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高考英语语法词汇专项突破:02 解读表示选择、因果关系的并列连词及其特殊并列连词 when
【考题再现】
【考例1】(2024年1月浙江高考卷)Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home ___57___ you
can’t use what you’ve bought while it’s still fresh.
答案与解析:or。考查表示选择关系的并列连词。根据句子分析看出此句包含两个句子,再根据句意
和Either 看出是“either...or...”连接两个并列句。故填or。句意是:要么你买的东西太重了不能带回家,
要么就是你你买的东西还依然新鲜的时候却不能用。
【考例 2】(2023 新高考 I 卷)To eat one, you have to decide whether to bite a small hole in it first,
releasing the stream and risking a spill (溢出), to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot
soup explode on your tongue.
答案与解析:or。考查表示选择关系的并列连词。分析句子结构可知,whether to bite和to put作
decide的宾语,其中to bite和to put是并列结构,to bite a small hole in it first(先在它上面咬一个小洞)和to
put the whole dumpling in your mouth(把整个包子放进嘴里)为选择关系;whether…or…,为固定搭配,意为
“是…还是…;或者…或者…; 不管…还是…”。故填or。句意:吃小笼包的时候,你必须要决定是先咬
一个小口流出汤汁,还是把整个小笼包放进嘴里,让热汤在舌头上爆炸。
【考例3】(2021天津高考卷.5)Students are encouraged to take control of their own learning, ________
just depending on the teacher.
A.rather than B.regardless of C.due to D.in terms of
答案与解析:A。考查并列连词固定搭配。句意:鼓励学生掌控自己的学习,而不是只依赖老师。A.
rather than 而不是; B. regardless of 不管,不顾;C. due to 由于; D. in terms of 就……而言。根据前半
句鼓励学生掌握自己的学习,可知,后半句应该是而不是依赖老师。故选A。
【考例4】(2010·高考大纲全国卷Ⅱ) One afternoon last summer, I was driving along on my way home
________ I noticed a woman at the roadside near the edge of town.
A. when B. since C. before D. till
答案与解析:A。依据的是固定句型be doing...when...,意为“正在做……这时…… ”,when是并列
连词,相当于and then,意思是“就在那时,突然......”。本句句意为:去年夏天的一个下午,我正沿着回
家的路开车行驶时,这时我发现一名妇女在小镇的路边。故选A。【要点解读】
并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句,在最基本的7个词的基础上可以扩展为:and, but, or, nor,
so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both...and, not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, (and)then
等等。并列连词,主要是用来表示并列关系、选择关系、因果推理关系。具体解读解读表示选择、因果关
系的并列连词及其特殊并列连词when:
一、表选择关系的并列连词
表选择关系的并列连词:or, otherwise, or else, or rather, either... or…, not...but..., rather than
(一)or, otherwise, or else, or rather
or,or else与otherwise做连词时,都有连接两个分句的作用,且在句中不承担任何语法成分;在意义
上前面的分句与后面的分句构成一种对比关系。
1.or连接并列成分时,意为“或者,还是”; 用于否定句中,意为“也不”,这时不宜用and,and用
于肯定句; 还有“否则,要不然”之意,相当于otherwise。 otherwise常见于非正式的语体中,可用or代
替。如:
Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?
你想喝杯咖啡还是我们马上谈正事? (此时不宜用otherwise。)
There was at a time when there was no radio, TV or cinema.
这就是收音机,电视机和电影出现之前的情况。
Do what you've been told, or/ otherwise you'll be punished.
照吩咐的去做,不然你会受罚的。
We must run, or/ otherwise we'll miss the train.
我们得赶快跑,不然就赶不上火车了。
2. otherwise 用作副词时,在句中担任一定的语法成分,如状语,表语等;表明前述内容是后面所述内
容的充分条件,但在意义上并不暗示连词or所假设的那种因果关系;有时表示“以其他方式”或“除去这
一点”,此时前后分句宜用分号隔开,或用but连接,或另起新的一句。如:
I'd prefer them not to play too loudly at the beginning. Otherwise we won't be able to hear ourselves talk.
我建议他们在晚会一开始不要演奏节奏很强的乐曲,要不然我们没法互相交谈。
He is too fat;otherwise he is nice looking.
他就是人太胖了,除去这一点,样子还算好看。
We're committed to the project. We wouldn't be here otherwise.
