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考向 53 阅读理解
词汇逻辑与词句猜测题的解答
【策略学习】
词语猜测题
词语猜测题主要考查考生猜测文章中某个单词、短语或词块的含义，或考查该词(块)能被哪个单词、短语
或词块代替。此外，也会考查某一个熟词在具体语境中的特殊含义。
在猜测词义时，能利用构词法猜测的一定先利用构词法。
策略1：利用构词法猜测词义
构词法能够不借助阅读上下文便能够大体猜出词义，然后再结合语境猜测，这样事半功倍，而且有双重保
险，大大提高了解题效率和正确率。所以我们主张：可以利用构词法的，一定先利用构词法，再结合语境解题。
构词法主要有派生、合成和转化三种形式。例如2019年全国卷Ⅱ第25题：tug at the heartstrings中的heartstrings
是合成词：heart(心)＋string(弦)→heartstrings心弦，故本单词可能与feeling有关。
【典例】 (2018·北京卷阅读D)
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol－powered private cars worldwide with
electric，self－driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of
transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050.Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty
appealing.The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride－hailing services，
considering the cost of self－driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues (责任与维护问题).But
driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
49.What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A.Employed. B.Replaced.
C.Shared. D.Reduced.
【分析】 利用构词法猜测词义。field常用作名词，表示“场地，领域”，此处用作动词，引申为“使用，应
用”。根据上段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available driverless cars will almost
certainly”并结合下句中的“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，随着
价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。
策略2：利用反义词猜测词义
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词(组)常见的有：(whether)...or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，
nevertheless，instead，rather than，in contrast, contrary to，on the other hand等。
【典例】 (2020·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research，both the size and consumption habits of our eating
companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with
heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
13.What does the underlined word“beanpoles”in paragraph 1 refer to?
A.Big eaters.
B.Overweight persons.
C.Picky eaters.
D.Tall thin persons.
【分析】 利用反义词猜测词义。根据 “And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with
heavier people who order large portions(份)，it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.”，研究表
明，与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭) 相反，你真正需要避开的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。
根据“contrary to”可知，画线词与heavier people含义相反。
策略3：利用上下文猜测词义
这是最常见的方法，一定要先从画线词语最近的位置找起，要求理解句子的顺序是：
本句的意思→前后句的意思→本段和前后段的意思
【典例】 (2020·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B)
Yet“Apes”is more exception than the rule.In fact，Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately.One nonprofit
organization，which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment，is keeping__tabs__on more than 2，
000 productions this year.Already，a number of films，including“Water for Elephants，”“The Hangover Part
Ⅱ”and “Zookeeper，”have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated
properly.
26.What does the underlined phrase“keeping tabs on”in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.Listing completely.
B.Directing professionally.
C.Promoting successfully.
D.Watching carefully.
【分析】 利用上下文猜测词义。根据最近句子 “One nonprofit organization...more than 2，000 productions this
year.”可知，一个非营利组织的工作就是监督在电影拍摄中动物是如何被对待的， 这个非营利组织正在密切关
注今年2 000多部电影的制作。根据上下文语境，画线短语keeping tabs on与monitor(监督)意义最为接近。策略4：利用“语法关系”猜测词义
【典例】 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)
In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation－state and the spread of universal
compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused
many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking
over.
29.Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in Paragraph 2?
A.Complex. B.Advanced.
C.Powerful. D.Modern.
【分析】 利用“语法关系”猜测词义。根据“dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are
increasingly taking over”中such as 后的内容可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知，
dominant languages意为“强有力的语言”。
策略5：利用“逻辑关系”猜测词义
【典例】 (2020·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B)While I tend to buy a lot of books，these three were given to me as gifts，which might add to the meaning I attach to
them.But I imagine that，while money is indeed wonderful and necessary，rereading an author’s work is the highest
currency a reader can pay them.The best books are the ones that open further as time passes.But remember，it’s you
that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
26.What does the underlined word“currency”in paragraph 4 refer to?
A.Debt. B.Reward.
C.Allowance. D.Face value.
【分析】 利用“逻辑关系”猜测词义。根据But I imagine that...the highest currency a reader can pay them.可知，
作者认为，虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的，但重读作家的著作是读者对该作家的最高奖励，因此画线词在此处
指“奖励”。
代词猜测与句意猜测题
代词猜测题主要考查文章中的人称代词、不定代词、指示代词或关系代词所指代的内容。解答这类题目时
候一定要遵循“就近原则”，即：代词往上找，就近原则不能忘，找出离代词最近的名词、词组或句子等。
【典例】 (2020·浙江7月卷阅读B)
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue，Washington，generally don’t flash the same length of green
twice in a row，especially at rush hour.At 9：30 am，the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds.By
9：33 am，a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds.Less traffic at 9：37 am could push it down to
135.Just like the traffic itself，the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design.Bellevue，a fast－growing city just east of Seattle，uses a system that is gaining popularity around
the US：intersection(十字路口)signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions.These lights，known as adaptive
signals，have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
25. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Increased length of green lights.
B. Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C. Flexible timing of traffic signals.
D. Smooth traffic flow on the road.【分析】
·第一步 确定题干中的关键信息：the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2
·第二步 定位到原句，并找出该词所代替的内容：根据代词永远出现在原词之后的原则，故代词所指代的内容
应在这一句的前面一句或者前面几个句子中。所以该词所代替的内容为：Just like the traffic itself，the timing of
the signals changes.
