文档内容
【1】2023年12月第一套题PassageTwo
原文
Journal editors decide what gets published and what doesn’t, affecting the careers of other
academics and influencing the direction that a field takes. You’d hope, then, that journals would
do everything they can to establish a diverse editorial board, reflecting a variety of voices,
experiences,andidentities.
Unfortunately a new study in Nature Neuroscience makes for disheartening reading. The
team finds that the majority of editors in top psychology and neuroscience journals are male and
based in the United States: a situation that may be amplifying existing gender inequalities in the
fieldandinfluencingthekindofresearchthatgetspublished.
Men were found to account for 60% of the editors of psychology journals. There were
significantly more male than female editors at each level of seniority, and men made up the
majority of editors in over three quarters of the journals. Crucially, the proportion of female
editorswassignificantlylowerthantheoverallproportionofwomenpsychologyresearchers.
The differences were even starker in the neuroscience journals: 70% of editors were male,
andmen heldthe majority ofeditorial positionsin 88% ofjournals. In this case, theproportionof
female editors was not significantly lower than the proportion of female researchers working in
neuroscience—afindingthatrevealsenduringgenderdisparitiesinthefieldmorebroadly.
1Basedontheir results, theteam concludes that“theideas, values anddecision-making biases
of men are overrepresented in the editorial positions of the most recognized academic journals in
psychologyandneuroscience.”
Gender inequality in science is often attributed to the fact that senior academics are more
likely to be male, because historically science was male-dominated: it’s argued that as time goes
on and more women rise to senior roles, the field will become more equal.Yet this study showed
that even the junior roles in psychology journals tended to be held disproportionately by men,
despitethefactthatthereareactuallymorefemalethanmalejuniorpsychologyfaculty.
This implies that a lack of female academics is not the problem. Instead, there are structural
reasons that women are disadvantaged in science. Women receive lower salaries and face greater
childcare demands, for instance, which can result in fewer publications and grants—the kinds of
things that journals look for when deciding who to appoint. Rather than simply blaming the
inequality of editorial boards on tradition, we should be actively breaking down these existing
barriers.
A lack of diversity among journal editors also likely contributes to psychology’s WEIRD
problem. If journal editors are largely men from the United States, then they will probably place
highervalueonpapersthatarerelevanttoWestern,malepopulations,whetherconsciouslyornot.
2【重难点单词及短语】
academic /ˌækəˈdemɪk/ adj. 学术的；n. 学者
avarietyof 各种各样的
identity /aɪˈdentəti/ n. 身份
disheartening /dɪsˈhɑ:rtnɪŋ/ adj. 使人沮丧的
majorityof 大多数；大部分
neuroscience /ˈnʊroʊsaɪəns/ n. 神经科学
amplify /ˈæmplɪfaɪ/ v. 扩大；放大
inequality /ˌɪnɪˈkwɑ:ləti/ n. 不同；不平等
accountfor 解释；占比；对……负责
seniority /ˌsi:nˈjɔ:rəti/ n. 年长；资历，年资
makeup 组成；构成
crucially /ˈkru:ʃəli/ adv. 关键地
proportion /prəˈpɔ:rʃ(ə)n/ n. 比例；份额
stark /stɑ:rk/ adj. 明显的
reveal /rɪˈvi:l/ v. 揭示；透露
enduring /ɪnˈdʊrɪŋ/ adj. 持久的
3disparity /dɪˈspærəti/ n. 明显差异
bias /ˈbaɪəs/ n. 偏见
beattributedto 归因于
disproportionately /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔ:rʃənətli/ adv. 不成比例的
faculty /ˈfæk(ə)lti/ n. 从业人员
imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/ v. 暗示
publication /ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 出版；发行
grant /ɡrænt/ n. 拨款； v. 授予
appoint /əˈpɔɪnt/ v. 任命；指派
breakdown 打破；清除
diversity /daɪˈvɜ:səti/ n. 多样性；多样化
contributeto 导致
placehighvalueon 高度重视
consciously /ˈkɑ:nʃəsli/ adv. 有意识地
【笔记区】
Journal editors decide what gets published
and what doesn't, affecting the careers of other
4academics and influencing the direction that a
field takes. You’d hope, then, that journals
would do everything they can to establish a
diverse editorial board, reflecting a variety of
voices,experiences,andidentities.
Unfortunately a new study in Nature
Neuroscience makes for disheartening reading.
The team finds that the majority of editors in
top psychology and neuroscience journals are
male and based in the United States: a situation
that may be amplifying existing gender
inequalitiesinthefieldandinfluencingthekind
ofresearchthatgetspublished.
Men werefoundtoaccountfor 60%ofthe
editors of psychology journals. There were
significantly more male than female editors at
each level of seniority, and men made up the
5majority of editors in over three quarters of the
journals. Crucially, the proportion of female
editors was significantly lower than the overall
proportionofwomenpsychologyresearchers.
The differences were even starker in the
neuroscience journals: 70% of editors were
male, and men held the majority of editorial
positions in 88% of journals. In this case, the
proportion of female editors was not
significantly lower than the proportion of
female researchers working in neuroscience—a
finding that reveals enduring gender disparities
inthefieldmorebroadly.
Based on their results, the team concludes
that “the ideas, values and decision-making
biases of men are overrepresented in the
editorial positions of the most recognized
6academic journals in psychology and
neuroscience.”