我们是全心全意投入这项工作的,否则我们就不会到这里来了。
The rent is high,but otherwise the house is satisfactory除了租金略贵,在其他方面这房子还算令人满意。
3. otherwise与虚拟语气。otherwise引导的短语或句子有时相当于一个虚拟条件句。假设的情况并不
以条件从句表示出来,而是暗含在上下文中, 通过介词短语来表示。虚拟语气的用法一般是:对现在的虚拟:
would+do; 对过去的虚拟:would(not) + have done;而should have done 通常表示本来该做却没有做〈表示
后悔遗憾的感情〉。 如:
I'm lucky that I'm interested in school work, otherwise I’d go mad.
我很庆幸自己对学习怀有兴趣,不然我会疯掉的。 (otherwise 表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。)
She was ill, otherwise she would have been present at the meeting.
她病了,否则的话就会出席会议了。(otherwise 表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。)
I caught her by the hand Otherwise she would have fallen into the sea.
我抓住了她们的手,要不她就掉进海里去了。
Lucky enough she grabbed hold of his overcoat in panic, otherwise she would have fallen over the rail.
幸好惊慌中她抓住了他的大衣,否则她会从栏杆上掉下去。
Otherwise I might just have gone straight back to Connecticut, where Will was house-sitting for me.
否则我可能直接回康涅狄格州了,威尔正帮我看房子呢。
【考例】(2019·天津·高考真题)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they ________ the task
in half the time.
A.Accomplished B.had accomplished C.would accomplish D.would have accomplished
答案与解析:D。考查虚拟语气。根据上句the workers were not better organized可知,这是对过去事情
的虚拟。表示与过去事实相反的假设,其句子结构为:从句:If+主语+过去完成时+其他,主句:主语 +
should (would, could, might)+现在完成时+其他,故选D。句意:工人们没有被更好的组织起来,否则他们
用一半的时间就能完成任务。
【考例】(2017年天津高考6月卷,15)—Do you have Betty’s phone number?
—Yes. Otherwise, I ___________ able to reach her yesterday.
A. hadn’t been B. wouldn’t have been C. weren’t D. wouldn’t be
答案与解析:B。根据 Otherwise看出是虚拟语气,表示有过去事实相反。故选B。句意是:—你
有贝蒂的电话号码吗?—有啊。否则的话,我昨天就没法联系到她了。
4.or else表示“否则”,“不然的话”,表示如果不采取某种行动或满足某种条件,就会发生不好的
事情。与or 无异,相当于otherwise 或 if not,但一般不与not 一起使用。用在句尾时,常表示威胁别人
(特别是孩子之间)。如:
Let's get moving,or else we'll miss the train.咱们走吧,要不然就赶不上火车了。
He must be joking or else he's mad.
他一定是在开玩笑,不然他就是疯了。
You'd better stop hitting my brother,or else!
你小子别再打我弟弟了(不然要你好看) !
This time we really need to succeed or else people will start giving us funny looks.
这次我们真地得要成功,否则人们会开始用奇怪的眼光看我们。
Evidently no lessons have been learned or else the government would not have handled the problem so badly.
显然没有吸取教训,否则政府不会把这个问题处理得如此糟糕。
The hot and wet weather in the south makes southern Chinese buy just enough food for one meal or one day,
or else the food may go bad.
南方炎热潮湿的天气使得南方人买的食物只够吃一顿或一天,否则食物可能会变质。
5.or rather“更精确地说,倒不如说”。这一表达方式多用于纠正已经说过的话,或使其更为确切,后
一部分是前一部分的补充说明,或更进一步的解释。如:
I live on my standard unemployment benefit—or rather, social security benefit.
我靠我的标准失业救济金生活——或者更确切地说,靠社会保障救济金生活。
He is a psychologist ——or rather a psychoanalyst.
他是一位心理学家——或更确切地说,是一位心理分析学家。
They knew, or rather thought that their father was on the same train.
他们知道,或者说他们认为他们的父亲是在同一列车上的。
It occurred to him that this boy was learning to fly—or rather to walk.
他突然想到,这个男孩正在学飞——或者说,是学走路。
It is 1740, and they are learning to eat. Or rather, they are learning table manners.