·第三步 综合判断得出答案：that指代第一段中的多变的交通信号灯时间。
句意猜测题一般出现在前后文有解释的特殊含义的语句或高度概括句中，要求考生用合适的句子解释这一
语句或这一语句的某一部分。锁定语句前后寻，意义吻合是解题关键。
【典例】 (2019·浙江6月卷阅读B)
Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month，
a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，Take What You
Need.”
24. What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?
A. Money spent without hesitation.
B. Money not legally made.
C. Money offered without conditions.
D. Money not tied together.
【分析】
·第一步 定位到原句，找出题干关键信息在原文中的位置：money with no strings attached
·第二步 寻找信息句，找出与该句相关的信息句：“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”
·第三步 分析选项，细读信息句，合理推断画线句的句意。综合判断得出画线句的意思应该是“无条件提供
钱”。
·第四步 仔细比对选项，Money offered without conditions.符合句意。
【检测训练】
1
The International Mother Language Day is on February 21st and it was created by the United Nations to help
preserve indigenous(土著的) languages around the world.Due to globalization, indigenous languages are increasingly under threat of extinction. Every two weeks a language
disappears, taking with it an entire culture’s heritage and thus diminishing the world’s cultural diversity. At least 43
percent of the estimated 6000 languages spoken in the world are endangered, only a few hundred are formally taught and
used and fewer than 100 are used in the digital world, according to UNESCO.
Like languages around the world, indigenous Australian languages are under increasing threat of extinction. The
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies understands that in Australia, there were more than
250 indigenous Australian languages, including 800 dialects, or local variations, at the time of European settlement in
1788. Today only about 13 indigenous Australian languages have enough young people speaking them for them to
survive.
Indigenous languages everywhere are much more than just a way of communicating. Yuin woman Anne Martin,
educator and former national NAIDOC Committee Co-Chair, described indigenous languages as “the breath of life”.
“Indigenous languages are not just a means of communication, they express knowledge about everything: Law,
geography, history, family and human relationships, philosophy, religion, anatomy, childcare, health, caring for country,
astronomy, biology and food. Each language is associated with an area of land and has a deep spiritual significance, and
it is through their own languages that indigenous nations maintain their connection with their ancestors, land and law,”
she said in an interview published by La Trobe University.
International Mother Language Day has been observed every year since February 2000. In 2019, the theme is:
“Indigenous languages matter for development, peace building and reconciliation(和解)”. One of UNESCO’s goals for
that year’s International Mother Language Day is to collect proverbs in as many of the world’s indigenous languages as
possible. The proverbs were compiled and the most appropriate ones published by the UN on its website and other
publications. And the theme for International Mother Language Day 2020 is “Languages without borders”.
1. What does the underlined word “diminishing” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Decrease. B. Add.
C. Create. D. Replace.
2. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A. The increasing number of indigenous languages.
B. The development of indigenous languages.
C. The endangered situation of indigenous languages.
D. The popularity of indigenous languages.
3. What does Anne Martin think of indigenous languages?
A. They are just used for communication with each other.B. They are loosely connected with their ancestors, land and law.
C. They are very important for indigenous nations all over the world.
D. They are about not only communication but knowledge about all fields.
4. What is the best title for the text?
A. The Theme of International Mother Language Day.
B. An Introduction of International Mother Language Day.
C. The Protection of Indigenous Languages in the World.
D. The Decrease of Indigenous Languages in the World.
【答案】1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了国际母语日的相关内容。2月21日是国际母语日，该节日由联合国
发起，旨在帮助保护世界各地的土著语言。每两个星期就有一种语言消失，整个文化遗产也随之消失，世界文
化的多样性也随之减少。然而，土著语言不仅仅是一种交流手段，还表达出了包罗万象各个领域的知识。于是，
旨在保护土著语言的国际母语日诞生了。
1. 词义猜测题。分析划线单词所在句“Every two weeks a language disappears, taking with it an entire culture’s
heritage and thus diminishing the world’s cultural diversity.”可知，句中“thus”意为“因此”，由此可知，
“diminishing the world’s cultural diversity”为之前句“Every two weeks a language disappears, taking with it an entire
culture’s heritage”造成的结果，结合之前句含义为“每两个星期就有一种语言消失，整个文化遗产也随之消
失 ”，由此可推知，语言消失，就会造成该语言代表的文化的消失，进一步会造成世界文化不再那么多样性，
即，世界多样性的减少。由此可推知，划线单词“diminishing”应是“减少”含义，与选项A“decrease(减少)”表
达含义一致。故选A项。
2. 主旨大意题。通过阅读文章第三段内容可知，该段第一句为该段主旨句，“Like languages around the world,
indigenous Australian languages are under increasing threat of extinction.(与世界各地的语言一样，澳大利亚土著语
言正面临越来越大的灭绝威胁。)”，即，该段主要围绕澳大利亚土著语言面临的灭绝威胁进行讲述的。选项
C“The endangered situation of indigenous languages.(土著语言的濒危状况。)”概括了该段主旨。故选C项。
3. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段内容中 Anne Martin 的话“Indigenous languages are not just a means of
communication, they express knowledge about everything: Law, geography, history, family and human relationships,
philosophy, religion, anatomy, childcare, health, caring for country, astronomy, biology and food.(土著语言不仅仅是一
种交流手段，它们表达的知识包罗万象：法律、地理、历史、家庭和人际关系、哲学、宗教、解剖学、儿童保
育、保健、照料国家、天文学、生物学和食物。)”可知，在她看来，土著语言不仅仅是一种交流手段，还表达
出了包罗万象的各个领域的知识。故选D项。
4. 主旨大意题。通过阅读文章可知，文章首段揭示了文章的主旨要义，“The International Mother Language Dayis on February 21st and it was created by the United Nations to help preserve indigenous languages around the world.( 2
月21日是国际母语日，该节日由联合国发起，旨在帮助保护世界各地的土著语言。)”，即，文章主要围绕“国
际母语日”这一为了保护世界各地的土著语言的节日而讲述的，并在后文段落讲到了其起因和目的。选项B“An
Introduction of International Mother Language Day.(国际母语日简介。)”贴合文章主旨要义。故选B项。
2
For today’s increasingly interconnected food supply chains, “efficient” is what it’s supposed to be: Each country
specializes in what it’s best, at and puts it on the global market. Producers and processors within countries specialize,
too, as a way to minimize costs. As a result, at least in theory, prices stay low, the world gets fed and everyone wins.