Gender inequality in science is often
attributed to the fact that senior academics are
more likely to be male, because historically
science was male-dominated: it's argued that as
time goes on and more women rise to senior
roles,thefieldwillbecomemoreequal.Yetthis
study showed that even the junior roles in
psychology journals tended to be held
disproportionately by men, despite the fact that
there are actually more female than male junior
psychologyfaculty.
This implies that a lack of female
academics is notthe problem. Instead, thereare
structural reasons that women are
disadvantagedinscience.Womenreceivelower
7salaries and face greater childcare demands, for
instance, which can result in fewer publications
and grants—the kinds of things that journals
look for when deciding who to appoint. Rather
than simply blaming the inequality of editorial
boards on tradition, we should be actively
breakingdowntheseexistingbarriers.
A lack of diversity among journal editors
also likely contributes to psychology’s WEIRD
problem.Ifjournaleditorsarelargelymenfrom
the United States, then they will probably place
higher value on papers that are relevant to
Western, male populations, whether
consciouslyornot.
【参考译文】
期刊编辑决定着发表什么，不发表什么，这影响着其他学者的职业生涯，也影响着一个
领域的发展方向。那么，人们会希望期刊尽其所能建立一个多元化的编委会，反映各种声音、
8经历和身份。
不幸的是，《自然一神经科学》杂志上的一项新研究读起来让人沮丧。该研究团队发现，
顶尖心理学和神经科学期刊的大多数编辑都是男性，而且都在美国：这种情况可能会加剧该
领域存在的性别不平等，并影响发表的研究的类型。
研究发现，在心理学期刊的编辑中，男性占60%。在各个级别的编辑中，男性编辑都
明显多于女性编辑，而且超过四分之三的期刊中，男性编辑占大多数。至关重要的是，女性
编辑的比例明显低于女性心理学研究人员的总体比例。
神经科学期刊中的差异更为明显：70%的编辑是男性，88%的期刊中男性占据了大多数
编辑职位。在此情况中，女性编辑的比例并不显著低于从事神经科学工作的女性研究人员的
比例——这一发现更广泛地揭示了该领域长期存在的性别差异问题。
根据他们的研究结果，该团队得出结论：“在心理学和神经科学领域最知名的学术期刊
中，男性的想法、价值观和决策偏好在编辑职位上被过度代表了。”
在科学界，性别不平等通常被归因于高级学者更有可能是男性这个事实因为历史上科学
是男性主导的：有人认为，随着时间的推移，越来越多的女性升至高级职位，这一领域将变
得更加平等。然而，这项研究表明，尽管女性初级心理学从业人员的人数实际上多于男性，
但是即使是心理学期刊的初级职位，也由更多的男性占据。
这意味着缺乏女性学者不是问题所在。相反，女性在科学领域处于不利地位是有结构性
原因的。例如，女性的工资较低，面临更大的育儿需求，这可能会导致其发表的论文和获得
9的经费较少——期刊在决定任命谁时会考虑这些因素。 我们不应该简单地将编委会的不平
等归咎于传统，而应该积极打破这些现有的障碍。
期刊编辑缺乏多样性也可能是造成心理学“WEIRD”问题的原因之一。如果期刊编辑
大多是来自美国的男性，那么他们可能会有意无意地更看重与西方男性群体相关的论文。
【注】WEIRD这个缩写代表了“Western,Educated,Industrialized,Rich,andDemocratic”，
描述了在心理学研究中常用的样本特征。这些研究样本通常来自于西方、受过教育的、工业
化的、富裕的民主国家，而这种偏差使得人们可能陷入了一个局限的视角。
10【2】2023年12月六级真题(第二套)PassageTwo
原文
Psychologists have long been in disagreement as to whether competition is a learned or a
genetic component of human behavior. Whatever it is, you cannot but recognize the effect
competitionisexertinginacademicsandmanyotherareasofcontemporarylife.
Psychologically speaking, competition has been seen as an inevitable consequence of human
drives.According to Sigmund Freud, humans are born screaming for attention and full of organic
drives for fulfillment in various areas. Initially, we compete for the attention of our parents.
Thereafter, we are at the mercy of a battle between our base impulses for self-fulfillment and
socialandculturalnormswhichprohibitpureindulgence.
Currentwork in anthropology (人类学) has suggested, however,thatthis view of the role of
competition in human behavior may be incorrect. Thomas Hobbes, one of the great philosophers
of the seventeenth century, is perhaps best remembered for his characterization of the “natural
world,” that is, the world before the imposition of the will of humanity, as being “nasty, brutish,
and short.” This image of the pre-rational world is still widely held, reinforced by Charles
Darwin’shighly influentialwork,TheOrigin ofSpecies, which establishedthedoctrineofnatural
selection.Thisdoctrine,whichtakesforgrantedthatthosespeciesbestabletoadapttoandmaster
the natural environment in which they live will survive, has suggested that the struggle for
11survivalis aninherenthumantraitwhichdeterminesaperson’ssuccess.Darwin’stheoryhaseven
been summarized as “survival of the fittest”—a phrase Darwin himself never used—further
highlighting competition’s role in success. As it has often been pointed out, however, there is
nothing in the concept of natural selection that suggests that competition is the most successful
strategy for “survival of the fittest.” Darwin asserted inThe Origin ofSpecies thatthe struggles
he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and could easily include dependence and
cooperation.
