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机密 启用前
★
大 学 英 语 六 级 考 试
COLLEGE ENGLISH TEST
—Band Six—
(2019 年 12 月第 3 套)
试 题 册
☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆
敬 告 考 生
一、 在答题前, 请认真完成以下内容:
1. 请检查试题册背面条形码粘贴条 答题卡的印刷质量 如有问题及时向监考员反映
、 , ,
确认无误后完成以下两点要求
。
2. 请将试题册背面条形码粘贴条揭下后粘贴在答题卡 1 的条形码粘贴框内 并将姓名和
,
准考证号填写在试题册背面相应位置
。
3. 请在答题卡 1 和答题卡 2 指定位置用黑色签字笔填写准考证号 姓名和学校名称 并
、 ,
用 HB 2B 铅笔将对应准考证号的信息点涂黑
⁃ 。
二、 在考试过程中, 请注意以下内容:
1. 所有题目必须在答题卡上规定位置作答 在试题册上或答题卡上非规定位置的作答一
,
律无效
。
2. 请在规定时间内在答题卡指定位置依次完成作文 听力 阅读 翻译各部分考试 作
、 、 、 ,
答作文期间不得翻阅该试题册 听力录音播放完毕后 请立即停止作答 监考员将立
。 , ,
即收回答题卡 1 得到监考员指令后方可继续作答
, 。
3. 作文题内容印在试题册背面 作文题及其他主观题必须用黑色签字笔在答题卡指定区
,
域内作答
。
4. 选择题均为单选题 错选 不选或多选将不得分 作答时必须使用 HB 2B 铅笔在答题
, 、 , ⁃
卡上相应位置填涂 修改时须用橡皮擦净
, 。
三、 以下情况按违规处理:
1. 未正确填写 涂 个人信息 错贴 不贴 毁损条形码粘贴条
( ) , 、 、 。
2. 未按规定翻阅试题册 提前阅读试题 提前或在收答题卡期间作答
、 、 。
3. 未用所规定的笔作答 折叠或毁损答题卡导致无法评卷
、 。
4. 考试期间在非听力考试时间佩戴耳机
。
全国大学英语四、 六级考试委员会Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)
6 1
·
特别说明
六级考试每次仅考两套听力
第三套听力试题同第一套或第二套试题一致
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions In this section there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for
: ,
each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the
passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified
by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a
single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than
once.
The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying first it was your phone, then your car,
—
and now you can tell your kitchen appliances what to do. But even without gadgets that understand
our spoken commands, research suggests that, as bizarre as it sounds, under certain 26 , people
regularly ascribe human traits to everyday objects.
Sometimes we see things as human because we are 27 . In one experiment, people who
reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attribute 28 to various gadgets. In turn,
feeling close to objects can 29 loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they
had been 30 in a social setting, they compensated by exaggerating their number of friends unless
—
they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities.
According to the researchers, the participants phones 31 substituted for real friends.
At other times, we personify products in an effort to understand them. One study found that
three in four respondents yelled at their computer. Further, the more their computer gave them
problems, the more likely the respondents were to report that it had its own beliefs and 32 .
“ ”
So how do people assign traits to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces
are 33 with dominance. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks, and watches with wide faces as more
dominant looking than narrow faced ones, and preferred them especially in 34 situations. An
⁃ ⁃ —
analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with grilles (护栅) that were upturned like smiles
sold best. The purchasers saw this 35 as increasing a cars friendliness.
A) alleviate I) desires
B) apparently J) excluded
C) arrogant K) feature
D) associated L) lonely
E) circumstances M) separate
F) competitive N) spectacularly
G) conceded O) warrant
H) consciousness
Section B
Directions In this section you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each
: ,
statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from
which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each
paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter
on Answer Sheet 2.
Why More Farmers Are Making The Switch to Grass⁃Fed Meat and Dairy
A Though he didnt come from a farming family, from a young age Tim Joseph was fascinated by
[ ]
the idea of living off the land. Reading magazines like The Stockman Grass Farmer and Graze, he
got hooked on the idea of grass fed agriculture. The idea that all energy and wealth comes from
⁃
the sun really intrigued him. He thought the shorter the distance between the sun and the end
product, the higher the profit to the farmer.
B Joseph wanted to put this theory to the test. In 2009, he and his wife Laura launched Maple Hill
[ ]
Creamery, an organic, all grass fed yogurt company in northern New York. He quickly learned
⁃
what the market has demonstrated: Demand for grass fed products currently exceeds supply.
⁃
Grass fed beef is enjoying a 25 30% annual growth rate. Sales of grass fed yogurt and kefir (发
⁃ ⁃ ⁃
酵乳饮品), on the other hand, have in the last year increased by over 38%. This is in
comparison with a drop of just under 1% in the total yogurt and kefir market, according to
natural and organic market research company SPINS. Josephs top priority became getting his
hands on enough grass fed milk to keep customers satisfied, since his own 64 cow herd wasnt
⁃ ⁃
going to suffice.
C His first partnership was with Paul and Phyllis Amburgh, owners of the Dharma Lea farm in
[ ]
New York. The Amburghs, too, were true believers in grass fed. In addition to supplying milk
⁃
from their own 85 head herd, they began to help other farmers in the area convert from
⁃
conventional to certified organic and grass fed in order to enter the Maple Hill supply chain.
⁃
6 2
·Since 2010, the couple has helped 125 small dairy farms convert to grass fed, with more than
⁃
80% of those farms coming on board during the last two years.
D All this conversion has helped Maple Hill grow 40 50% every year since it began, with no end
[ ] ⁃
in sight. Joseph has learned that a farmer has to have a certain mindset to successfully convert.
But convincing open minded dairy people is actually not that hard, when you look at the
⁃
economics. Grass fed milk can fetch up 2.5 times the price of conventional milk. Another factor
⁃
is the squeeze that conventional dairy farmers have felt as the price of grain they feed their cows
has gone up, tightening their profit margins. By replacing expensive grain feed with regenerative
management practices, grass fed farmers are insulated from jumps in the price of feed. These
⁃
practices include grazing animals on grasses grown from the pasturelands natural seed bank,
and fertilized by the cows own fertilizer.
E Champions of this type of regenerative grazing also point to its animal welfare, climate and
[ ]
health benefits: Grass fed animals live longer out of confinement. Grazing herds stimulate
⁃
microbial (微生物的) activity in the soil, helping to capture water and separate carbon. And
grass fed dairy and meat have been shown to be higher in certain nutrients and healthy fats.
⁃
F In the grass fed system, farmers are also not subject to the wildly fluctuating milk prices of the
[ ]
international commodity market. The unpredictability of global demand and the lag time it takes
⁃
to add more cows to a herd to meet demand can result in events like the recent cheese surplus.
Going grass fed is a safe refuge, a way for family scale farms to stay viable. Usually a farmer
⁃ ⁃
will get to the point where financially, what theyre doing is not working. Thats when they call
Maple Hill. If the farm is well managed and has enough land, and the desire to convert is
sincere, a relationship can begin. Through regular regional educational meetings, a large annual
meeting, individual farm visits and thousands of phone calls, the Amburghs pass on the
principles of pasture management. Maple Hill signs a contract pledging to buy the farmers milk
at a guaranteed base price, plus quality premiums and incentives for higher protein, butter fat
⁃
and other solids.
G While Maple Hills conversion program is unusually hands on and comprehensive, its just one
[ ] ⁃
of a growing number of businesses committed to slowly changing the way America farms.
Joseph calls sharing his knowledge network through peer to peer learning a core piece of the
⁃ ⁃
companys culture. Last summer, Massachusetts grass fed beef advocate John Smith launched
⁃
Big Picture Beef, a network of small grass fed beef farms in New England and New York that is
⁃
projected to bring to market 2,500 head of cattle from 125 producers this year. Early indications
are that Smith will have no shortage of farm members. Since he began to informally announce
the network at farming conferences and on social media, hes received a steady stream of
inquiries from interested farmers.