However, the coronavirus crisis demonstrates what is wrong with this approach. When barriers prevent food from
reaching its markets, or demand suddenly drops — both of which are happening now — the system falls apart.
Specialization of the food system makes it hard to shift into different markets when disruptions arise. Belgium, a
leading exporter of potatoes, lost sales not only to local restaurants but also to other countries because of lockdowns（封
锁）. At least the Belgians can try to eat the potatoes at home. That strategy won't work for every crop: Ghana, the
world’s top cocoa exporter, lost markets when people stalled focusing on buying essential items instead of chocolate.
The loss in export income in Africa more generally could have a huge impact if the pandemic continues, as many
countries there rely heavily on imported wheat and rice. The prices of these grains have soared not only because of rising
demand for these grains during the crisis, but also because a few countries — including Russia and Vietnam — imposed
export restrictions out of fear that sending food abroad would lead to higher prices at home.
Concentrated markets dominated by just a handful of companies heighten food system fragility. For example, just
three meatpacking plants process over 95 percent of Canada’s beef and nearly all of its beef exports. Now, those meat
processing plants have had to temporarily shut down because of outbreaks of COVID-19 among workers.
Seeing the spoiled products across the world should force all of us to rethink our “efficient” food supplies. We need
to rejuvenate（使恢复活力）local and regional food systems to reduce the vulnerabilities that come with being too
reliant on imported and corporate-dominated foods. This doesn’t mean cutting off all trade or abolishing all packaged
foods, but it does mean building diversity, and increasing opportunities for small and medium-scale enterprises to
flourish in shorter, more sustainable food supply chains that are closer to home.
One place to start is for governments to shift their support from the large-scale, specialized and export-oriented food
system to building infrastructure for more diverse local food systems. Around the world, small-scale and organic
producers have been overwhelmed with the surge in interest from customers who want to buy directly from farmers
during the crisis. But these producers often lack the infrastructure to meet that demand. As governments around the
world pass stimulus packages to address the crisis, building more diverse and localized food systems should be anobvious inclusion.
5. In theory, specialization of the food system ________.
A. adapts to changes efficiently B. balances supply and demand
C. focuses on essential items D. reduces costs of production
6. The underlined word “fragility” in Paragraph 5 means ________.
A. weakness B. diversity
C. unfairness D. complexity
7. What can we learn from the passage?
A. A few countries restrict exports to stabilize local food prices.
B. Grain prices rise due to Africa’s dependence on importation.
C. Ghana might be less affected by lockdowns than Belgium was.
D. Packaged-food consumption should be encouraged to address the crisis.
8. The main purpose of this passage is to ________.
A. expose food security issues during the crisis
B. advocate establishing diverse local food systems
C. discuss the development of a sustainable economy
D. prove the importance of sound government policies
【答案】5. D 6. A 7. A 8. B
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述了，从理论上讲，粮食系统的专业化降低了生产成本，但新冠肺炎疫情的
爆发暴露了这种方法的问题，文章通过对实例的讨论表明建立多样化的地方食品体系势在必行。
5. 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Producers and processors within countries specialize, too, as a way to minimize
costs.”（各国的生产商和加工者也进行专业化，以尽量降低成本。）可知，从理论上讲，粮食系统的专业化降
低了生产成本。故选D项。
6. 词义猜测题。根据第五段第二句“For example, just three meatpacking plants process over 95 percent of Canada’s
beef and nearly all of its beef exports. ”（例如，仅三家肉类加工厂就加工了加拿大95%以上的牛肉和几乎所有的
牛肉出口。），第三句“Now, those meat processing plants have had to temporarily shut down because of outbreaks
of COVID-19 among workers.”（现在，由于工人中爆发了 COVID-19 病毒，这些肉类加工厂不得不暂时关
闭。）和第六段第二句“We need to rejuvenate（使恢复活力）local and regional food systems to reduce the
vulnerabilities that come with being too reliant on imported and corporate-dominated foods.”（我们需要振兴地方和区
域食品体系，以减少过于依赖进口和企业主导的食品带来的脆弱性。）可知，此处是指由少数几家公司主导的
集中市场加剧了食品体系的脆弱性。所以fragility意为“脆弱”。故选A项。
7. 细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“The prices of these grains have soared not only because of rising demand forthese grains during the crisis, but also because a few countries — including Russia and Vietnam — imposed export
restrictions out of fear that sending food abroad would lead to higher prices at home.”（这些粮食的价格飙升，不仅是
因为危机期间对这些粮食的需求不断上升，还因为包括俄罗斯和越南在内的一些国家，由于担心把粮食出口到
国外会导致国内价格上涨，实施了出口限制。）可知，少数国家限制粮食出口以稳定当地食品价格。故选A项。
8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“One place to start is for governments to shift their support from the large-
scale, specialized and export-oriented food system to building infrastructure for more diverse local food systems.”（首
先，政府将其支持从大规模、专门化和出口导向的粮食系统转向为更多样化的地方粮食系统建设基础设施。）
和最后一句“As governments around the world pass stimulus packages to address the crisis, building more diverse and
localized food systems should be an obvious inclusion.”（随着世界各国政府通过刺激方案来应对危机，建立更加多
样化和地方化的食品体系显然应该包括在内。）可知，文章的主要目的是倡导建立多样化的地方食品体系。故
选B项。
3
Men hunted.Women gathered. But the discovery of a woman buried 9,000 years ago in the Andes Mountains with
weapons and hunting tools challenges this widely accepted view. The woman, thought to be between 17 and 19 years old
when she died, was buried with items that suggested she hunted big-game animals by spear (矛) throwing.