Many studies have been conducted to test the importance placed on competition as opposed
to other values, such as cooperation—by various cultures, and generally conclude thatAmericans
uniquely praise competition as natural, inevitable, and desirable. In 1937, the world-renowned
anthropologist Margaret Mead published Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples,
based on her studies of several societies that did not prize competition, and, in fact, seemed at
times toplace a negative value on it. One such society wasthe Zuni IndiansofArizona,and they,
Meadfound,valuedcooperationfarmorethancompetition.Afterstudyingdozensofsuchcultures,
Mead’sfinalconclusionwasthatcompetitivenessisaculturallycreatedaspectofhumanbehavior,
andthatitsprevalenceinaparticularsocietyisrelativetohowthatsocietyvaluesit.
【重难点单词及短语】
psychologist /saɪˈkɑ:lədʒɪst/ n. 心理学家
12indisagreement 意见不合
geneticcomponent 遗传成分
exert /ɪɡˈzɜ:rt/ v. 运用；施加（影响）
contemporary /kənˈtempəreri/ adj. 当代的；现代的
inevitable /ɪnˈevɪtəb(ə)l/ adj. 必然发生的，不可避免的
consequence /ˈkɑ:nsɪkwens/ n. 结果；后果
drive /draɪv/ n. 驱动力
initially /ɪˈnɪʃəli/ adv. 开始，最初
competefor 为争夺某物而斗争
atthemercyof 受制于
impulse /ˈɪmpʌls/ n. 冲动；脉冲
norm /nɔ:rm/ n. 准则，规范
prohibit /prəˈhɪbɪt/ v. 禁止；阻止
pure /pjʊr/ adj. 纯的
indulgence /ɪnˈdʌldʒəns/ n. 沉溺，沉迷；放纵
characterization /ˌkærəktərəˈzeɪʃn/ n. 描述，特性描述
imposition /ˌɪmpəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 强加
13nasty /ˈnæsti/ adj. 肮脏的；恶毒的
brutish /ˈbru:tɪʃ/ adj. 野蛮的
reinforce /ˌri:ɪnˈfɔ:rs/ v. 加强
influential /ˌɪnfluˈenʃ(ə)l/ adj. 有影响力的
doctrine /ˈdɑ:ktrɪn/ n. 教义；信条
takeforgranted 认为……理所当然
adapt /əˈdæpt/ v. 适应
master /ˈmæstər/ v. 掌握
struggle /ˈstrʌɡ(ə)l/ v. 斗争；奋斗
inherent /ɪnˈherənt/ adj. 内在的；固有的
trait /treɪt/ n. 特征；特点
summarize /ˈsʌməraɪz/ v. 总结
highlight /ˈhaɪlaɪt/ v. 突出；强调
pointout 指出
assert /əˈsɜ:rt/ v. 简称，断言
metaphor /ˈmetəfər/ n. 隐喻；象征
dependence /dɪˈpendəns/ n. 依赖，依靠
cooperation /koʊˌɑ:pəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 合作，协作
14conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ v. 实施，进行
opposeto 反对
world-renowned adj. 世界闻名的
prevalence /ˈprevələns/ n. 流行；盛行
value /ˈvælju:/ v. 评价；重视
【笔记区】
Psychologists have long been in
disagreement as to whether competition is a
learned or a genetic component of human
behavior. Whatever it is, you cannot but
recognize the effect competition is exerting in
academics and many other areas of
contemporarylife.
Psychologically speaking, competition has
been seen as an inevitable consequence of
human drives. According to Sigmund Freud,
humans are born screaming for attention and
15full of organic drives for fulfillment in various
areas. Initially, we compete for the attention of
ourparents.Thereafter,weareatthemercyofa
battle between our base impulses for
self-fulfillment and social and cultural norms
whichprohibitpureindulgence.
Current work in anthropology (人类学)
has suggested, however, that this view of the
role of competition in human behavior may be
incorrect. Thomas Hobbes, one of the great
philosophers of the seventeenth century, is
perhaps best remembered for his
characterization of the “natural world,” that is,
the world before the imposition of the will of
humanity, as being “nasty, brutish, and short.”
This image of the pre-rational world is still
widely held, reinforced by Charles Darwin’s
16highly influential work, The Origin of Species,
which established the doctrine of natural
selection.Thisdoctrine,whichtakesforgranted
that those species best able to adapt to and
master the natural environment in which they
livewillsurvive,hassuggestedthatthestruggle
for survival is an inherent human trait which
determines a person’s success. Darwin’s theory
has even been summarized as “survival of the
fittest”—aphraseDarwinhimselfneverused—
further highlighting competition’s role in
success. As it has often been pointed out,
however, there is nothing in the concept of
natural selection that suggests that competition
is the most successful strategy for “survival of
the fittest.” Darwin asserted in The Origin of
Species that the struggles he was describing
17shouldbeviewedasmetaphorsandcouldeasily
includedependenceandcooperation.
Many studies have been conducted to test
the importance placed on competition as
opposed to other values, such as cooperation—
byvariouscultures,andgenerallyconcludethat
Americans uniquely praise competition as
natural, inevitable, and desirable. In 1937, the
world-renowned anthropologist Margaret Mead
published Cooperation and Competition among
Primitive Peoples, based on her studies of
several societies that did not prize competition,
and,infact,seemedattimestoplaceanegative
value on it. One such society was the Zuni
Indians of Arizona, and they, Mead found,
valued cooperation far more than competition.