6 3
·H Smith says hell provide services ranging from formal seminars to on farm workshops on holistic
[ ] ⁃
(整体的) management, to one on one hand holding and an almost 24/7 phone hotline for
⁃ ⁃ ⁃
farmers who are converting. In exchange, he guarantees an above market price for each animal
⁃
and a calf to customer electronic ear tag ID system like that used in the European Union.
⁃ ⁃
I Though advocates portray grass fed products as a win win situation for all, they do have
[ ] ⁃
downsides. Price, for one, is an issue. Joseph says his products are priced 10 20% above organic
⁃
versions, but depending on the product chosen, compared to non organic conventional yogurt,
⁃
consumers could pay a premium of 30 50% or more for grass fed. As for the meat, Smith says
⁃ ⁃
his grass fed hamburger will be priced 20 25% over the conventional alternative. But a look at
⁃ ⁃
the prices on online grocer Fresh Direct suggests a grass fed premium of anywhere from
⁃
35 60%.
⁃
J And not every farmer has the option of going grass fed. For both beef and dairy production it
[ ] ⁃
requires, at least in the beginning, more pastureland. Grass fed beef production tends to be more
⁃
labor intensive as well. But Smith counters that if you factor in the hidden cost of government
⁃
corn subsidies, environment degradation, and decreased human heath and animal welfare, grass
⁃
fed is the more cost effective model. The sun provides the lowest cost of production and the
⁃ “
cheapest meat, he says.
”
K Another grass fed booster spurring farmers to convert is EPIC, which makes meat based protein
[ ] ⁃ ⁃
bars. Founders Taylor Collins and his wife, Katie Forrest, used to be endurance athletes; now
theyre advocates of grass fed meat. Soon after launching EPICs most successful product the
⁃ —
Bison Bacon Cranberry Bar Collins and Forrest found theyd exhausted their sources for bison
—
(北美野牛) raised exclusively on pasture. When they started researching the supply chain, they
learned that only 2 3% of all bison is actually grass fed. The rest is feed lot confined and fed
⁃ ⁃ ⁃
grain and corn.
L But after General Mills bought EPIC in 2016, Collins and Forrest suddenly had the resources
[ ]
they needed to expand their supply chain. So the company teamed up with Wisconsin based
⁃
rancher Northstar Bison. EPIC fronted the money for the purchase of $ 2.5 million worth of
young bison that will be raised according to its grass fed protocols, with a guaranteed purchase
⁃
price. The message to young people who might not otherwise be able to afford to break into the
business is, You can purchase this $ 3 million piece of land here, because Im guaranteeing
“‘
you today youll have 1,000 bison on it. Were bringing new blood into the old, conventional
farming ecosystem, which is really cool to see, Collins explains.
”
36. Farmers going grass fed are not affected by the ever changing milk prices of the global market.
⁃ ⁃
37. Over the years, Tim Josephs partners have helped many dairy farmers to switch to grass fed.
⁃
6 4
·38. One advocate believes that many other benefits should be taken into consideration when we assess
the cost effectiveness of grass fed farming.
⁃ ⁃
39. Many dairy farmers were persuaded to switch to grass fed when they saw its advantage in terms
⁃
of profits.
40. Tim Josephs grass fed program is only one example of how American farming practice is
⁃
changing.
41. Tim Joseph was fascinated by the notion that sunlight brings energy and wealth to mankind.
42. One problem with grass fed products is that they are usually more expensive than conventional
⁃
ones.
43. Grass fed products have proved to be healthier and more nutritious.
44. When Tim Joseph started his business, he found grass fed products fell short of demand.
⁃
45. A snack bar producer discovered that the supply of purely grass fed bison meat was scarce.
⁃
Section C
Directions There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or
:
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A B C and
), ), )
D . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer
)
Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Schools are not just a microcosm (缩影) of society; they mediate it too. The best seek to
alleviate the external pressures on their pupils while equipping them better to understand and handle
the world outside at once sheltering them and broadening their horizons. This is ambitious in any
—
circumstances, and in a divided and unequal society the two ideals can clash outright (直接地).
Trips that many adults would consider the adventure of a lifetime treks in Borneo, a sports tour
—
to Barbados appear to have become almost routine at some state schools. Parents are being asked
—
for thousands of pounds. Though schools cannot profit from these trips, the companies that arrange
them do. Meanwhile, pupils arrive at school hungry because their families cant afford breakfast. The
Child Poverty Action Group says nine out of 30 in every classroom fall below the poverty line. The
discrepancy is startlingly apparent. Introducing a fundraising requirement for students does not help,
as better off children can tap up richer aunts and neighbours.
⁃
Probing the rock pools of a local beach or practising French on a language exchange can fire
6 5
·childrens passions, boost their skills and open their eyes to lifes possibilities. Educational outings
help bright but disadvantaged students to get better scores in A level tests. In this globalised age,
⁃
there is a good case for international travel, and some parents say they can manage the cost of a
school trip abroad more easily than a family holiday. Even in the face of immense and mounting
financial pressures, some schools have shown remarkable determination and ingenuity in ensuring that
all their pupils are able to take up opportunities that may be truly life changing. They should be
⁃
applauded. Methods such as whole school fundraising, with the proceeds (收益) pooled, can help to
⁃
extend opportunities and fuel community spirit.
But 3,000 trips cannot be justified when the average income for families with children is just
£
over 30,000. Such initiatives close doors for many pupils. Some parents pull their children out of
£
school because of expensive field trips. Even parents who can see that a trip is little more than a party
or celebration may well feel guilt that their child is left behind.
The Department for Educations guidance says schools can charge only for board and lodging if
the trip is part of the syllabus, and that students receiving government aid are exempt from these
costs. However, many schools seem to ignore the advice; and it does not cover the kind of glamorous,
exotic trips, which are becoming increasingly common. Schools cannot be expected to bring together
communities single handed. But the least we should expect is that they do not foster divisions and
⁃
exclude those who are already disadvantaged.
46. What does the author say best schools should do?
A) Prepare students to both challenge and change the divided unequal society.
B) Protect students from social pressures and enable them to face the world.
C) Motivate students to develop their physical as well as intellectual abilities.
D) Encourage students to be ambitious and help them to achieve their goals.
47. What does the author think about school field trips?
A) They enable students from different backgrounds to mix with each other.
B) They widen the gap between privileged and disadvantaged students.
C) They give the disadvantaged students a chance to see the world.
D) They only benefit students with rich relatives and neighbours.
48. What does the author suggest can help build community spirit?
A) Events aiming to improve community services.
B) Activities that help to fuel students ingenuity.
C) Events that require mutual understanding.
D) Activities involving all students on campus.
49. What do we learn about low income parents regarding school field trips?
⁃
A) They want their children to participate even though they dont see much benefit.
B) They dont want their kids to participate but find it hard to keep them from going.
C) They dont want their kids to miss any chance to broaden their horizons despite the cost.
6 6
·D) They want their children to experience adventures but they dont want them to run risks.
50. What is the authors expectation of schools?
A) Bringing a community together with ingenuity.
B) Resolving the existing discrepancies in society.
C) Avoiding creating new gaps among students.
D) Giving poor students preferential treatment.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Rising temperatures and overfishing in the pristine (未受污染的) waters around the Antarctic
could see king penguin populations pushed to the brink of extinction by the end of the century,
according to a new study. The studys report states that as global warming transforms the environment
in the worlds last great wilderness, 70 percent of king penguins could either disappear or be forced to
find new breeding grounds.