The objects accompanying people in death tend to be those that accompanied them in life. Although some scholars
have suggested a role for women in ancient hunting, others have dismissed this idea even when hunting tools were
uncovered in female burials.
To examine whether this woman found at this site was an exception, the researchers examined 429 skeletons at 107
burial sites from around 8,000 to 14,000 years ago. Of those, 27 individuals were buried with hunting tools—11 were
female and 15 were male. The sample was sufficient to “justify the conclusion that female participation in early big-
game hunting was likely nontrivial,” said lead study author Haas.
The findings add to doubts about “man-the-hunter” assumption about early humans since the mid-20th century. That
theory assumes that it was men who went out and hunted, bringing home meat to feed women and children, who were
responsible for gathering berries, plants and nuts to enrich the dict.
But recent research suggests hunting was very much a community-based activity, needing the participation of all
able-bodied individuals to drive large animals, the study said. Meanwhile, the spears used at that time had low accuracy,
encouraging participation, and using it was a skill learned from childhood. Women may also have been freed from child
care demands by “allo-parenting”—raising children was a job shared by many.
“Our findings have made me rethink the most basic organizational structure of ancient hunter-gatherer groups, and
human groups more generally,” Haas said.9. The discovery of the buried woman shows ________.
A. she was killed by a big-game animal B. she might use hunting tools when alive
C. women were good at throwing spears D. women were buried alone after death
10. The underlined word “nontrivial” in Paragraph 3 probably means “________”.
A. limited B. direct C. significant D. passive
11. Which of the following lead to women’s involvement in hunting?
①allo-parenting ②big-game hunting ③tasks of gathering ④less accurate tools
A. ①②③ B. ②③④ C. ①③④ D. ①②④
12. Haas probably believes that ________.
A. most of our ancestors were buried with hunting tools
B. we should reconsider previous views on human groups
C. division of labor in hunter-gatherer society remains unchanged
D. the tomb found in the Andes justifies “man-the-hunter” assumption
【答案】9. B 10. C 11. D 12. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究了古代狩猎中女性所扮演的角色，介绍了狩猎群体的组织结构。
9. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“The woman, thought to be between 17 and 19 years old when she died, was buried
with items that suggested she hunted big-game animals by spear (矛) throwing. (这名女性被认为死的时候在17岁到
19岁之间，埋葬的物品表明她用长矛猎杀大型猎物) ”，研究人员发现的女性说明她活着的时候可能会用打猎工
具，故选B。
10. 词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Of those, 27 individuals were buried with hunting tools—11 were female and 15
were male. The sample was sufficient to “justify the conclusion that female participation in early big-game hunting was
likely nontrivial,” said lead study author Haas. (其中，27人埋葬的地方有狩猎工具，其中11人是女性，15人是男
性。研究报告的主要作者Haas说，这一样本足以证明“女性参与早期大型狩猎活动可能是nontrivial”的结论)”，
可知，在研究中发现的埋葬的地方有狩猎工具的男女比例相当，因此，女性在早期大型狩猎中有参与这一观点
应当是正确的，是有重要意义的，故选C。
11. 细节理解题。根据第五段“But recent research suggests hunting was very much a community-based activity,
needing the participation of all able-bodied individuals to drive large animals, the study said. Meanwhile, the spears used
at that time had low accuracy, encouraging participation, and using it was a skill learned from childhood. Women may
also have been freed from child care demands by “allo-parenting”—raising children was a job shared by many. (但最近
的研究表明，狩猎在很大程度上是一种以社区为基础的活动，需要所有身体健全的人参与大型动物的狩猎。同
时，当时使用的长矛精度不高，所以鼓励大家都参与，使用长矛是从小学习的技能。女性也可以通 过“另类育儿”从育儿需求中解脱出来——抚养孩子是许多人共同的工作)”，可知，另类育儿解放了女性，大型狩猎以及
使用的低精度的工具需要女性参与狩猎，也就是①②④导致女性参与狩猎，故选D。
12. 细节理解题。最后一段““Our findings have made me rethink the most basic organizational structure of ancient
hunter-gatherer groups, and human groups more generally,” Haas said. (Hass 说：“我们的发现让我重新思考了古代
狩猎采集群体最基本的组织结构，以及更普遍的人类群体 ”)”，可知，Haas认为我们应当重新思考之前对人类
群体的看法。故选B。
4
In summer 2007, I joined the British Red Cross at 15. After several days of training. I was attending my first event
as a fully qualified Red Cross volunteer. Our team was providing medical cover for a large martial arts grading event.
