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大学英语六级考试冲刺模考一答案
答案与解析
Part Ⅰ Writing
写作思路
第一段：开门见山引出主题,描述团队精神和沟通的重要性。
第二段：分别对团队精神和沟通的重要性进行具体阐述。
第三段：总结全文,再次强调团队精神和沟通对于工作和成功的重要性。
参考范文（建议背诵黑体字) 全文翻译
Team spirit and the good communication are 团队精神和良好的沟通从来就
never such hackneyed tunes which should be renewed, 不是那种需要更新的陈词滥调，尤
especially in the circumstance of the workplace. 其是在工作环境中。正如那句名言
Just as the famous saying goes, “Many hands make 所说：“众人拾柴火焰高”，更好
light work”, better team work always turns out better 的团队合作总能带来更好的结果。
consequences.
In the workplace, team spirit and communication 在工作场所，团队精神和沟通
are crucial in two aspects. For one thing, we should 在两个方面是至关重要的。首先，
always bear in mind that hardly can anyone or any 我们应该始终牢记，在这个竞争激
organization achieve success without the assistance 烈的世界上，如果没有伙伴或其他
and cooperation with his partners or other relative 有关组织的协助与合作，任何人或
organizations in this competitive world. It is team 任何组织都不可能取得成功。团队
spirit that unit different individuals to work for the 精神使不同个体为同一目标工作。
same target. For another, I have firm faith that an 其次，我坚信争论可以成为两颗心
argument can be the shortcut between two hearts, 之间的捷径，这表示相互交流是极
which indicates that mutual communication is of 其重要的。通过积极的互动，人们
utmost importance. By positive interaction, people can 可以把混乱的人群转变成有序的
transform the chaotic crowds into orderly teams. 团队。
In a nutshell, the principle that team spirit and 总而言之，团队精神和沟通能
communication can do better work is congruous with 更好地发挥作用的原则与整体大于
the theory that the whole being greater than the sum of 部分之和的理论是一致的。没有这
its parts. Without the two factors, working relationships 两个因素，工作关系就会破裂，成
will break down and success will go far away. 功就会远离。
·13·重点词汇重现
1. hackneyed [ˈhæknɪd] adj.陈腐的；平庸的
例句 He sometimes slips into rather dreadful puns and hackneyed language.
他有时会失口说出很刺耳的双关语和极陈腐的话来。
2. competitive [kəmˈpetɪtɪv] adj.竞争的，比赛的；（价格等)有竞争力的
例句 In order to achieve this goal，you must pass from the competitive to the creative mind.
为了实现这个目标，你必须离开竞争的思想，达到创造的思想。
3. utmost [ˈʌtməʊst] adj.极度的；最远的
例句 He shows me the utmost solicitude.
他对我表现出极度的关心。
4. chaotic [keɪˈɒtɪk] adj.混沌的；混乱的，无秩序的
例句 In chaotic conditions，there may be sellers but no buyers.
在混乱的情况下，可能只有卖家没有买家。
5. congruous [ˈkɒŋɡrʊəs] adj.一致的；适合的；协调的
例句 Your behaviour is not congruous with your rank.
你的行为和你的社会地位不相称。
Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension
Section A
Conversation One
听力原文 听力原文译文
M: [1] So, how long have you been a Market 男： 那么，你做市场研究顾问有多久了？
Research Consultant?
W: Well, I started straight after finishing 女： 嗯，我大学毕业后就开始做这个工
university. 作了。
M: Did you study market research? 男： 你是学市场研究专业的吗？
W: Yeah, and it really helped me to get into 女： 是的，这个专业真的帮助了我进入
the industry, but I have to say that it’s more 行业，但我必须说，在不同类型的
important to get experience in different types 市场研究中获取经验从而弄清楚自
of market research to find out exactly what 己真正的兴趣所在是更为重要的。
you’re interested in.
M: So what are you interested in? 男： 你的兴趣是什么？
·14·W: [2] Well, at the moment, I specialize in 女： 嗯，目前，我专业从事量化广告研究，
quantitative advertising research, which means 这意味着我在做两类项目。一种是
that I do two types of projects. [3] Trackers, 跟踪研究，针对进展中的项目，长
which are ongoing projects that look at trends 期观察其发展趋势或顾客的满意度。
or customer satisfaction over a long period of 这个工作唯一的问题是，它占用你
time. 大量的时间，但是通过这个工作，
The only problem with trackers is that it 你确实可以和客户之间建立良好的
takes up a lot of your time. But you do build 关系。我还做了几个临时性的、更
up a good relationship with the client. I also 短的项目。
do a couple of ad-hoc jobs which are much
shorter projects.
M: What exactly do you mean by ad-hoc jobs? 男： 你指的是什么临时性工作？
W: It’s basically when companies need quick 女： 这类临时性工作基本上是公司想在
answers to their questions about their 顾客的消费习惯方面得到快速答案
consumers’ habits. They just ask for one 时。比如说，他们只要求发放调查
questionnaire to be sent out, for example, 问卷，所以你花在临时性项目上的
so the time you spend on an ad-hoc project 时间往往较少。
tends to be fairly short.
M: Which do you prefer, trackers or ad-hoc? 男： 你更喜欢哪种工作，跟踪研究还是
临时性工作？
W: I like doing both and in fact I need to do 女： 我喜欢同时做这两种工作，实际上
both at the same time to keep me from going 我同时需要这两种工作，不然我可
crazy. I need the variety. 能会疯掉。我需要多样性。
M: Can you just explain what process you go 男： 你能解释一下你在和一个新客户打
through with a new client? 交道时有哪些流程吗？
W: Well, together we decide on the methodology 女： 好的，我们一起决定调查的方法和
and the objectives of the research. I then 目标，然后我设计问卷。一旦采访
design a questionnaire. Once the interviewers 者了解基本情况后，我会将计划表
have been briefed, I send the client a 发给客户，然后他们告诉我截止日
schedule and then they get back to me with 期。一旦最终的图表和表格都准备
deadlines. Once the final charts and tables are 妥当，我必须检查一遍，并组织一
ready. I have to check them and organize a 场陈述会。
presentation.
M: Hmm. One last question, what do you like 男： 嗯。最后一个问题，对于你的工作，
and dislike about your job? 你喜欢和不喜欢的方面是什么？
W: [4] As I said, variety is important and as for 女： 正如我所说，多样性是很重要的，
what I don’t like, it has to be the checking of 至于我不喜欢的方面，那就得说是
charts and tables. 检查图表和表格了。
·15·Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
1. What position does the woman hold in the company?
2. What does the woman specialize in at the moment?
3. What does the woman say about trackers?
4. What does the woman dislike about her job?
答案详解
1. 女士在公司担任什么职务？
A）项目组织者。 B）公共关系官员。
C）市场部经理。 D）市场调研顾问。
答案 D
解析 本题为信息明示题。从对话中可以知道，男士在对话开始，就问女士从事市场研究
顾问这一工作有多长时间了，由此可以判定女士是一位市场调研顾问。所以答案为D。
2. 目前女士专门从事什么工作？
A）量化广告研究。
B）调查问卷设计。
C）研究方法论。
D）采访者培训。
答案 A
解析 本题为信息明示题。从对话中可以知道，男士问女士对什么感兴趣，女士说目前她
专攻量化广告研究。所以答案为A。
3. 关于女士对跟踪研究有什么看法？
A） 他们正在仔细研究人们的消费习惯。
B）他们研究生产者和顾客之间的关系。
C）他们寻找新颖而有效的方式推销产品。
D）他们长期研究趋势或客户的满意度。
答案 D
解析 本题为细节辨认题。从对话中可以知道，女士提到她主要进行两种类型的项目，其
中一种被称为trackers (追踪)，这一项目主要针对趋势和客户长期的满意度进行调查。所
以答案为D。
4. 女士对工作中的哪个方面感到不满意？
A）缺少晋升机会。
B）检查图表和表格。
C）设计问卷。
D）持续的高强度。
答案 B
解析 本题为细节辨认题。从对话中可以知道，男士问女士对自己的工作哪些方面比较
喜欢，哪些方面不怎么喜欢，女士明确表示，她喜欢这项工作中的变化因素，而检查图表
是她所不喜欢的。所以答案为B。
·16·Conversation Two
听力原文 听力原文译文
W: Hello. I’m here with Frederick. Now Fred, 女： 大家好，今天的嘉宾是弗雷德里克。
you went to university in Canada? 弗雷德，你是去加拿大读大学了吗？
M: Yeah, that’s right. 男： 是的，没错。
W: [5] OK, and you have very strong views 女： 好的，你对加拿大的大学有很鲜明
about universities in Canada. Could you 的看法，你能解释一下吗？
please explain?
M: Well, we don’t have private universities 男： 嗯，在加拿大没有私立大学。所有
in Canada. [6] They’re all public. All the 的大学都是公立的，并且由政府所
universities are owned by the government, so 有。基于此大学的课程都是由教育
there is the Ministry of Education in charge 部负责制定，导致没有太多灵活调
of creating the curriculum for the universities 整的余地。因为大学是一所政府管
and so there’s not much room for flexibility. 理的机构，办事效率比较低。如果
Since it’s a government-operated institution, 你想要完成某件事情，大学的教职
things don’t move very fast. 工不太愿意主动帮你，
If you want something to be done, then 因为他只是一名政府工作者。所以
their staff do not have so much incentive 我认为效率并不高。尽管如此，公
to help you because he’s a worker for 立大学也有着某些优势，比如说免
the government. So I don’t think it’s 费就读。你不必为自己所接受的教
very efficient. However, there are certain 育付费。但是这个系统效率不高，
advantages of public universities, such as the 而且运转起来不是很容易。
fees being free. You don’t have to pay for
your education. But the system isn’t efficient,
and it does not work that well.
W: Yeah, I can see your point. But in the United 女： 好的，我能理解你的想法。但是在
States we have many private universities, 美国，我们有很多私立大学，我认
and I think they’re large bureaucracies also. 为它们也是大型的官僚机构。多数
Many people don’t act that much differently, 人的表现差别不大，因为在私立学
because it’s the same thing working for a 校工作和在别的地方工作是一样的。
private university. They get paid for their 他们工作后获得报酬。我不知道他
job. I don’t know if they’re that much more 们是否比别人更有动力去帮助他人。
motivated to help people. Also, we have a 而且，在美国有个问题，只有富裕
problem in the United States that usually 家庭的孩子才能进人最好的学校，
only wealthy kids go to the best schools and 这实际上也是一个问题。
it’s kind of a problem actually.
·17·M: [7] I agree with you. I think it’s a problem 男： 我赞同你的想法，我认为这是一个
because you’re not giving equal access to 问题，因为美国并没有给每个人平
education to everybody. It’s not easy, but 等的入学机会。做到这一点很难，
having only public universities also might 但是只有公立学校可能也不是最好
not be the best solution. Perhaps we can 的解决办法。或许我们可以向日本
learn from Japan where they have a system 学习，日本有着私立和公立大学并
of private and public universities. Now, in 存的教育体系。如今在日本，人们
Japan, public universities are considered to 普遍认为公立大学是最好的。
be the best.
W: Right. It’s the exact opposite in the United 女： 是的。在美国正好相反。
States.
M: [8] So, as you see, it’s very hard to say which 男： 所以，正如你所看到的，很难说哪
one is better. 一种教育模式更好。
W: Right, a good point. 女： 对，这个观点不错。
Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
5. What does the woman want Frederick to talk about?
6. What does the man say about the curriculum in Canadian universities?
7. On what point do the speakers agree?
8. What point does the man make at the end of the conversation?
答案详解
5. 女士想让弗雷德里克谈什么？
A）他对于加拿大大学的观点。
B）他对于高等教育的理解。
C）他对高等教育的改进建议。
D）他对美国高校官僚主义的抱怨。
答案 A
解析 本题为细节推断题。从对话中可以知道,女士确认男士是在加拿大上的大学后,想
要询问男士对于加拿大的大学的观点。所以答案为A。
6. 男士对加拿大大学的课程有何看法？
A）它是经过精心设计的。
B）它很不灵活。
C）它因大学而异。
D）它已经发生了很大的变化。
答案 B
解析 本题为细节推断题。从对话中可以知道，男士说在加拿大，所有的大学都隶属于政
府，因此大学课程设置是由教育部来完成，没有什么灵活调整的余地，也就是说大学课程
并不灵活。所以答案为B。
·18·7. 两位说话者的一致观点是什么？
A）美国和加拿大可以互相学习。
B）公立大学通常比私立大学更好一些。
C）每个人都应该得到平等的高等教育机会。
D）私立学校比公立机构的工作效率更高。
答案 C
解析 本题为推理判断题。从对话中可以知道，女士说在美国，只有富人的孩子才能进入
最好的学校学习，这是美国教育实际存在的问题。男士表示赞同，认为这一问题的出现在
于每个人所获得的教育机会是不平等的，换句话说，男士认为每个人应该有相同的机会接
受高等教育。所以答案为C。
8. 男士在对话的最后阐明了什么观点？
A）大学教育体系因国家而异。
B）效率是大学管理的关键。
C）很难说公立大学和私立大学哪个更好。
D）在美国很多私立大学实际上是庞大的官僚机构。
答案 C
解析 本题为推理判断题。从对话中可以知道，男士在对话中描述了加拿大公立大学的
问题，女士说在美国私立大学盛行，但也存在着各种问题，而在日本，公立大学与私立大
学并存。在对话结尾，男士表示很难说哪一类大学更好。所以答案为C。
Section B
Passage One
听力原文 听力原文译文
[9] A recent International Labor Organization 国际劳工组织最近的一项报告称，
report says the deterioration of real wages around 全世界实际工资状况的恶化令人对经
the world calls into question the true extent of an 济复苏的真实程度产生疑问，尤其是
economic recovery, especially if government rescue 政府的救市计划是否被过早取消。该
packages are phased out too early. The report warns 报告警告说，尽管经济出现回升的迹
the picture on wages is likely to get worse this 象，但是今年的工资状况很可能会变
year despite indications of an economic rebound. 得更糟。帕特里克·贝尔瑟是国际劳
Patrick Belser, an International Labor Organization 工组织的专家。他说工资的下降率与
specialist says declining wage rates are linked 失业水平有关。“我们看到现在一些
to the levels of unemployment. “[10] The quite 国家的失业人数相当引人注目相当引
dramatic unemployment figures, which we now see 人注 目的失业数字，这强烈地表明未
in some of the countries strongly suggest that there 来 随着更多的人失业，工资会面临更
will be greater pressure on wages in the future as 大的压力，会有更多的人找工作，而
more people will be unemployed, more people will 且雇主通过提高工资来吸引工人的压
be looking for jobs and the pressure on employers 力将会下降。
to raise wages to attract workers will decline.
·19·So, we expect that the second part of the year will 由此我们预计今年后半年工资增长的
not be very good in terms of wage growth.” The 趋势不会很好。”该报告发现，有超
report finds more than a quarter of the countries 过四分之一的国家的月工资实际上保
experienced flat or falling monthly wages in 持不变或者下降。这些国家包括：美
real terms. They include the United States, 国、奥地利、哥斯达黎加、南非和德
Austria, Costa Rica, South Africa and Germany. 国。国际劳工组织的经济学家们称，
International Labor Organization economists say 在经济危机期间，一些国家已经出台
some nations have come up with policies to lessen 了政策以减轻较低工资水平的影响，
the impact of lower wages during the economic 其中一个例子就是含有政府补贴的“工
crisis. An example of these is Work Sharing with 作分享”计划。按照该项计划，为了
government subsidies. [11] Under this scheme, the 避免裁员，个人的工作时间会缩短。
number of individual working hours is reduced in 政府必须提供工资津贴以补偿因时间
an effort to avoid layoffs. For this scheme to work, 缩短而损失的薪金，这样做是为了运
the government must provide wage subsidies to 行该项计划。
compensate for lost pay due to the shorter hours.
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.
9. What is the International Labour Organization report mainly about?
10. According to an International Labour Organization specialist, how will employers feel if there
are more people looking for jobs?
11. What does the speaker mean by the work-sharing scheme?
答案详解
9. 国际劳工组织报告的主要内容是什么？
A）政府在解决经济危机方面的作用。
B）世界各地实际工资水平不断恶化。
C）美国经济复苏的种种迹象。
D）当前经济危机对人们生活的影响。
答案 B
解析 本题为推理判断题。短文提到，全世界范围内的实际工资下降让人们对经济复苏
的程度产生了怀疑，虽然经济指标显示经济有所好转,但工资很可能会不断下降。由此可
知，国际劳工组织的报告主要是关于全世界范围内工资水平的下降。所以答案为B。
10. 按照国际劳工组织的一位专家所述，如果有更多的人找工作的话，雇主会有什么样的
感受？
A）他们会感到增加员工工资的压力更小。
B）他们会自由选择最合适的员工。
C）他们会倾向于扩大企业经营的规模。
D）他们会感到更有信心与对手竞争。
答案 A
解析 本题为细节推断题。失业率高，更多的人需要寻找工作，那么雇主提高工资来吸
·20·引员工的压力就降低了。所以答案为A。
11. 说话者提到的“工作分享”计划意味着什么？
A）雇员和公司合作以渡过经济危机。
B）政府和公司携手为失业者创造就业机会。
C）为避免裁员，员工的工作时间缩短了。
D）公司将鼓励团队合作。
答案 C
解析 本题为细节推断题。依照有政府补贴的工作分享计划，员工的工作时间会缩短，
以此来挤出更多的工作岗位，从而避免下岗的发生。所以答案为C。
Passage Two
听力原文 听力原文译文
[12] Is there really a magic memory pill or 真的有某种神奇记忆药丸或者某
a herbal recall remedy? I have been frequently 种草药记忆唤醒疗法吗？我经常听到
asked if these memory supplements work. You 人们问我这些记忆保健品是否有作用。
know, one of these first things I like to tell people 当问及有关这些保健品的事情时，我
when they ask me about these supplements, is 首先想要告诉人们的一点是，很多保
that a lot of them are promoted as a cure for your 健品已经被推销成治愈记忆问题的疗
memory. But your memory doesn’t need a cure. 法。但是你的记忆力并不需要治疗。
What your memory needs is a good work-out. So 你的记忆力所需要的是效果明显的锻
really, those supplements aren’t going to give you 炼。因而那些保健品真的不会像其承
that perfect memory in the way that they promise. 诺的那样，给你如此完美的记忆力。
The other thing is that a lot of these supplements 此外，我想说这种保健品中的很多并
aren’t necessarily what they claim to be, and you 不一定像它们所宣称的那样，而且当
really have to be wary when you take any of them. 你服用其中任何一种时，务必要小心。
[13] The science isn’t there behind most of them. 它们中的大多数背后并没有科学的支
They’re not really well regulated unless they adhere 撑。除非遵守了某种行业标准，否则
to some industry standard. You don’t really know 它们无法真正做到管理规范。你真的
that what they say is in there, isn’t in there. What 不会知道它们说里面有什么，而实际
you must understand is that those supplements, 却没有。你必须明白的是，那些保健
especially in some eastern cultures, are part of a 品是医疗实践传统的一部分，尤其是
medical practice tradition. People don’t just go in 在一些东方文化中。人们不是只去当
a local grocery store and buy these supplements. 地的杂货店买这些保健品。实际上他
[14] In fact, they are prescribed and they’re given 们是有医生处方的，而且也给他们规
at a certain level, a dosage that is understood by 定了特定的标准，即剂量，这是经过
a practitioner who’s been trained. And that’s not 培训的执业医生都知道的。这并不真
really the way they’re used in this country. 的是它们在这个国家的使用方式。
·21·The other thing that people do forget is that 人们会忘记的另一件事情是这些
these are medicines, so they do have an impact. 都是药品，所以它们肯定有副作用。
[15] A lot of times people are not really aware of 很多时候人们并没有真正意识到它们
the impact they have, or the fact that taking them in 的副作用，或者与其他药物一同服用
combination with other medications might put you 可能会增加风险，本来你是不用对抗
at increased risk for something that you wouldn’t 或者陷入这种风险的。
otherwise being countering or be at risk for.
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.