After studying dozens of such cultures, Mead’s
18final conclusion was that competitiveness is a
culturally created aspect of human behavior,
and that its prevalence in a particular society is
relativetohowthatsocietyvaluesit.
【参考译文】
长期以来，心理学家们一直对竞争是人类行为的后天因素还是遗传因素持不同意见。不
管是什么，你不得不承认竞争在学术和当代生活的许多其他领域正在发挥作用。
从心理学上讲，竞争被视为人类本能所产生的必然结果。根据西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的说
法，人类生来就渴望得到关注，在各个领域都充满了追求成就的动力。最初，我们竞争父母
的注意力。此后，我们就受制在自我实现的基本冲动和禁止纯粹放纵的社会文化规范之间的
斗争之中。
然而，人类学目前的研究表明，这种关于竞争在人类行为中有作用的观点可能是不正确
的。托马斯·霍布斯，十七世纪最伟大的哲学家之一，也许最令人难忘的是他对“自然世界”
的描述，即人类意志强加之前的世界是“肮脏、野蛮和短暂的”。这种前理性世界的形象至
今仍被广泛接受，查尔斯·达尔文极具影响力的著作《物种起源》进一步强化了这一观点，
该著作确立了自然选择学说。这种学说想当然地认为那些最能适应和掌握自己所处自然环境
的物种才能生存，这表明为生存而斗争是人类固有的特质，它决定了一个人的成功。达尔文
19的理论甚至被概括为“适者生存”——达尔文本人从未使用过这个词——进一步强调了竞争
在成功中的作用。然而，正如人们经常指出的那样，在自然选择的概念中，没有任何东西表
明竞争是“适者生存”的最成功策略。达尔文在《物种起源》中断言，他所描述的斗争应该
被视为隐喻，很容易包括依赖和合作。
许多研究都是为了测试不同文化对竞争的重视程度，而不是对合作等其他价值观的重视
程度，并普遍得出结论：美国人独特地将竞争视为自然的、不可避免的和可取的。1937年，
世界著名人类学家玛格丽特·米德发表的《原始民族的合作与竞争》一书是基于她对几个不
重视竞争的社会的研究来编著的，事实上，这些社会有时似乎认为竞争是消极的。亚利桑那
州的祖尼印第安人的社会就是这样一个社会，米德发现，他们重视合作远远超过竞争。在研
究了数十种这样的文化之后，米德的最终结论是，竞争力是人类行为中由文化塑造的一个方
面，它在特定社会中的流行程度与该社会对其的评价有关。
20【3】2023年12月六级真题(第三套)PassageOne
原文
Research is meant to benefit society by raising public awareness and creating products and
innovations that enhance development. For research to serve its full purpose, the results must
leavetheconfinesofresearchlaboratoriesandacademicjournals.
Findings effectively communicated can go a long way to serve the interests of the public.
Theycanhelpaddresssocialinjusticesorimprovetreatmentsofferedtopatients.
Many researchers seem to be content with sharing the results of their studies in academic
journals or at conferences. But few journals allow everybody to read the findings. Even articles
freelyavailableareusuallywritteninacademiclanguageincomprehensibletotheaveragereader.
For researchers in the tenure-track system, their main goal is winning tenure, which in part
canbeachievedbygettinganumberofpaperspublishedinprominentjournals.Pressureslikethis
meancommunity-leveloutreachisnotprioritised.
Many researchers lack the writing skills to describe their results to a general audience. They
may also worry about whether the public will understand their findings, or about findings being
usedtoinfluence controversialpolicies.These concerns causesome researchersto shyawayfrom
communicatingtheirfindingsoutsidetheacademiccommunity.
Propagating research findings beyond academic publications is particularly crucial for
21addressing certain social discrepancies. It can help families, communities, healthcare providers,
policymakers, government agencies and other stakeholders to understand and respond to crises
thatplaguesociety.
The benefits of sharing findings flow both ways. Engaging with other researchers and the
public can lead to unexpected new connections and new ideas that could suggest fruitful new
directionsforresearch.
Tobenefitbothresearchersandthecommunities,theneedtofindinnovative,accessibleways
tosharetheworkcannotbeoverstated.
Institutions and funding organisations should support more researchers to publish in open
access journals so that the public doesn't have to pay to read them. Institutions and researchers
shouldinvestinpartnershipsthatexpandcapacityforsharingresultsmorebroadly.
Furthermore, ethics committees should make it mandatory for researchers to share their
results with thepublic. Every researchparticipantshould optin or outof receiving results, as part
oftheprocessofgivinginformedconsent.
There could be misunderstanding of the findings presented by the researcher because of
technical terms. But this can be resolved by researchers engaging the services of professional
writers or communication officers to help with translating their study into more accessible
languageandshareitwidelywithmediaoutletsandthepublic.
22Sharing results with the people who are most affected by them makes us better researchers
and ensures that our work can be used to improve people's lives. Institutions and collaborators
mustrecognisethevalueofdoingso.