这是1740年,这些孩子正在学吃饭,或者更恰当地说,他们在学习餐桌礼仪。
(二)either... or…
1.either…or…主要用于表示选择,其意为“要么……要么……”“或者……或者……”,用于连接两
个性质相同的词或短语, ,有时也可连接两个句子。连接两个成分作主语时,谓语动词通常与其靠近的主
语保持一致。如:
Now you can either have a rest or you can go to the cinema.
现在你可以休息,也可以去看电影。
My boss says you have to either order or leave and never come back.我老板说你要么点餐,要么离开,永远不要回来。
Love is a kind of feeling. Either yes or no. No mercy in between.
爱情是一种感觉,有就有,没有就没有,当中没有施与受。
Complaining is silly. Either act or forget.
与其愚蠢地抱怨,只有选择行动或忘却。
Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you.
要么你改进工作,要么我就辞退你。(连接两个句子。)
注意:
(1)否定式可以是not either…or…,也可以是neither…nor...。如:
He didn’t either write or phone.=He neither wrote nor phoned. 他既没写信又没打电话。
Either you or she is good at drawing. 变为否定句应为:
Neither you nor she is good at drawing. 你和她都不擅长绘画。
(2)正如不能说either…not 一样(但可说not…either),英语习惯上也不说either…or…not,如不能说:
Either he or his wife hasn’t come. 可改为:Neither he nor his wife has come.
(3)我们还可以单独使用either,其意为"两者中的任何一个"。例如:
There are many shops on either side of the street. 街道两边有许多商店。这个句子也可以这样表达:
There are many shops on both sides of the street. 在街道两边有许多商店。
(4)作副词用在否定句的句末,表示"也"的意思。例如:
If you don’t go there. I won’t, either. 如果你不去那里,我也不去。
(三)not...but...
1.not ...but...的意思是为“不是……而是……”。在not ...but...并列主语时,谓语的单复数形式取决于
but后面的名词。not... but...是英语短语,而短语是由句法、语义和语用三个层面上能够搭配的语言单位组
合起来的没有句调的语言单位,又叫词组。如:
Not he but they are athletes.
不是他而是他们才是运动员。(并列两个主语,谓语动词根据就近原则确定谓语动词数的形式。)
It was not the bones of an animal but of a human being.
这不是一只动物的骨头,而是人的骨头。(并列两个作定语的介词短语。)
What impressed me most was not just that you are earning more and giving your children a brighter future, but
how you were able to come together for a common purpose.最令我感动的不仅是你们不断增加收入并给子女创造了更好的未来,而且还有你们能够为一个共同的
目标走到一起来的方法。(并列两个表语从句。)
2. not because..., but because...是用“not..., but...”连接两个because 引导的原因状语从句,意思是“不是
因为...而是因为...”。这一句式只用作状语。如:
You will be left on your own on many occasions, not because Americans are uncaring, but because among
themselves, they prefer to do things on their own.
在许多场合,你会发现自己孤立无援,而这并不是因为美国人不关心别人,而是因为他们之间都喜欢
自己的事情自己来办。
Reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something, but because it makes your mind work.
读书之所以有趣,不是由于作者告诉了你什么,而是由于书本促使你思考。
People cry not because love ends, but because it still continues, even if it's over.
人们伤心,不是因为爱情结束了,而是因为当一切都结束了爱还在。
(四)rather than 而不是; 与其……宁愿
rather than 是一个并列连词,与would 连用时, 构成“would rather...than...”句式, 意思是“宁愿……而
不愿……”, 表示主观愿望, 即在两者之中选择其一。例如:She'd rather die than lose the children. 她宁愿
死也不愿失去孩子们。 rather than 不与would连用时, 表示客观事实, 意为“是……而不是……;与
其……不如……”。它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定
式、动词等。如:
He is an explorer rather than a sailor. 与其说他是一个海员,不如说他是一个探险者.
You rather than I are going to go camping. 是你而不是我要去要野营.
(注意:rather than 连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称
和数上保持一致。)
The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap.
与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂亮。(连接两个形容词。)
We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall.
我们是在教室里开会,不是在大厅里。(连接两个介词或介词短语。)
She enjoys singing rather than dancing. 她喜欢唱歌,而不喜欢跳舞。(连接两个动名词。)
We should help him rather than he should help us.是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们.(连接两个分句。)
I decided to write rather than (to) telephone.