Although I'd passed my first aid course with flying colours, I was nervous before the event began. There's quite a
difference between the classroom and the real thing! Two experienced adult volunteers would be working with me for the
day.
Rosie was taking part in the under-16s event. This was supposed to be non-contact, and she was wearing full
protective clothing just in case. All these precautions didn't help, however, when her competitor misjudged a move and
delivered a violent blow to her head.
“Guys, we need some help over here!” Over we went, all three of us carrying various bits of kit. Rosie was lying on
the ground. As we approached we could see she was conscious. Brian, my colleague took the lead.
“Hey there, stay nice and still for me. Chris here is just going to hold your head. Don't worry; it's just a precaution.”
I helped, painfully aware that hundreds of sets of eyes were following our every move. However I soon forgot all
about this as I focused on the task at hand.
Rosie was complaining of pain in her neck. These are all classic signs of a possible spinal injury. Quickly, Brian
found there were no other injuries and an ambulance was called. I was still holding her head and doing my best to
comfort her.
The doctors arrived and we put Rosie carefully into the ambulance for a trip to hospital. Then we went back to the
first aid post quickly.
Ten years on I've met many more people like Rosie—in need of help. I've moved on from being a trainee to a
trainer, from an inexperienced first aider to being part of an emergency ambulance team.
When a call comes in, that slight feeling of nervousness is still there. However, so is the feeling of making a
difference, being there during a painful moment in someone's life.
13. What does the underlined part “with flying colours” probably mean?
A. Slowly. B. Successfully. C. Poorly. D. Carefully.14. How was Rosie injured?
A. She was hit by mistake. B. She made a wrong move.
C. She didn't take precautions. D. She was not herself and fell.
15. How did the author help Rosie?
A. She took her to hospital. B. She held her head and calmed her.
C. She checked her injuries. D. She did something for her pain.
16. What do we know about the author now?
A. She often receives first aid training.
B. She's working as a professional doctor.
C. She feels a sense of achievement about her work.
D. She's no longer nervous when performing first aid.
【答案】13. B 14. A 15. B 16. C
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者15岁时第一次作为一名合格的红十字会志愿者参加活动，帮助
一名受伤的青少年Rosie的故事。
13. 词义猜测题。根据第一段中“In summer 2007, I joined the British Red Cross at 15. After several days of training.
I was attending my first event as a fully qualified Red Cross volunteer.( 2007年夏天，15岁的我加入了英国红十字会。
经过几天的训练。这是我第一次作为一名合格的红十字会志愿者参加活动)”以及画线词上文“I'd passed my first
aid course”可知，作者成功地通过了急救课程考核，成为一名合格的红十字会志愿者。故画线词意思是“成功
地”。A. Slowly.缓慢地；B. Successfully.成功地；C. Poorly.差劲地；D. Carefully.仔细地。故选B。
14. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“All these precautions didn't help, however, when her competitor misjudged a move
and delivered a violent blow to her head.(然而，当她的对手误判了一个动作，给了她头部一记重击时，所有这些
预防措施都无济于事)”可知，Rosie被误撞而受伤的。故选A。
15. 细节理解题。根据第七段中“I was still holding her head and doing my best to comfort her.(我仍然抱着她的头，
尽力安慰她)”可知，作者抱住 Rosie的头部并不断安抚她。故选B。
16. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“When a call comes in, that slight feeling of nervousness is still there. However, so is
the feeling of making a difference, being there during a painful moment in someone's life.(当有任务来临的时候，那种
轻微的紧张感仍然存在。然而，在别人生命中痛苦时刻的感受也一样)”可推知，作者对自己的工作有一种成就
感。故选C。
5
That summer, I went to a small and rather remote village of Manitoba’s as a substitute for a sick teacher. It was a
very poor village with a few humble wooden houses. There was nothing but the spruce around me. Could I leave a deepimpression on the children in just a month? Is a month really worth the effort? I was really doubtful about these two
questions.
Maybe the children had the same ideas, because I had never seen so depressing, sad, and even bitter facial
expressions. I had little experience in teaching, and my age was like that of those children.
Most of them had thin eyes, dark skin, and shiny black hair, which indicated they were mixed blood children of
French and Indian.
At nine o’ clock, the classroom was already as hot as a stove. I didn’t know where I should start. Then I called from
a list of names, expecting the response. They stood up, and gave me the reply. However, when Yolanda was called, there
was no response …Still no response …About 15 seconds later, a voice came from the back of the classroom with the
buzzing of flies. “She’s dead. She died last night.”
The tone of the child’ s voice was astonishing but plain, and perhaps nothing could be more painful than to narrate
in that tone. “Ah!” I cried out, not knowing what to say. The children and I looked at each other for a long time and we
were silent. I understood that what I had seen from the children’s eyes and faces, which I had thought was the expression
of indifference, turned out to be a great pain.
“Since Yolanda was your classmate, would you like to see her at four o’ clock after school?” There was a smile on
the children’s serious little faces. It was a smile, though formal and sad.
After four o’clock, I saw that many children were waiting for me at the school gate. There were more than 20
children in total. Some of them walked in front to guide me. The others held me tightly, which almost made me unable to
walk. Five or six younger children took my hand and gently led me forward, just like leading a blind guy. I
unconsciously remembered those names, and they are still fresh in my memory, including Yolanda.