12. What question is frequently put to the speaker?
13. What does the speaker say about most memory supplements?
14. What do we learn about memory supplements in eastern cultures?
15. What does the speaker say about memory supplements at the end?
答案详解
12. 说话者经常被问到的问题是什么？
A）记忆保健品是否有效。
B）草药是否能创造奇迹。
C）锻炼是否能增强记忆力。
D）神奇的记忆力是否能够带来成功。
答案 A
解析 本题为细节辨认题。短文开头问到是否有神奇的记忆药丸或是恢复记忆的中
药？后面指出他经常被问到的一个问题就是：这些记忆保健品是否有效。所以答案为A。
13. 讲话者对大多数记忆保健品有何看法？
A）比起年轻人，它们对老年人更有帮助。
B）它们以不同的方式受益。
C）它们通常没有副作用。
D）它们不是基于真正的科学。
答案 D
解析 本题为细节推断题。讲话者说服用者需要小心，因为这些药物不见得像宣传中所
描述的那样真实有效，在大部分记忆保健品背后并没有真正的科学依据。所以答案为D。
14. 关于东方文化中的记忆保健品，我们了解到什么？
A）它们在大多数国家的集市上都可以买到。
B）服用它们的剂量相对较高。
C）它们是由农民收集或种植的。
D）它们是由经过培训的执业医生开出的。
答案 D
解析 本题为细节推断题。记忆类药物不能随便在药房里购买，这些药物是处方药，受
过专门训练的执业医师可以给开一定剂量的药物。所以答案为D。
·22·15. 讲话者最后对记忆保健品有何看法？
A）它们经常被证明跟脑力锻炼一样有帮助。
B）它们跟其他药品一起服用可能产生不必要的风险。
C）它们的效果只持续很短的时间。
D）许多人从中受益。
答案 B
解析 本题为细节推断题。讲话者最后指出人们都不知道自己行为的后果，有时将药物
混合服用可能会产生本来不会出现的高风险。所以答案为B。
Section C
Recording One
听力原文 听力原文译文
The negative impacts of natural disasters can 自然灾害的负面影响随处可见。在
be seen everywhere. In just the past few weeks, 过去的几周里，世界目睹了印度尼西亚
the world has witnessed the destructive power 地震、菲律宾台风以及萨摩亚及相邻群
of earthquakes in Indonesia, typhoons in the 岛海啸的破坏力。
Philippines, and the destructive sea waves that
struck Samoa and neighboring islands.
A study by the Center for Research on the 灾难流行病学研究中心的一项研究
Epidemiology of Disasters finds that, between 发现，1980到2007年间，近8400次自
1980 and 2007, nearly 8,400 natural disasters 然灾害致使二百多万人死亡，这些灾难
killed more than two-million people. These 性事件造成了超过1.5 万亿的经济损失。
catastrophic events caused more than $1.5
trillion in economic losses.
U. N. weather expert Geoffrey Love says “这是个坏消息，”联合国天气专
that is the bad news. “Over the last 50 years, 家杰弗里·洛夫说，“在过去的50年中，
economic losses have increased by a factor of 经济损失增长了50倍。这听上去相当可
50. That sounds pretty terrible, but the loss of life 怕，但是丧生人数却下降到1/10，因为
has decreased by a factor of 10 simply because 我们在向人们发布预警方面做得更好了。
we are getting better at warning people. We are 我们的工作正在产生影响。然而极端现
making a difference. Extreme events, however, 象会继续发生，但传递出的消息是它们
will continue to occur. But the message is that 不一定就是灾难。”
they need not be disasters.”
Love, who is director of Weather and Disaster 世界气象组织天气与灾害风险防范
Risk Reduction at the World Meteorological 部主任洛夫说，大部分的死亡和经济损
Organization, says most of the deaths and 失都是由天气、气候或者与水相关的极
economic losses were caused by weather, climate, 端情况导致的，
or water-related extremes.
·23·These include droughts, foods, windstorms, 其中包括干旱、洪水、风暴、强热带风
strong tropical winds and wildfires. 及野火。
[16] He says extreme events will continue. 他说极端事件会继续发生，但是他
But, he says extreme events become disasters 表示极端事件只有在人们没能做好准备
only when people fail to prepare for them. 时才会成为灾难。
[16] [17] “Many of the remedies are well- “有许多广为人知的应对方法。 从
known. From a planning perspective, it’s pretty 规划的角度来说，非常简单。建造更好
simple. Build better buildings. Don’t build where 的建筑。不要在危险可能毁坏它们的地
the hazards will destroy them from an early- 方修建。从提前预警的角 度来说，确保
warning perspective, make sure the warnings 预警直接传达到社区层面。建立社区行
go right down to the community level. Build 动计划。”
community action plans.”
[16] [18] The World Meteorological 世界气象组织指出，以古巴和孟加
Organization points to Cuba and Bangladesh 拉国为例，一些国家已经通过采取预防
as examples of countries that have successfully 措施，成功地减少了自然灾害导致的丧
reduced the loss of life caused by natural 生人数。
disasters by taking preventive action.
[18] It says tropical storms formerly claimed 该组织还指出，以前在古巴，热带
dozens, if not hundreds of lives, each year, in 风暴每年即使未导致数百人丧生，也会
Cuba. But the development of an early-warning 导致数十人丧生。但是提前预警体系的
system has reversed that trend. In 2008, Cuba 发展已经扭转了那种趋势。2008年，古
was hit by five successive hurricanes, but only 巴连续被五次飓风袭击，但只造成了7
seven people were killed. 人死亡。
Bangladesh also has achieved substantial 孟加拉国亦取得实质性成果。1970
results. Major storm surges in 1970 and 1991 和1991年的大风暴潮导致了约44万人
caused the deaths of about 440,000 people. 丧生。经过严密的准备工作，2007年11
Through careful preparation, the death toll from 月的一次超级热带风暴造成的死亡人数
a super tropical storm in November 2007 was 不到3500人。
less than 3,500.
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.
16. What is the talk mainly about?
17. How can we stop extreme events from turning into disasters?
18. What does the example of Cuba serve to show?
答案详解
16. 本篇讲话的主要内容是什么？
A）悲剧性的自然灾害在发展中国家会产生何种结果。
B）世界气象组织是如何研究自然灾害的。
C）人类在面对自然灾害时显得无能为力。
D）如何减少自然灾害的负面影响。
·24·答案 D
解析 本题为主旨大意题。讲座后面提到做好预警准备可以减少人员伤亡和财产损失，
而古巴和孟加拉国在这方面的工作尤其出色。由此推断本讲座主要围绕人类如何减少自
然灾害所造成的影响展开。所以答案为D。
17. 我们怎样做才能阻止极端事件转变为灾难？
A）通过训练紧急救援队。 B）通过采取措施让人们做好准备。
C）通过改变人们对自然的看法。 D）通过将人们转移到更安全的地方。
答案 B
解析 本题为细节推断题。讲座中提到只有在没有做好准备的情况下极端事件才会发
展成为巨大的灾难。所以要想避免极端事件发展成灾难就需要做好准备。所以答案为B。
18. 古巴的例子说明了什么？
A）预防措施如何可以减少生命损失。 B）在灾难面前古巴人多么勇敢。
C）古巴人如何遭受热带风暴之苦。 D）热带风暴具有何等的破坏性。
答案 A
解析 本题为细节推断题。讲座中提到古巴的预警系统扭转了趋势。2008年在连续五
场飓风的袭击下只有七人丧生。这说明预先准备可以减少自然灾害所造成的人员伤亡。
所以答案为A。
Recording Two
听力原文 听力原文译文
[19] As U. S. banks recovered with the help 美国银行在美国政府和纳税人 的
of the American government and the American 帮助下逐渐复苏，奥巴马总统与银行
taxpayer, president Obama held meetings with top 高层管理者们举行了会谈，告知他们
bank executives, telling them it’s time to return the 是时候加以回报了。
favor.
[19] “The way I see it are banks now having a 他说：“我看到的是现在银行应
greater obligation to the goal of a wider recovery,” 为取得更大范围复苏的目标多尽义
he said. But the president may be giving the 务。”但总统可能给予金融部门过多
financial sector too much credit. “It was in a free 的信任了。“之前的状态像是自由落体，
fall, and it was a very scary period,” Economist 那段时期真是令人胆战心惊。”经济
Martin Neil Baily said. 学家马丁·尼尔·贝利说。
After the failure of Lehman Brothers, many 世界的许多大银行在雷曼兄弟 失
of the world’s largest banks feared the worst 败之后最担心的就是房产泡沫破 灭所
as the collapse of the housing bubble exposed 暴露出来的贷款投资风险。
investments in risky loans.
[20] Although he says the worst is over, Bailey 贝利说最糟糕的时期已经过去，
says the banking crisis is not. More than 130 U. S. 但银行业的危机还没有结束。2009年，
banks failed in 2009. He predicts high failure rates 130多家美国银行倒闭。他预言，随着
for smaller, regional banks in 2010 as commercial 商业地产贷款到期，小型的地方性银
real estate loans come due. 行在2010年的倒闭风险较高。
·25·“So there may actually be a worsening of credit “因此中小企业在明年前后的信
availability to small and medium-sized businesses 贷投放事实上可能会恶化。”
in the next year or so.” 根据分析人士所述，最大的问题
Analysts say the biggest problem is high 在于高失业率降低了需求，同时使银
unemployment, which weakens demand and makes 行不愿意放贷。但是美国合众银行的
banks reluctant to lend. [21] But U. S. Bancorp 行长理查德·戴维斯却对该形势有着
chief Richard Davis sees the situation differently. 不同的看法。
[21] “We’re probably more optimistic than the “我们可能比专家们更乐观。考
experts might be. With that in mind, we’re putting 虑到这一点，我们会尽我们所能。放
in everything we can. Lending is the coal to our 贷是我们发展的动力，所以我们愿意
engine, so we want to make more loans. We have 多放贷。我们必须设法使更多人具有
to find a way to qualify more people and not put 获取贷款的资格，同时又不使自己陷
ourselves at risk.” 入风险之中。”
While some economists predict continued 尽管一些经济学家预测未来经济
recovery in the future, Baily says the only certainty 会持续复苏，但贝利说唯一能确定的
is that banks are unlikely to make the same 是银行不太可能两次犯同样的错误。
mistakes twice. “You know, forecasting become a “你知道，预测已经成为一件极其危
very hazardous business so I don’t want to commit 险的事情，所以我不想做过多承诺。
myself too much. I don’t think we know exactly 我觉得我们无法确切知道即将发生什
what’s going to happen but it’s certainly possible 么，但非常有可能的是，在接下来的
that we could get very slow growth over the next 一到两年内我们可能会 发展得非常
year or two.” 缓慢。”
[22] If the economy starts to shrink again. 贝利说，如果经济再度开始出现
Baily says it would make a strong case for a second 萎缩，将势必要求出台第二轮的强刺
stimulus—something the Obama administration 激政策——这是奥巴马政府希望没有
hopes will not be necessary. 必要做的事情。
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.
19. What does president Obama hope the banks will do?
20. What is Martin Neil Baily’s prediction about the financial situation in the future?
21. What does U. S. Bancorp chief Richard Davis say about its future operation?
22. What does Martin Neil Baily think of a second stimulus to the economy?
答案详解
19. 奥巴马总统希望各大银行做什么？
A）偿还美国政府的贷款。 B）为资金严重短缺者提供贷款。
C）为更大范围的复苏目标贡献更多力量。 D）加速从房地产泡沫中复苏。
答案 C
解析 本题为细节推断题。讲座中提到奥巴马总统说在经济困难时，美国政府和纳税人
帮助了银行，现在银行应该对这种帮助有所回报，奥巴马总统是希望银行能够对经济在
更大范围内的复苏作出贡献，承担责任。所以答案为C。
·26·20. 关于未来的经济形势，马丁·尼尔·贝利预测到什么？
A）有些银行可能不得不与其他银行合并。 B）许多小型的地方性银行将会倒闭。
C）银行将难以提供更多贷款。 D）许多银行将不得不解雇一些员工。
答案 B
解析 本题为细节辨认题。讲座中提到经济学家预测，2010年规模较小的地区性银行
将会面临高破产率。所以答案为B。
21. 美国合众银行的行长理查德·戴维斯对未来的运营有何看法？
A）它将与政府密切合作。 B）它将努力核销不良贷款。
C）它将设法降低利率。 D）它将尝试提供更多贷款。
答案 D
解析 本题为细节推断题。美国合众银行总裁认为贷款就像发动引擎的煤一样，他们会
尽可能多地发放贷款。所以答案为D。
22. 马丁·尼尔·贝利对第二轮经济刺激政策有何看法？
A）它不会帮助美国经济好转。
B）它对于大型商业银行没有任何好处。
C）它将赢得奥巴马政府的批准。
D）如果经济再次萎缩，它将成为必要举措。
答案 D
解析 本题为细节推断题。讲座提到了贝利的态度，他认为如果经济再次低迷，二度刺
激是十分必要的。所以答案为D。
Recording Three
听力原文 听力原文译文
A new study has failed to find any conclusive 一项新的研究表明，还没有任何确
evidence that lifestyle changes can prevent 凿的证据证明生活方式的改变能 够预防
cognitive decline in older adults. Still, there are 老年人认知水平的下降。但当我们上了
good reasons to make positive changes in how 年纪之后，仍然有足够的理由在生活方
we live and what we eat as we age. 式和饮食方面做出一些积极的改变。
[23] Cognitive decline is the loss of ability 随着我们的衰老，认知水平下降是
to learn new skills, or recall words, names, and 一种很常见的现象，它是指丧失学习新
faces that is most common as we age. To reduce 技能或者回忆话语、姓名或脸孔的能力。
or avoid it, researchers have examined the effect 为了减轻或避免这种情况，研究者们检
of smoking, diet, brain-challenging games, 测了吸烟、饮食、脑力挑战游戏、运动
exercise and other strategies. 和其他策略的影响。
Researchers at Duke University scrutinized 在仔细审阅了160多份已发表的研
more than 160 published studies and found an 究后，杜克大学的研究人员发现，没有
absence of strong evidence that any of these 有力的证据表明这些方法会产生很大的
approaches can make a big difference. Co-author 影响。詹姆斯·伯克是合著者之一，他
James Burke helped design the study. 协助设计了这项研究。
·27·[24] “In the observational studies we found “通过观察性研究我们可以发现，
that some of the B vitamins were beneficial. 有一些B族维生素是有益的。虽然没有
Exercise, diet, cognitive stimulation showed 有力的证据能够帮助我们证实运动、饮
some positive effects, although the evidence was 食、认知刺激可以帮助降低认知水平下
not so strong that we could actually consider 降，但是它们仍能发挥一定的积极作用。
these firmly established.”
[24] Some previous studies have suggested 之前所做的一些研究已经表明，通
that challenging your brain with mentally 过心理刺激的活动来挑战大脑或许是有
stimulating activities might help. And Burke 益的。伯克说，基于随机性研究（研究
says that actually does seem to help, based on 者的黄金标准)，这样的做法看来的确有
randomized studies—the researcher’s gold 所帮助。
standard.
[24] “Cognitive stimulation is one of the “我们发现确实有所助益的领域之
areas where we did find some benefit. The exact 一就是认知刺激。与对智力的调动相比，
type of stimulation that an individual uses is not 个人所采用的具体刺激方式则不是那么
as important as being intellectually engaged”. 重要。”
The expert review also found insufficient 专家审查后还发现，推荐某些药物
evidence to recommend any drugs or dietary 或膳食补充剂以预防或延缓认知水平下
supplements that could prevent or slow cognitive 降的做法证据不足。但是至少有一些证
decline. However, given that there is at least 据表明这些生活方式上的改变存在某些
some evidence for positive effects from some 积极的影响，并且有其他一些明显与认
of these lifestyle changes, plus other benefits 知水平下降无关的益处，因而伯克愿意
apparently unrelated to cognitive decline, Burke 给出一些建议。
was willing to offer some recommendations.
[25] “I think that by having people adopt a “我认为，无论是从医疗角度还是
healthy lifestyle, both from a medical standpoint 从营养和认知刺激角度，人们采取 健康
as well as nutritional and cognitive stimulation 的生活方式都能降低认知水平 下降的发
standpoint, we can reduce the incidence of 生率，这将证明这些因素事实上是非常
cognitive decline, which will be proof that these 重要的。”
factors are, in fact, important.”
James Burke of Duke University is one of the 这项研究的合著者之一是杜克 大学
authors of a study reviewing previous research 的詹姆斯·伯克，该研究对此前关于认
on cognitive decline. The paper is published 知水平下降的研究进行了审阅。本篇论
online by the Annals of Internal Medicine. 文发表在《内科学年鉴》的在线版上。
Question23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.