Co author C line Le Bohec, from the University of Strasbourg in France, warned: If therere no
⁃ é “
actions aimed at halting or controlling global warming, and the pace of the current human induced
⁃
changes such as climate change and overfishing stays the same, the species may soon disappear. The
”
findings come amid growing concern over the future of the Antarctic. Earlier this month a separate
study found that a combination of climate change and industrial fishing is threatening the krill (磷虾)
population in Antarctic waters, with a potentially disastrous impact on whales, seals and penguins. But
todays report is the starkest warning yet of the potentially devastating impact of climate change and
human exploitation on the Antarctics delicate ecosystems.
Le Bohec said: Unless current greenhouse gas emissions drop, 70 percent of king penguins 1.1
“ —
million breeding pairs will be forced to relocate their breeding grounds, or face extinction by 2100.
— ”
King penguins are the second largest type of penguin and only breed on specific isolated islands in
⁃
the Southern Ocean where there is no ice cover and easy access to the sea. As the ocean warms, a
body of water called the Antarctic Polar Front an upward movement of nutrient rich sea that
— ⁃
supports a huge abundance of marine life is being pushed further south. This means that king
—
penguins, which feed on fish and krill in this body of water, have to travel further to their feeding
grounds, leaving their hungry chicks for longer. And as the distance between their breeding grounds
and their food grows, entire colonies could be wiped out.
Le Bohec said: The plight of the king penguin should serve as a warning about the future of
“
the entire marine environment in the Antarctic. Penguins, like other seabirds and marine mammals,
occupy higher levels in the food chain and they are what we call bio indicators of their ecosystems.
⁃ ”
Penguins are sensitive indicators of changes in marine ecosystems. As such, they are key species for
understanding and predicting impacts of global change on Antarctic and sub Antarctic marine
⁃
ecosystems. The report found that although some king penguins may be able to relocate to new
breeding grounds closer to their retreating food source, suitable new habitats would be scarce. Only a
handful of islands in the Southern Ocean are suitable for sustaining large breeding colonies.
6 7
·51. What will happen by 2100, according to a new study?
A) King penguins in the Antarctic will be on the verge of dying out.
B) Sea water will rise to a much higher level around the Antarctic.
C) The melting ice cover will destroy the great Antarctic wilderness.
D) The pristine waters around the Antarctic will disappear forever.
52. What do we learn from the findings of a separate study?
A) Shrinking krill population and rising temperatures could force Antarctic whales to migrate.
B) Human activities have accelerated climate change in the Antarctic region in recent years.
C) Industrial fishing and climate change could be fatal to certain Antarctic species.
D) Krill fishing in the Antarctic has worsened the pollution of the pristine waters.
53. What does the passage say about king penguins?
A) They will turn out to be the second largest species of birds to become extinct.
⁃
B) Many of them will have to migrate to isolated islands in the Southern Ocean.
C) They feed primarily on only a few kinds of krill in the Antarctic Polar Front.
D) The majority of them may have to find new breeding grounds in the future.
54. What happens when sea levels rise in the Antarctic?
A) Many baby king penguins cant have food in time.
B) Many king penguins could no longer live on krill.
C) Whales will invade king penguins breeding grounds.
D) Whales will have to travel long distances to find food.
55. What do we learn about the Southern Ocean?
A) The king penguins there are reluctant to leave for new breeding grounds.
B) Its conservation is key to the sustainable propagation of Antarctic species.
C) It is most likely to become the ultimate retreat for species like the king penguin.
D) Only a few of its islands can serve as huge breeding grounds for king penguins.
Part IV Translation (30 minutes)
Directions For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into
: ,
English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
荷花 lotus flower 是中国的名花之一 深受人们喜爱 中国许多地方的湖泊和池塘都适宜
( ) , 。
荷花生长 荷花色彩鲜艳 夏日清晨绽放 夜晚闭合 花期长达两三个月 吸引来自各地的游客
。 , , , ,
前往观赏 荷花具有多种功能 既能绿化水面 又能美化庭园 还可净化水质 减少污染 改善环
。 , , , 、 、
境 荷花迎骄阳而不惧 出污泥而不染 象征纯洁 高雅 常常用来比喻人的高尚品德 历来是诗
。 , , 、 , ,
人画家创作的重要题材 荷花盛开的地方也是许多摄影爱好者经常光顾之地
。 。
6 8
·2019
年
12
月大学英语六级考试真题详解(第三套)
PartI Writing
·审题引导·
(与第 套同理,故略)
1
·写作提纲·
第一段:由“集体由个人组成”的事实引出话题:个人拥有集体责任感对所属集体意义重大。
第二段:具体阐述集体责任感的重要性: 促使社区居民营造舒适生活环境; 促使学生在学业和道德上
① ②
取得进步,产生集体归属感; 促使工作团队成员紧密合作。
③
第三段:总结观点:集体责任感对生活、学习和工作皆重要。
·下笔成文·
满分范文 参考译文
, 任何集体都由个人组成。自然
Anycommunityiscomposedofindividuals.Naturally it
而然,我们拥有集体责任感对所属集
mattersagreatdealtoourcommunitiesthatwehaveasenseof
体至关重要。
responsibilitytowardsthem.
住在同一区域的人应被视为有
Peoplelivinginthesameareashouldbeconsidereda
义务为整个社区营造舒适生活环境
groupunderan obligationtocreateacomfortableliving
的集体。达成这一目标有赖于所有
environmentforthe wholecommunity.Reachingthisgoal
, 居民的责任感,它会鼓励人们从小事
requiresasenseofresponsibilityamongallresidents which
, 做起,比如避免制造过大的噪音打扰
encouragesthemtostartwithsmallsteps suchastoavoid
到邻居。此外,我们学生拥有集体责
making excessive noise that disturbs their neighbors.
, 任感会促成一种互尊互助的温馨友
Moreover a sense ofcollective responsibility among us
, 爱氛围,以及强烈的集体归属感。这
studentscontributestoawarmandfriendlyatmosphere where
, 最终有助于我们在学业和道德上取
werespectandhelpeachother aswellasastrongcommunal
得进步。当我们从大学毕业并找到
senseofbelonging.Itwillultimatelybeconducivetoour
工作之后,我们会发现自己处于一个
academicandmoralprogress.Afterwegraduatefromcollege
, 由同事组成的新集体中。集体责任
andgetemployed wewillfindourselvesinanewcommunity
, 感(在职场又被称作团队精神)将会
madeupofcolleagues.Asenseofcommunityresponsibility
, 是组成团结一致、有凝聚力的集体的
alsoknownasteamspiritintheworkplace willbethekeyto
, 关键,我们在这一集体中密切合作,
formingaunitedandcohesivegroup wherewestrivetowards
朝共同的目标奋进。
acommonobjectiveinclosecooperationwitheachother.
, 综上,集体责任感值得培养,因
Inconclusion asenseofcommunityresponsibilityis
, 其在生活、学习和工作中均起着重要
worthfosteringinthatitplaysasignificantroleinliving
作用。
learningandworking.