17. The author went to a small remote village to________.
A. have a summer trip
B. teach for a short time
C. have a good time with children
D. achieve more teaching experience
18. What does the underlined word “indifference” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Unconcern.
B. Dissatisfaction.
C. Disagreement.
D. Friendliness.
19. What can we infer from the story?A. The children were unwilling to see Yolanda after school.
B. The children were upset about their mixed blood identity.
C. The author was moved by the love of the poor children.
D. The author was confident about his teaching at first.
【答案】17. B 18. A 19. C
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在支教的时候，在一个月的时间里学生之间的那种友爱给作者
留下了深刻的印象。
17. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“That summer, I went to a small and rather remote village of Manitoba’s as a
substitute for a sick teacher. (那年夏天，我去了马尼托巴省一个偏僻的小村庄，代替一位生病的老师。)”可知，作
者去了一个偏僻的小村庄去教学。故选B项。
18. 词义猜测题。根据“I understood that what I had seen from the children’s eyes and faces, which I had thought was
the expression of indifference, turned out to be a great pain. (我明白了，我从孩子们的眼神和脸上所看到的，原本以
为是___________表情，其实是一种巨大的痛苦。)”由我从孩子们的眼睛和脸上看到的，我原以为是
____________表情，结果是很痛苦的，可知划线单词indifference应该是“漠不关心的”。故选A项。
19. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“After four o’clock, I saw that many children were waiting for me at the school
gate. There were more than 20 children in total. Some of them walked in front to guide me. The others held me tightly,
which almost made me unable to walk. Five or six younger children took my hand and gently led me forward, just like
leading a blind guy. (四点钟以后，我看到许多孩子在学校门口等我。总共有 20多个孩子。他们中的一些走在前
面给我引路。其他人紧紧地抱着我，这几乎使我无法行走。五六岁的孩子拉着我的手，轻轻地领着我往前走，
就像领着一个盲人一样。)”可知，作者应该被这些孩子的爱所感动。故选C项。
6
There is a school in my Manhattan neighbourhood that has been giving out free meals during the Covid-19
pandemic-and every time I walk past it the line seems longer. A community fridge recently showed up a couple of blocks
away; it’s one of many that activists have fixed across the city to fight against growing food insecurity. Just around the
corner there’s a young woman who has become a regular among the beggars I usually see in the area. She lost her job
because of Covid-19.
It’s not all doom and gloom. While the poor are getting poorer, the 1% are making out like robbers. America’s 600-
plus billionaires saw their wealth grow by more than $700bn in the first few months of the pandemic. During the same
period, more than 50 million American workers lost their jobs. The US government has printed trillions of dollars in
economic relief but many of the forgivable emergency loans for small businesses seem to have been taken by the super-
rich. My local independent coffee shop has closed down, but Kanye West received a partially forgivable loan worth atleast $2m. It is becoming increasingly clear that the US is experiencing one of the biggest wealth transfers in history.
Bernie Sanders has a plan to help. Last week, Sanders introduced a bill, Make Billionaires Pay Act, that would
establish a one-time 60% tax on billionaires’ pandemic gains and use the money to guarantee Americans free health care
for a year. There is very little chance the bill will get passed.
Billionaires shouldn’t exist in the first place-the idea that they should be taxed at a higher rate during a pandemic to
help pay health care shouldn’t be remotely controversial. However, there are some who think such a move would be
extremely unfair to “poor unfortunate” billionaires who, as we all know, are one of the most unfairly hurt groups in the
world.