23. According to the speaker, what might be a symptom of cognitive decline in older adults?
24. According to James Burke, what does seem to help reduce cognitive decline?
25. What did James Burke recommend to reduce the incidence of cognitive decline?
·28·答案详解
23. 根据讲话者所说,老年人认知水平下降的一种症状会是什么？
A）无法学习新事物。 B）做出改变很缓慢。
C）越来越频繁地发脾气。 D）失去与他人相处的能力。
答案 A
解析 本题为事实细节题。讲座中认知能力下降是指丧失学习新技能的能力或者记忆
单词、名字以及熟悉的面孔的能力衰退。所以答案为A。
24. 詹姆斯·伯克认为有助于减轻认知水平下降的似乎是什么？
A）认知刺激。 B）社区活动。
C）平衡膳食。 D）清新的空气。
答案 A
解析 本题为细节辨认题。B族维生素、锻炼、饮食和认知刺激都对认知衰退有所抑
制。讲座中虽然提到了diet,但这与选项中的Balanced diet不是完全相同的概念。所以
答案为A。
25. 詹姆斯·伯克对认知水平下降发生率的降低有什么建议？
A）忽略衰老的迹象和症状。 B）对生活采取乐观的态度。
C）努力放弃不健康的生活方式。 D）不时向医生征求意见。
答案 C
解析 本题为细节推断题。不管是从医学角度、营养角度还是认知角度,采纳健康的生
活方式都是十分有益的,也就是说人们应该放弃不健康的生活方式。所以答案为C。
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Section A
26. 答案 G
解析 本题考查的是形容词。释义为也许更糟的是，不健康的饮食和不充分的锻炼带来
的有害影响并不局限子你的身体。根据空格前的the和空格后的effects判定，空格处缺
形容词。detrimental意为“有害的”，与题意相符，故选G。
27. 答案 J
解析 本题考查的是动词。释义为最近的研究还表明，放任吃高脂肪、高糖的饮食可能
会对你的大脑产生负面影响，导致学习和记忆缺陷。根据空格前的that和空格后的in a
high-fat and high-sugar diet判定，空格处缺动词的现在分词形式，使整个短语成为句子的
主语。indulge in意为“放任”，与题意相符，故选J。
28. 答案 E
解析 本题考查的是名词。释义为最近的研究还表明，放任吃高脂肪、高糖的欲食可能
会对你的大脑产生负面影响，导致学习和记忆缺陷。根据空格前的learning and memory
判定，空格处缺名词。deficit意为“赤字，缺陷”，与题意相符，故选E。
·29·29. 答案 A
解析 本题考查的是动词。释义为研究发现，肥胖与一系列学习和记忆测试评估的认知
功能（比如记住几分钟或几小时前出现过的单词的能力)受损有关。根据空格前的as和
空格后的by判定，空格处缺动词的过去分词形式。be assessed by 意为“被评估”，与题意
相符，故选A。
30. 答案 L
解析 本题考查的是副词。释义为越来越多的证据表明，饮食导致的认知障碍可能在数
周甚至几天内迅速出现。本句是一个完整的句子，不缺主要成分，根据空格前的emerge
判定，空格处缺副词。rapidly意为“迅速地”，与题意相符，故选L。
31. 答案 B
解析 本题考查的是动词。释义为例如，一项研究发现，与低脂肪饮食的对照组相比，
被指定吃高脂肪饮食五天的健康成年人表现出注意力、记忆和情绪受损。根据空格前
的healthy adults和空格后的to a high-fat diet判定，空格处缺动词的过去分词形式。be
assigned to意为“被指派”，与题意相符，故选B，designate意为“指定”，但其后接“ to do
sth.”，可排除。
32. 答案 O
解析 本题考查的是形容词。释义为另一项研究还发现，每天吃离脂肪、高糖的早餐，
只要坚持四天，就会导致学习和记忆出现问题，其情况与超重人群和肥胖人群的情况类
似。根据空格前的with learning and memory和空格后的to those判定，空格处缺形容词。
be similar to意为“类似的”，与题意相符，故选O。
33. 答案 C
解析 本题考查的是名词。释义为因此，这表明，即使体重没有显著变化，不良饮食
摄入也会产生负面影响。根据空格前的negative和空格后的of判定，空格处缺名词。
consequence意为“后果，影响”，与题意相符，故选C。
34. 答案 D
解析 本题考查的是副词。释义为因此，这表明，即使体重没有显著变化，不良饮食摄
入也会产生负面影响。本句是一个完整的句子，不缺主要成分，根据空格前的changed判
定，空格处缺副词。conspicuously意为“明显地”，与题意相符，故选D。
35. 答案 N
解析 本题考查的是副词。释义为因此，体重并不总是健康的最佳指标，瘦的人仍然需
要健康饮食，有规律地锻炼。根据空格前的exercise判定，空格处缺副词。regularly意为
“有规律地”，与题意相符，故选N。
词汇分析
动词： A) assess 评估，估计；B) assign 分配；F) designate 指定；l) excel胜过；J) indulge
放任
形容词： B) assigned 被指派的；F) designated 指定的；G) detrimental 有害的；M) redundant
多余的，被裁员的O) similar 类似的
名词： C) consequence 后果，影响；E) deficit 赤字，缺陷；H) digestion 消化；K) loophole
漏洞，枪眼
·30·副词：D) conspicuously明显地；L) rapidly迅速地；N) regularly有规律地
参考译文
当考虑到与严重慢性病相关的风险因素时，我们通常会想到某些健康指标，如胆固醇、
血压和体重。但是，不良的饮食习惯和缺乏锻炼也会增加患心脏病的风险，并在某些癌症
的发展中起作用。也许更糟的是，不健康的饮食和不充分的锻炼带来的[26]有害影响并不
局限于你的身体。最近的研究还表明，[27]放任吃高脂肪、高糖的饮食可能会对你的大脑
产生负面影响，导致学习和记忆[28]减退。
研究发现，肥胖与一系列学习和记忆测试[29]评估的认知功能（比如记住几分钟或几
小时前出现过的单词的能力)受损有关。越来越多的证据表明，饮食导致的认知障碍可能
在数周甚至几天内[30]迅速出现。例如，一项研究发现，与低脂肪饮食的对照组相比，[31]
被指定吃高脂肪饮食五天的健康成年人表现出注意力、记忆和情绪减退。另一项研究还发现，
每天吃高脂肪、高糖的早餐，仅仅四天，就会导致学习和记忆出现问题，其情况与超重和
肥胖人群的情况[32]类似。
健康饮食组和高脂肪、高糖饮食组的体重差异不大。因此，这表明，即使体重没有[34]
显著变化，不良饮食摄入也会产生负面[33]影响。因此,体重并不总是健康的最佳指标,瘦
的人仍然需要健康饮食，[35]有规律地锻炼。
Section B
36. 答案 F 释义为一些公司认为，产品寿命的延长对环境和客户都有好处。这与段落 F
中的“Their philosophy is that extending the life of a pair of jeans is not only great for the
environment, but allows the consumer to get more value out of their product.”相符。题干
中的benefits both the environment and customers 是对定位句中的not only great for the
environment, but allows the consumer to get more value out of their product的同义转述。
37. 答案 C释义为一项调查显示，如今的消费者在决定买什么时，越来越关注节能和环保。
这与段落C中的“In a survey of 54 of the world’s leading brands, almost all of them reported
that consumers are showing increasing care about sustainable lifestyles. At the same time,
surveys on consumers in the U.S. and the U.K. show that they also care about minimizing
energy use and reducing waste.”相符。题干中的getting more concerned about 和energy
conservation and environmental protection是对定位句中的showing increasing care about 和
minimizing energy use and reducing waste的同义转述。
38. 答案 M释义为公司可以通过创造一种积极的环境意识文化来建立客户忠诚度。
这与段落M中的“By creating more awareness around your efforts to reduce waste, and by
developing a culture of responsibility, repair, and reuse, you can build customer loyalty based on
shared values and responsibilities.”相符。题干中的by creating a positive culture of environmental
awareness 对应定位句中的 By creating more awareness around your efforts to reduce waste, and
by developing a culture of responsibility, repair, and reuse。
39. 答案 E释义为当公司推出环保项目时,他们的品牌声誉将得到提升。这与段落E中
的“…they’re promising quality and durability to customers,and receiving the reputational
·31·gains for being environmentally friendly”相符。题干中的companies launch environmental
programs 对应定位句中的have launched environmental programs。
40. 答案 G释义为一家跨国公司向那些购买旧鞋作为燃料的顾客提供折扣。这与段落G
中的“To motivate visitors to bring in more old shoes,Adidas Brazil promotes the program
in stores by showing videos to educate customers,and it even offers a discount each time
a customer brings in an old pair of shoes.”相符。题干中的 offers discounts to customers
who bring in old footwear to be used as fuel是对定位句中的offers a discount each time a
customer brings in an old pair of shoes的同义转述。
41. 答案 N 释义为回收用过的产品可以帮助制造商降低生产成本。这与段落 N 中的
“Reducing waste by incorporating used materials into production can cut costs and decrease
the price of procurement (采购)：less to be procured from the outside and more to be re-
utilized from the inside.”相符。题干中的Recycling used products和help manufacturers
reduce production costs 对应定位句中的incorporating used materials into production 和cut
costs and decrease the price of procurement。
42. 答案 H释义为电子产品含有可回收的贵重金属。这与段落H中的“The materials from
e-waste include iron, copper, gold, silver, and aluminum materials that could be reused, resold,
salvaged, or recycled.”相符。题干中的Electronic products 和valuable metals that could be
recovered 对应定位句中的e-waste 和iron, copper, gold, silver, and aluminum materials that
could be reused,resold,salvaged,or recycled。
43. 答案 B释义为人们似乎普遍认为，公司没有动机延长其产品的寿命。这与段落B中的
“Conventional wisdom would seem to suggest that companies have no incentive to lengthen
the life cycle of their products and reduce the revenue they would get from selling new
goods.” 相符。题干中的commonly believed和companies are not motivated to prolong their
products’ lifespan是对定位句中的Conventional wisdom和companies have no incentive to
lengthen the life cycle of their products的同义转述。
44. 答案 J 释义为公司在产品回收方面相互合作是明智的。这与段落J中的“The partnership
benefits both sides by allowing unconventional partners (for example, two companies from
two different industries) to work together on a specific aspect of the value chain, like, in this
example, an engine firm with an accessory one.”相符。题干中的advisable for companies
和 partner with each other in product recycling是对定位句中的benefits both sides和 work
together on a specific aspect of the value chain的同义转述。
45. 答案 D释义为一些企业已经开始意识到，让消费者承担回收的全部责任可能是无效
的。这与段落D中的“some companies are realizing that placing the burden of recycling
entirely on the consumer is not an effective strategy, especially when tossing something away
seems like the easiest and most convenient option.”相符。题干中的Some businesses 和it
may not be effective to let consumers take full responsibility for recycling对应定位句中的
some companies 和placing the burden of recycling entirely on the consumer is not an effective
strategy。
·32·参考译文
公司与消费者正共同致力于减少浪费
[A] 作为消费者，我们总是造成很多浪费。世界每年产生13亿吨固体废物。预计到2025年，
这一数字将达到22亿。发达国家产生44%的废物，仅在美国，普通人每个月都会扔掉
与自己体重相当重量的垃圾。
[B][43]传统观点似乎认为，公司没有动机延长其产品的生命周期并减少销售新产品所带来
的收入。然而事实上，越来越多的企业正在考虑如何减少消费者的浪费。部分原因是原
材料和金属价格上涨，还有部分原因在于消费者和公司都越来越意识到保护环境的必要
性。
[C]在选择要购买的产品和从哪个品牌购买时，越来越多的消费者开始关注可持续性。这与
他们过去所关注的价格和性能相反。[37]在一项对54个世界领先品牌的调查中，几乎
所有品牌都报告称，消费者对可持续生活方式的关注度正在提高。与此同时，对美国和
英国消费者的调查表明，他们也关心尽量减少能源使用和减少浪费。
[D]在大多数情况下，消费者控制产品的发展。[45]但一些公司意识到，将回收的负担完全
放在消费者身上并不是一种有效的策略，尤其是当扔掉一些东西看起来是最容易和最方
便的选择时。
[E]服装、鞋类和电子行业的一些零售商和制造商已经推出了环保计划。他们希望让客户对
保留他们的产品感兴趣，并防止那些仍然有价值的东西被扔进垃圾场。他们通过提供有
助于延长产品寿命的服务向消费者承诺质量和耐用性，并因环保而赢得声誉。
[F]例如，瑞典牛仔裤公司Nudie Jeans在其二十家商店提供免费维修服务。顾客们不再丢
弃破旧的牛仔裤，而是将其修理。该公司甚至提供邮购订单和线上教学视频，以便客
户可以在家中学习如何修理一条牛仔裤。[36]他们的理念是延长生仔裤的使用寿命不仅
对环境有益，而且可以让消费者从他们的产品中获得更多价值。当顾客真的想扔掉他们
的裤子时，他们可以将它们送回商店，店里会将其重新调整并转售。另一家高端户外服
装店Patagonia也遵循同样的原则。它与DIY网站iFixit合作，教导消费者如何在家修
理自己的衣服，如防水外套。该公司还为其客户提供一个价格适中的维修项目。目前，
Patagonia每年在内华达州里诺市的服务中心修理约4万件服装。据该公司首席执行官
罗斯·马卡里奥称，这是为了建立一家关心环境的公司。同时，提供维修帮助对其产品
质量的感知。
[G]在巴西，跨国公司阿迪达斯自2012年开始实施一项名为“可持续足迹”的鞋子回收计划。
客户可以将任何品牌的鞋子带入阿迪达斯商店，然后将其切碎并转化为替代燃料，用于
创造能源而不是作为垃圾焚烧。它们被用来给水泥炉提供燃料。[40]为了激励到店顾客
带来更多旧鞋，阿迪达斯巴西通过展示视频来教育顾客，在商店推广该计划，甚至在每
次顾客带来一双旧鞋时提供折扣。[39]这使人们更加了解公司的价值观，从而提高了阿
迪达斯的声誉和形象。
[H]电子垃圾中也存在巨大的机遇。据估计，2014年，全世界生产了大约4200万吨电子废
物（废弃的电气和电子设备及其零部件)，北美和欧洲分别占800万和1200万吨。[42]
电子废物中的材料包括铁、铜、金、银和铝，这些材料可以再利用、转售、回收或再循
环。这些金属的总价值估计约为520亿美元。像百思买（Best Buy)和三星（Samsung)
这样的电子巨头在过去几年里提供了电子垃圾回收项目，旨在将旧电子零部件翻新成新
·33·产品。
[I]对于其他有意减少浪费、帮助环境和提供消费者所寻求的可持续生活方式的公司，以下
是与客户建立以回收和恢复产品价值为重点的关系的一些初步步骤：
[J]寻找合作伙伴。如果你是一个依赖外部经销商的制造商，那么零售商是收集旧产品的理
想合作伙伴。电动工具制造商DeWalt 与Lowes和Napa Auto Parts等公司合作，在他们
的商店里收集旧工具进行回收。[44]通过允许非常规合作伙伴（例如，来自两个不同行
业的两家公司)在价值链的特定方面合作，例如，在本例中，一家发动机公司和一家附
属公司，这种合作伙伴关系对双方都有益。
[K]制定激励措施。环保意识并不总是足以让顾客回收旧商品。例如，DeWalt发现，许多
承包商仍然保留着他们的旧工具，即使它们不再被使用，因为这些工具的采购成本很高，
而且很难证明他们可以将其用于回收。通过提供价值高达100美元的即时折扣，DeWalt
推出了一个折价项目，以鼓励人们带回工具。因此，DeWalt现在重新利用这些材料来
创造新产品。
[L]从一个试验程序开始，并期望随着你的进展更改细节。任何回收计划都可能随着时间的
推移而改变，具体取决于什么对你的客户和公司目标行之有效。也许你一开始看到的是
低客户参与度，或者相反，那么成功以至于回收成本变得太高。例如，百思买一直承担
着电子垃圾总量的最大份额，因为其最大的两个竞争对手亚马逊和沃尔玛没有自己的回
收计划。自该计划推出以来，百思买改变了政策，增加了25美元的费用回收旧电视，
以维持该计划的运行。
[M]与客户建立集体价值观文化。零售商/生产商与消费者之间更紧密的关系不仅仅是与财
务激励有关。[38]通过在你减少浪费的努力中建立更多的意识，通过发展一种负责任、
维修和再利用的文化，你可以在共同价值观和责任的基础上建立客户忠诚度。
[N]这些例子只是冰山一角，但它们展示了帮助客户更多地利用他们的材料可以如何改变价
值链和运作。[41]通过将旧材料纳入生产来减少废物，可以降低成本和采购价格：从外
部采购更少，从内部再利用更多。
[O]企业在创造循环经济中发挥着重要作用，在循环经济中，从新资源中获取的价值越来越
少，而在更好地利用现有资源的过程中，价值却越来越大，但它们也必须让客户参与到
这一过程中来。
Section C
Passage One
46. 作者说最好的学校应该怎么做？
A）培养学生挑战和改变分裂的不平等社会。
B）保护学生免受社会压力,使他们能够面对世界。
C）激励学生发展他们的身体和智力能力。
D）鼓励学生要有抱负,帮助他们实现目标。
答案 B 事实细节题。根据文中第一段的“Schools are...The best seek to alleviate the
external pressures on their pupils while equipping them better to understand and handle the
world outside,”可知，学校可帮助学生减轻社会压力，更好地理解、面对世界。据此可知，
B项正确。文中alleviate the external pressures和equipping them better to understand and
·34·handle the world分别与B项Protect students from social pressures, enable them to face the
world为同义替换。其他三项文中未提及。
47. 作者对学校游学旅行有什么看法？
A）他们使来自不同背景的学生相互融合。
B）他们扩大了优势学生和弱势学生之间的差距。
C）他们给弱势学生一个看世界的机会。
D）只有有钱的亲戚和邻居才会受益。
答案 B 细节推断题。根据文中第二段“The discrepancy is startlingly apparent.”可知,
优势与弱势学生家境差距明显。联系文章尾“ But the least we should expect is that they do
not foster divisions and exclude those who are already disadvantaged.”作者期望学校不会造
成社会分裂，进而把弱势人群排除在外。由此可以推出，作者认为当下状况是因游学费
用和家境差异，学校拉开了两类学生间的差距。据此可知，B项正确。AD两项文中未提
及。C项为干扰项，这是学校游学旅行的优点,属于正面态度，而本文作者在正反论述后
总体持批判态度，故排除。
48. 作者认为什么可以帮助建立社区精神？
A）旨在改善社区服务的活动。
B）有助于激发学生创造力的活动。
C）需要相互理解的事件。
D）涉及所有在校学生的活动。
答案 D 细节推断题。由community spirit定位到文中第三段“Methods such as whole-
school fundraising, with the proceeds pooled, can help to extend opportunities and fuel
community spirit.”可知，像全校捐款这样的活动可以激发团队精神，而全校捐款的特点
就是涉及所有在校生，故D项正确。其他三项文中未提及。
49. 从文中可以看出，低收入家庭的家长是如何看待学校游学旅行的？
A）他们希望他们的孩子参与，即使他们没有看到太多的好处。
B）他们不希望自己的孩子参与，但很难阻止他们参加。
C）他们不希望自己的孩子错过任何一个拓宽视野的机会，尽管代价不菲。
D）他们希望他们的孩子去勇敢闯荡，但不希望他们冒险。
答案 A 细节推断题。根据文中第四段“Even parents who can see that a trip is little more
than a party or celebration may well feel guilt that their child is left behind.”可知，虽然对于
低收入家庭而言花费昂贵,但父母不愿意自己的孩子没能参与游学旅行，在这方面落了
后。据此可知，A项正确。其他三项文中未提及。
50. 作者对学校的期望是什么？
A）创造性地将社区聚集在一起。
B）解决社会中存在的差异。
C）避免在学生之间制造新的隔阂。
D）给予贫困学生优惠待遇。
答案 C 事实细节题。根据文中最后一段末尾“ But the least we should expect is that they
do not foster divisions..”可知，作者期望学校不会造成人群分化，社会分裂。据此可知，
·35·C项正确。C项中Avoiding creating new gaps among students与定位句中do not foster
divisions为同义转换。A项为干扰项,选项中关键词“bringing a community together”
出现在文章末尾“Schools cannot be expected to bring together communities single-
handed”，但没有捉到作者希望学校用“创造性”方式团结团队，故A项错误。BD项文
中并未提及。
难点词汇表
microcosm [ˈmaɪkrəʊkɑzəm] n.微观世界；缩影
mediate [ˈmiːdɪeɪt ] v.调停，调解，斡旋
startlingly [ˈstɑːtlɪŋli] adv.令人震惊地
disadvantaged [ˌdɪsədˈvɑːntɪdʒd] adj.弱势的，处于不利地位的
ingenuity [ˌɪndʒəˈnjuːədi] n.巧妙，才智
proceed [prəˈsiːd] n.收入，获利
division [dɪˈvɪʒn] n.分开，分离
glamorous [ˈɡlæmərəs] adj.有魅力的，迷人的
参考译文
学校不只是社会的一个缩影，它们也影响着社会。[46]最好的学校会设法减轻学生的
外部压力，同时让他们具备更好地理解和面对外部世界的能力，既能保护他们，又能让他
们拓宽视野。在任何情况下这都是非常艰巨的。因为在一个人群分化的不平等社会里，这
两种理想可能会彻底冲突。
[47]许多成年人会把旅行视作一生的冒险——像是婆罗洲的徒步旅行，巴巴多斯的体
育之旅。但在一些州立学校，这种旅行似乎已成为一种惯例。家长们被要求为此支付千英镑。
虽然学校不能从这些旅行中获利，但安排这些旅行的公司却可以。[47]与此同时，学生们
饿着肚子上学，因为他们的家庭买不起早餐。儿童贫困行动组织表示，每个教室30人中有
9人在贫困线以下。这种差异是惊人的明显。对学生设立筹款条件对改善这类情况毫无帮助，
因为家境较好的孩子可以向更有钱的阿姨和邻居求助。
探索当地海滩的潮水源或在语言交换活动中练习法语可以激发孩子们的热情，提高他
们的技能，开阔他们的眼界，让他们看到生活的各种可能性。游学活动帮助聪明但家境不
好的学生在A-level考试中取得更好的成绩。在这个全球化的时代，国际旅行就是一个很好
的例子。一些家长表示，比起家庭度假，他们能更轻松地负担一次游学旅行的费用。即使
背负着巨大且不断增加的经济压力，一些学校表现出了非凡的决心和聪明才智，想要确保
所有学生都能抓住可能真正改变人生的机会。他们应当受到称赞。[48]利用全校捐款这样
的集资方法可以帮助扩大机会和激发团队精神。
但是，当有孩子的家庭的平均收入刚刚超过3万英镑时，3000英镑一次的旅行是不合
理的。这样的活动于许多学生而言是不可能的。一些家长因为高昂的游学旅行费用而让他
们的孩子离开学校。[49]即使是那些认为一次旅行只不过是一次聚会或庆祝活动的父母，
也会内疚于让自己的孩子在这方面落了后。
教育部的指导意见称，如果旅行是教学大纲的一部分，学校只能收取食宿费，而且接
·36·受政府资助的学生可以免除这些费用。然而，许多学校似乎忽视了这些建议；且教育部的
指导意见不涉及现在愈发常见的迷人异国之旅。不能指望学校自己就能把周围的学生群体
汇集在一起。[50]但我们至少应该期望，学校不会造成分裂，并将那些家庭经济状况已经
处于不利地位的人排除在外。
Passage Two
51. 这篇文章说了关于创业公司的什么？
A）他们从不浪费时间为老年人升级产品。
B）他们希望在老年人的商品市场中占有一席之地。
C）他们邀请老年人到他们的公司来试用他们的产品。
D）他们试图从向老年人推广数字产品中获益
答案 B细节理解题。根据文章首段第一句“The market for products designed specifically
for older adults could reach $30 billion by next year, and startups (初创公司) want in on the
action.”可知,到明年，专为老年人设计的产品的市场规模可能达到300亿美元，初创公
司也想加入这一行列。也就是说初创公司想在老年人商品市场中占有份额。故B项正
确。A、C、D三项都不正确，在文中未提及。
52. 一些企业家被邀请到布鲁克代尔 。
A）与潜在客户面谈。
B）对退休社区进行调查。
C）收集居民对其产品的反馈。
D）向老年居民展示如何使用IT产品。
答案 C细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句“So Brookdale,the country’s largest
owner of retirement communities, has been inviting a few select entrepreneurs just to move in
for a few days, show off their products and hear what the residents have to say.”可知，因此，
美国最大的退休社区所有者布鲁克代尔，已经邀请了几个选定的企业家搬进来几天，炫
耀他们的产品，并听听居民的反馈。A、B、D三项都不正确,在文中都未提及。
53. 我们对SentabTV了解多少？
A）这是一个迎合老年人兴趣的电视节目。
B）这是一台数字电视，深受老年人的欢迎。
C）是专门为老年人设计观看节目的电视。
D）它是通过电视而不是计算机操控的通信系统。
答案 D 细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句 “The startup’s product, SentabTV,
enables older adults who may not be comfortable with computers to access email, video chat
and social media using just their televisions and a remote control.”可知，这家初创公司的产
品SentabTV使对电脑不太适应的老年人只需使用电视和遥控器就可以访问电子邮件、
视频聊天和社交媒体。因此D项正确。A、B、C三项都不正确，在文中未提及。
54. 罗德里格斯说什么在推广产品方面很重要？
A）赢得潜在客户的信任。 B）了解客户的喜好
C）当场展示它们的优越性。 D）及时响应客户反馈。
答案 A细节事实题。根据文章第五段“Rodriguez says it’s important that residents here
·37·don’t feel like he’s selling them something. ‘I’ve had more feedback in a passive approach,’he
says. “‘Playing pool, playing cards, having dinner, having lunch,’ all work better than ‘going
through a survey of questions. When they get to know me and to trust me, knowing for sure
I’m not selling them something—there’ll be more honest feedback from them.’”可知，罗德里
格斯说，重要的是这里的居民不要觉得他在卖给他们什么。“我以被动的方式得到了更
多的反馈，”他说，“打台球，打牌，吃晚餐，吃午饭，所有工作都比通过问题调查更好。
当他们了解我并信任我，知道我肯定不会卖给他们一些东西时，他们会得到更诚实的反
馈”，因此A项正确。B、C、D三项都不正确，在文中都未提及。
55. 关于布鲁克代尔社区的老年人，我们了解到了什么？
A）他们中的大多数都对使用Sentab感兴趣。
B）他们对高科技产品相当放心。
C）他们与其他地方的老年人有很多共同之处。
D）他们中的大多数人比一般人活得更长。
答案 B根据文章倒数第二段第二句“To be fair, if Rodriguez had wanted feedback
from some more technophobic seniors, he might have ended up in the wrong Brookdale
community.”和最后一句“Many residents have backgrounds in engineering, business and
academic circles.” 可知，如果罗德里格斯想要从一些更害怕技术的老人那里得到反馈，选
择布鲁克代尔社区是个错误。因为那儿的许多居民都有工程、商业和学术界背景。即，那
里的老人不害怕技术产品，且对此相当放心。因此B项正确。A、C、D三项都不正确，文
中未提及。
难点词汇表
1. entrepreneur [ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜː(r)] n.企业家；承包人；主办者
例句 You volunteered to become an entrepreneur.