【重难点单词及短语】
bemeantto 意味着；表示
awareness /əˈwernəs/ n. 认识；意识
innovation /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 创新
enhance /ɪnˈhæns/ v. 增强；提高
serveone’sfullpurpose 充分发挥作用
confine /kənˈfaɪn/ n. 局限；v. 限制
injustice /ɪnˈdʒʌstɪs/ n. 不公正
finding /ˈfaɪndɪŋ/ n. 结果；发现
becontentwith 对……感到满意
conference /ˈkɑ:nfərəns/ n. 会议
incomprehensible /ɪnˌkɑ:mprɪˈhensəb(ə)l/ adj. 费解的
tenure /ˈtenjər/ n. 任期；任职
prominent /ˈprɑ:mɪnənt/ adj. 重要的；显著的
outreach /ˈaʊtri:tʃ/ n. 外展服务
23prioritise /praɪˈɔ:rətaɪz/ v. 给予……优先权
controversial /ˌkɑ:ntrəˈvɜ:rʃ(ə)l/ adj. 有争议的
shyaway 退缩
propagate /ˈprɑ:pəɡeɪt/ v. 散播；宣传
publication /ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 出版物；出版，发行
becrucialfor 对于……至关重要
discrepancy /dɪˈskrepənsi/ n. 差异，不符
stakeholder /ˈsteɪkhoʊldər/ n. 股东
plague /pleɪɡ/ v. 困扰；折磨
flow /floʊ/ v. 流动；流向
engagewith 与……接触
unexpected /ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd/ adj. 想不到的；意外的
accessible /əkˈsesəb(ə)l/ adj. 可获得的
overstate /ˌoʊvərˈsteɪt/ v. 夸大
capacity /kəˈpæsəti/ n. 能力；才能
ethic /ˈeθɪk/ n. 行为准则，道德规范，伦理
mandatory /ˈmændətɔ:ri/ adj. 强制性的
participant /pɑ:rˈtɪsɪpənt/ n. 参加者，参与者
24optin 选择加入
optout 选择退出
informed consent 知情同意
misunderstanding /ˌmɪsʌndərˈstændɪŋ/ n. 误解，误会
resolve /rɪˈzɑ:lv/ v. 解决
outlet /ˈaʊtlet/ n. 媒体公司
affect /əˈfekt/ v. 影响
collaborator /kəˈlæbəreɪtər/ n. 合作者
【笔记区】
Research is meant to benefit society by
raising public awareness and creating products
and innovations that enhance development. For
research to serve its full purpose, the results
mustleave theconfines of researchlaboratories
andacademicjournals.
Findings effectively communicated can go
a long way to serve the interests of the public.
25They can help address social injustices or
improvetreatmentsofferedtopatients.
Many researchers seem to be content with
sharing the results of their studies in academic
journals or at conferences. But few journals
allow everybody to read the findings. Even
articles freely available are usually written in
academic language incomprehensible to the
averagereader.
For researchers in the tenure-track system,
their main goalis winningtenure,which inpart
can be achieved by getting a number of papers
published in prominent journals. Pressures like
this mean community-level outreach is not
prioritised.
Many researchers lack the writing skills to
describe their results to a general audience.
26They may also worry about whether the public
willunderstandtheirfindings, oraboutfindings
being used to influence controversial policies.
These concerns cause some researchers to shy
away from communicating their findings
outsidetheacademiccommunity.
Propagating research findings beyond
academic publications is particularly crucialfor
addressing certain social discrepancies. It can
help families, communities, healthcare
providers, policymakers, government agencies
and other stakeholders to understand and
respondtocrisesthatplaguesociety.
The benefits of sharing findings flow both
ways. Engaging with other researchers and the
public can lead to unexpected new connections
and new ideas that could suggest fruitful new
27directionsforresearch.
To benefit both researchers and the
communities, the need to find innovative,
accessible ways to share the work cannot be
overstated.
Institutions and funding organisations
should support more researchers to publish in
open access journals so that the public doesn't
have to pay to read them. Institutions and
researchers should invest in partnerships that
expand capacity for sharing results more
broadly.
Furthermore, ethics committees should
makeitmandatoryforresearcherstosharetheir
results with the public. Every research
participant should opt in or out of receiving
results, as part of the process of giving
28informedconsent.
There could be misunderstanding of the
findings presented by the researcher because of
technical terms. But this can be resolved by
researchers engaging the services of
professional writers or communication officers
to help with translating their study into more
accessible language and share it widely with
mediaoutletsandthepublic.
Sharing results with the people who are
most affected by them makes us better
researchers and ensures that our work can be
used to improve people's lives. Institutions and
collaborators must recognise the value of doing
so.