20. How does the author develop the first two paragraphs?
A. By listing numbers. B. By giving definitions.
C. By presenting arguments. D. By making contrasts.
21. The underlined sentence “It’s not all doom and gloom.” implies that ________.
A. the writer doesn’t feel depressed at all
B. the current situation of Covid-19 is getting better
C. the woman has suffered more than we can imagine
D. the billionaires still make profits during the pandemic
22. The bill, Make Billionaires Pay Act, was put forward to ________.
A. rid the country of pandemic
B. restrict the billionaires’ fortune
C. provide short-term loans for health care
D. ensure temporary free medical service
23. What is the author’s attitude towards the billionaires?
A. Disapproving. B. Disappointed.
C. Sympathetic. D. Respectful.
【答案】20. D 21. D 22. D 23. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在新冠病毒期间美国的贫富差距，并提到了一个法案，通过提高富人的
税率纳税来帮助支付其他美国人的医疗费用。
20. 推理判断题。根据第一段“There is a school in my Manhattan neighbourhood that has been giving out free meals
during the Covid-19 pandemic-and every time I walk past it the line seems longer.（我住的曼哈顿社区有一所学校，
在Covid-19大流行期间一直在发放免费餐食——每次经过它，排队的人似乎都更长了。）”可知，第一段主要
讲述了在新冠病毒期间，美国一些不富裕的人依靠救济生活的状况，第二段“America’s 600-plus billionaires saw
their wealth grow by more than $700bn in the first few months of the pandemic. During the same period, more than 50million American workers lost their jobs.（在疫情爆发的头几个月里，美国600多名亿万富翁的财富增长了逾7000
亿美元。在同一时期，超过5000万美国工人失去了工作。）”说明在新冠病毒期间，美国富人反而赚了更多的
钱。可见，作者对第一、二段通过对比的手法展开，体现了美国的贫富差距之大。故选D项。
21. 词句猜测题。根据第二段“America’s 600-plus billionaires saw their wealth grow by more than $700bn in the
first few months of the pandemic. During the same period, more than 50 million American workers lost their jobs.（在
疫情爆发的头几个月里，美国600多名亿万富翁的财富增长了逾7000亿美元。在同一时期，超过5000万美国
工人失去了工作。）”可知，第二段主要讲述了在新冠病毒期间，美国富人反而赚了更多的钱。第二段和第一
段形成对比，以体现美国的贫富差距之大，因此，作者这里说“It’s not all doom and gloom.（这不全是厄运和阴
郁。）”显然是在反讽，说明亿万富翁们在大流行期间仍在盈利。故选D项。
22. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Last week, Sanders introduced a bill, Make Billionaires Pay Act, that would establish
a one-time 60% tax on billionaires’ pandemic gains and use the money to guarantee Americans free health care for a
year.（上周，Sanders提出了一项法案——《让亿万富翁支付法案》，该法案将对亿万富翁的流行病收益征收一
次性60%的税，并用这笔钱来保证美国人一年的免费医疗保健。）”可知，Sanders提出的这项法案是用富人的
钱去保证美国人一年的免费治疗。因此这项法案的目的是保证美国人暂时的免费医疗服务。故选D项。
23. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Billionaires shouldn’t exist in the first place-the idea that they should be taxed at a
higher rate during a pandemic to help pay health care shouldn’t be remotely controversial.（亿万富翁本来就不应该存
在——在流感大流行期间，他们应该以更高的税率来帮助支付医疗保健费用，这一点根本就不应该引起争
议。）”可知，作者认为亿万富翁本来就不应该存在，说明作者对亿万富翁是反对的。故选A项。
7
Whether hunting or competing for limited space and resources, humans are the planet’s super predator(捕食者). As
the human population expands, it’s getting harder for other creatures to find somewhere to hide during the day. Now new
findings indicate animals around the world have come up with another strategy: They are becoming nocturnal.
In a paper published in Science, researchers analyzed 76 previous scientific studies about human impact on animal
activity. They compared animals’ activity during the day and night in areas of high human disturbance (from hunting or
farming to hiking and other outdoor recreation) and low human disturbance (relatively natural conditions). The analysis
showed animals are becoming an average of 1.36 times more nocturnal due to high human disturbance.
For example, in Poland wild boars go from 48% nocturnal in natural forests to 90% nocturnal in urban areas. Even
activities people consider relatively innocuous, such as hiking and wildlife viewing, strongly affected animals’ daily
rhythms. “We think that we’re leaving no trace often when we’re outdoors, but we can be having lasting consequences
on animal behavior,” says Kaitlyn Gaynor, lead researcher for the study.
This is not the first time animals have had to live at night; during the time of dinosaurs, they were also nocturnal.“Dinosaurs were this ubiquitous(无处不在的), scary force, and only after their extinction did mammals(哺乳动物)
emerge into the daylight,” Gaynor says. “And now humans have taken over and are pushing other animals back into the
night.”
Scientists suspect becoming nocturnal may hurt those species highly adapted to the sun. They might not be able to
live well at night, which would ultimately hurt their chances of survival and reproduction. Perhaps even more alarming
effects could be in the wider ecosystem. In California’s Santa Cruz Mountains, coyotes have been more nocturnal in
response to hikers and have started to alter their diets from daytime prey, such as squirrels and birds, to nocturnal prey,
such as rats and rabbits.
Exactly how ecological communities will change, and whether it will be for better or worse, requires further study.
Some nighttime shifts may benefit both animals and humans, Gaynor notes. For instance, tigers in Nepal are avoiding
potentially deadly conflicts with people as they become more nocturnal.
Studies like this one will eventually help conservation managers make better decisions about how to protect
ecosystems. “We’ll need to understand local dynamics to really understand how we should be changing management of
wildlife populations or human activities,” Gaynor notes, “One potential approach might be to manage the timing of
human activities so that we leave some of the daylight for other animals.”
24. How do animals respond to increasing human disturbance?
A. By limiting food intake. B. By leaving their habitat.
C. By controlling population. D. By adjusting daily routine.
25. What does the underlined word “innocuous” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Harmless. B. Recreational. C. Organized. D. Irregular.
