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2010年考研英语（二）真题逐词逐句精讲
Section I Use of English
第一段］
❶ The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009.
2009年6月11日，最初发现暴发于墨西哥的猪流感被宣布为全球性传染病。
_级修饰 that was first detected in Mexico
that引导的定语从句J修饰The outbreak of swine flu
句子主干 The outbreak of swine fhi...was declared （主+谓）
The outbreak of swine flu的补足语]
a global epidemic ・
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
on June 11,2009.
"司志主蒋]outbreak Tautbreik] 暴发；突然发生 detect* [dftekt] w.发现；查明；侦察出
declare * [di'klea（r）] vt.宣布；表明；申报 epidemic * [.epfdemik] n.传染病；泛滥
❷ It is the first worldwide epidemic designated by the World Health Organization in 41 years.它是世界卫生组织 41 年
来认定的首个全球性传染病。
—级修饰 in 41 years.
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 It is the first worldwide epidemic （主+系+表）
过去分词短语作后置定语J修饰the first worldwide epidemic
_级修饰 designated by the World Health Organization
:词汇注释:worldwide * [’w3：ldwaid] a.全世界的 designate * [*dezigneit] vt.指定；命名；选定
第二段〕
❶ The heightened alert followed an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in
cases in Australia, and rising numbers in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.澳大利亚猪流感病例急剧增加，英国、
日本、智利和其他地区感染人数也在增加，这些情况出现后，流感专家们齐聚日内瓦召开了紧急会议，随后，
人们对猪流感的警惕性提高了。
句子主干 The heightened alert followed 迎竺整g竺堂凹竺坦矍（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰an emergency meeting
_级修饰 with flu experts in Geneva
that引导的定语从句,t修饰flu experts
二级修饰 that assembled
介词短语作时间状语［
after a sharp rise in cases in Australia,
三级修饰 | and连接的并列成分
and rising numbers in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.[通匚注释; heighten * [*haitn] “（使）提高，增加，加强 emergency 虫[i'm3：d3onsi] a.紧急的 n.突发事件
assemble * [s'sembl] v,聚集；集合 sharp ★ [Jb:p]久急剧的；锋利的；鲜明的
❶ But the epidemic is "moderate" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organizationdirector general, with the
overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the absence of any
medical treatment.但是世界卫生组织总干事陈冯富珍认为，此次传染病的严重程度为“中等”，因为绝大多数
患者只有轻微的症状，通常不用接受任何治疗便能痊愈。
二级修饰 the organization's director general,
Margaret Chan的同位语]
according to Margaret Chan,
插入语，:补充说明句子主干
句子主干 But the epidemic is "moderate"（主+系+表）
[介词短语作状语
in severity,
一级修饰 with独立主格结构作句子主干的原因状语
with the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a hill recovery,
补充说明a full recovery |
二级修饰 often in the absence of any medical treatment.
送点翊」 with独立主格结构中，the overwhelming majority of patients为逻辑主语，现在分词experiencing相
当于逻辑上的谓语,only mild symptoms and a full recovery相当于逻辑上的宾语。
顶汇注释. moderate * ['mndarst] a.中等的；温和的 severity [si'versti] n.严重程度；严重性
overwhelming [.suv^welmig] a.（数量上）压倒性的 symptom * ['simptom] n-症状；征候
O The outbreak came to global notice in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noted an unusually large number of
hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults.此次猪流感的暴发在2009年4月末引起了全球的关注，当时
墨西哥当局注意到在健康的成年人中出现了异常多的住院和死亡病例。
The outbreak came to global notice （主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 in late April 2009,
[when引导的非限定性定语从句,补充说明late April 2009
二级修饰 when Mexican authorities noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths
介词短语作后置定语，修饰an unusually...deaths j
among healthy adults.
:'词汇注释i authority* [o/Bnrsti] n.当局；权威；职权 hospitalization [.hnspitslafzeOh] n.住院（治疗）
@As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to crop up in New York City, the southwestern
United States and around the world.在极度恐慌中，墨西哥城大部分区域停工停业，同时，在纽约市、美国西南
部以及世界各地都开始突然出现猪流感病例。
2二级修饰 at the height of a panic,
介词短语作状语:
—级修饰 As much of Mexico City shut down
[ As引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 cases began tocropjip （主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
in New York City, （in） the southwestern United States
一级修饰 | and连接并列的介词短语
and around the world.
:词汇亩i shut down停工；关闭；倒闭；停止运转 at the height of...在....的最强点■
panic * fp^mk] n.恐慌；惶恐不安机（使）惊慌 crop up （尤指意外地）出现，发生
第五段〕
❶ In the United States, new cases seemed to fade as warmer weather arrived.在美国，随着天气变暖，新病例似乎在
逐渐减少。
—级修饰 In the United States,
:介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 new cases seemed to fade （主+谓）
[ as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
_级修饰 as warmer weather arrived.