【参考译文】
研究的目的是通过提高公众认识、开发产品和创造新方法来促进发展，从而造福社会。
29要使研究充分发挥作用，研究成果必须走出研究实验室和学术期刊的范围。
有效传播的研究成果可以极大地造福大众。它们可以帮助解决社会不公或改进为患者提
供的治疗方法。
许多研究人员似乎满足于在学术期刊或会议上分享他们的研究成果。但没几家期刊允许
所有人阅读这些研究成果。即使是免费提供的文章，通常也是用普通读者无法理解的学术语
言撰写的。
对于终身教职制度下的研究人员来说，他们的主要目标是获得终身教职，而这在一定程
度上可以通过在著名期刊上发表多篇论文来实现。这样的压力意味着不会优先考虑向社会上
的人提供外展服务。
许多研究人员缺乏向普通读者描述其研究成果的写作技巧。他们还可能担心公众是否会
理解他们的研究成果，或者担心研究成果会被用来影响有争议的政策。这些顾虑导致一些研
究人员不敢在学术界以外传播他们的研究成果。在学术出版物之外传播研究成果对于解决某
些社会差异问题尤为重要。它可以帮助家庭、社区、医疗服务提供者、政策制定者、政府机
构和其他利益相关者了解并应对困扰社会的危机。
分享研究成果的好处是双向的。与其他研究人员和公众接触可以产生意想不到的新联系
和新想法，从而为研究提供成果丰硕的新方向。
为了让研究人员和社区都能受益，需要找到创新、便捷的方法来分享研究成果，这一点
怎么强调都不为过。研究机构和资助组织应支持更多的研究人员在免费提供给公众的期刊上
30发表论文，这样公众无需付费即可阅读。研究机构和研究人员应在更广泛地扩展分享成果的
能力的合作关系上投入时间和精力。此外，伦理委员会应强制要求研究人员与公众分享研究
成果。作为知情同意过程的一部分，每位研究参与者都应选择是否接收研究成果。
由于使用专业术语，公众可能会对研究人员提出的研究结果产生误解。但这可以通过研
究人员聘请专业撰稿人或宣传人员来解决，他们可以帮助将研究成果翻译成更通俗易懂的语
言，与媒体和公众广泛分享。
与受研究成果影响最大的人分享研究成果，能让我们成为更好的研究人员，并确保我们
的研究成果能用于改善人们的生活。研究机构和合作者必须认识到这样做的价值。
31【4】2022年12月六级真题(第一套)PassageOne
Many people associatetheir self-worth with their work.The more successfultheir career,the
better they feel about themselves. Work-related self-esteem is therefore a worthy ideal to pursue
with vigor, right? Well, not always. According to recent research, in which psychologists
interviewed 370 full-time workers over a period of three weeks, the reality is a little more
complicated.Anditinvolvesnegativeaswellaspositiveconsequences.
It's natural to be drawn towards pleasure and to step away from pain.
In the workplace, if that pleasure comes from a triumph which swells our self-respect,
people will try to repeat the accomplishment. But repeating that accomplishment is often not
realistic, which can lead to severe negative emotionalconsequences when it doesn’t reoccur.This
form of motivation is widely regarded as a negative type of motivation. It can hinder other more
positivemotivationtypes,suchascompletingataskpurelybecauseit’sfulfillingorenjoyable.
What consumes the employee instead is a pressing need to feel mighty and sure of
themselves. They then take on only tasks and objectives which serve that ego-driven need. As a
result, to avoid feelings of shame and worthlessness associated with failure, they extend
themselves to such a degree that there’s a subsequent adverse effect on their well-being. This
internal pressure to succeed at all costs demands a lot of effort. It depletes their energy,
culminatingindisproportionatelevelsofdamagingsentiment.
32Those negative emotions mount into heightened anxiety, impacting their ability to make the
mostoftheirpersonallife.Theirdesiretoavoid feelinginferiorendsupmakingthemfeelinferior
when it comes to their diminished capacity for friendship and leisure. They end up dissatisfied
bothatworkandoutsideofit.
Butthankfully,forthosepeoplecompelledalmostentirelybythisspecificformofmotivation,
the news isn’t all bad, or bad at all. The study also discovered several positive outcomes that can
actually outweigh the harmful ones.Though these types of employees aremotivated by the desire
to avoid negative consequences, they are also motivated by the excitement of pursuing
emotional rewards. This excitement makes pursuing goals enjoyable and stimulates pleasure and
pride that would result from success.An effect of the positive motivation is that it neutralizes the
existenceofnegativemotivation.
Sure, itaffects people’s personallives to whatcouldbedeemed anunhealthyextent, because
leisure activities are often seen as a part of life that must be sacrificed to manage work and
family demands. However, the way people feel about their work has less to do with whether
they’re motivated by the preservation of self-esteem but more with the fact that they’re simply
motivated.