PartIII ReadingComprehension
SectionA
·选项归类·
1 名词: ) 情形,详情; ) 知觉,思想,(政治、生活等方面的)观念;) 渴
. E circumstances H consciousness I desires
望,渴望的人/事物; ) 特点,容貌,地貌; ) 执行令,凭单,(做某事)的正当理由。
K feature O warrant
2 动词: ) 减轻;) 联想,联系,与(某人/某物)有关,与某人交往; ) (常指不
. A alleviate D associated G conceded
情愿地)承认,(尤指勉强地)给予(权力或特权);) 渴望,期望,被(某人)吸引;) 不
I desires J excluded
包括,把……排除在外,防止……进入; ) 以……为特色,起重要作用; ) (使)分
K feature M separate
开,(使)分散,(使)区别,隔开,分居; ) 使有必要,使正当。
O warrant
333 形容词: ) 傲慢的,自大的;) (与……)相关联的;) 竞争的,好胜的,有
. C arrogant D associated F competitive
竞争力的;) 孤独的,偏僻的; ) 不同的,不相关的,独立的,分开的。
L lonely M separate
4 副词: ) 据说,貌似,显然; ) 壮观地,引人注目地。
. B apparently N spectacularly
·试题精解·
26.E)circumstances。[确定词性] 前后以逗号隔开,说明这是自成一体的介词短语,空
undercertain
格词应为名词。[锁定答案]首段 句指出,你能与之对话的设备数量在迅速增加。 句以 引发转
① ② But
折,指出研究发现:但即便没有这些能听懂口令的工具,人们还是经常会将“人类特征”赋予“日常物品”。
联系两句可知 句意在强调:倘若物体能听懂人的口头指令,那你将其赋予人类特征还可以理解;但实际
②
上即便物体/设备根本无法听懂口令,人们还是会将人类特征赋予他们。 应体现“非
undercertain
常规情形”,意为“某些情形/环境下”或“在某种指令/要求下”等,) 适合。
E circumstances
27.L)lonely 28.H)consciousness。[确定词性]空格位于从句 中,空格词可能为名词、形
becauseweare
容词、-ing 分词或-ed分词。空 位于短语 中,应为名词。[锁定答案] 句指出,我们会
28 attributesthtosth ①
因为 而将物视为人。 句指出,称自己感到孤独的人比其他人更有可能赋予各种工具 。推
27 ② 28
理知 句为解释关系,回应上段末句“在某些情形下,我们经常会赋物人性”,即
①② ascribehumantraitsto
、 、 同义复现,空 应体现人类特
everydayobjectsseethingsashumanattribute 28 tovariousgadgets 28
性/意识/思想, ) 正确。 和 近义,空 应体现孤
H consciousness becauseweare 27 feelingisolated 27
独/孤单/被排斥,) 正确。
L lonely
29.A)alleviate。[确定词性]空格词位于情态动词 之后,名词 之前,应为动词原形。[锁定答案]空格
can loneliness
句指出,对物体感到亲近能 孤独。联系 句“人们会因为孤独而赋予物体人类的意识”,可知两句实
②
则是在以 (意为 “作为……的结果”)体现因果顺承:人们因无法忍
Inturn asaresultofsthinaseriesofevents
受孤独而将物体拟人化 对物体产生亲近感、孤独得到缓解。空格处应传递缓解/减轻之意, ) 正确。
→ A alleviate
30.J)excluded。[确定词性]空格所在定语从句( ) (修饰 )谓语不完
thattheyhadbeen...inasocialsetting atime
整,空格词为-ed分词、-ing 分词、名词或形容词。[锁定答案]空格句主句指出,当大学生们经提醒后想起他
们曾经在社交场合 时,他们会通过夸大朋友的数量来弥补。 引出相反情形:但如果他们一开始
unless
就被要求“将手机视为具有人类特征并与之进行交流”,则不会夸大。联系 句实验结论“对物体产生亲近
③
感能缓解孤独”可知主句是在说明大学生“被唤起孤独感且没有令其产生亲近感的物体时,则会通过夸大朋
友数量来弥补”,空格词应体现大学生“在社交场合感到孤独/孤单/被排斥/排挤”之意,) 正确。
J excluded
31.B)apparently。[确定词性]空格句成分完整,空格词应为副词。[锁定答案]空格句指出,研究者们称参
与者的手机 代替了现实中的朋友。依据 句“大学生在孤独时,如若能与手机交流,则不会因为被
④
排斥而夸大朋友数量”易看出“手机”与“现实中朋友”为替代关系,空格词应体现手机替代功能的有效性/
明确性,表“实际地/显然地/有效地”等,) 正确。 ) 符合词性要求,但其强调某
B apparently N spectacularly
事物 “令人惊叹/壮观地、引人注目地”,过于夸张、不合语境。
32.I)desires。[确定词性]空格词与 并列,应为名词。[锁定答案] 句 与第二段首句
beliefs ① Atothertimes
形成并列关系,引出“赋物人性”另一原因———试图理解物品。 句指出大多数受访者都曾对
sometimes ②
着自己的电脑大叫(即:将电脑当作人)。 句利用 引发递进:电脑带给他们的问题越多,他们就
③ Further
越有可能称电脑有自己的“信念和 ”。可见,空格词应与 (信念)同质,指向其“人性”,应为想
beliefs
法/观点/欲望/信念/情感等,) 符合文意。 ) 干扰很强,但其为 的上义词,
I desires H consciousness belief
无法与其构成并列关系,故排除。
33.D)associated。[确定词性]空格前为“名词短语 系动词 ”,后为“介宾短语
widefaces+ are with
”,空格词可能为形容词或-ed分词,且可与 搭配。[锁定答案]空格词体现“宽脸”和“专
dominance with
横/主导”的关系。 句类比指出( ),同样,人们认为宽脸的汽车、钟表和手表比窄脸的看起来更
④ Similarly
霸气。比较两句可知,空格词应传递代表/体现/与……相关联之意,) 符合文意。
D associated
34.F)competitive。[确定词性]空格词位于介词短语 中,可能为名词、形容词、-ing 分词或-
in situations
ed分词。[锁定答案]空格句指出人们认为宽脸的物体看起来更霸气,因此更为喜欢———尤其是在 的环
境中。结合常识可知,霸气/强大等特征在“强调竞争、需要胜出”的环境中更为重要,) 正确。
F competitive
35.K)feature。[确定词性]空格词位于 结构中,作 的宾语,应为名词。[锁定答案]空格句
seesthassth see
指出,买方认为这种 提高了汽车的亲切度。 回指上句信息“汽车护栅像微笑一样向上翘
this
起”,应为“样子/特点”之意, ) 符合文意。
K feature
34
·全文翻译·
你能与之对话的设备数量在迅速增加———一开始是你的手机,接着是你的汽车,现在你可以告诉你的厨
房电器需要做什么。但研究表明,即使没有这些能听懂我们口令的工具,在某些情形下,人们还是经常会将
“人类特征”赋予“日常物品”,虽然这听起来很奇怪。
有时候,我们会因为孤独而将物视为人。在一项实验中,称自己感到孤独的人比其他人更可能会将意识
赋予各种设备。反过来,对物体产生亲近感能缓解孤独。当大学生们经提醒想起自己“在社交场合曾被排斥”
的经历时,他们会借助夸大自己的朋友数量来弥补(被排斥的孤独)———除非他们一开始就被给定需要他们
“将手机视为具有人类特征并与之进行交流”的任务(即:这种情形下,他们则不会故意夸大朋友数量)。研究
者表示,参与者的手机显然代替了现实中的朋友。
在其他一些时候,我们会出于试图理解产品的目的将其人格化。研究发现,四分之三的受访者曾对着电
脑大叫。此外,电脑带给他们的问题越多,他们就越有可能称电脑有自己的“信念和欲望”。
那么,人们是如何将(人类)品质赋予物体的? 在某种程度上,我们凭借的是物体的样子。在人类身上,
“宽脸”与“专横”相联系。同样,人们认为宽脸的汽车、钟表和手表相比窄脸的看起来更霸气,于是更为青睐它
们———在竞争的环境中尤为如此。一项德国汽车销量分析发现,护栅像微笑一样向上翘起的汽车销量最好。
购车者认为这一特点提升了汽车的亲切感。
SectionB
·试题精解·
arenotaffected ever-changing 选择草饲的农场主不受国际市场牛奶价
36.Farmersgoinggrass-fed bythe
milkpricesoftheglobalmarket 格不断变化的影响。
.
[答案][F] [精解]由定位词定位至[]段 句,该句指出草饲的优势之一“农场主不受国际商品市场牛奶价
F ①
格剧烈波动的影响”,试题是对该句的同义改写。
,TimJosephspartners manydairy 多年来,蒂姆·约瑟夫的合作伙伴已帮
37.Overtheyears havehelped
farmers 助许多奶农转型草饲。
toswitchtograss-fed.