是你自愿要成为一名企业家。
2. complicated [ˈkɒmplɪkeɪtɪd] adj. 难懂的，复杂的
例句 Economics might be complicated, but it has everything to do with you.
经济学可能是复杂的，但它的一切与你有关。
3. solicit [səˈlɪsɪt] vt.征求；招揽；请求
例句 He’s already solicited their support on health care reform.
他已经请求他们给予医疗保健改革方面的支持。
4. senior [ˈsiːniə(r)] adj.年资较深的,资格较老的
例句 In the final analysis, Heyman believes senior citizens are just ordinary people.
总而言之，海曼认为，老人与普通人无异。
5. tech-proficient 精通技术的
例句 People now are more tech-proficient than before.
人们比从前更精通技术了。
文章解析
本文主要讲述了初创公司想要在老年产品市场占有一席之地，进而受邀派遣人员到布
·38·鲁克代尔进行产品回馈调查的事情。受邀人员Rodriguez采用不同于其他人员直接推销产品
的方式，与当地人民亲近交流从而获得信任，以此得到居民的反馈。
参考译文
[51]到明年，专为老年人设计的产品的市场规模可能达到300亿美元，初创公司也想
加入这一行列。他们有时缺少的是那些希望使用其产品的人的反馈。[52]因此，布鲁克代尔，
美国最大的退休社区所有者，已经邀请了几个选定的企业家，只是搬进来几天，展示他们
的产品，听听居民们的意见。
正是这个原因，28岁的黛尔罗德里格斯从英格兰一路来到加州托伦斯市布鲁克代尔南
湾的餐厅。罗德里格斯是一家名为Sentab的公司的社区和营销经理。[53]这家初创公司的
产品SentabTV可以让那些可能不太适应使用电脑的老年人只需使用电视和遥控器就能访问
电子邮件、视频聊天和社交媒体。
罗德里格斯说：“这不是什么新鲜事，也不是什么太复杂的事情，这很自然，因为很
多人都有电视遥控器。”
但这些都不是布鲁克代尔餐厅的话题。相反，罗德里格斯会征求当地居民的意见，比
如他应该在他的芝士汉堡上放些什么，以及他应该如何度过这个下午。打牌被提上日程，
以及学习打麻将。
[54]罗德里格斯说，重要的是，这里的居民不要觉得他在向他们兜售什么东西。“我
用被动的方式得到了更多的反馈，”他说，“打台球、打牌、吃饭、吃午餐，所有这些都
比调查问题更有效。当他们了解我，信任我，确信我不会卖给他们什么东西时，他们会给
出更诚实的反馈。”
罗德里格斯是第七名搬进布鲁克代尔1100个老年人社区之一的企业家。该项目的其他
新产品包括一种全身吹风机和特殊设计的服装，允许残疾人自己穿衣和脱衣。
93岁的玛丽·卢·布希同意试用Sentab系统。她告诉罗德里格斯，这可能对某人有好
处，但对她却没有。
“我有电脑和FaceTime，我可以在上面和家人聊天，”她解释说。她还有一台iPad和
一部智能手机。“所以我做了几乎所有我需要做的事情。”
[55]平心而论，如果罗德里格斯，想要一些更害怕技术的人提供反馈，Brookdale社区
是个错误的选择。它位于南加州航空走廊的中心，[55]许多居民都有工程、商业和学术界
的背景。
但罗德里格斯表示，他仍在通过进入布鲁克代尔社区学习一些重要的东西：“人们比
我们想象的更精通技术。”
除此之外，他还能到哪里去学会打麻将呢？
·39·Part Ⅳ Translation
译文
Plum blossom, which ranks first among the top ten most famous flowers of China, originated
in south China and has a planting history of more than 3, 000 years. In the middle of the winter,
colourful plum flowers blossom against the storm and snow with pride despite the severe coldness.
In traditional Chinese culture, plum blossom symbolizes toughness, purity and grace, motivating
people to move forward bravely without fearing hardship. In history, many poets and painters
gained inspiration from the flower and created countless immortal works. Ordinary citizens are
also fond of the flower, which is often used to decorate the house during the Spring Festival. The
city of Nanjing has designated plum blossom as the city flower and holds the flower festival every
year, when tens of thousands of people braved the bitter cold to walk in the snow and appreciate
the flower.
精简结构
1. 梅花位居中国十大名花之首，源于中国南方，已有三千多年的栽培和种植历史。
主语 谓语 宾语 谓语 谓语 宾语
主干是：梅花位居……之首，源于……，有……栽培和种植历史。
2. 隆冬时节，五颜六色的梅花不畏严寒，迎着风雪傲然绽放。
主语 谓语宾语 谓语
主干是：……梅花不畏严寒，……绽放。
3. 在中国传统文化中，梅花象征着坚强、纯洁、高雅，激励人们不畏艰难、砥砺前行。
主语 谓语 宾语 谓语
主干是：……梅花象征着坚强、纯洁、高雅，激励……。
4. 自古以来，许多诗人和画家从梅花中获取灵感，创作了无数不朽的作品。
主语 谓语宾语 谓语 宾语
主干是：……诗人和画家……获取灵感，创作……作品。
5. 普通大众也都喜爱梅花，春节期间常用于家庭装饰。
主语 谓语宾语 谓语 宾语
主干是：……大众……喜爱梅花，……用于家庭装饰。
1. 南京市已将梅花定为市花，每年举办梅花节，成千上万的人冒着严寒到梅花
主语 谓语宾语 谓语宾语 主语
山踏雪赏梅。
谓语
主干是：南京市……定为市花，……举办梅花节，……人……踏雪赏梅。
·40·重点词汇
despite the severe coldness 不畏严寒
blossom with pride 傲然绽放
without fearing hardship 不畏艰难
move forward bravely 砥砺前行
gain inspiration 获取灵感
immortal work 不朽作品
city flower 市花
brave the bitter cold 冒着严寒
walk in the snow and appreciate the flower 踏雪寻梅
·41·大学英语六级考试冲刺模考二
Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of
having a sense of social responsibility. You should write at least 150 words but no
more than 200 words.
Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear to long conversations. At the end
of each conversation you will hear four questions. Both the
conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After
you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four
choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding
扫一扫，随便听
letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
1. A) The project the man managed at CucinTech.
B) The updating of technology at CucinTech.
C) The man’s switch to a new career.
D) The restructuring of her company.
2. A) Talented personnel. B) Strategic innovation.
C) Competitive products. D) Effective promotion.
3. A) Expand the market. B) Recruit more talents.
C) Innovate constantly. D) Watch out for his competitors.
4. A) Possible bankruptcy. B) Unforeseen difficulties.
C) Conflicts within the company. D) Imitation by one’s competitors.
Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
5. A) The job of an interpreter. B) The stress felt by professionals.
C) The importance of language proficiency. D)The best way to effective communication.
·1·6. A) Promising. B) Admirable.
C) Rewarding. D) Meaningful.
7. A) They all have a strong interest in language.
B) They all have professional qualifications.
C) They have all passed language proficiency tests.
D) They have all studied cross-cultural differences.
8. A) It requires a much larger vocabulary.
B) It attaches more importance to accuracy.
C) It is more stressful than simultaneous interpreting.
D) It puts one’s long-term memory under more stress.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear
three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.
After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices
marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1
with a single line through the centre.
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.
9. A) It might affect mothers’ health.
B) It might disturb infants’ sleep.
C) It might increase the risk of infants’ death.
D) It might increase mothers’ mental distress.
10. A) Mothers who breast-feed their babies have a harder time falling asleep.
B) Mothers who sleep with their babies need a little more sleep each night.
C) Sleeping patterns of mothers greatly affect their newborn babies’ health.
D) Sleeping with infants in the same room has a negative impact on mothers.
11. A) Change their sleep patterns to adapt to their newborn babies.
B) Sleep in the same room but not in the same bed as their babies.
C) Sleep in the same house but not in the same room as their babies.
D) Take precautions to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have heard.
12. A) A lot of native languages have already died out in the US.
B) The US ranks first in the number of endangered languages.
C) The efforts to preserve Indian languages have proved fruitless.
D) More money is needed to record the native languages in the US.
13. A) To set up more language schools.
B) To document endangered languages.
C) To educate native American children.
D) To revitalize America’s native languages.
·2·14. A) The US government’s policy of Americanizing Indian children.
B) The failure of American Indian languages to gain an official status.
C) The US government’s unwillingness to spend money educating Indians.
D) The long-time isolation of American Indians from the outside world.
15. A) It is being utilised to teach native languages.
B) It tells traditional stories during family time.
C) It speeds up the extinction of native languages.
D) It is widely used in language immersion schools.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three
or four questions. The recording will be played only once. After you hear a question,
you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).
Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the
centre.
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.
16. A) It pays them up to half of their previous wages while they look for work.
B) It covers their mortgage payments and medical expenses for 99 weeks.
C) It pays their living expenses until they find employment again.
D) It provides them with the basic necessities of everyday life.
17. A) Creating jobs for the huge army of unemployed workers.
B) Providing training and guidance for unemployed workers.
C) Convincing local lawmakers to extend unemployment benefits.
D) Raising funds to help those having no unemployment insurance.
18. A) To offer them loans they need to start their own businesses.
B) To allow them to postpone their monthly mortgage payments.
C) To create more jobs by encouraging private investments in local companies.
D) To encourage big businesses to hire back workers with government subsidies.
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.
19. A) They measured the depths of sea water. B) They analyzed the water content.
C) They explored the ocean floor. D) They investigated the ice.
20. A) Eighty percent of the ice disappears in summer time.
B) Most of the ice was accumulated over the past centuries.
C) The ice ensures the survival of many endangered species.
D) The ice decrease is more evident than previously thought.
21. A) Arctic ice is a major source of the world’s fresh water.
B) The melting Arctic ice has drowned many coastal cities.
C) The decline of Arctic ice is irreversible.
D) Arctic ice is essential to human survival.
·3·22. A) It will do a lot of harm to mankind.
B) There is no easy way to understand it.
C) It will advance nuclear technology.
D) There is no easy technological solution to it.
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.
23. A) The reason why New Zealand children seem to have better self-control.
B) The relation between children’s self-control and their future success.
C) The health problems of children raised by a single parent.
D) The deciding factor in children’s academic performance.
24. A) Children raised by single parents will have a hard time in their thirties.
B) Those with a criminal record mostly come from single parent families.
C) Parents must learn to exercise self-control in front of their children.
D) Lack of self-control in parents is a disadvantage for their children.
25. A) Self-control can be improved through education.
B) Self-control can improve one’s financial situation.
C) Self-control problems may be detected early in children.
D) Self-control problems will diminish as one grows up.
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word
for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read
the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is
identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer
Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the
bank more than once.
Steel is valued for its reliability, but not when it gets cold. Most forms of steel 26 become
brittle (脆的) at temperatures below about -25℃ unless they are mixed with other metals. Now,
though, a novel type of steel has been developed that resists 27 at much lower temperatures,
while retaining its strength and toughness—without the need for expensive 28 .
Steel’s fragility at low temperatures first became a major concern during the Second World
War. After German U-boats torpedoed (用鱼雷攻击) numerous British ships, a 2700-strong fleet
of cheap-and-cheerful “Liberty ships” was introduced to replace the lost vessels, providing a
lifeline for the 29 British. But the steel shells of hundreds of the ships 30 in the icy north
Atlantic, and 12 broke in half and sank.
Brittleness remains a problem when building steel structures in cold conditions, such as oil
·4·rigs in the Arctic. So scientists have 31 to find a solution by mixing it with expensive metals
such as nickel.
Yuuji Kimura and colleagues in Japan tried a more physical 32 . Rather than adding other
metals, they developed a complex mechanical process involving repeated heating and very severe
mechanical deformation, known as tempforming.
The resulting steel appears to achieve a combination of strength and toughness that is
33 to that of modern steels that are very rich in alloy content and, therefore, very expensive.
Kimura’s team intends to use its thermoformed steel to make ultra-high strength parts, such
as bolts. They hope to reduce both the number of 34 needed in a construction job and their
weight—by replacing solid supports with 35 tubes, for example. This could reduce the
amount of steel needed to make everything from automobiles to buildings and bridges.
A) abruptly I) cracked
B) additives J) fractures
C) approach K) hollow
D) ardently L) relevant
E) besieged M) reshuffled
F) channel N) strived
G) comparable O) violent
H) components
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.
Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the
paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more
than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking
the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
How much protein do you really need？
A) The marketing is tempting, get stronger muscles and healthier bodies with minimal effort by
adding protein powder to your morning shake or juice drink. Or grab a protein bar at lunch
or for a quick snack. Today, you can find protein supplements everywhere—online or at the
pharmacy, grocery store or health food store. They come in powders, pills and bars. With
more than $12 billion in sales this year, the industry is booming and, according to the market
research company, Grand View Research, is on track to sell billions more by 2025. But do
we really need all this supplemental protein? It depends. There are pros, cons and some other
things to consider.
B) For starters, protein is critical for every cell in our body. It helps build nails, hair bones and
muscles. It can also help you feel fuller longer than eating foods without protein. And, unlike
nutrients that are found only in a few foods, protein is present in all foods. “The typical
·5·American diet is a lot higher in protein than a lot of us think,” says registered dietitian Angela
Pipitone. “It’s in foods many of us expect, such as beef, chicken and other types of meat and
dairy. But it’s also in foods that may not come immediately to mind like vegetables, fruit,
beans and grains.”
C) The U.S. government’s recommended daily allowance (RDA) for the average adult is 50 to 60
grams of protein a day. This may sound like a lot, but Pipitone says: “We get bits of protein
here and there and that really adds up throughout the day.” Take, for example, breakfast. If
you eat two eggs topped with a little bit of cheese and an orange on the side, you already have
22 grams of protein. Each egg gives you 7 grams, the cheese gives you about 6 grams and the
orange about 2 grams. Add a lunch of chicken, rice and broccoli (西兰花), and you are already
over the recommended 50 grams. “You can get enough protein and meet the RDA before you
even get to dinner,” says Pipitone.
D) So if it’s so easy to get your protein in food, why add more in the form of powders, snack
bars or a boost at your local juice bar? No need to, says Pipitone, because, in fact, most of us
already get enough protein in our diet. “Whole foods are always the best option rather than
adding supplements.” she says, noting the FDA does not regulate supplements as rigorously
as foods or drugs. So there could be less protein, more sugar and some additives you would’t
expect, such as caffeine (咖啡因).
E) If you are considering a supplement, read the list of ingredients, she says, although this is not
always reliable. “I’ve seen very expensive protein supplements that claim to be high quality
but they might not really be beneficial for the average healthy adult,” she says. “It could just
be a waste of money.”
F) But there are certain situations that do warrant extra protein. “Anytime you’re repairing or
building muscle,” Pipitone says, such as if you’re an extreme endurance athlete, training for a
marathon, or you’re a body builder. If you’re moderately exercising for 150 minutes a week, as
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends, or less than that, you’re probably
not an extreme athlete. Extreme athletes expend lots of energy breaking down and repairing
and building muscles. Protein can give them the edge they need to speed that process.
G) Vegans can benefit from protein supplements since they do not eat animal-based protein
sources like meat, dairy or eggs. And, for someone always on-the-go who may not have time
for a meal, a protein snack bar can be a good option for occasional meal replacement. Also,
individuals recovering from surgery or an injury can also benefit from extra protein. So, too,
can older people. At around age 60, “muscles really start to break down,” say Kathryn Starr, an
aging researcher, “and because of that, the protein needs of an older adult actually increase.”
H) In fact, along with her colleague Connie Bales, Starr recently conducted a small study that
found that adding extra protein foods to the diet of obese older individuals who were trying
to lose weight strengthened their muscles. Participants in the study were separated into two
groups—one group was asked to eat 30 grams of protein per meal in the form of whole foods.
That meant they were eating 90 grams of protein a day. The other group—the control group—
was put on a typical low-calorie diet with about 50 to 60 grams of protein a day. After six
·6·months, researchers found the high protein group had significantly improved their muscle
function—almost twice as much as the control group. “They were able to walk faster, had
improved balance, and were also able to get up out of a chair faster than the control group,”
Starr says. All 67 participants were over 60 years of age, and both groups lost about the same
amount of weight.