26. Why does the author mention dinosaurs?
A. To highlight the importance of daylight.
B. To indicate the domination of humans.
C. To illustrate mammals’ adaptability.
D. To demonstrate dinosaurs’ power.
27. What can we learn about animals’ becoming nocturnal?
A. It has led to a new ecological balance.
B. It demands more conservation areas.
C. It may encourage bio-diversity.
D. It might be double-edged.
【答案】24. D 25. A 26. B 27. D【解析】这是一篇说明文。随着人类人口的增长，其他生物在白天更难找到藏身之处。现在，新的发现表明，
世界各地的动物想出了另一种策略：它们正变成夜行动物。
24. 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“The analysis showed animals are becoming an average of 1.36 times more
nocturnal due to high human disturbance.”（分析显示，由于人类的干扰，动物的夜间活动平均增加了1.36倍。）
可知，动物们通过调整日常作息来应对日益增加的人类干扰。故选D。
25. 词义猜测题。根据第三段第三句“We think that we’re leaving no trace often when we’re outdoors, but we can be
having lasting consequences on animal behavior”（我们认为我们在户外时通常不会留下任何痕迹，但我们可能会
对动物行为产生持久的影响）可知，划线部分所在句子“Even activities people consider relatively innocuous, such
as hiking and wildlife viewing, strongly affected animals’ daily rhythms.”即使是我们认为相对没有害处的活动也会极
大地影响动物的日常节奏。所以innocuous意为“无害的”，与harmless同义。故选A。
26. 推理判断题。根据第四段第二句“Dinosaurs were this ubiquitous(无处不在的), scary force, and only after their
extinction did mammals(哺乳动物) emerge into the daylight”（恐龙是如此无处不在，令人恐惧的力量，只有在它
们灭绝后，哺乳动物才会出现在阳光下）和第三句“And now humans have taken over and are pushing other
animals back into the night.”（现在人类取代了恐龙，把其它动物们赶回黑夜。）可推知，作者提到恐龙是为了表
明人类的统治。故选B。
27. 推理判断题。根据第五段第一句“Scientists suspect becoming nocturnal may hurt those species highly adapted to
the sun.”（科学家怀疑，夜间活动可能会伤害那些高度适应阳光的物种。）和第六段第二句“Some nighttime
shifts may benefit both animals and humans”（一些夜间转变可能对动物和人类都有利）可知，动物变成夜间活动
对动物和人类既有好处又有坏处，所以是一把双刃剑。故选D。
8
A New Jersey couple and a homeless man have been accused of making up a feel﹣good story that raised more than
＄400,000 through GoFundMe.
The couple, Kate McClure and Mark D'Amico, and the man, Johnny Bobbitt Jr., face a charge of second-degree
theft, Burlington County Prosecutor Scott Coffina said Thursday.
The couple said they met Bobbitt when he gave his last ＄20 to McClure, who was stranded on Interstate 95 in
Philadelphia, so she could put gas in her car，then started the GoFundMe campaign as a way to thank him.
The paying-it-forward story that drove this fundraiser might seem too good to be true, Coffina said at a press
conference.
Unfortunately, it was. The entire campaign was based on a lie.
After fees, the money of the campaign netted about ＄367, 000, all deposited into McClure's accounts, Coffina
said. Bobbitt received ＄75,000, and within months McClure and D'Amico had wasted their share on buying a car, high-end handbags and trips, Coffina said. They also used it at casinos(赌场), he said.
Coffina stressed that while Bobbitt, a veteran (老兵), deserves thanks for his service to the country and sympathy
for his situation; he was fully involved in the crime, using media to help "promote the dishonest campaign".
According to Coffina, McClure and D'Amico first met Bobbitt at an off-ramp（驶出匝道）near a casino they
regularly went, at least a month before the GoFundMe campaign went live.
They went back to the spot a month later, Coffina said. D'Amico took a picture of McClure and Bobbitt that became
the face of the GoFundMe campaign that they started hours later, Coffina said.
28. What's the actual purpose of the GoFundMe campaign started by the couple?
A. To express their appreciation for Bobbitt's help.
B. To help Bobbitt pay off his heavy debt.
C. To raise money for their own benefit.
D. To make people believe in Bobbitt's generosity.
29. What does the underlined word "stranded" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Impossible to finish.
B. Unable to move.
C. Without any choice.
D. Out of service.
30. How much money did the couple get from the GoFundMe campaign?
A. About ＄292, 000.
B. About ＄367, 000.
C. About ＄325, 000.
D. About ＄400, 000.
31. What was Bobbitt accused of?
A. Pretending to be a veteran.
B. Robbing the couple of ＄75, 000.
C. Failing to serve his country.
D. Helping invent the story.
【答案】28. C 29. B 30. A 31. D
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。叙述了新泽西州的一对夫妻和一个流浪汉被指控诈骗的故事。
28. 推理判断题。根据第一段句子“A New Jersey couple and a homeless man have been accused of making up a feel
﹣good story that raised more than ＄400，000 through GoFundMe.”新泽西州一对夫妇和一名流浪汉被指控编造了
一个让人感觉良好的故事，通过GoFundMe筹集了40多万美元。可见这对夫妻发起这项运动的真实目的是为自己的利益筹资，故选C。
29. 猜测词义题。根据后文句子“The couple said they met Bobbitt when he gave his last ＄20 to McClure”这对夫
妇说，他们是在博比特把最后 20美元给麦克卢尔。“so she could put gas in her car，then started the GoFundMe
campaign as a way to thank him.”然后给车加油，可见画线单词是困在路上无法运动的意思，A：Impossible to
finish不可能完成；B：Unable to move无法移动；C：Without any choice别无选择；D：Out of service停用。故
选B。
30. 细节理解题。 根据第六段句子“After fees，the money of the campaign netted about ＄367，000，all
deposited into McClure's accounts，Coffina said. Bobbitt received ＄75，000.”扣除费用后，竞选资金净赚约36.7
万美元，全部存入麦克卢尔的科夫纳账户博比特说收到75000美元，可见这对夫妇的非法收入是292.000美元，
故选A。
31. 细节理解题。根据第一段句子“A New Jersey couple and a homeless man have been accused of making up a feel
﹣good story that raised more than ＄400，000 through GoFundMe.”新泽西州一对夫妇和一名流浪汉被指控编造了
一个让人感觉良好的故事，通过GoFundMe筹集了40多万美元。倒数第三段句子“he was fully involved in the
crime，using media to help "promote the dishonest campaign".”他完全参与犯罪，利用媒体帮助“宣传不诚实的运
动”。可见Bobbitt全程参与了编造故事的诈骗活动，因此被起诉，故选D。