[答案][C] [精解]由定位词定位至[]段( ; ), 句介绍约瑟夫的初
C His...partnership125smalldairyfarms ①
次合作对象“安布尔夫妇”, 句指出安布尔夫妇的助益“自 年以来,已帮助 家小型奶牛农场转型草
④ 2010 125
饲”,试题是对上述内容的提取概括。
一位倡导者认为,我们在评估草饲农业
38.Oneadvocatebelievesthatmanyotherbenefitsshouldbetaken
thecost-effectivenessofgrass- 的成本效益时应考虑其他多种好处。
intoconsiderationwhenweassess
fedfarming
.
[答案][J] [精解]由定位词定位至[]段 句,该句草饲倡导者史密斯针对前三句所述草饲弊端“土地、人
J ④
力成本高”进行反驳“如果考虑到地球环境恶化、人类健康下滑等方面的隐形成本,那么草饲就是更划算的模
式”。言外之意即为,草饲农业带来的好处是多方面的:有益环境、人类健康等,故在计算其成本效益时应将这
些好处考虑进去,试题是对该句的综合概括,并将原文的条件 结果句转化为观点 建议句,其中
- - takeninto
是对 的替换。
consideration factorin
werepersuaded 许多奶农在看到草饲的盈利优势后被说
39.Manydairyfarmers toswitchtograss-fed
profits 服转型草饲。
whentheysawitsadvantageintermsof .
[答案][D] [精解]由定位词定位至[ ]段 至 句, 句指出“从经济角度说服思想开明的奶农并不难”,
D ③ ⑤ ③
随后 句做出解释“一、草饲牛奶价高,二、传统谷饲奶农利润被压缩、手头拮据”,试题是对此三句内藏因果
④⑤
关联“奶农们看得到草饲的盈利优势 但凡思想开化的奶农不难被成功说服转型”的合理转述,其中
→
是对 、 、
advantageintermsofprofits lookattheeconomicsthesqueeze...havefelttighteningtheirprofit
所传递文意“草饲的盈利优势”的高度概括。
margins
onlyoneexample how 蒂姆·约瑟夫的草饲项目只是美国农业
40.TimJosephsgrass-fedprogramis of
Americanfarmingpracticeischanging 生产方式变革的一个例子。
.
[答案][G] [精解]由定位词定位至[ ]段 句( ;
G ① oneofagrowingnumberof...slowlychangingtheway
),该句指出“越来越多的企业正改变美国农业的生产方式,约瑟夫的转型项目只不过是其中之
Americafarms
一”。换言之,约瑟夫的项目体现了美国当下的农业变革风潮,试题是对该句的同义转述。
sunlight 蒂姆·约瑟夫痴迷于“阳光为人类带来
41.TimJosephwasfascinatedbythenotionthat brings
energyandwealth 能量和财富”这一理念。
tomankind.
35[答案][A] [精解]由定位词定位至[ ]段 句,该句描述道“‘所有能量和财富都来自太阳’这一想法深深吸
A ③
引着约瑟夫”,试题是对该句的同义转述,将句中 主动句式进行了被动转化。
Theidea...reallyintriguedhim
problemwithgrass-fedproducts 草饲产品的一个问题在于它们通常比传
42.One isthattheyareusually
moreexpensivethanconventionalones 统产品贵。
.
[答案][I] [精解]由定位词定位至[]段( 、 ;
I issuedownsides grass-fedhamburger...priced20-25%over
), 句指出草饲产品的价格存在问题, 至 句援引具体实例及数据予以说明
theconventionalalternative ①② ③ ⑤
“草饲产品比传统产品贵”。试题是对全段核心文意的归纳概括。
healthierandmore 草饲产品已被证明更加营养、更加健康。
43.Grassfedproductshaveprovedtobe
nutritious
.
[答案][E] [精解]由定位词定位至[]段 句,该句指出人们对草饲乳品及肉类的发现“某些营养元素及
E ③
健康脂肪含量较高”,试题是对该句内容的概括转述。
WhenTimJosephstartedhisbusiness, 当蒂姆·约瑟夫创业时,他发现草饲产
44. hefoundgrass-fed
fellshortofdemand 品供不应求。
products .
[答案][B] [精解]由定位词定位至[]段 句, 句指出约瑟夫与其妻子“开办草饲酸奶厂”, 句介绍
B ②③ ② ③
他办厂不久后的发现“草饲产品供不应求”,试题是对两句内容的归纳概括。
Asnackbarproducer 一家零食棒生产商发现纯草饲北美野牛
45. discoveredthatthesupplyofpurely
grass-fedbisonmeat 肉的供应不足。
wasscarce.
[答案][K] [精解]由定位词定位至[ ]段, 句引出肉类蛋白棒(一种健康零食)生厂商 及其创始人
K ①② EPIC
夫妇。 句指出夫妇两人的发现“只有 的北美野牛肉是真正草饲的”。试题是对以上信息的归纳概括。
④ 2-3%
·全文翻译·
为何越来越多农场主转而生产草饲肉类和乳品
[ ]尽管蒂姆·约瑟夫并非出身农家,但他从小就被“靠土地谋生”的想法深深吸引。阅读《畜牧者牧草农
A
户》、《草牧》这类杂志令他对草饲农业这一概念极度痴迷。 所有能量和财富都来自太阳这一想法激起了
41
他的强烈兴趣。他认为,太阳和最终产品间的距离越短,农场主的利润就越高。
[]约瑟夫想要验证一下这个想法。 年他和妻子劳拉在纽约北部创立了枫树山乳品厂(一家有机纯草
44
B 2009
饲酸奶公司)。很快他就掌握了市场行情:草饲产品眼下正供不应求。一方面,草饲牛肉的年(销售)增长
率为 至 ;另一方面,草饲酸奶、草饲发酵乳的上年年销售增长率超过 。相比之下,酸奶和发
25% 30% 38%
酵乳市场销售总额下滑不到 ,天然和有机市场调查公司 的数据显示。约瑟夫的首要任务变成
1% SPINS
了寻找足够的草饲牛奶来满足顾客需求,因为他自己的 头奶牛不够用。
64
[]他的首个合作伙伴是纽约达摩利亚农场主保罗·安布尔和菲丽丝·安布尔夫妇。安布尔夫妇也是草饲
C
农业的忠实信徒。除了用自家 头奶牛(给约瑟夫的乳品厂)供奶,他们还开始帮助当地其他农场主实
85
现由传统农场向有机草饲认证农场的转型,以进入枫树山乳品厂供应链。 年以来,这对夫妇已帮助
37
2010
家小型传统奶牛农场转型为草饲型奶牛农场,其中超过 是近两年加入的。
125 80%
[ ]自创立以来,奶农转型项目帮助枫树山乳品厂实现了 的年增长率,且毫无停止增长的迹象。约瑟
D 40-50%
夫认识到,农场主必须具备一定的思维倾向才能成功转型。 不过从经济角度来看,要说服思想开明的奶
39
农并没那么困难。草饲牛奶的售价可达传统牛奶的 倍。另一个因素是,由于饲养奶牛的谷物价格上
2.5
涨导致利润被压缩,传统谷饲奶农感到利润减少。通过使用再生型经营管理方法取代购买昂贵的谷物饲
料,草饲农场主可以免受饲料价格暴涨的困扰,这些经营管理方法包括让奶牛啃食那些用牧场天然种子
库的种子种植的、并受到奶牛自产肥料滋养的牧草。
[]这种再生型草牧的拥护者还指出了它所带来的动物福利、气候益处以及健康益处:草饲动物因不受圈养