I) Starr is now looking into whether high-protein diets also improve the quality of the muscle
itself in seniors. She’s using CT scans to measure muscle size and fat, and comparing seniors
on a high-protein diet with those on regular diets. She says her findings should be available in
a couple of months.
J) In the meantime, 70-year-old Corliss Keith, who was in the high protein group in Starr’s latest
study, says she feels a big difference. “I feel excellent,” she says. “I feel like I have a different
body, I have more energy, I’m stronger.” She says she is able to take Zumba exercise classes
three times a week, work out on the treadmill (跑步机), and take long, brisk walks. Keith also
lost more than 15 pounds. “I’m a fashionable person, so now I’m back in my 3-inch heels,”
she says.
K) As people age, Starr says muscle strength is key to helping them stay strong and continue
living on their own in their own home. “I feel very much alive now,” says Keith. “I feel like I
could stay by myself until I’m 100.”
L) But can people overdo protein? Pipitone says you do have to be careful. Other researchers say
too much protein can cause cramps (痉挛), headaches, and fatigue. Dehydration (脱水) is also
a risk when you cat too much protein. Pipitone says if you increase protein, you also have to
increase your fluid intake. “I always tell people to make sure they’re drinking enough fluids,”
which for the average person is 60 to 70 ounces a day, which translates into eight 8-ounce
glasses of water or liquid per day.
M) There have been some indications that extra protein makes the kidneys work harder, which
could be problematic for individuals with a history of kidney disease and for them, the
supplements may increase the risk of kidney stones, she says.
N) Bottom line, if you think you need more protein in your diet, consider these questions: are you
an extreme athlete; are you recovering from injury or surgery; or are you 60 years or older? If
so, adding high protein foods like eggs and meat products to your diet can be beneficial. And,
if you’re not sure, it is always a good idea to check with your primary care provider.
36. It is quite easy for one to take in the recommended amount of protein.
37. Pipitone claims that healthy adults need not spend money on protein supplements.
38. The protein supplement business is found to be thriving.
39. Protein can speed the repairing of damaged muscles.
40. Protein supplements may overburden some internal organ, thus leading to its malfunctioning.
41. Older adults need to take in more protein to keep their muscles strong.
42. Protein is found in more foods than people might realize.
43. Additional protein was found to help strengthen the muscles of overweight seniors seeking
weight loss.
·7·44. Pipitone believes that whole foods provide the best source of protein.
45. People are advised to drink more liquid when they take in more protein.
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions
or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
“The dangerous thing about lying is people don’t understand how the act changes us,” says
Dan Ariely, behavioral psychologist at Duke University. Psychologists have documented children
lying as early as the age of two. Some experts even consider lying a developmental milestone, like
crawling and walking, because it requires sophisticated planning, attention and the ability to see
a situation from someone else’s perspective to manipulate them. But, for most people, lying gets
limited as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate.
Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Gireene says, for most of us, lying takes work. In
studies, he gave subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a
functional MRI machine, which maps blood flow to active parts of the brain. Some people told the
truth instantly and instinctively. But others opted to lie, and they showed increased activity in their
frontal parietal (颅腔壁的) control network, which is involved in difficult or complex thinking.
This suggests that they were deciding between truth and dishonesty and ultimately opting for
the letter. For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural (神经的) reward centres
were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars—
suggesting that lying may have to do with the inability to resist temptation.
External conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie. We are more likely
to lie, research shows, when we are able to rationalise it, when we are stressed and fatigued or see
others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we have moral reminders or when we
think others are watching. “We as a society need to understand that when we don’t punish lying,
we increase the probability it will happen again,” Ariely says.
In a 2016 study published in the journal Nature Neuroscience, Ariely and colleagues showed
how dishonesty alters peoples brains, making it easier to tell lies in the future. When people uttered
a falsehood, the scientists noticed a burst of activity in their amygdala. The amygdala is a crucial
part of the brain that produces fear, anxiety and emotional responses—including that sinking, guilty
feeling you get when you lie. But when scientists had their subjects play a game in which they
won money by deceiving their partner, they noticed the negative signals from the amygdala began
to decrease. Not only that, but when people faced no consequences for dishonesty, their falsehood
tended to get even more sensational. This means that if you give people multiple opportunities to
lie for their own benefit, they start with little lies which get bigger over time.
·8·46. Why do some experts consider lying a milestone in a child’s development?
A) It shows they have the ability to view complex situations from different angles.
B) It indicates they have an ability more remarkable than crawling and walking.
C) It represents their ability to actively interact with people around them.
D) It involves the coordination of both their mental and physical abilities.
47. Why does the Harvard neuroscientist say that lying takes work?
A) It is hard to choose from several options.
B) It is difficult to sound natural or plausible.
C) It requires speedy blood flow into one’s brain.
D) It involves lots of sophisticated mental activity.
48. Under what circumstances do people tend to lie?
A) When they become too emotional.
B) When they face too much peer pressure.
C) When the temptation is too strong.
D) When the consequences are not imminent.
49. When are people less likely to lie?
A) When they are worn out and stressed.
B) When they are under watchful eyes.
C) When they think in a rational way.
D) When they have a clear conscience.
50. What does the author say will happen when a liar does not get punished?
A) They may feel justified.
B) They will tell bigger lies.
C) They will become complacent.
D) They may mix lies and truths.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Officials at the White House announced a new space policy focused on managing the
increasing number of satellites that companies and governments are launching into space. Space
Policy Directive-3 lays out general guidelines for the United States to mitigate (缓解) the effects of
space debris and track and manage traffic in space.
This policy sets the stage for the Department of Commerce to take over the management
of traffic in space. The department will make sure that newly launched satellites don’t use radio
frequencies that would interfere with existing satellites, and schedule when such new satellites
can be launched. This only applies to American space activities, but the hope is that it will help
standardize a set of norms in the dawning commercial spaceflight industry throughout the world.
Space, especially the space directly around our planet, is getting more crowded as more
governments and companies launch satellites. One impetus for the policy is that companies
are already starting to build massive constellations (星座), comprising hundreds or thousands
of satellites with many moving parts among them. With so much stuff in space, and a limited
·9·area around our planet, the government wants to reduce the chances of a collision. Two or more
satellites slamming into each other could create many more out-of-control bits that would pose
even more hazards to the growing collection of satellites in space.
And it’s not like this hasn’t happened before. In 2009 an old Russian craft slammed into
a communications satellite, creating a cloud of hundreds of pieces of debris and putting other
hardware at risk. Journalist Sarah Scoles reports that NASA currently tracks about 24,000 objects
in space, and in 2016 the Air Force had to issue 3,995,874 warnings to satellite owners alerting
them to a potential nearby threat from another satellite or bit of debris.
That’s why this new policy also includes directions to update the current U.S. Government
Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices, which already require any entity that launches
a satellite or spacecraft to vigorously analyze the likelihood that any of their actions, from an
unexpected failure or normal operations, will create more space debris. It includes accounting for
any piece of debris they plan to release over 5mm that might stay in orbit for 25 years or more. It
might seem surprising to think about an item staying in space for that long, but the oldest satellite
still in orbit—Vanguard 1—turned 60 in 2018.
Agencies and companies throughout the world are working on developing technology that
would dispose of or capture space debris before it causes serious damage. But for now, the U.S.
government is more focused on preventing new debris from forming than taking the trash out of
orbit.
51. What is the purpose of the new U.S. space policy?
A) To lay out general guidelines for space exploration.
B) To encourage companies to join in space programs.
C) To make the best use of satellites in space.
D) To improve traffic conditions in space.
52. What is the Department of Commerce expected to do under the new policy?
A) Reduce debris in space.
B) Monitor satellite operations.
C) Regulate the launching of new satellites.
D) Update satellite communications technology.
53. What does the U.S. government hope to do with the new space policy?
A) Set international standards for the space flight industry.
B) Monopolize space industry by developing a set of norms.
C) Facilitate commercial space flights throughout the world.
D) Promote international collaboration in space exploration.
54. What is a space vehicle launching entity required to do according to the current U.S.
Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices?
A) Give an estimate of how long its debris will stay in space.
B) Account for the debris it has released into space at any time.
C) Provide a detailed plan for managing the space debris it creates.
D) Make a thorough analysis of any possible addition to space debris.
·10·55. What are space agencies and companies aiming to do at present?
A) Recycle used space vehicles before they turn into debris.
B) Develop technology to address the space debris problem.
C) Limit the amount of debris entering space.
D) Cooperate closely to retrieve space debris.
Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into
English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
成语（Chinese idioms)是汉语中一种独特的表达方式，大多由四个汉字组成。它们高
度简练且形成固定，但通常能形象地表达深刻的含义。成语大多来源于中国古代的文学作品，
通常与某些神话、传说或者历史事件有关。如果不知道某个成语的出处，就很难理解其确
切含义。因此，学习成语有助于人们更好地理解中国传统文化。成语在日常会话和文学创
作中广泛使用。恰当使用成语可以使一个人的语言更具表现力，交流更有效。
·11·大学英语六级考试冲刺模考二答案
Part Ⅰ Writing
写作思路
第一段：阐述现象展开文章话题。
第二段：分析有社会责任感的原因。
第三段：拥有社会责任感的好处。
参考范文（建议背诵黑体字) 全文翻译
The Importance of Having a Sense of Social 拥有社会责任感的重要性
Responsibility
When it comes to the topic of social responsibility, 谈到社会责任，人们常说：
we are frequently told that, “Undertaking the social “承担社会责任是一种习惯。这
responsibility is a habit. It is a virtue.” It implies the 是一种美德。”这对于培养我国
great significance of fostering a sense of responsibility 社会公民尤其是大学生的社会责
for social citizens in our society, especially for college 任感具有重要意义。原因可以列
students. And the reasons can be listed as follows. 举如下。
To begin with, the reason why we should be 首先，我们之所以要对社会
responsible for the society is that it is actually composed 负责，是因为社会实际上是由我
of each individual of us. Therefore, being responsible 们每个人组成的。因此，对社会
for the society is being responsible for ourselves. 负责就是对自己负责。例如，承
For example, taking the responsibility to protect the 担起保护环境的责任对我们社会
environment is beneficial for every individual in our 的每一个人都是有益的。当社会
society. When the awareness of social responsibilities 责任意识扎根在人们的头脑中
is sowed in everyone’s mind, individuals are prone to 时，每个人在生活的各个方面都
behave politely at every aspect of life. On top of that, 会表现得很有礼貌。最重要的是，
having a sense of social responsibility would leave others 有社会责任感会给别人留下教养
an impression of good upbringing and would be more 很好的印象，更有可能让你从朋
likely for you to obtain trust from your friends and even 友甚至社会上的陌生人那里获得
strangers in the society, because people are generally 信任，因为人们通常倾向于对负
inclined to have confidence in responsible person. 责任的人有信心。
In view of all factors, recognizing the importance 考虑到所有因素，认识到培
of fostering social responsibility is crucial for every 养社会责任的重要性对每个人都
individual. It can directly promote the rapid progress 至关重要。它可以直接促进个人
of the individual and indirectly spurs continuous 的快速进步，也可以间接推动社
development of our society. 会的持续发展。
·12·重点词汇重现
1. virtue [ˈvəːtʃuː] n.美德；优点
2. foster [ˈfɒstə] v.鼓励；培养
3. sow [səʊ] v.覆盖；播种
4. upbringing [ˈʌpbrɪŋɪŋ] n.家庭教养
5. be inclined to 倾向于
6. spur [spəː] n.刺激；鼓舞v.鼓励；促进
Part Ⅱ Listening Comprehension
Section A
Conversation One
听力原文 听力原文译文
W: So, Mike, [1] you managed the innovation 女： 那么，迈克，你是在CucinTech负
project at CucinTech. 责创新项目。
M: I did, indeed. 男： 的确是这样。
W: Well, then. First, congratulations! [1] It 女： 嗯，好。恭喜你！这个项目似乎非
seems to have been very successful. 常成功。
M: Thanks. Yes. I really helped things turn 男： 谢谢。是的，我的确帮助CucinTech
around at CucinTech. 扭转了局面。
W: [2] Was the revival in their fortunes entirely 女： CucinTech命运的扭转是完全由于战
due to strategic innovation? 略创新吗？
M: [2] Yes, yes. I think it was. CucinTech was a 男： 是的。我想是这样的。CucinTech以
company who were very much following the 前一味地仿效，其他家公司做什么
pack, doing what everyone else was doing, 它也做什么，结果很快落后于其他
and getting rapidly left behind. I could see 公司。我觉得CucinTeh有很多人才，
there was a lot of talent there, and some 拥有巨大的潜能，尤其在产品研发
great potential, particularly in their product 方面。我只是 在某种程度上抓住了
development. I just had to harness that 这一点。
somehow.
W: Was innovation at the core of the project? 女： 项目的核心是创新吗？
M: Absolutely. If it doesn’t sound like too much 男： 绝对是。我们的世界是不 断变化的，
of a cliche. Our world is constantly changing 而且变化的速度还很快，如果你不
and it’s changing quickly. [3] We need to be 觉得这听起来像陈词滥调的话。我
innovating constantly to keep up with this. 们需要不断地创新，从而跟上时代
Stand still, and you’re lost. 的步伐。停滞不前就会落后。
·13·W: No stopping to sniff the roses? 女： 不会停下来感受美好的一切吗？
M: Well, I’ll do that in my personal life. Sure.[3] 男： 嗯，我的私人生活会如此。当然会
But as a business strategy, I’m afraid there is 停下来感受美好的一切。但是作为
no stopping. 公司战略，恐怕创新是无止境的。
W: What exactly is strategic innovation then? 女： 那么什么是战略创新呢？
M: Strategic innovation is the process of man- 男： 战略创新的过程就是管理创新，确
aging innovation, of making sure it takes 保公司各个阶层都能参与，还要在
place at all levels of the company and that is 公司整体战略的范围之内。
related to the company’s overall strategy.
W: I see. 女： 我明白了。
M: So, instead of innovation for innovation’s 男： 所以，不是为创新而创新，也不能
sake and new products being created simply 仅仅因为有技术支持就生产新产品，
because the technology is there, the company 企业文化必须从这些时间点式的创
culture must switch from these pointing- 新转换成一系列无处不在、人人参
time innovations to a continuous pipeline of 与的流水线式创新。
innovations from everywhere and everyone.
W: How did you align strategies throughout the 女： 你如何能使这些策略在整个公司中
company? 贯彻实施呢？
M: I soon became aware that campaigning is 男： 我很快认识到游说是没用的，没有
useless. People take no notice. Simply, it 人会理会。简单说它是通过良好的
came about through good practice trickling 实践积累下来的。这带来了一致意
down. This built consent. People could see it 见。人们认识到这确实是最好的工
was the best way to work. 作方式。
W: Does innovation on this scale really give a 女： 具有这样规模的创新真的会带来竞
competitive advantage? 争性优势吗？
M: I’m certain of it, absolutely, especially if it’s 男： 我确信这一点，尤其是在竞争对手
difficult for a competitor to copy. [4] The risk 很难复制的情况下。当然，创新的
is of course that innovation may frequently 风险就是可能会经常被模仿。
lead to imitation.
W: But not if it’s strategic? 女： 但如果是战略性的创新就不会有这
M: Precisely. 个风险吧？
W: Thanks for talking to us. 男： 正是。
M: Sure. 女： 谢谢你和我们的交流。
男： 不用客气。
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
1. What seems to have been very successful according to the woman speaker?
2. What did the company lack before the man’s scheme was implemented?
3. What does the man say he should do in his business?
4. What does the man say is the risk of innovation?
·14·答案详解
1. 根据这位女士的话,什么看起来很成功？
A）男士在CucinTech负责的项目。
B）CucinTech的技术革新。
C）男士转行做新的职业。
D）她的公司重组。
答案 A
解析 本题为事实细节题。对话中女士问男士是否在公司里负责革新项目，男士回答 是
的，紧接着女士就向男士表示祝贺并说这个项目似乎一直很成功，所以答案为A。
2. 在男士的策略实施前，该公司缺少什么？
A）人才。
B）战略创新。
C）有竞争力的产品。
D）有效的推广。
答案 B
解析 本题为推理判断题。女士问男士公司的崛起是否都归功于战略革新，男士表示在
此之前，该公司与其他公司相比，并无出奇之处，逐渐被落在了后面，公司里不缺人才，
产品开发也不错，而缺乏战略革新才是此前公司的劣势所在。所以答案为B。
3. 男士说他在工作时应该怎么做？
A）扩大市场。 B）招聘更多人才。
C）不断创新。 D）注意他的竞争对手。
答案 C
解析 本题为细节辨认题。男士表示想要跟上不断变化的世界，公司必须不断革新，一成
不变就会被淘汰。所以答案为C。
4. 男士所说的创新风险是什么？
A）可能破产。 B）不可预见的困难。
C）公司内部的冲突。 D）被竞争对手模仿。
答案 D
解析 本题为事实细节题。男士在讲到革新的风险时说只要有革新就会出现被人模仿的
风险。所以答案为D。
Conversation Two
听力原文 听力原文译文
M: [5] Today my guest is Dana Ivanovich, 男： 今天我请来的嘉宾是唐娜·伊万诺
who has worked for the last 20 years as an 维奇，一位拥有20年工作经验的
interpreter. Dana, welcome. 口译工作者。欢迎您，唐娜。
W: Thank you. 女： 谢谢你。
·15·M: Now, I’d like to begin by saying that I have 男： 现在，我想先说在做驻外记者时我
on occasions used an interpreter myself as 自己有时也会用到口译员。所以，
a foreign correspondent. [6] So I’m full of 我非常钦佩您所做的工作。但是我
admiration for what you do. But I think your 认为您的职业有时会被低估，很多
profession is sometimes underrated and may 人认为任何会说不止一种语言的人
people think anyone who speaks more than 都能做这份工作。
one language can do it.
W: [7] There aren’t any interpreters I know who 女： 我所认识的口译工作者都拥有专业
don’t have professional qualifications and 资格并接受过培训。你只有在这个
training. You only really get profession after 领域工作过很多年以后才能真正称
many years in the job. 得上专业。
M: And am I right in saying you can divide 男： 您所做的工作可分为两种不同的形
what you do into two distinct methods: 式——同声传译和交替传译，我说
simultaneous and consecutive interpreting? 得对吗？
W: That’s right. The techniques you use are 女： 是这样。我们应用的翻译技巧是不
different. And a lot of interpreters will say one 同的，许多口译工作者会说一种比
is easier than the other less stressful. 另一种简单，压力也小。
M: Simultaneous interpreting, putting someone’s 男： 同声传译是指口译工作者几乎在讲
words into another language more or less 话者说话的同时将他们的话语翻译
as they speak, sounds to me like the more 为另一种语言，在我看来更难。
difficult.
W: Well, actually no. [8] Most people in the 女： 嗯，事实上不是这样。很多本领域
business would agree that consecutive 的工作者都承认，交替传译更有
interpreting is the more stressful. You have to 压力。你需要等讲话者说完一大段
wait for the speaker to deliver quite a chunk of 话之后才能把它们翻译成第二种语
language before you then put it into the second 言，这会让你的短期记忆面临巨大
language, which puts your short-term memory 的压力。
under intense stress.
M: You make notes. I presume? 男： 我推测您会记笔记，是吗？
W: Absolutely. Anything like numbers, names, 女： 这是必须要做的。类似数字、名字、
places have to be noted down, but the rest 地点这样的信息是一定要记下来
is never translated word for word. You have 的，但是其他话就不用逐字翻译。
to find a way of summarizing it, so that the 你需要用一种概括的方式完整地表
message is there. Turning every single word 达信息。将每一个单词都转化成目
into the target language would put too much 标语言会给口译工作者施加太多的
strain on the interpreter and slow down the 压力，同时也会减缓整个进程。
whole process too much.
·16·M: But with simultaneous interpreting, you 男： 进行同声传译时，你几乎在讲话者
start translating almost as soon as the other 开始讲话时就进行翻译，因此必须
person starts speaking. You must have some 事先做一些准备。
preparation beforehand. 女： 是的，但愿讲话者会让你提前一两
W: Well, hopefully, the speakers, will let you 天知道他所要讲的大概内容，这样
have an outline of the topic a day or two in 你就会有少量的时间去做调研，准
advance. You have a little time to do research, 备一些专业术语等。
prepare technical expressions and so on.
Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
5. What are the speakers mainly talking about?
6. What does the man think of Dana’s profession?
7. What does Dana say about the interpreters she knows?
8. What do most interpreters think of consecutive interpreting?
答案详解
5. 对话者主要讲了什么？
A）译员的工作。 B）专业人士所感受到的压力。
C）语言熟练程度的重要性。 D）有效沟通的最佳途径。
答案 A
解析 本题为主旨大意题。两人谈论了口译的资格与培训、同声传译与交替传译的区别
以及女士对于口译工作的一些感受，因此可以判定对话主题围绕口译工作展开。所以答案
为A。
6. 男士对唐娜的职业有什么看法？
A）有前途的。 B）令人钦佩的。
C）报酬丰厚的。 D）有意义的。
答案 B
解析 本题为观点态度题。男士说他在当记者时与口译工作者一同共过事，他认为口译
者十分值得钦佩。所以答案为B。
7. 关于她认识的口译工作者，唐娜说了什么？
A）他们都对语言有浓厚的兴趣。 B）他们都有专业资格。
C）他们都通过了语言能力测试。 D）他们都研究过跨文化差异。
答案 B
解析 本题为细节推断题。女士说她所认识的所有译者都有资质，受过培训并且只有经
过多年的工作磨炼才能真正做到熟练翻译。所以答案为B。
8. 大多数口译工作者对交替传译有什么看法？
A）它需要更大的词汇量。 B）它更重视准确性。
C）它比同声传译更有压力。 D）它使人的长期记忆面临更大的压力。
答案 C
·17·解析 本题为细节推断题。女士说从事翻译工作的人员中，大多数人都认为交替传译更
难，并进一步解释了为什么他们会有这种看法。所以答案为C。
Section B
Passage One
听力原文 听力原文译文
[9] Mothers have been warned for years that 多年来母亲们总是被提醒与新生
sleeping with their newborn infant is a bad idea, 儿一起睡不好，因为这会增加婴儿夜
because it increases the risk that the baby might die 间发生意外死亡的风险。但现在以色
unexpectedly during the night. [10] But now Israeli 列研究人员报告说，即使睡在同一个
researchers are reporting that even sleeping in the 房间里也会产生不良的后果，这种说
same room can have negative consequences, not 法不是针对婴儿，而是针对母亲。不
for the child, but for the mother. Mothers who slept 管是睡在同一张床上，还是仅仅在同
in the same room as their infants, whether in the 一个房间，与婴儿睡在 同一个房间的
same bed or just the same room, had poorer sleep 母亲都比让宝宝睡在 家里其他地方的
than mothers whose baby slept elsewhere in the 母亲睡眠质量差。她们醒得更频繁，
house. They woke up more frequently, were awake 平均每晚醒着的时间超过20分钟，而
approximately 20 minutes longer per night, and 且不间断睡眠的时间也更短。即使考
had shorter periods of uninterrupted sleep. These 虑到研究对象中的很多女性都处在哺
results held true even taking into account that many 乳期，这些研究结果也同样真实可靠。
of the women in the study were breast-feeding their 此外，不管与母亲睡在同一个房间，
babies. Infants, on the other hand, didn’t appear to 还是睡在不同的房间，婴儿并没有表
have worse sleep whether they slept in the same or 现出睡眠不佳。研究人员承认，因为
different room from their mothers. The researchers 他们研究的家庭都属于以色列中产阶
acknowledge that since the families they studied 级，所以有可能在不同的文化中结果
were all middle-class Israelis, it’s possible the 会不一样。研究报告的主要作者是利
results would be different in different cultures. 亚提·索茨基，其在一封邮件中写道：
Lead author Lyati Sotski wrote in an email that the 这个研究团队还没有测量爸爸们的睡
research team also didn’t measure fathers’ sleep, 眠，所以有可能他们的睡眠模式也会
so it’s possible that their sleep patterns could also 是造成母亲们睡眠中断的原因。现在，
be causing the sleep disruptions for mums. [11] 为了减少婴儿发生猝死的风险，美国
Right now, to reduce the risk of sudden infant death 儿科学会建议母亲们不要和宝宝睡在
syndrome, the American Academy of Pediatrics 同一张床上，而是睡在同一个房间。
recommends that mothers not sleep in the same bed 以色列的研究表明，这样做对宝宝来
as their babies, but sleep in the same room. The 说可能是有利的，但是可能会对母亲
Israeli study suggests that doing so may be best for 产生不良影响。
the baby, but may take a toll on mum.
·18·Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.
9. What is the long-held view about mothers’ sleeping with new-born babies?
10. What do Israeli researchers’ findings show?
11. What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend mothers do?
答案详解
9. 关于母亲与新生儿一起睡的问题，人们长期以来有何看法？
A）这可能会影响母亲们的健康。
B）这可能会干扰婴儿的睡眠。
C）这可能会增加婴儿死亡的风险。
D）这可能会增加母亲们精神上的痛苦。
答案 C
解析 本题为细节辨认题。短文开头提出和新生婴儿同睡一张床会增加婴儿夜间意外猝
死的风险。所以答案为C。
10. 以色列研究人员的研究结果表明什么？
A）给宝宝哺乳的母亲更难人睡。
B）与宝宝一起睡的母亲每晚需要多睡一会儿。
C）母亲的睡眠模式极大地影响着新生儿的健康。
D）与婴儿睡在一个房间对母亲有不良影响。
答案 D
解析 本题为细节推断题。只要与婴儿在同一间屋内休息，不论是不是同睡一张床，都
会对母亲的睡眠产生不良影响。所以答案为D。
11. 美国儿科学会建议母亲们做什么？
A）改变自己的睡眠模式，以适应新生宝宝的睡眠模式。
B）与宝宝睡在同一个房间，但是不睡在同一张床上。
C）与宝宝睡在同一栋房子里，但是不在同一个房间。
D）采取防范措施来减少婴儿发生猝死的风险。
答案 B
解析 本题为事实细节题。短文结尾部分提到美国儿科学会建议母亲不要与婴儿睡在
同一张床上，但是要睡在同一个房间。所以答案为B。
Passage Two
听力原文 听力原文译文
[12] The US has already lost more than one 早在欧洲殖民统治之前，美国本土
third of the native languages that existed before 语言中超过三分之一的语言就都已经消
European colonization and the remaining 192 are 失了，联合国教科文组织将剩下的192
classed by UNESCO as raging between unsafe 种列为“介于有消亡的危险和消亡之间”
and extinct. 的语言。
·19·[13] “We need more funding and more effort to 美国印第安人国家博物馆的弗雷德·努瓦
return these languages to everyday use,” says 斯基说:“我们需要更多的资金和更大
Fred Nawusky of the National Museum of the 的努力来把这些语言恢复到日常使用的
American Indian. “We are making progress, 状态。我们正在取得进展，要想使语言
but money needs to be spent on revitalizing 复兴而不只是记载语言，还需要投入资
languages, not just documenting them.” Some 40 金。”19世纪数千名印第安人被迫重新
languages mainly in California and Oklahoma 安居的地方主要是在加利福尼亚州和俄
where thousands of Indians were forced to 克拉荷马州，这里的约40种语言中，
relocate in the 19th century have fewer than 10 只剩不到10个会讲该语言的人了。部
native speakers. Part of the issue is that tribal 分原因是部落群体们一直不认为他们的
groups themselves don’t always believe their 语言濒临灭绝，直到最后只剩下几个能
languages are endangered until they are down 讲该语言的人时才意识到。“但是，随
to the last handful of speakers. “But progress is 着新兴学校的诞生，情况正在改善，因
being made through emerging schools, because 为你如果在孩子们很小的时候教给他们
if you teach children when they are young, （这种语言)，它就会伴随他们长大成
it will stay with them as adults and that’s the 人，那就是未来。”来自科曼奇族的印
future,” says Mr. Nawusky, a Comanche Indian. 第安人努瓦斯基先生这样说。这样的学
Such schools have become a model in Hawaii, 校在夏威夷已经成了被效仿的对象，但
but the islanders’ local language is still classed 是岛民们的本土语言还是被联合国教科
by UNESCO as critically endangered because 文组织列为极度濒危语言，因为讲这种
only 1,000 people speak it. [14] The decline in 语言的只剩1000人了。美国印第安人
America India languages has its historical roots. 语言的衰落有其历史根源。在19世纪
In the mid-19th century, the US government 中期，美国政府采取了一种通过把印第
adopted a policy of Americanizing Indian 安儿童赶出其家园和其所在文化地区的
children by removing them from their homes 方式来使他们美国化的政策。几代人之
and culture. Within a few generations, most had 后，大部分印第安人都忘记了他们的本
forgotten their native tongues. Another challenge 土语言。语言生存面临的另一个挑战就
to language survival is television. [15] It has 是电视。它把英语带进了家庭，而排挤
brought English into homes, and pushed out 掉了讲故事和家庭聚会的传统，加速了
traditional storytelling and family time together, 母语的消亡。
accelerating the extinction of native languages.
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.
12. What do we learn from the report?
13. For what purpose does Fred Nawusky appeal for more funding?
14. What is the historical cause of the decline in American Indian Languages?
15. What does the speaker say about television?
·20·答案详解
12. 我们从报告中了解到了什么？
A）许多美国本土语言已经消亡了。
B）美国濒危语言的数量最多。
C）保护印第安语言的努力被证明是徒劳的。
D）美国在记录本土语言方面需要更多资金。
答案 A
解析 本题为主旨大意题。在美国已经有三分之一的本土语言消亡了,而残存的192 种
本土语言也已经被联合国教科文组织列入“危险”或“濒危”行列。所以答案为A。
13. Fred Nawusky呼吁更多资金支持的目的是什么？
A）建立更多的语言学校。
B）记载濒危语言。
C）教育美国本地的儿童。
D）振兴美国本土语言。
答案 D
解析 本题为细节推断题。需要更多的钱来让这些濒危语言重新成为人们的日常语言，
也就是需要更多的钱来重振这些语言。所以答案为D。
14. 美国印第安语言衰落的历史原因是什么？
A）美国政府使印第安儿童美国化的政策。
B）美国印第安语言未能取得官方地位。
C）美国政府不愿意在教育印第安人方面投人资金。
D）长期以来美国印第安人与外界的隔离。
答案 A
解析 本题为事实细节题。短文中明确指出，美国印第安语消亡有其历史根源，从孩童
时期开始，对印第安人进行“美国化”，使他们远离自己的语言和文化。所以答案为A。
15. 说话者对电视有何看法？
A）它被用来教授本土语言。
B）它被用来在家庭聚会时讲述传统故事。
C）它加速了本土语言的消亡。
D）它在语言特色学校中被广泛使用。
答案 C
解析 本题为细节辨认题。短文最后说电视把英语带进了千家万户，剥夺了家人之间讲
故事和聊天的时间，从而加速了美国本土语言的消亡。所以答案为C。
·21·Section C
Recording One
听力原文 听力原文译文
W: Greg Rosen lost his job as a sales manager 女： 差不多三年前，格雷格·罗森失
nearly three years ago and is still unemployed. 去了销售经理的工作，现在仍然
M: It literally is like something in a dream to 失业。
remember what it’s like to actually be able to 男： 这真像做梦一样，只有在梦中我
go out and put in a day’s work and receive a 才能记起真正出去参加工作并拿
day’s pay. 到一天的薪水是什么感觉。
W: At first Rosen bought groceries and made house 女： 罗森最先是借助失业保险来购买
payments with the help from unemployment 日用品和支付房贷。在失业者找
insurance. [16] It pays laid-off workers up to 工作期间，失业保险可支付给他
half of their previous wages while they look 们相当于原来一半工资的收入。
for work. But now, that insurance has run out 可是这笔失业保险现在已经用完
for him and he has to make tough choices. He’s 了，因此他不得不做出艰难的选
cut back on medications and he no longer helps 择。他削减了（自己的)用药量，
support his disabled mother. It is a devastating 并且不再帮衬残疾的母亲。这是
experience. New research says the US 一段惨痛的经历。新的研究表明，
recession is now over. But many people remain 美国经济衰退已经结束，但许多
unemployed and unemployed workers face 人仍然失业，失业者面临重重困
difficult odds. There is literally only one job 难。确切地说，每五名失业者要
opening for every five unemployed workers, 竞争一个空缺职位，所以其中四
so four out of five unemployed workers have 个人其实并没有机会找到一份新
actually no chance of finding a new job. 工作。美国的一些企业已经裁员
Businesses have downsized or shut down across 或停工，导致那些找工作的人拥
America, leading to fewer job opportunities for 有更少的就业机会。宾夕法尼亚
those in search of work. Experts who monitor 州巴克斯郡的监控失业数据专家
unemployment statistics here in Bucks County, 称，大约2.8万人正处于失业状态，
Pennsylvania say about 28,000 people are 并且他们当中的很多人失业并不
unemployed and many of them are jobless due 是因为自身的不足。这正是巴克
to no fault of their own. That’s where the Bucks 斯郡"职业链接"公司所关注的。
County Careerlink comes in.
W: [17] Local director Elizabeth Walsh says 女： 该公司的当地领导者伊丽莎白·沃
they provide training and guidance to 尔什说，他们提供的培训和指导
help unemployed workers find local job 可以帮助失业者寻找当地的就业
opportunities. “So here’s the job opening. 机会。她说：“这里既有职位空
Here’s the job seeker. 缺也有求职人员。
·22·Match them together under one roof,” she says. 让他们在同一部门下相匹配。”
But the lack of work opportunities in Bucks 但缺乏就业机会的巴克斯郡限制
County limits how much she can help. Rosen 了她所能提供的帮助。罗森说，
says he hopes Congress will take action. This 他希望国会能采取行动。本月他
month, he launched the Ninety-Niners Union, 发起了99人联盟，这是一个由18
an umbrella organization of eighteen Internet- 个网络草根团体组成的联盟组织，
based grass roots groups of Ninety-Niners. 团体里总共有99人，说服立法者
Their goal is to convince lawmakers to extend 延长失业救济金的期限是他们的
unemployment benefits. But Pennsylvania State 目标。但宾夕法尼亚州国会代表
representative Scott Petri says governments 斯科特·佩特里称，政府只是没
simply do not have enough money to extend 有足够的资金来延长失业保险金
unemployment insurance. [18] He thinks the 的期限。他认为，帮助长期失业
best way to help the long-term unemployed 者的最好办法是允许普通公民对
is to allow private citizens to invest in local 能够创造更多就业岗位的当地公
companies that can create more jobs. But the 司进行投资。该计划的实施需要
boost in investor confidence needed for the 投资者有信心，而投资者信心的
plan to work will take time—time that Rosen 提升将需要一定的时间——而在
says still requires him to buy food and make 这段时间内，罗森说他还需要购
monthly mortgage payments. Rosen says he’ll 买食物和按月支付贷款。他说自
use the last of his savings to try to hang onto 己会用最后的积蓄来努力留住他
the home he worked for more than twenty years 奋斗了20多年才购买的房子。但
to buy. But once that money is gone, he says he 是一旦没钱了，他说自己不知道
doesn’t know what he’ll do. 接下来还能做什么。
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.
16. How does unemployment insurance help the unemployed?
17. What is local director Elizabeth Walsh of the Bucks County Careerlink doing?
18. What does Pennsylvania State representative Scott Petri say is the best way to help the long-
term unemployed?
答案详解
16. 失业保险是以怎样的方式帮助失业者的？
A）当失业者寻找工作时，它可支付给他们相当于之前一半工资的收人。
B）它可用于支付他们99周的贷款和医疗费用。
C）在他们再次找到工作前，它可用于支付生活费。
D）它为他们提供日常生活的基本必需品。
答案 A
解析 本题为细节辨认题。人们失业时可以获得失业保险，在寻找工作期间，可以拿到
相当于最后一份工资的50%的收入。所以答案为A。
·23·17. 巴克斯郡“职业链接”公司本地领导者伊丽莎白·沃尔什正在做什么？
A）为失业大军创造就业机会。
B）为失业人员提供培训和指导。
C）说服当地立法者延长失业救济金的期限。
D）筹集资金以帮助那些没有失业保险的人。
答案 B
解析 本题为细节辨认题。巴克士郡的“职业链接”为失业工人提供培训和指导，帮助
他们寻找就业机会。所以答案为B。
18. 宾夕法尼亚州国会代表斯科特·佩特里认为帮助长期失业者的最好方法是什么？
A）为他们提供自主创业所需的贷款。
B）允许他们推迟每月的按揭付款。
C）通过鼓励对当地企业的私人投资来创造更多的就业机会。
D）鼓励大型企业返聘享受政府津贴的工作者。
答案 C
解析 本题为细节推断题。宾夕法尼亚州代表斯科特·佩特里认为帮助长期失业者的
最好的办法就是让普通公民投资当地公司，以此创造出更多的就业机会。所以答案为C。
Recording Two
听力原文 听力原文译文
W: [19] Earlier this year, British explorer Pen 女： 今年早些时候，英国探险家佩恩·哈
Hadow and his team trekked for three months 多和他的团队在冰封的北冰洋上跋
across the frozen Arctic Ocean, taking 涉了三个月，以测量冰并记录观测
measurements and recording observations 数据。
about the ice.
M: Well, we’ve been led to believe that we 男： 嗯，我们一直误认为会遇到大面积
would encounter a good proportion of this 的更加古老、厚实并从理论上来讲
older, thicker, technically multi-year ice 已经存在多年，并只会越来越厚的
that’s been around for a few years and just 多年冰层。事实上，我们发现这里
get thicker and thicker. We actually found 根本就没有多年冰层。
there wasn’t any multi-year ice at all.
W: Satellite observations and submarine 女： 在过去的几年里，卫星观测和潜艇
service over the past few years had shown 活动已表明极地地区冰的数量在减
less ice in the polar region. [20] But the 少。但最近的测量数据表明，这种
recent measurements show the lost is more 减少量比之前想象的更为明显。
pronounced than previously thought.
M: We are looking at roughly 80 percent loss of 男： 我们估计在未来的十年，北冰洋的
ice cover on the Arctic ocean in ten years, 冰层将减少大约80%，在近20年间，
roughly ten years and 100 percent loss in 冰层将完全消失。
nearly twenty years.
·24·W: [21] Cambridge scientist Peter Wadhams, 女： 自1971年以来，剑桥的科学家彼
who’s been measuring and monitoring 得·沃德姆斯一直在监测北冰洋的
the Arctic since 1971, says the decline is 冰层。他说这种减少是不可逆转的。
irreversible.
M: The more you lose, the more open water 男： “冰层损失的越多，随之就会产生
is created, the more warning goes on in 越多的无冰水面，夏天无冰水面的
that open water during the summer, the 气温就会越来越高，冬天形成的冰
less ice forms in the winter, the more melt 就越少，第二年夏天就会有更多的
there is the following summer. It becomes a 冰融化。这成为一种分解过程，在
breakdown process where everything ends 这个过程中所有的冰最后都在加速
up accelerating until it’s all gone. 减少，直到全部消失。”
W: Martin Summercorn runs the Arctic program 女： 马丁·萨摩考恩为环境慈善组织“世
for the environmental charity the World 界野生动植物基金会”管理北冰洋
Wildlife Fund. 的项目。
M: The Arctic sea ice holds a central position 男： 在地球气候系统中占据着核心位置
in the earth’s climate system and it’s 的北冰洋海上浮冰比预期减少得更
deteriorating faster than expected. Actually, 快。实际上，可以说它要求人们更
it has to translate into more urgency to deal 加迫切地应对气候变化问题并减少
with the climate change problem and reduce 排放。
emissions.
W: Summercorn says a plan to reduce green- 女：萨摩考恩称，在12月召开的哥本哈
house gas emissions blamed for global 根气候变化峰会上需要提出一项计
warming needs to come out of the 划，以减少导致全球变暖的温室气
Copenhagen Climate Change Summit in 体的排放。
December.
M: We have to basically achieve there—the 男： 解决这个问题的承诺和保证是我们
commitment to deal with the problem now. 现在必须做到的，这也是最基本的。
That’s the minimum. We have to do that 我们必须公正地做到这一点，并找
equitably, and we have to find a commitment 到一个可以快速实现的承诺。
that is quick.