我决定写信而不打电话。(注意:rather than 后接不定式时,不定式可以带to,也可以不带
to, 但 rather than 位于句首时, 则只能接不带 to 的不定式。如:Rather than allow the
vegetables to go bad, he sold them at half price. 他唯恐蔬菜烂掉,把它们以半价卖掉了。)
Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
他总是喜欢骑自行车而不愿乘拥挤的公共汽车。
He ran rather than walked.
他是跑来的,而不是走来的.(连接两个动词。注意:这里rather than 后用了walked,而没有
用walk,表示客观事实,而不是主观愿望.如果换成walk,则作“宁愿……而不愿 ……”
解。)
二、表因果关系的并列连词:so, for (表“由于”, 一般不放在句首)
这一对并列连词可以用来表句与句之间的因果关系(for表原因,so表结果),但大多用于口语中。
在书面语中表原因,一般不用并列连词for,而是借助从属连词because(或since/as)构成原因状语从句。
而在书面语中表结果时,一般也不用并列连词so,而是借助副词thus/therefore等,由于thus/therefore只是
副词,没有连接两个分句的功能,所以前面需要借助并列连词and或分号。如:
He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.
由于他视力开始下降,他发现读书越来越困难了。
The ground is wet, for it must have rained last night.
地面是湿的,昨晚一定下过雨。
We'd worked hard all morning, but it began to rain soon after noon, so we decided to shut up shop and go
home.
我们一上午都在努力工作,但中午刚过便下起雨来,于是我们决定收工回家。
It began to rain so we called off the match. we cancelled it.
天开始下雨,所以我们取消了这场比赛。
The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn.
树叶落了,因为已经是秋天了。I did my best not to show pleasure, but what I was feeling was pure happiness, for my words had the power to
make people laugh.
我尽量不表现出高兴,但我所感受到的是纯粹的快乐,因为我的话有使人发笑的力量。
People can shop more efficiently online and therefore don't need to go to as many stores to find what they
want.
人们在网上可以更有效率地购物,因此不需要去那么多的商店寻找他们想要的东西。
In the past thousand years ,the water system and lifestyle in Wuzhen have not undergone many changes .
Therefore ,it is the museum to show ancient civilization now.
在过去的一千年里,乌镇的水系和生活方式并未经历多少变化,是一座展现古文明的博物馆。(用
Therefore 表示前后有因果关系)
三、when可用于并列连词
when可用于并列连词,意为“这时,那时”, 相当于and this/that time,表示“正要做某事,这时突
然……”。常用于下列句式:be about to do sth./ be on the point of doing sth./ be doing sth./ had (just) done
sth./... when..., 表示“正要做某事,这时突然……”或“刚做完某事,这时突然……”。表示此意不可置
于句首。如:
The next morning, I’d just about given myself up for lost when I was spotted by a ship.
第二天早上,我正感到绝望的时候,一艘船这时发现了我。(when 作并列连词时,意为“突然,就
在这时”, 相当于and just at that time。)
I was looking at the photos on the noticeboard when I heard a voice behind me.
我正在看布告栏上的照片,突然听到身后有声音。
I was walking along the river when I heard a drowning boy crying for help.
我正沿着河边走,突然听到一个溺水儿童的呼救。
I was about to go out when an unexpected visitor came.
我正要出门,一位不速之客来访了。
She was on the point of leaving when I arrived.
她正要离开,这时我来了。
I was about to go out when an unexpected visitor came.
我正要出门,一位不速之客来访了。
She was on the point of leaving when I arrived.
她正要离开,这时我来了。【考例1】(2011年浙江卷)One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away ______ my
daughter heard cries for help.
A.after B.while C.since D.when
答案与解析:D。此题考查连词辨析。be doing…when…表示“正在做某事,这时(突然)……”, 故
选D。句意为:“我们正在收拾行李准备外出过周末,这时我的女儿听到求救的呼喊。”
【考例2】(2009年福建卷)She had just finished her homework _______ her mother asked her to
practice playing the piano yesterday.
A.when B.while C.after D.since
答案与解析:A。 此题考查句型had (just) done…when…when用作并列连词相当于and at that time.句
意为:“昨天她刚做完作业,这时,她妈妈就让她练习弹钢琴。”所以答案是A。