E
而寿命更长;饲草牧群刺激土壤中微生物活动,从而帮助保水隔碳; 而且经证实,草饲乳品和肉类中的
43
某些营养元素和健康脂肪含量较高。
[] 草饲体系下,农场主也不受国际商品市场上牛奶价格剧烈波动的影响。全球乳品需求的不可预知以及
36
F
为满足需求而增加奶牛数量的时间差都可能引发类似最近奶酪过剩这样的事件。向草饲转型是安全避
风港,能使家庭规模农场维系生存。通常,农场主会陷入某种“所做之事均不能带来经济收益”的境地,这
时他们就会联系枫树山乳品厂。如果农场经营良好,土地充足,且有转型的诚意,双方就可以开展合作
了。通过定期的区域培训会议、大型的年度会议、单独的农场私访以及数以千计的电话沟通,安布尔夫妇
会将草牧经营管理方法传授给大家。枫树山乳品厂会与农场主签订合同,承诺保底收购其牛奶,对蛋白
36质、乳脂及其他固体含量较高的牛奶还提供质量溢价及奖励。
[ ] 虽然枫树山乳品厂的转型项目特别具有实践性、全面性,但它只是越来越多致力于逐渐改变美国农业
40
G
生产方式的企业之一。约瑟夫称,通过一对一学习传播自己的知识体系是枫树山乳品厂企业文化的核
心。去年夏天,马萨诸塞州草饲牛肉倡导者约翰·史密斯创立了“宏图牛肉( )”,一个汇
BigPictureBeef
聚新英格兰以及纽约各家小型草饲肉牛场的牛肉网,预计今年将有 家农场向市场投放 头牛。
125 2500
前期迹象表明,史密斯将不缺农场成员。自他开始在农业会议和社交媒体上非正式地宣布成立这个网络
以来,他已经源源不断收到有意加入的农场主的询问。
[ ]史密斯说他会为转型期的农场主提供多种服务,从有关整体经营管理的正式专题研讨会到现场讲习班,
H
再到一对一入门级辅导以及几乎全天候的电话热线。作为交换,他保证以高于市场价的价格收购每一头
牛,并承诺仿照欧盟建立电子耳标身份证明系统,记录每头牛从降生到出售给顾客的全过程。
[]尽管倡导者将草饲产品描绘成对所有人都有利的局面,但它们的确存在缺陷。 价格就是个问题。约瑟夫
42
I
说他家草饲(乳)产品的定价比同类有机产品高 ,不过根据所选产品不同,消费者有可能要为草饲
10-20%
酸奶支付超出传统非有机酸奶 甚至更高的溢价。肉类方面,史密斯说他家草饲汉堡定价将比传统
30-50%
汉堡高 。但看一眼在线食品杂货商生鲜直达( )的价目就会发现,草饲产品的溢价范
20-25% FreshDirect
围为 。
35-60%
[]也不是每个农场主都有能力选择草饲。无论牛肉还是乳品生产,草饲都需要有更大的牧场,至少在起步阶
J
段是这样。此外,草饲牛肉生产往往更加劳动密集。 但史密斯反驳指出,如果将政府玉米补贴、环境恶
38
化、人类健康下滑、动物福利下降的隐形成本考虑在内,草饲模式就更划算。“太阳能提供最低的生产成本
和最便宜的肉,”他表示。
[ ]另一个鼓励农场主转型的草饲支持者是肉类蛋白棒制造商 。公司创始人泰勒·柯林斯和凯蒂·佛
K EPIC
瑞斯特夫妇以前曾是耐力运动员,现在是草饲肉类的倡导者。在 最成功产品“野牛培根蔓越莓棒”
EPIC
上市后不久,这对夫妇发现其牧场的纯草饲北美野牛已用尽。 当他们开始研究供应链,才了解到只有
45
2-
的北美野牛是真正的草饲,其余的都是圈养,喂食谷物和玉米。
3%
[]但 年 被通用磨坊( )收购后,柯林斯和佛瑞斯特迅速获得了扩充供应链所需的资
L 2016 EPIC GeneralMills
源。随后 便与威斯康星州大牧场北极星野牛( )合作,出资预购了价值 万美元
EPIC NorthstarBison 250
的野牛犊,这些野牛犊将按 的草饲协议饲养并保价收购。对于那些本来没有足够财力进入这一行
EPIC
业的年轻人来说,这传递出的信息是:“‘你可以购置这片价值 万美元的土地,因为我现在向你保证,
300
未来你可以在这里饲养 头野牛。 我们正在向传统的、旧式的农业生态系统注入新鲜血液,这真的
1000
很酷,”柯林斯解释道。
SectionC
PassageOne
·试题精解·
46.作者说最好的学校应该做什么?
)让学生做好准备,挑战并改变不公、分化的社会。 )激励学生发展体能与智力。
A C
)保护学生免受社会压力并让他们能够勇敢面对世界。 )鼓励学生胸怀抱负并帮助他们达成目标。
B D
[锁定答案]第一段 句指出,最好的学校( 即 )“指导学生更好地理解并应对外面的
② Thebest Thebestschools
世界”的同时,还会“缓解学生背负的外部压力”,正确项 包含这两项内容。
B
[排除干扰] 虽然复现 句 ,但将学校的培养内容“理解并应对世界”夸大为“挑
A ③ dividedandunequalsociety
战并改变世界”。 将定位句信息 错误理解为“利用智力思考、利用体格应对”,从而捏
C understandandhandle
造出“体能与智力”。 将原文“学校使命的宏大艰巨( )”张冠李戴,歪曲为“学生胸怀抱负”。
D ambitious
47.作者对校外旅行持什么看法?
)它们让来自不同背景的学生彼此融合。 )它们给予贫困阶层的学生看看世界的机会。
A C
)它们扩大了特权阶层及贫困阶层学生之间的差距。 )它们仅惠及那些有富裕亲戚和邻居的学生。
B D
[锁定答案]第二段指出,研学旅行要求父母拿出数千英镑,而有些学生早饭也吃不起,差距明显;第三段退而
表示,研学旅行本身确实对学生有益;第四段转折指出,旅行过贵致其弊远大于利,扼杀了许多学生的受教育
机会。综上可知,作者认为研学旅行将进一步拉大有钱人家的学生与贫困生的差距, 正确。
B
[排除干扰] 、 被第三段“认可校外旅行”内容干扰,但与第四段“校外旅行扼杀许多(经济条件较差的)学生
A C
的机会”所体现的“贫困生少有机会参加”相悖。 将第二段末“他们更容易借助亲戚和邻居的力量完成筹款活
D
动要求/更有望参加研学旅行”夸大为“他们是旅行唯一受惠者”,且与第三段“教育旅行令贫困孩子受益”矛盾。
3748.作者暗示什么有助于增强团体精神?
)旨在改善社区服务的活动。 )对互相理解有所要求的活动。
A C
)有助于培养学生独创力的活动。 )让全校学生参与其中的活动。
B D
[锁定答案]第三段 句指出,“全校筹款、共同获益”可让更多学生享受到研学旅行的机会、促进团体精神;亦
⑥
即让全体学生都参与进来有助于增强团体精神, 正确。
D
[排除干扰] 利用通常认识干扰,但文中 指的是“将自己视为学校一分子、并积极参与学校
A communityspirit
活动的团体精神”,与社区服务无关。 将作者用以描述部分学校的说法“独创力( )”张冠李戴到学
B ingenuity
生身上,而原文并不涉及“培养学生独创力”。 同样利用常识干扰,但原文并不涉及“相互理解”。
C
49.关于低收入父母在校外旅行的问题上,我们了解到什么?
)他们想让自己的孩子参与进来,即便他们不觉得有多大好处。
A
)他们不想让自己孩子参加,但很难阻止他们参加。
B
)他们不想让自己的孩子错过任何开拓眼界的机会,不计代价。
C
)他们想让自己的孩子体验冒险经历,但不想让他们冒风险。
D
[锁定答案]第四段 句指出,有些父母因为校外旅行昂贵让孩子退学; 句指出,有些父母认为校外旅行不
③ ④
过是场聚会或庆祝,但自己孩子不参加又觉得落于人后,即还是想让孩子参加。 正确解读后一种父母心态。
A
[排除干扰] 与定位处“父母因为孩子没能参加旅行/落后于人而感到愧疚”体现出的“想让孩子参加”相悖,且
B
文中并未提及“孩子不顾父母意见,执意要去”。 与 句信息“很多学生(即贫困家庭的孩子)失去了机会”体现
C ②
的“低收入家庭父母没办法让孩子参加旅行”相悖。 后半部分“不想让孩子冒风险”在文中无据可依。
D
50.作者对学校的期望是什么?