W: Wadhams echoes the need for urgency. 女： 沃德姆斯对这种迫切性做出了回应。
M: The carbon that we’ve put into the 男： 我们现在必须迅速减少碳排放，因
atmosphere keeps having a warming effect 为我们排放到大气中的碳产生的温
for 100 years. So we have to cut back rapidly 室效应可以持续100年。大气层在
now. Because it would take a long time to 我们人类做出回应之前将需要很长
work its way through into our response by 的时间来设法自保。要想抵制全球
the atmosphere. We can’t switch off global 变暖，我们不能只是以后才开始做
warning just by being good in future. We 对的事情来补救。我们必须现在就
have to start being good now. 开始做对的事清。
·25·W: [22] Wadhams says there is no easy 女： 沃德姆斯称，还没有简单的技术补
technological fix to climate change. He and 救措施来应对气候变化。他与其他
other scientists say there are basically two 科学家还表示，创造可再生能源或
options to replacing fossil fuels, generating 倡导使用核能是两种替代化石燃料
energy with renewables or embracing nuclear 的主要方式。
power.
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.
19. What did Pen Hadow and his team do in the Arctic Ocean?
20. What does the report say about the Arctic region?
21. What does Cambridge scientist Peter Wadhams say in his study?
22. How does Peter Wadhams view climate change?
答案详解
19. 佩思·哈多和他的团队在北冰洋做了什么？
A）他们测量了海水的深度。 B）他们分析了海水的成分。
C）他们探索了海底。 D）他们对冰层进行了研究。
答案 D
解析 本题为细节辨认题。英国研究团队在北冰洋长途跋涉了三个月，测量并记录冰层
状况。所以答案为D。
20. 报告中关于北冰洋地区都说了什么？
A）百分之八十的冰在夏季消失。
B）大部分的冰是在过去几个世纪累积而成的。
C）冰保证了很多濒临灭绝的物种幸存下去。
D）冰的减少程度比以前想象的更加明显。
答案 D
解析 本题为细节推断题。卫星观察和海洋观察都能证明极地地区冰层的减少，而最近
的测量进一步证明，冰层的减少程度比之前更加明显。所以答案为D。
21. 剑桥的科学家彼得·沃德姆斯的研究表明了什么？
A)北极冰是世界淡水的主要来源。 B)融化的北极冰淹没了许多沿海城市。
C)北极冰的减少是不可逆转的。 D)北极冰对人类生存至关重要。
答案 C
解析 本题为细节辨认题。彼得·沃德姆斯认为冰层的减少是不可逆的。所以答案为
C。
22. 彼得·沃德姆斯如何看待气候变化？
A）它会对人类造成很多伤害。
B）理解它并不容易。
C）它将推进核技术的发展。
D）对于气候变化，没有简单的技术解决方案。
·26·答案 D
解析 本题为细节辨认题。沃德姆斯认为对于气候变化来说不可能轻易找到一种技术
上的解决方案。所以答案为D。
Recording Three
听力原文 听力原文译文
M: From a very early age, some children exhibit 男： 从很小的时候，一些孩子就表现出
better self-control than others. Now, a new 比其他同龄人有更强的自制力。如
study that began with about 1,000 children in 今，新西兰进行了一项新研究。该
New Zealand has tracked [23] how a child’s 研究起初以大约1000名儿童为试验
low self-control can predict poor health, 对象，跟踪了解儿童时期自控能力
money troubles and even a criminal record 差是否可以预测其成年后的健康状
in their adult years. Researchers have been 况、财务问题，甚至是犯罪情况。
studying this group of children for decades 迄今为止，研究人员对这组儿童已
now. Some of their earliest observations 进行了几十年的跟踪研究。他们最
have to do with the level of self-control the 早期的一些观察和儿童表现出的自
youngsters displayed. Parents, teachers, even 制力水平有关。父母、老师对孩子
the kids themselves, scored the youngsters 们进行评估，甚至孩子们进行自我
on measures like “acting before thinking” 评估，评估的标准有“三思而行”
and “persistence in reaching goals”. The 和“坚持达到目标”等。现在这些
children of the study are now adults in their 孩子已成为三十几岁的成年人。杜
thirties. Terrie Moffitt of Duke University 克大学的特里·莫菲特和与她一起
and her research colleagues found that kids 参与研究的同事发现，自制力有问
with self-control issues tended to grow up to 题的孩子在长大成人后往往会有一
become adults with a far more troubling set 系列更令人伤脑筋的问题需要解决。
of issues to deal with.
W: The children who had the lowest self-control 女： 年龄在3到10岁期间自制力最差的
when they were age 3 to 10, later on had the 孩子在三十几岁时出现的健康问题
most health problems in their thirties, and 最多，财务状况也最糟糕。他们更
they had the worst financial situation. And 可能有犯罪记录，用微薄的收入独
they were more likely to have a criminal 自抚养孩子。
record and to be raising a child as a single
parent on a very low income.
M: Speaking from New Zealand via Skype, 男： 莫菲特在新西兰接受网络电话采访
Moffitt explained that self-control problems 时解释道，自制力问题得到了广泛
were widely observed and weren’t just a 的关注，它不只是一小部分行为的
feature of a small group of misbehaving 儿童的特点。
kids.
·27·W: Even the children who had above-average 女： 对于学龄前儿童，即便自制力高于
self-control as preschoolers, could have 一般水平也可以从更多的自制力训
benefited from more self-control training. 练中获益。30年后，他们本可以改
They could have improved their financial 善财务状况和身心健康状况。
situation and their physical and mental
health situation 30 years later.
M: So, children with minor self-control 男： 莫菲特称，自制力略有问题的儿童
problems were likely as adults to have minor 长大成人后也可能有轻微的健康问
health problems, and so on. Moffitt said 题等。为什么有些孩子的自制力比
it’s still unclear why some children have 其他孩子强，对于这一点尚无答案。
better self-control than others, though she 不过，她说其他研究人员发现自制
says other researchers have found that it’s 力主要是习得的行为，受基因的影
mostly a learned behavior, with relatively 响相对较少。但是好的自制力可以
little genetic influence. But good self-control 世代相传，因为自制力好的孩子长
can be set to run in families in that children 大后更可能成为健康和富裕的父母。
who have good self-control are more likely
to grow up to be healthy and prosperous
parents.
W: Whereas some of the low self-control 女： 但是在这些研究对象中，那些自制
study members are more likely to be single 力差的孩子更可能成为单亲家长，
parents with a very low income and the 收人十分低，健康水平差且可能成
parent is in poor health and likely to be a 为严重的瘾君子，这对孩子来说不
heavy substance abuser. So that’s not a good 是好的家庭氛围。因此，看起来上
atmosphere for a child. [24] So it looks as 一代缺乏自控也会对下一代造成负
though self-control is something that in 面影响的。
one generation can disadvantage the next
generation.
M: [25] But the good news is that Moffitt says 男： 莫菲特说，好消息是自制力可以由
self-control can be taught by parents, and 父母培养，也可以通过学校的相关
through school curricula that have proved to 课程来习得，事实证明这些课程是
be effective. Terrie Moffitt’s paper “On the 有效的。特里·莫菲特在《美国国
Link Between Childhood Self-control and 家科学院院刊》上发表了论文《论
Adults’ Status Decades Later” is published 儿童自制力与几十年后成年时社会
in the Proceedings of the National Academy 地位之间的联系》。
of Sciences.
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.
23. What is the new study about?
24. What does the study seem to show?
25. What does Moffitt say is the good news from their study?
·28·答案详解
23. 新的研究是关于哪方面的？
A）新西兰的儿童看来有更好的自我控制的原因。
B）儿童自控能力与未来成功的关系。
C）由单亲家长抚养的孩子出现的健康问题。
D）儿童学业成绩的决定因素。
答案 B
解析 本题为推理判断题。讲座开头提到自制力弱的孩子成年后在健康、金钱和遵纪守
法方面的表现都会比较差一些，后面主要讲了孩子的自制力与未来成功的关系。所以答
案为B。
24. 这项研究似乎显示了什么？
A）由单亲家长抚养的孩子在三十几岁时会过得很艰辛。
B）那些有前科的人大多来自单亲家庭。
C）父母必须学会在孩子面前进行自我控制。
D）父母缺乏自制力会对他们的孩子造成不利影响。
答案 D
解析 本题为推理判断题。讲座中提到自制力弱的孩子很有可能来自单亲家庭，家长健
康状况不佳等对孩子的影响非常糟糕。上一代缺乏自控也会对下一代造成负面影响。所
以答案为D。
25. 莫菲特说他们的研究得出的好消息是什么？
A）通过教育可以改善自制力。
B）自制力能改善人们的财务状况。
C）自制力问题可以在孩童时期被及早发现。
D）自制力问题会随着一个人长大而消失。
答案 A
解析 本题为细节推断题。讲座提到了自制力是可以通过教育来提升的，家长、学校都
可以教导孩子以提高他们的自制力。所以答案为A。
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Section A
26. 答案 A
解析 本题考查的是副词。释义为大多数钢在低于零下25度的温度下会突然变脆，除
非它们与其他金属混合。本句是一个完整的句子，不缺主要成分，根据空格后的become
判定，空格处缺副词。abruplly意为“突然地”，与题意相符，故选A。
27. 答案 J
解析 本题考查的是名词。释义为然而现在，一种新型的钢已经被开发出来，它可以在
·29·更低的温度下抵抗断裂，同时保持其强度和韧性，而不需要昂贵的添加剂。根据空格前
的resist判定，空格处缺名词，作resist的宾语。fracture意为“骨折，断裂”，与题意相符，
故选J。
28. 答案 B
解析 本题考查的是名词。释义为然而现在，一种新型的钢已经被开发出来，它可以在
更低的温度下抵抗断裂，同时保持其强度和韧性，而不需要昂贵的添加剂。根据空格前
的expensive判定，空格处缺名词。addictive意为“添加剂，添加物”，与题意相符，故选
B。
29. 答案 E
解析 本题考查的是形容词。释义为在德国U型潜艇用鱼雷击沉了许多英国船只后，
一支由2700艘廉价而令人振奋的“自由号”组成的强大舰队被派往英国，取代了这些
失踪的船只，为被围困的英国人提供了一线生机。根据空格前的the和空格后的British
判定，空格处缺形容词。besieged意为“被围困的，被包围的”，与题意相符，故选E。
30. 答案 I
解析 本题考查的是动词。释义为但数百艘船的钢壳在冰冷的北大西洋中裂开，其中12
艘船裂成两半沉没。根据空格前的the steel shells和空格后的in the icy north Atlantic判
定，空格处缺动词的一般过去式。crack意为“破裂；爆破”，与题意相符，故选I。
31. 答案 N
解析 本题考查的是动词。释义为因此，科学家们一直在努力寻找一种解决方案，将其
与镍等昂贵金属混合使用。根据空格前的have和空格后的to find判定，空格处缺动词的
过去分词形式。strive意为“努力；奋斗”，与题意相符，故选N。
32. 答案 C
解析 本题考查的是名词。释义为木村裕二和他在日本的同事尝试了一种更好的物理方
法。根据空格前的physical判定，空格处缺名词。approach意为“方式，方法”，与题意相
符，故选C。
33. 答案 G
解析 本题考查的是形容词。释义为由此产生的钢似乎达到了强度和韧性的结合，这与
合金含量非常高的现代钢相当，因此非常昂贵。根据空格前的is和空格后的to判定，空
格处缺形容词。be comparable to意为“比得上……的；与……可比较的”，与题意相符，
故选G。
34. 答案 H
解析 本题考查的是名词。释义为他们希望减少建筑工作所需的部件数量和重量，例
如，用空心管代替实心支架。根据空格前的the number of和空格后的needed判定，空格
处缺名词。component意为“部件；组成部分”，与题意相符，故选H。
35. 答案 K
解析 本题考查的是形容词。释义为他们希望减少建筑工作所需的部件数量和重量，例
如，用空心管代替实心支架。根据空格前的with和空格后的tubes判定，空格处缺形容
词修饰后面的名词。hollow意为“中空的；空心的”，与题意相符，故选K。
·30·参考译文
钢的价值在于它的可靠性，但是变冷的时候就不是这样了。大多数钢在低于零下25度
的温度下会[26] 突然变脆，除非它们与其他金属混合。然而现在，一种新型的钢已经被开
发出来，它可以在更低的温度下抵抗[27] 断裂，同时保持其强度和韧性，而不需要昂贵的[28]
添加剂。
钢在低温下的易损性在第二次世界大战期间首次成为一个主要问题。在德国U型潜艇
用鱼雷击沉了许多英国船只后，一支由2700艘廉价而令人振奋的"自由号"组成的强大舰
队被派往英国，取代了这些失踪的船只，为[29] 被围困的英国人提供了一线生机。但数百
艘船的钢壳在冰冷的北大西洋中[30] 裂开，其中12艘船裂成两半沉没。在寒冷条件下建造
钢结构，如北极的石油钻井平台，脆性仍然是一个问题。因此，科学家们一直在[31] 努力
寻找一种解决方案，将其与镍等昂贵金属混合使用。
木村裕二和他在日本的同事尝试了一种更好的物理[32] 方法。他们没有添加其他金属，
而是开发了一个复杂的机械过程，包括反复加热和非常严重的机械变形，称为热成形。
由此产生的钢似乎达到了强度和韧性的结合，这与合金含量非常高的现代钢[33] 相当，
因此非常昂贵。
木村教授的研究小组打算用木村公司生产的热弯型钢来制造超高强度的零件，比如螺
栓。他们希望减少建筑工作所需的[34] 部件数量和重量，例如，用[35] 空心管代替实心支架。
这将减少从汽车到建筑和桥梁等一切制造所需的钢材。
Section B
36. 答案 C 释义为一个人要摄入推荐量的蛋白质是很容易的。这与段落C中的“ ‘You can
get enough protein and meet the RDA before you even get to dinner,’ says Pipitone.”相符。题
干中的easy是对定位句中的before you even get to dinner的概括归纳,the recommended
amount of protein是对定位句中的the RDA（recommended daily allowance)的同义转述。
37. 答案 E 释义为皮皮托内认为健康的成年人不需要在蛋白质上花钱。这与段落E中的
“‘I’ve seen very expensive protein supplements that claim to be high quality but they might not
really be beneficial for the average healthy adult,’she says. ‘It could just be a waste of money.’”