33【重难点单词及短语】
associate /əˈsoʊsieɪt;əˈsoʊʃieɪt/ v. 联系
self-esteem /ˌselfɪˈsti:m/ n. 自尊
worthy /ˈwɜ:rði/ adj. 值得的；有价值的
ideal /aɪˈdi:əl/ n. 理想
pursue /pərˈsu:/ v. 追求，致力于
vigor /ˈvɪɡər/ n. 精力
complicated /ˈkɑ:mplɪkeɪtɪd/ adj. 复杂的
consequence /ˈkɑ:nsɪkwens/ n. 结果，后果
stepawayfrom 离开；远离
triumph /ˈtraɪʌmf/ n. 巨大成功，巨大胜利
swell /swel/ v. 膨胀
accomplishment /əˈkɑ:mplɪʃmənt/ n.成绩；成就
realistic /ˌri:əˈlɪstɪk/ adj. 现实的
reoccur /ˌri:əˈkɜ:r/ v. 重新出现
motivation /ˌmoʊtɪˈveɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 动机
hinder /ˈhɪndər/ v. 妨碍；阻碍
fulfilling /fʊlˈfɪlɪŋ/ adj. 令人满足的，使人有成就感的
34consume /kənˈsu:m/ v. 消耗，消费
mighty /ˈmaɪti/ adj. 强大的，巨大的
takeon 承担
objective /əbˈdʒektɪv/ n. 目标
worthlessness /ˈwɜ:rθləsnəs/ n. 毫无价值
extend /ɪkˈstend/ v. 延伸；扩大
subsequent /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/ adj. 随后的
adverseeffect 负面影响
deplete /dɪˈpli:t/ v.耗尽
culminatein 达到……的结果
disproportionate /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔ:rʃənət/ adj. 不成比例的
sentiment /ˈsentɪmənt/ n. 情绪
mountinto 逐渐增加
impact /ˈɪmpækt/ v. 对……产生影响
inferior /ɪnˈfɪriər/ adj. 自卑的
endup 最终……
diminish /dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/ v. 减少，减弱
leisure /ˈli:ʒər/ n. 闲暇，业余活动
35dissatisfied /dɪsˈsætɪsfaɪd/ adj. 不满意的
compel /kəmˈpel/ v. 强迫，迫使
outweigh /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/ v. 超过
reward /rɪˈwɔ:rd/ n. 回报
stimulate /ˈstɪmjuleɪt/ v. 激发
neutralize /ˈnu:trəlaɪz/ v. 使失效，中和
existence /ɪɡˈzɪstəns/ n. 存在
deem /di:m/ v. 认为
preservation /ˌprezərˈveɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 保护，维护
36【5】2022年12月六级真题(第一套)Passage2
Degradation of the world’s natural resources by humans is rapidly outpacing the planet’s
ability to absorb the damage, a recent UN environmental study has found. The study concludes
that without radical action the level of prosperity that millions of people in the developed world
countonwillbeimpossibletomaintainorextendtopoorercountries.
Water scarcity is the curse of some of the poorest regions on Earth, leaving developing
countries increasingly unable to feed themselves, and causing hardship for millions of people.
There appears little prospect of this desperate situation being remedied without radical action
being taken. Water resources are under increasing threat from population growth, climate change,
rapid urbanization, rising levels of consumption, and the degradation of lands that previously
providedanaturalreplenishment(补充)ofwaterresources.
The rate of damage to the natural environment was found to increase globally, despite
concerted efforts to persuade governments to take measures to improve the condition. If current
trends continue,andtheworldfailstoimprovepatternsofproductionandconsumption,thenthe
state oftheworld’senvironmentwillcontinuetodecline,”warnedUNexecutivedirectorAchim
Steiner.
He said the tools for improving the environment for millions of people existed in developed
countries,butwereindangerofnotbeingused.
37The study found that basic measures to tackle some of the key causes of environmental
damage were still notbeing taken.These included measures to reduce air pollution, to control the
damage tomarine eco-systems, whichcanhave ahugeeffectonfish stockson whichhundredsof
millionsofpeopledepend;andtocurbthedegradationoflandwheremodernagriculturalmethods
werepursuedwithoutregardtothelonger-termconsequences.
Despite the recent global agreement on cutting greenhouse gas emissions, global carbon
outputcontinuestorise.This willputalong-termstrain ontheability ofdevelopingeconomicsto
feed their own people. Climate change is aggravated by the emissions of greenhouse gases from
chemical and natural fertilisers used in agriculture which increased by more than a quarter
between 2000 and 2010. Other problem areas identified in the report included glaciers, which
providevitalwaterresourcesformillionsofpeople,butwhichareshrinkingastheclimatewarms.
In rich countries, these problems have built up over decades and centuries while economic
growth was pursued at the expense of the environment. Subsequent efforts to remedy the
environment have met with partial success. But in developing countries, the path of future
development has more potential to change, which has encouraged international institutions to
devise more sustainable growth pathways that are supposed both to alleviate poverty and
preservetheenvironment.
【参考译文】
38最近一项联合国环境研究发现，人类对世界自然资源的破坏正快速超过地球承受伤害的
能力。该研究的结论是，如果不采取激进行动，发达国家数百万人赖以维系的繁荣水平将无
法维持，同时，那些较贫穷的国家也无法发展到这种繁荣水平。
缺水对于地球上一些最贫穷地区来说无异于诅咒，使发展中国家越来越无法自给自足，
造成数百万人贫困。如果不采取激进的行动，这种令人绝望的情况几乎无法得到改善。人口
增长、气候变化、城市化的快速发展、人们消费水平的提高以及土地退化 (以前这些土地可
以为水资源提供自然的补充) 等因素都日益威胁水资源。
尽管人们齐心协力说服各国政府采取措施改善环境，但全球自然环境破坏的速度仍在加
快。联合国执行主任阿希姆·施泰纳警告道：“如果目前的趋势继续持续下去，并且全世界
的生产方式和消费模式也不改进的话，那么世界环境将会继续恶化。”
他说，发达国家已有可以改善数百万人赖以生存的环境的方法，但这种方法却可能不会
得到采纳。
研究发现，那些能够解决破坏环境关键问题的基本措施仍然没有得到采纳。这些措施包
括减少空气污染，控制对海洋生态系统的破坏，这能够对数亿人赖以生存的鱼类资源产生巨
大影响；在一些追求采用现代农业方法而不计长期后果的地区，需要遏制土地退化问题。
尽管最近全球一致同意减少温室气体排放，但全球碳排放量却一直居高不下。这对发展
中经济体养活本国人民将会造成长期的压力。在2000年至2010年期间，农业生产中化学肥
料和天然肥料的使用量增加了四分之一以上，其所产生的温室气体排放加剧了气候变化。报
39告中指出的其他问题还包括可为数百万人提供重要水资源的冰川问题，但随着气候变暖，冰
川也在缩小。
发达国家在牺牲环境去追求经济增长的几十年乃至几个世纪的时间里，累积了这些问题。
后来为补救环境，他们做了一些努力，也取得了部分成功。但在发展中国家，未来的发展道
路充满了变数，这鼓励了国际机构设计更多的可持续增长途径，既能减少贫困，又能保护环
境。
【6】22年6月第二套题passageone
SinceAmericanidolstarTarynSouthernstartedcomposingmusicwithAIin2017,musicians
all over the world have begun wondering about the implications of AI and modern technology
wheremusicproductionis concerned.UsingAIinthecreationofmusicisperceivedbysomeasa
helpfultoolandbyothersasalmost “thebeginningoftheend”.