)利用独创力将集体团结起来。 )避免在学生间制造新的差距。
A C
)解决社会当前存在的差异。 )给予贫困学生以优待。
B D
[锁定答案]本段 句指出,不能指望学校凭一己之力团结不同的群体,但学校至少不能加剧阶层分化、把
③④
已经处于弱势地位的学生排斥在外。由此可知 正确。
C
[排除干扰] 的可能来源有二:一是第三段“确保所有学生参加研学旅行、促进团体精神,展现出独创力”,二
A
是末段“把不同群体团结到一起”。但前者只是事实“部分学校的做法”,并非作者对学校的总体期望;后者背
离作者明确态度“不能指望单靠学校解决”。 将文首“学校是对社会的调解”夸大为“学校可解决社会差异”。
B
从“学校不该使本就处于劣势的学生更加弱势”过度推断出“该给贫困学生优惠政策”,后者其实反映于首段
D
“缓解学生压力”,是“最好学校所为”,而非作者对所有学校的期许。
·全文翻译·
学校不仅是社会的缩影,还是对它的调解。 最好的学校指导学生更好地理解并应对外面世界的同时,还
46
力图缓解他们背负的外界压力———既为他们提供庇护,又拓展他们的眼界。这个任务向来宏大艰巨,在一个
阶层分化、缺乏平等的社会,这两方面理想可能直接冲突。
那些被许多成年人视作终生难得之冒险的旅行———婆罗岛(注:又译作加里曼丹岛)远足、巴巴多斯体育
旅游———在一些公立学校似乎已经变得稀松平常。 父母被要求拿出数千英镑。虽然学校不可以利用这些旅
47
行赚钱,但组织这些旅行的公司可以。 与此同时,学生饿着肚子去学校,因为家里拿不出买早饭的钱。儿童
47
贫困行动小组表示,班上每 名学生就有 名处于贫困线以下。差异之明显令人震惊。为学生设置筹款活
30 9
动的条件也没用,因为家庭条件较宽裕的孩子可以仰仗生活宽裕的姑婆婶姨和街坊邻里。
探索当地海滩的潮水潭或在语言交换项目中练习法语,可以点燃孩子的学习热情、增进他们的技能,并
47
让他们见识到生活的多样可能。教育性短途旅游帮助天资聪颖但家道贫困的孩子在中学高级水平考试中取
得更高的分数。在如今的全球化时代,有充分的理由出国旅行,而且有些家长表示,比起全家外出度假,负担
境外研学旅行的费用更容易些。即便在与日俱增的巨额财政压力面前,部分学校也还是展现出了十足的决心
与独创力,确保所有学生都能抓住有望彻底改变他们人生的机会。它们理应得到掌声。 “全校筹款、共同获
48
益”这类方法可以(给学生)提供机会、激发团体精神。
但如果有孩子的家庭平均(年)收入刚过 万英镑,耗资 千英镑的旅行就说不过去了。 这种计划扼杀
47
3 3
了许多学生的机会。有些父母因为校外旅行昂贵,让孩子退学了。 即便是那些看得出旅行无非是一场聚会或
49
庆祝活动的父母,也很可能会因为自己的孩子落在别人后面(没能参与)而感到愧疚。
教育部的指导文件写道,如果旅行是课程大纲的一部分,那么学校就只能收取食宿费,而且受政府资助的
学生可免除这些费用。但是,许多学校似乎无视这一意见;而且该意见也并不涉及这类令人向往、日益普遍的
38出国旅行。 不能指望学校单枪匹马地把不同群体团结到一起。但至少,我们应该期望学校不至于助长阶层
50
分化、把已经处于弱势地位的学生排斥在外。
PassageTwo
·试题精解·
51.根据一项新研究,到2100年将会发生什么?
)南极的王企鹅将处于灭绝边缘。 )融化的冰层将摧毁南极大荒野。
A C
)南极周围海域将升至更高水平。 )南极周围未受污染的水域将永远消失。
B D
[锁定答案]首段 句指出新研究发现,气温上升与过度捕捞将见证王企鹅于本世纪末被逼至灭绝边缘, 正确。
① A
[排除干扰] 根据 句 主观推测“全球变暖将导致南极冰川融解、海平面上升”,并非新研
B ① risingtemperatures
究发现。 将 句全球变暖对南极大荒野的影响由“转变”夸大为“摧毁”。 将 句
C ② D ① thepristinewatersaround
和 句 生硬糅杂,文中信息实则为“南极水域正被过度捕捞”、“王企鹅可能会灭绝”。
theAntarctic ② disappear
52.我们从另一项独立的研究中了解到了什么?
)磷虾总量缩减和气温上升或会迫使南极鲸迁徙。 )工业捕捞和气候变化可能使某些南极物种致命。
A C
)近年来人类活动加速了南极地区的气候变化。 )南极磷虾捕捞进一步加剧了原始水域的污染。
B D
[锁定答案]第二段 句指出另一项独立研究的发现:气候变化与工业捕捞的同时进行正在威胁着南极水域
③
的磷虾,这很可能会对鲸、海豹、企鹅造成灾难性影响, 正确。
C
[排除干扰] 将文中链条式关系“气候变暖危及磷虾数量,进而危及鲸鱼”改为二对一关系“共同危及”,且将
A
“危及”改为“迫使迁徙”。 利用第二段 结合实事“南极气候变暖加速”干扰,非“另一研究发
B human-induced
现”。 杂糅首段“南极未受污染海域正遭过度捕捞”和第二段“磷虾”捏造,但独立研究未提及此因果关联。
D
53.关于王企鹅,文中说了什么?
)它们将会是走向灭绝的第二大鸟类。 )它们主要以南大洋极锋中少数几种磷虾为食。
A C
)它们大多数将被迫迁徙至南大洋的孤岛。 )它们大多数将来可能不得不寻找新的繁殖地。
B D
[锁定答案]第三段 句指出,除非温室气体排放量下降,否则 的王企鹅将在 年面临“不迁徙繁殖地
① 70% 2100
则消亡”的情形,即:原有的繁殖地不再适宜,不得不被迫迁往他处, 正确。
D
[排除干扰] 将第三段 句“王企鹅是第二大企鹅种类”偷换为“第二大灭绝的鸟类”。 将 句所述的王企
A ② B ②
鹅现状“仅在南大洋特定孤岛上繁殖”窜改为其未来“将被迫迁徙至南大洋孤岛”。 将第三段 句“王企鹅以
C ④
极锋中鱼和磷虾( )为食”缩窄范围至“仅以海流中少数几种磷虾( )为食”。
fishandkrill onlyafewkindsofkrill
54.当南极海平面上升时会发生什么?
)大量王企鹅幼仔无法及时得到喂食。 )鲸鱼将会入侵王企鹅的繁殖地。
A C
)大量王企鹅可能无法再以磷虾为食。 )鲸鱼将不得不长途跋涉以寻找食物。
B D
[锁定答案]第三段 句先指出,随着海洋升温,南大洋极锋南移。 句后介绍王企鹅以极锋中的鱼虾为食,
③ ④
随着极锋南移,繁殖地与食物源间距拉大,饥饿的小企鹅们需等待更久(企鹅妈妈们才能找回食物)。 正确。
A
[排除干扰] 由第三段 句“南大洋极锋南移”、“王企鹅以极锋中鱼虾为食”主观推测而来,而忽略随后的
B ③④
“王企鹅为获取磷虾跋涉更远”。 利用第二段中的 与第三段 句“王企鹅被迫迁移繁殖地”捏造干扰,
C whales ①
而实际上迫使王企鹅迁移的是“气温升高”。 偷梁换柱:“不得不为觅食走出更远”的是“王企鹅”不是“鲸鱼”。
D
55.关于南大洋,我们了解到什么?
