delicious noodles at your 18 restaurant, and one of your basketball teammates is visiting the giant
pandas in Sichuan? Oh! You’re really 19 ! At least that’s what you might think.
Have you ever had that feeling that others are experiencing things and enjoying life 20 than you are? Researchers
call that feeling the fear of missing out or FOMO.
FOMO is a real 21 that over 75% of young people experience from time to time. Social media is the cause,
because it’s so easy today to 22 through to see what your friends are doing, eating, buying and talking about. 23
, it would be impossible to enjoy all the same activities we see others take part in on social media. Rather than 24 this
basic truth, though, we often let FOMO lead us to compare our lives to those of others on social media. This 25
leaves us feeling dissatisfied. Why? We know all the aspects of our lives—both good and bad. But all we see on social media are
the 26 moments others share. FOMO makes us check social media more frequently, leading to a negative cycle that
can be hard to 27 . Researchers have found that social media and FOMO can cause feelings of 28 ,
loneliness and boredom. Researchers advise that we stop looking for 29 on social media. If we let FOMO 30
us, the only thing we’ll really be missing out on is our own life. And life’s too short for that!
16．A．critical B．negative C．contradictory D．skeptical
17．A．contact B．relations C．media D．issues
18．A．favourite B．accessible C．extraordinary D．optional
19．A．missing out B．figuring out C．picking out D．running out
20．A．less B．further C．worse D．more
21．A．problem B．feeling C．framework D．term
22．A．glance B．look C．get D．pull
23．A．Occasionally B．Initially C．Unfortunately D．Oppositely
24．A．resisting B．realizing C．distinguishing D．analyzing
25．A．criterion B．understanding C．assessment D．comparison
26．A．abundant B．exact C．similar D．perfect
27．A．adjust B．break C．expect D．tell
28．A．surprise B．difficulty C．depression D．anger
29．A．benefit B．dignity C．happiness D．substitute
30．A．take away from B．take in C．take over D．take control of
3.（2024·湖南·二模）On August 2nd when Indonesia got its only gold medal at the Tokyo Olympics, the winning team of
Greysia Polii and Apriyani Rahayu fell to their knees and cried with relief. Some 3,500 miles away, Indonesia 31 with
joy. The president 32 their success in the women’s doubles game of badminton to be an early “birthday gift” to the
nation, whose independence day is on August 17th.
In England, where the modern version of the sport 33 , badminton is a lawn (草坪) game. In Asia it is a serious
business. At the Badminton World Championships in 2019, Asian countries won 19 of 20 medals. In recent decades, China has
34 as a heavyweight. But Indonesia is the sport’s 35 . It has won more titles at the Thomas Cup, the most 36
tournament, than any other country.Badminton is the only sport in which Indonesia has ever won gold at the Olympics — and it has done so at all but one since
the sport became an official 37 of the Olympics in 1992. Indonesia is the “home of badminton”. “Wherever you travel
in Indonesia, within a 38 you can find people playing badminton. Racquets (球拍) and balls can easily be bought or
made, and once a clothesline and a challenger have been 39 , the match is on,” says Raja Sapta Oktohari, president of
the Indonesian Olympic Committee.
It is little wonder then that badminton is Indonesia’s 40 . It is also the most developed in the country, which
owns the only national team for which the government 41 a training centre. Parents also encourage their children to
take it 42 . The rewards for skill and hard work are 43 . It’s said that players of the national team earn
more than $2,000 a month, ten times the average income. Perhaps most importantly, badminton is a 44 of national
pride. It is the only sport to 45 a string of heroes; Rudy Hartono, for example, has won eight titles at the All England
men’s singles, more than any other player.
31．A．tripped B．erupted C．broke D．collapsed
32．A．declared B．acknowledged C．interpreted D．appreciated
33．A．existed B．regained C．originated D．flowered
34．A．varied B．emerged C．approached D．grown
35．A．challenger B．host C．threat D．dominator
36．A．distinguished B．dynamic C．complicated D．privileged
37．A．schedule B．incident C．event D．project
38．A．court B．community C．park D．second
39．A．spotted B．witnessed C．located D．supported
40．A．habit B．favorite C．practice D．custom
41．A．runs B．contacts C．demonstrates D．conducts
42．A．down B．off C．over D．up
43．A．numbered B．limitless C．definite D．handsome
44．A．source B．resource C．mark D．symbol
45．A．detect B．produce C．model D．acquire