InTaryn’scase,AIsoftwareenabledhertocommunicatemelodiesandchordsthatshedidn’
t know how to put together herself. The end product was therefore a collaborative effort, rather
than a piece entirely produced by technology. Taryn’s story has a distinctly positive feel that
highlights the advantages of usingAI in music production. It can serve as a source of inspiration,
andasanidealjumping-offpointshouldamusicianbehitwithwriter’sblock(文思枯竭).
Contrary to seeingAI as a tool, some musicians consider it to be hugely detrimental to the
musicscene.Atthemoment,becausesuchtechnologyisstill soyoung,themusicit’sproducing
40is not necessarily what we want to hear. In short, it’s not of great quality. Those who have
producedtheirownmusic,orevenfansofauthentic,artisticmusic,willalsoarguethatacomputer
couldneveremulatethework(andhumantouch)ofatruemusician.
Musichasbeenanintegralpartofthestoryofhumansforages;infact,thefirstknownpiece
of music is believed to be around 3,400 years old. Songs have long been used as a means of
communicating messages and folk stories, covering everything from societal ethics to world
history. Since many people see music as such an inherently human expression, it is often
considered as too precious to impart to technology. The thought of a computer generating a
“random” pieceofmusicthathasn’tbeenpainstakingly createdbyan artistis almostseenas
sacrilegious(亵渎神圣的).
Regardless of which side of the argument you fall on, it seems likely that the use of AI in
music production will only become more frequent. Our modern world is preoccupied with
technological advancements. Instead of shying away from the idea of this bleak future, the best
approach to take is one of optimism and curiosity. While there are always bound to be stubborn
old-schoolmusicians who refuseto usetech, music producers shouldconsiderAI as somethingto
be embraced. AI music software is still very much in its infancy, but with more investors
interested in the developmentandoutcomes of such technology,andconsideringthe rapid growth
rateofothertechadvancesinrecentyears,it’sonlyamatteroftimebeforeAI-producedmusicis
41seenasthenewnorm.
【参考译文】
自从美国偶像明星塔琳·萨瑟恩在 2017年开始利用人工智能作曲以来，全世界的音乐
家都开始思考人工智能和现代技术在音乐创作方面的影响。有些人认为人工智能在音乐创作
中是一种很有用的工具，有些人则认为这几乎是“终结的开始”。
对塔琳来说，人工智能软件使她能够传达出她自己不知道该如何组合的旋律以及和弦。
因此，最终的作品是协作努力的结果，并非完全由技术产生。塔琳的故事给人一种明显的积
极的感觉，它突出了在音乐创作中使用人工智能的优势。它既可以作为灵感的来源，又可以
充当音乐家文思枯竭时的一个理想跳板。
与把人工智能视为一种工具的观点相反，一些音乐家认为它对音乐领域有极大的危害。
目前，由于这项技术还很不成熟，用它创作的音乐不一定是我们想听到的。简而言之，它的
质量不高。那些自己创作过音乐的人，甚至是那些原创艺术音乐的爱好者，也会认为电脑永
远无法模仿真正音乐家的作品(以及人情味)。
很久以来，音乐一直是人类历史中不可分割的一部分；事实上，人类所知的第一首音乐
被认为已有大约3400年的历史。长期以来，歌曲一直被用作传达信息和民间故事的手段，
涵善了从社会道德到世界历史的方方面面。许多人将音乐视为人类固有的表达方式，因此常
常觉得它太过珍贵，无法由技术创作完成。原本由艺术家精心创作的音乐，如今由计算机“随
机”生成，这种想法几乎被视为是一种亵渎。
42不管你支持哪一方的观点，人工智能在音乐制作中的使用似乎只会越来越频繁。我们的
现代世界充斥着科技进步。与其回避对未来黯淡的想法，最好的方法就是充满乐观和好奇。
虽然总有一些顽固的老派音乐人拒绝使用技术手段，但音乐创作者应该把人工智能视为值得
接纳的东西。人工智能音乐软件在很大程度上仍处于起步阶段，但随着越来越多的投资者对
这种技术的发展和成果感兴趣，而且考虑到近年来其他技术的飞速进步，利用人工智能创作
音乐成为新常态只是时间问题。
43