)那儿的王企鹅不愿迁去新的繁殖地。 )它最可能成为王企鹅这类物种的最终退避地。
A C
)保护它是南极物种可持续性繁衍的关键。 )它的岛屿中仅少数可作为王企鹅的巨大繁殖地。
B D
[锁定答案]第四段 句指出,虽然一些王企鹅或许能迁徙到新的繁殖地,以离食物源更近,但实际上合适
⑤⑥
的栖息地极为稀缺。南大洋中只有少数岛屿适合承载大型繁殖群体, 正确。
D
[排除干扰] 曲解 句:文中并非指出“王企鹅不愿意搬迁”而是强调“很少有合适的地方可搬”。 根据
A ⑤ B ⑤⑥
句“南大洋上可搬迁地稀缺”主观臆测“保护物种关键在于保护南大洋”,而文中意在强调“搬迁也并非解决办
法,阻遏全球变暖才是”。 与 句“即便将来王企鹅迁徙,南大洋也只有少数岛屿可作为新的繁殖地”相矛盾。
C ⑥
·全文翻译·
一项新研究称,“不断攀升的气温”和“对未受污染的南极水域的过度捕捞”可能会见证王企鹅种群在本
51
世纪末被推至灭绝边缘。该研究报告指出,随着全球变暖将世界最后一片大荒野的环境彻底改变, 的王
70%
企鹅可能或消亡或被迫寻找新的繁殖地。
来自法国斯特拉斯堡大学的合著者 警告称:“若再不采取行动致力于遏止或抑制全球变
CélineLeBohec
暖,而人类引发的气候变化及过度捕捞等消极变化依旧照当前速度发展,则王企鹅这一物种或将很快灭亡。”
39这些发现提出之时,正值人们对南极未来担忧高涨之际。 本月初,另一独立研究发现,气候变化和工业捕捞
52
的同步发生正威胁着南极海域的磷虾种群,这可能会对鲸、海豹和企鹅产生灾难性影响。而今天的报告是迄
今为止就“气候变化和人类开发对南极脆弱的生态系统可能造成的毁灭性影响”发出的最严厉的警告。
说:“除非当前温室气体排放量下降,否则 的王企鹅——— 万繁殖对———将被迫迁移繁
53
LeBohec 70% 110
殖地,或面临 年灭绝的命运。”王企鹅是第二大企鹅种类,仅在南大洋特定孤岛上(没有冰层覆盖、能轻松
2100
入海)繁殖。 随着海洋升温,一股名为南大洋极锋的海流(它是一股富含营养物质的上涌流,养育着大量海洋
54
生命)正被往更南端推移。这意味着以海流中鱼类和磷虾为食的王企鹅必须跋涉更远才能到达觅食地,这会
使小企鹅们挨饿时间更长。随着“繁殖地”和“食物地”之间距离不断拉长,可能整个王企鹅群体都会灭绝。
说:“王企鹅困境应被视为就整个南极海洋环境的未来所发出的警告。企鹅和其他的海鸟及海
LeBohec
洋哺乳动物一样,处于食物链的较高层级,在其生态系统中充当我们所说的‘生物指标’。”企鹅是海洋生态系统
变化的敏感指示器。因此,它们是理解及预测全球变化对南极及亚南极海洋生态系统影响的关键物种。 报告
55
发现,虽说一些王企鹅或许能迁移到新的繁殖地,以距离逐渐南退的食物来源更近,但合适的新栖息地会极为
稀缺。南大洋中只有少数岛屿适合维系大型繁殖群体。
PartIV Translation
·参考译文·
, ,
Thelotusflower oneofChinasfamousflowers hasbeendeeplylovedbyChinesepeople.Lakesand
,
pondsinmanypartsofChinaaresuitableforthegrowthoflotusplants.Thelotusflower whichisbrightin
, ,
color bloomsintheearlymorningandclosesatnightinsummer withthefloweringlastinguptotwoor
, ,
threemonths attractingvisitorsfromalloverthecountry.Thelotushasmultipleuses includingpurifying
, ,
water reducingpollutionandimprovingtheenvironment aswellasgreeningwatersurfacesandbeautifying
gardens.Theflowerischaracterizedbyitsabilitiestotolerateintensesunexposureandemergepureandclean
,
fromthemurkywater thussymbolizingpurityandelegance.Soitisoftenusedasametaphorforapersons
noblecharacterandhasbeenamainsubjectforpoetsandpaintersthroughouthistory.Placeswithlotus
flowersinfullbloomarealsofrequentedbymanyphotographyenthusiasts.
·句子解析·
1 第一句包含两小句,根据汉语重心在后原则,可将第二个小句处理为句子主干,第一个小句处理为主
.
语的同位语,译为“ 复数名词”结构。“深受……喜爱”含被动义,可译为被动结构
oneof+ bedeeplylovedby
,也可使用形容词 (钟爱的,深受喜爱的)的短语 / 。
sb beloved bebelovedbyofsb
2 第二句中“中国许多地方的”可译为介词短语 作后置定语。“适宜荷花生长”可用
. inmanypartsofChina
相关短语: (适合做某事的地点)、 / (适于某人/某物)。
suitable beasuitableplacetodosth besuitableforsbsth
3 第三句为包含五个小句的流水句,可划分为三个意义层次。小句 聚焦花朵颜色,信息量少,可处理为
. 1
主语的非限制性定语( ) 。小句 、、 聚焦开花时间,其中小句 、 描述一日中花开花
whichisbrightincolor 234 23
闭时段,小句 描述整个花期,可将小句 、 处理为并列谓语句作句子主干,小句 处理为 复合结构作补
4 23 4 with
充说明成分。小句 聚焦游客反应,可理解为前四小句的综合性结果,故可译为现在分词短语作结果状语。
5
4 第四句也包含多个小句。小句 概述引出荷花的功能,可处理为句子主干,“具有多种功能”可直译为
. 1
/ ,也可使用 / 、 等结构。小句 、、 逐一
hasmultipleusesfunctions servefulfill...purposesbeusedfor...purposes 234
列举荷花的多种功能,可整体处理为补充说明成分(定语从句或分词短语),“既……又……还……”凸显的多项
列举逻辑可用 、 、 等结构。
include...aswellas...includenotonly...butalso...rangefrom...to...to...
5 第五句包含的多个小句可划分为两大意义层次,译为两个长句。前三个小句为第一意层(聚焦荷花本
.
身),其中小句 、(荷花生长特点“耐阳、洁净”)和小句 (荷花抽象品质“纯洁、高雅”)暗含因果关联,可分别
12 3
译为主干 和现在分词短语( ) 作结果状语。后两个小句
Theflowerischaracterizedby... thus symbolizing...
为第二意层(由花性联想到人性,以物喻人),可译为 连接的并列谓语句式。两大意义层次之间又可借 、
and so
、 等因果词来体现“花性喻比人性”的因果顺承关系。“历来”可译为时间副词 (一直)、
thereforeasaresult always
(历来,一向),或表时间的介词短语 (从古至今)。“诗人画家创作的重要题材”意即
traditionally throughouthistory
“诗人画家常用的/喜欢的题材”,故可译为 / / 。
amainpopularfavoritesubjectforpoetsandpainters
6 第六句中“荷花盛开的地方”可译为 或
. Placeswithlotusflowersinfullbloom Placeswherelotus
。“是……经常光顾之地”意即“经常被……光顾”,可使用及物动词 (常去,常
flowersareinfullbloom frequent
到)或 (访问,参观)的被动短语 、 。
visit befrequentedbysbbeoftenvisitedbysb
40