相符。题干中的need not spend money on protein是对定位句中的just be a waste of money
的同义转述。
38. 答案 A 释义为人们发现蛋白质补充品业务正在蓬勃发展。这与段落 A 中的 “With
more than $ 12 billion in sales this year, the industry is booming and, according to the market
research company, Grand View Research, is on track to sell billions more by 2025,”相符。题
干中的the protein supplement business和is found to be thriving分别是对定位句中的the
industry和is booming的同义转述。
39. 答案 F 释义为蛋白质能加速受损肌肉的修复。这与F段落中的“Extreme athletes expend
lots of energy breaking down and repairing and building muscles. Protein can give them
the edge they need to speed that process.”相符。题干中的speed the repairing of damaged
muscles是对定位句中的give them the edge they need to speed that process的同义转述。
·31·40. 答案 M 释义为额外的蛋白质可能使某些内脏器官负担过重，从而导致其功能失调。
这与段落M中的“There have been some indications that extra protein makes the kidneys
work harder, which could be problematic for individuals with a history of kidney disease and
for them, the supplements may increase the risk of kidney stones, she says.”相符。题干中的
overburden some internal organ是对定位句中的makes the kidneys work harder的同义转述,
loading to its malfunctioning是对定位句中的be problematic for individuals with a history of
kidney disease的推断。
41. 答案 G 释义为老年人需要摄入更多的蛋白质来保持肌肉强健。这与 G 段落中 “‘At
around age 60, muscles really start to break down,’says Kathryn Starr, an aging researcher, ‘and
because of that, the protein needs of an older adult actually increase.’” 相符。题干中的take in
more protein是对定位句中的the protein needs of an older adult actually increase的同义转
述, keep their muscles strong是对定位句中的muscles really start to break down和because
of that的推断。
42. 答案 B 释义为蛋白质存在于比人们意识到的更多的食物中。这与段落B中的“It’s in
foods many of us expect, such as beef, chicken and other types of meat and dairy. But it’s also
in foods that may not come immediately to mind like vegetables, fruit, beans and grains.”相
符。题干中的is found in more foods than people might realize是对定位句中的it’s in foods
many of us expect和it’s also in foods that may not come immediately to mind的概括归纳。
43. 答案 H 释义为研究发现，额外的蛋白质有助于增强寻求减肥的超重老年人的肌肉。这
与段落H中的“In fact, along with her colleague Connic Bales, Starr recently conducted a
small study that found that adding extra protein foods to the diet of obese older individuals who
were trying to lose weight strengthened their muscles.”相符。题干中的additional protein
和overweight seniors seeking weight loss分别是对定位句中的extra protein和obese older
individuals who were trying to lose weight的同义转述。
44. 答案 D 释义为皮皮托内认为天然食品是蛋白质的最佳来源。这与D段落中的“‘Whole
foods are always the best option rather than adding supplements,’ she says”相符。题干中的
the best source of protein是对定位句中的the best option的同义转述。
45. 答案 L 释义为当人们摄入更多的蛋白质时，建议他们摄入更多的液体。这与L段落中
的“Pipitone says if you increase protein, you also have to increase your fluid intake.”相符。
题干中的drink more liquid和take in more protein分别是对定位句中的increase your fluid
intake和increase protein的同义转述。
参考译文
你究竟需要多少蛋白质？
[A] 营养是很诱人的：只需在早餐的奶昔或果汁饮料中添加蛋白质粉，最小的努力就能让肌
肉更强健，身体更健康。也可以在午餐时吃一块蛋白棒或把它当作零食。今天，你可以
在任何地方找到蛋白质补充品——网上、药店、杂货店或健康食品商店。它们有粉末状
的、药丸状的和棒状的。[38] 这个行业正在蓬勃发展，今年的销售额已超过120亿美元。
根据市场研究公司Grand View Research的数据，到2025年，这个行业的销售额有望再
·32·增加数十亿美元。但我们真的需要补充这些蛋白质吗？视情况而定。这有利有弊，也还
有一些其他的事情要考虑。
[B] 首先，蛋白质对我们身体的每个细胞都至关重要。它有助于塑造指甲、头发、骨骼和肌
肉。比起不含蛋白质的食物，它可以让你更长时间地感到饱腹。且与只在少数食物中发
现的营养物质不同，蛋白质存在于所有食物中。注册营养师安吉拉·皮皮托内（Angela
Pipitone)说：“典型美国饮食的蛋白质含量比我们想象的要高得多。[42] 它存在于我们
很多人能想到的食物中，比如牛肉、鸡肉、其他肉类和奶制品；但它也存在于蔬菜、水果、
豆类和谷物等人们不会马上想到的食物中。”
[C] [36] 美国政府对普通成年人的推荐且摄入量（RDA)是每天50到60克蛋白质。这听起
来可能很多，但皮皮托内说：“我们在这些食物或那些食物里都得到少量的蛋白质，而
一整天下来，这些蛋白质真的累积起来可就不少了。”以早餐为例。如果你吃了涂了一
点儿奶酪的两个鸡蛋和一个橙子，那你就已经摄入22克蛋白质了。每个鸡蛋含7克，
奶酪含6克，橙子含2克。再加上一份有鸡肉、米饭和西兰花的午餐，你的蛋白质摄入
量已经超过了建议的50克。[36] 皮皮托内说：“你每天可以得到足够的蛋白质，甚至
在你吃晚饭之前就能达到RDA。”
[D] 那么，如果从食物中获取蛋白质如此容易，为什么还要以粉末和零食棒形式摄入更多蛋
白质，甚至喝果汁时还要加料呢？皮皮托内说，没必要，因为事实上，我们大多数人已
经从饮食中摄取了足够的蛋白质。[44] 她还说，天然食品总是最好的选择，而不是添加剂。
她指出，食品和药物管理局（FDA）并没有像食品或药品那样严格规范蛋白质补充品，
所以可能会有更少的蛋白质、更多的糖和一些你意想不到的添加剂，比如咖啡因。
[E] 皮皮托内说，如果你正在考虑一种补品，请阅读成分表，尽管这并不总是可靠的。[37]
她补充说：“我见过一些非常昂贵的蛋白质补充品，它们声称是高质量的，但实际上可
能对普通健康成年人没有好处。这可能只是浪费钱。”
[F] 但是在某些情况下确实需要额外的蛋白质。皮皮托内说：“比如你是一名极限耐力运动
员、马拉松训练者或者一名健美运动员，那任何你在修复或塑造肌肉的时候都需要。“但
如果你像美国疾病控制与预防中心（Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)建议的那
样，每周适度锻炼150分钟，或者少于150分钟，你可能就不是一个极限运动员。[39]
极限运动员花费大量的能量来分解、修复和塑造肌肉。蛋白质可以给他们所需的优垫来
加速这一过程。
[G] 素食者可以从蛋白质补充品中获益，因为他们不吃肉类、奶制品或鸡蛋等动物性蛋白质。
而且，对于那些经常忙碌却没有时间吃饭的人来说，蛋白棒是一个代餐的不错选择。此
外，从手术或受伤中恢复的人也可以从额外的蛋白质中获益。老年人也可以。[41] 老研
究人员凯瑟琳·斯塔尔（Kathryn Star)说：“人在60岁左右，肌肉真的开始分解了。
正因为如此，老年人对蛋白质的需求实际上增加了。”
[H] [43] 事实上，斯塔尔和她的同事康妮·贝尔斯（Connie Bales)最近进行了一项小型研究，
发现在试图减肥的肥胖老年人的饮食中添加额外的蛋白质食物可以增强他们的肌肉。
研究的参与者被分成两组，其中一组被要求每餐食用30克的天然食品。这意味着他们
每天摄入90克蛋白质。另一组对照组，则是典型的低热量饮食，每天摄入50-60克蛋
白质。六个月后，研究人员发现高蛋白组的肌肉功能明显改善，几乎是对照组的两倍。
斯塔尔说，“他们走得更快，平衡感更好，从椅子上站起来的速度也比对照组快。所有
·33·67名参与者的年龄都在60岁以上，两组减掉的体重大致相同。”
[1] 斯塔尔现在正在研究高蛋白饮食是否也能改善老年人肌肉本身的质量。她使用CT扫描
来测量肌肉大小和脂肪，并将高蛋白饮食的老年人与正常饮食的老年人进行比较。她说，
她的研究结果将在几个月内公布。
[J] 与此同时，在斯塔尔最新研究中属于高蛋白组的70岁的考利斯·基思（CorlissKeith)说，
她感觉大不一样了。她说：“我感觉棒极了。我感觉我有了一个不同的身体，有了更多
的能量，变得更强壮了。”她每周能上三次尊巴健身课，在跑步机上锻炼，还能进行长
时间的快步走。基思也瘦了15磅多。她说：“我是一个很时尚的人，所以现在我又穿
起了3英寸的高跟鞋。”
[K] 随着年龄的增长，斯塔尔说肌肉力量是帮助人们保持强壮和继续独立生活的关键。基思
认为：“我现在觉得很有活力，我可以自己活到100岁。”
[L] 但是人们会过量摄入蛋白质吗？皮皮托内说，你必须小心。其他研究人员指出，过多的
蛋白质会导致抽筋、头痛和疲劳。当你摄入过多蛋白质时，脱水也是风险之一。[45] 皮
皮托内说，如果你增加蛋白质，你也必须增加液体摄入量。“我总是告诉人们要确保饮
用足够的液体。”平均每人每天需要60-70盎司，也就是每天8杯8盎司的水或液体。
[M] [40] 皮皮托内说，有一些迹象表明，额外的蛋白质会使肾脏工作更困难，这过有肾脏病
史的人来说可能是个问题：对他们来说，补充蛋白质可能会增加患肾结石的风险。
[N] 总之，如果你认为你的饮食中需要更多的蛋白质，考虑一下这些问题：你是一个极限运
动员吗？你正在从伤病或手术中恢复吗？如果是的话，在你的饮食中添加高蛋白食物，
如鸡蛋和肉类产品，可能是有益的。如果你不太确定，与你的初级保健提供者联系总是
一个好主意。
Section C
Passage One
46. 为什么有些专家认为说谎是儿童发展的里程碑？
A）这表明他们有能力从不同的角度看待复杂的情况。
B）这表明他们有一种比爬行和行走更非凡的能力。
C）这代表了他们与周围人积极互动的能力。
D）它涉及他们的精神和身体能力的协调。
答案 A 事实细节题。根据文中第一段的 “Some experts even consider lying a
developmental milestone, like crawling and walking, because it requires sophisticated
planning, attention and the ability to see a situation from someone else’s perspective to
manipulate them.” 可知，一些专家认为说谎是发展的里程碑，因为它需要复杂的计划注
意力和从他人的角度看问题的能力来操作。据此可知，A项正确。文中the ability to see a
situation from someone else’s perspective和A项the ability to view complex situations from
different angles为同义替换。B项不正确，文中指说谎与爬行和走路一样都是儿童发展的
里程碑，并没有指说谎更非凡；C项和D项文中未有提及。
47. 为什么哈佛大学的神经学家认为说谎没那么容易？
A）从几个选项中做出选择是困难的。 B）让谎言听起来自然或可信是很难的。
C）这需要血液迅速流入大脑。 D）这涉及许多复杂的心理活动。
·34·答案 D 细节推断题。根据文中第二段“But others opted to lie, and they showed increased
activity in their frontal parietal control network, which is involved in difficult or complex
thinking.”可知，选择说谎的人的额顶叶控制网络活动增加了，说明额顶叶参与困难或
复杂思考。由此可以推出，说谎涉及许多复杂的心理活动。据此可知，D项正确。文中
difficult or complex thinking和D项sophisticated mental activity为同义替换。A、B和C
项文中未有提及。
48. 在什么情况下人们倾向于说谎？
A）当他们变得过于情绪化。
B）当他们面对太多的同辈压力时。
C）当诱惑太强烈时。
D）当后果不重要的时候。
答案 B 事实细节题。根据文中第三段“We are more likely to lie， research shows， when
we are able to rationalise it， when we are stressed and fatigued or see others being dishonest.”
可知，研究表明，当我们能够为自己的行为找到合理解释时，当我们感到压力和疲惫
时，或者当我们看到他人不诚实时，我们更有可能撒谎。据此可知，B项正确。文中are
stressed和B项face too much peer pressure为同义替换。C项不正确，文中指撒谎可能与
不能抵制诱惑有关，但并非因为诱惑太强烈而倾向撒谎；D项不正确，文中指搬谎无后
累时，人们可能容易说耸人听闻的谎言，但不是因为后果不重要而搬谎；A项文中未有
提及。
49. 什么时候人们不太可能撒谎？
A）当他们疲惫不堪、压力重重的时候。
B）当他们被监视的时候。
C）当他们以理性的方式思考时。
D）当他们问心无愧的时候。
答案 B 事实细节题。根据文中第三段“And we are less likely to lie when we have moral
reminders or when we think others are watching.”可知，当我们有道德提醒或者当我们认为
别人在看着我们的时候，我们不太可能撒谎。据此可知，B项正确。文中think others are
watching和B项are under watchful eyes为同义替换。A项不正确，文中指感到压力和疲
惫时，更容易搬谎；C项和D项文中未有提及。
50. 作者认为如果一个说谎者没有受到惩罚，会发生什么？
A）他们可能觉得很正当。
B）他们会说更大的谎。
C）他们会变得自满。
D）他们可能把谎言和事实混为一谈。
答案 B 事实细节题。根据文中最后一段 “Not only that, but when people faced no
consequences for dishonesty, their falsehood tended to get even more sensational. This means
that if you give people multiple opportunities to lie for their own benefit, they start with little
lies which get bigger over time.”可知，当人们说谎不会带来后果时，他们会从很小的谎言
开始，说越来越大的谎言。据此可知，B项正确。文中start with little lies which get bigger
·35·over time和B项tell bigger lies为同义替换。A、C和D项文中未有提及。
难点词汇表
psychologist [saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst] n.心理学家
milestone [ˈmaɪlston] n.里程碑
manipulate [məˈnɪpjuleɪt] v.操作；控制
neuroscientist [ˈnjʊərəʊsaɪəntɪst] n.神经系统科学家
rationalize [ˈræʃnəˈlaɪz] v.合理解释为
fatigued [fəˈtiːɡd] adj.疲乏的
falsehood [ˈfɔːlshʊd] n.虚假；谎言
amygdala [əˈmɪɡdələ] n.杏仁核
sensational [senˈseɪʃ(ə)n(e)l] adj.耸人听闻的；轰动的
参考译文
杜克大学（Duke University)行为心理学家丹·艾瑞里（Dan Ariely)表示：“说谎的危
险之处在于，人们不知道这种行为是如何改变我们的。”心理学家发现，孩子早在两岁时
就会撒谎。[46] 一些专家甚至认为说谎是发展的里程碑，就像爬行和走路一样。因为它需
要复杂的计划、注意力和从他人的角度看问题的能力来操作。但是，对大多数人来说，当
我们培育出道德感和自制力时，撒谎就会受到限制。
[47] 哈佛大学认知神经学家约书亚·格林（Joshua Greene)说，对我们大多数人来说，
说谎没那么容易。在研究中，他给研究对象一个为了金钱利益而欺骗的机会，同时在功能
性核磁共振成像机器中检查他们的大脑。这一机器会描绘出流向大脑活跃区域的血流路径。
有些人立即本能地说出了真相。[47] 但其他人选说谎，他们的颅腔壁控制网活动增加了，
说明颅腔壁参与困难或复杂的思考。这表明他们在事实和欺骗之间进行抉择，最终选择了
后者。在后续分析中，他发现那些赢钱时神经报偿中心更活跃的人更可能成为骗子——这
表明撒谎可能与无法抵制诱惑有关。
外部条件也会影响我们何时以及多久会说一次谎。[48] 研究表明，当我们能够为自己
的行为找到合理解释时，当我们感到压力和疲惫时，或者当我们看到他人不诚实时，我们
更有可能撒谎。[49] 当我们有道德提醒或者当我们认为别人在看着我们的时候，我们不太
可能撒谎。[50] 艾瑞里说：“社会需要明白，如果我们不惩罚说谎这种行为，就会增加它
再次发生的可能性。”
2016年发表在《自然神经科学》杂志上的一项研究中，艾瑞里和同事们展示了不诚实
如何改变人的大脑，让人未来更容易说谎。当人们说谎时，科学家注意到他们的杏仁体会
突然活跃起来。杏仁体是大脑中产生恐惧、焦虑和情绪反应（包括说谎时产生的沉沦感和
负罪感)的关键部位。但是当科学家们让他们的实验对象玩一个通过欺骗伴侣来赢钱的游
戏时，他们注意到杏仁体发出的负面信号开始减少。[50] 不仅如此，当人们骗不会引起后
果时，他们的谎言会变得更加惊人。这意味着，如果你给了人们很多机会为自己的利益而
撒谎，随着时间的推移，他们会从很小的谎言开始，说越来越大的谎言。
·36·Passage Two
51. 美国新的太空政策的目的是什么？
A）制定太空探索的一般准则。 B）鼓励公司加入太空计划。
C）充分利用太空中的卫星。 D）改善太空交通条件。
答案 D 事实细节题。根据文中第一段的“Space Policy Directive-3 lays out general
guidelines for the United States to mitigate (缓解) the effects of space debris and track and
manage traffic in space.”可知，太空政策指令-3列出了美国缓解空间碎片影响以及跟踪
和管理太空交通的一般性指导方针。据此可知，D项正确。A项属于利用文中信息，无中
生有。文中虽然提到美国希望它的新太空政策有助于在世界各地刚刚起步的商业航天工
业中形成一套规范，但并不代表这项政策是为了制定太空探索的一般准则，因此A项不
正确。B和C项文中并未提及。
52. 商务部在新政策下应该做些什么？
A）减少太空中的碎片。
B）监测卫星运行。
C）规范新卫星的发射。
D）更新卫星通信技术。
答案 C 细节推理题。根据文中第二段的“This policy sets the stage for the Department
of Commerce to take over the management of traffic in space. The department will make sure
that newly launched satellites don’t use radio frequencies that would interfere with existing
satellites, and schedule when such new satellites can be launched.”可知，美国新的太空政策
为商务部接管太空交通管理工作奠定了基础。该部门将确保新发射的卫星不使用会干扰
现有卫星的无线电频率，并计划何时可以发射这些新卫星。由此可以推出，商务部在新
政策下要管理和规范新卫星的发射。因此，C项正确。A、B和D三项不是对商务部的要
求。
53. 美国政府希望如何处理新的太空政策？
A）制定航天飞行业的国际标准。
B）通过制定一套规范来垄断航天工业。
C）促进全世界的商业太空飞行。
D）促进空间探索方面的国际合作。
答案 A事实细节题。根据文中第二段的“This only applies to American space activities,
but the hope is that it will help standardize a set of norms in the dawning commercial
spaceflight industry throughout the world.”可知，虽然这项政策仅适用于美国的太空活动，
但希望它将有助于在世界各地刚刚起步的商业航天工业中形成一套规范。据此可知，A
项正确。B、C和D项文中未提及。
54. 根据美国政府目前的轨道碎片减缓标准，太空飞行器发射实体需要做些什么？
A）估计其碎片在太空中的停留时间。
B）对它在任何时候向空间释放的碎片负责。
C）提供管理其创造的空间碎片的详细计划。
D）对任何可能增加的空间碎片进行透彻的分析。
·37·答案 D 事实细节题。根据文中倒数第二段的“That’s why this new policy also includes
directions to update the current U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices,
which already require any entity that launches a satellite or spacecraft to vigorously analyze
the likelihood that any of their actions, from an unexpected failure or normal operations, will
create more space debris.”可知，这项新政策还包含了更新美国政府现行轨道碎片减缓标
准的指导方针，该方针已经要求发射卫星或航天器的任何实体积极分析其任何行动产生
更多的空间碎片的可能性，无论这些行动是意外故障还是正常操作。据此可知，D项正
确。A项文中虽提及了碎片在太空中的停留时间，但没有说这些实体需要估计其停留时
间长短。B、C项不是对太空飞行器发射实体的要求。
55. 太空机构和公司目前的目标是什么？
A）在使用过的航天器变成残骸之前，对其进行回收利用。
B）开发解决空间碎片问题的技术。
C）限制进入太空的碎片数量。
D）密切合作追回空间碎片。
答案 B 根据文中最后一段的“Agencies and companies throughout the world are working
on developing technology that would dispose of or capture space debris before it causes serious
damage.”可知，世界各地的机构和公司都在致力于开发能够在空间碎片造成严重损害
之前处置或捕获空间碎片的技术。据此可知，B项正确。A项不准确，不是在使用过的
航天器变成碎片之前，而是在空间碎片造成严重损害之前处置。C项文中未提及。D项
不准确，文中讲到的是开发捕获追回空间碎片的技术，没有提及合作追回。
难点词汇表
1. mitigate [ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt] vt.使缓和，使减轻
例句 Your goal is to mitigate the risks of exploiting vulnerabilities to an acceptable level.
您的目标是将漏洞被利用的风险减轻到可接受的程度。
2. comprise [kəmˈpraɪz] vt.包含，包括；由……组成；由……构成
例句 They comprise a large part of the workers in businesses and factories.
他们中也包含一大部分企业和工厂的工人。
3. dispose [dɪˈspəʊz] vt.处理；处置；安排
例句 We have to dispose of waste with care.
我们必须小心地处理废弃物。
4. capture [ˈkæptʃə] vt.俘获；夺得；捕捉
例句 We have to understand thought itself, and not try to capture love by thought.
我们必须懂得思想的本身，而不是试图用思想去捕捉爱。
文章解析
本文主要阐述了美国的新的太空政策。随着越来越多的政府和公司发射卫星，太空中
卫星碰撞的可能性变大，美国出台了新政策来管理太空交通，并试图以此防止新碎片的形成。
除此之外，世界各地的机构和公司都在致力于开发能够在空间碎片造成严重损害之前处置
或捕获空间碎片的技术。
·38·参考译文
白宫官员宣布了一项新的太空政策，致力于管理公司和政府正在向太空发射的越来越
多的卫星。[51] 太空政策指令-3列出了美国缓解空间碎片影响以及跟踪和管理太空交通的
一般性指导方针。
[52] 该政策为商务部接管太空交通管理工作奠定了基础。该部门将确保新发射的卫星
不使用会干扰现有卫星的无线电频率，并计划何时可以发射这些新卫星。[53]这仅适用于
美国的太空活动，但希望它将有助于在世界各地刚刚起步的商业航天工业中形成一套规范。
随着越来越多的政府和公司发射卫星，太空，尤其是我们星球周围的太空，变得越来
越拥挤。这一政策的一个推动力是，企业已经开始建立大规模的星座，包括数百或数千颗
卫星，其中有许多移动部件。由于太空中有太多东西，而且我们星球周围的区域有限，政
府希望减少碰撞的可能性。两颗或多颗卫星相撞会产生更多无法控制的碎片，对不断增多
的太空卫星造成更大的危害。
这也不是以前从未发生过。2009年，一艘老旧的俄罗斯飞船撞上了一颗通信卫星，产
生了数百片碎片，并使其他硬件处于危险之中。记者Sarah Scoles报道说，美国国家航空航
天局目前跟踪了约24000个太空物体，2016年，空军不得不向卫星所有者发出了3995874
次警告，提醒他们附近可能有来自另一颗卫星或碎片的威胁。
[54] 这就是为什么这项新政策还包含了更新美国政府现行轨道碎片减缓标准的指导方
针，该方针已经要求发射卫星或航天器的任何实体积极分析其任何行动产生更多的空间碎
片的可能性，无论这些行动是意外故障还是正常操作。其中包括他们计划释放的任何超过
5毫米的碎片，这些碎片可能会在轨道上停留25年或更长时间。想想一颗卫星在太空中停
留了这么长时间，这似乎令人惊讶，但最古老的卫星——先锋1号——在2018年已经60
岁了，它仍在轨道上。
[55] 世界各地的机构和公司都在致力于开发能够在空间碎片造成严重损害之前处置或
捕获空间碎片的技术。但是目前，美国政府更注重防止新碎片的形成，而不是将垃圾带出
轨道。
Part Ⅳ Translation
译文
Chinese idiom is a unique way of expression in Chinese, mostly composed of four Chinese
characters. Although highly concise and fixed in form; they usually entail profound meanings.
Most idioms stem from ancient Chinese literature and are usually related with certain myths:
legends or historical events. It is difficult to understand its exact meaning with little knowledge of
its origin as learning idioms helps people better understand Chinese traditional culture. Idioms are
widely used in daily conversation and literary creation. Proper use of idioms can make a person’s
language more expressive and help to deliver a more effective communication.
·39·精简结构
1. 成语是汉语中的一种独特的表达方式，大多由四个汉字组成。
主语谓语 宾语
主干是：成语是……方式…。
2. 它们高度简练且形式固定，但通常能形象地表达深刻的含义。
主语 谓语 宾语
主干是：它们……表达……含义。
3. 成语大多数来源于中国古代的文学作品，通常与某些神话、传说或者历史事件有关。
主语 谓语 宾语 谓语
主干是：成语……来源于……神话……有关。
4. 如果不知道某个成语的出处，就很难理解其确切含义。
谓语 宾语 谓语 宾语
主干是……不知道……出处，……理解……含义。
5. 因为，学习成语有助于人们更好地理解中国传统文化。
主语 谓语 宾语 宾补
主干是…….学习……有助于人们……理解……。
6. 成语在日常会话和文学创作中广泛使用。
主语 谓语
主干是：成语……使用。
7. 恰当使用成语可以使一个人的语言更具表现力，交流更有效。
主语 谓语 宾语 宾补
主干是……使用……使……语言……表现力……。
重点词汇
成语 Chinese idioms
简练的 concise
表达 entail
深刻的 profound
神话 myth
传说 legend
文学创作 literary creation
具有表现力的 expressive
·40·