:词汇注释：fade [feid] vi.逐渐消失；逐渐变弱v.（使）变淡 arrive * [s'raiv] vi.到来；发生；到达
@ But in late September 2009, officials reported there was significant flu activity in almost every state and that virtually
all the samples tested are the new swine flu, also known as （A） H1N1, not seasonal flu.但是在 2009 年 9 月末，官方
报告几乎每个州都有显著的流感蔓延情况，且几乎所有化验的样本皆为新型猪流感，也就是甲型H1N1流感，
而非季节性流感。
—级修饰 in late September 2009,
j介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
But...officials reported （主+谓+宾从）
:省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作reported的宾语
句子主干 there was significant flu activity in almost every state
| and连接并列的宾语从句
and that virtually all the samples tested are the new swine flu,...not seasonal flu.
插入语，解释说明the new swine flu [
—级修饰 also known as （A） H1N1,
词汇注释 significant * [sig'mfikant] a.显著的；数量相当大的 virtually ['vs^sli] ad.几乎；实际上
sample * [*sa:mpl] n.样本；选录乐曲（或声音） seasonal ['si:z9nl] a.季节性的；节令性的
© In the U.S., it has-infected more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000
hospitalizations.在美国，这种流感病毒已经使100多万人感染，造成600多人死亡，6000多人住院。
3-级修饰 In the U.S.,
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
it has infected more than one million people,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and （has） caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.
「有疝主一释]infect ★[m，fbkt]w.使感染；传染；影响
第六段】
O Federal health officials released Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began taking orders from the
states for the new swine flu vaccine.联邦卫生部官员从国家储备物资中为儿童发放了达菲（抗流感病毒药物），
并开始接受来自各州的新型猪流感疫苗订单。
一级修饰 from the national stockpile
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
Federal health officials released Tamiflu for children （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列谓宾
and began taking orders from the states
介词短语作后置定语J修饰orders
一级修饰 for the new swine flu vaccine.
项汇注释」 federal * ['fedsrol] a.联邦的；联邦制的 release^ [ri1i:s] vt.发放；释放".发行；释放
stockpile fstokpail] n.储备物资 vt.大量储备 vaccine * ['vaeksi:n] n.疫苗；菌苗
©The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is available ahead of expectations.这种新疫苗不同于
每年的流感疫苗，投入使用的时间比预期要早。
—级修饰 which is diflerent from the annual flu vaccine,
1 which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明The new vaccine
▼
句子主干 The new vaccine,...is available （主+系+表）
介词短语作句子主干的状语[
一级修饰 ahead of expectations.
：词汇注释i annual* ['aenjuol] a.每年的；年度的儿年刊 available* [o'veilabl] a.可用的；可获得的
❸ More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those initial doses were of
the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not recommended for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing
difficulties, heart disease or several other problems. 2009 年 10 月初，300 多万剂疫苗就可以投入使用,尽管这批
初期疫苗大多数是FluMist鼻腔喷雾剂型疫苗，是不推荐给孕妇、50岁以上人群或有呼吸障碍、心脏病或数
种其他疾病的人群使用的。
in early October 2009,
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 More than three million doses were to be made available （主+谓）
[though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
though most of those initial doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type,
which引导的非限定性定语从句J补充说明the FluMist nasal spray type
二级修饰 which is not recommended for pregnant women, people over 50 or those
介词短语作后置定语，修饰those]
三级修饰 with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other problems.
4[迥汇注释:dose * [dous] n.（药物等的）一剂，一服 initial * [Fnjl] a.最初的；开始的
nasal [*neizl] a.鼻的；与鼻子相关的；带鼻音的 spray [sprei] n.喷剂；浪花v.喷洒
recommend * [jeka'mend] vt.推荐；建议 pregnant * [•pregnant] a.怀孕的；妊娠的
breathing [*bri:dig] n.呼吸 disease * [difzi:z] n.疾病；弊端
❹ But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups: health care workers, people caring for infants and healthy
young people.但是其他高危人群，如医护工作者、照料婴幼儿的人以及健康的年轻人，还是可以接种这种疫苗的。
—.
But it was still possible （主+系 +表）
jit为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
句子主干
to vaccinate people
T介词短语作后置定语，修饰people
一级修饰 in other high-risk groups：
[举例说明other high-risk groups
二级修饰 health care workers, people caring for infants and healthy young people.
词汇注释 vaccinate [vaeksmeit] vt.给... 接种疫苗 infant ☆「infant] n.婴儿 a.初期的
Section II Reading Comprehension
〃〃/〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃〃/■〃/〃〃// 〃〃〃/〃〃〃/〃〃/ Baft A g
、 、 、 、、、 、\、、、、、、 、、、\、
EE5 EEE\ZZ EE% E\
Text 1
a 第一段]
❶ The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien
Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby's in London on September 15th 2008. 2008 年 9 月 15 日，伦敦苏
富比拍卖行举行了一场以“美丽永驻脑海”为主题的拍卖会，在此次拍卖会上，达米恩•赫斯特的56件作品
被售出，艺术品市场一个世纪以来最长的牛市也随之戏剧性地落幕了。
二级修饰 Beautiful Inside My Head Forever,
J a sale的同位语
with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst,
一级修饰 介词短语作伴随状语
in a century of art-market history
“ j介词短语作后置定语，修饰The longest bull run
句子主干 The longest bull run...ended （主+谓）
|介词短语作状语
on a dramatic note
介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
一级修饰 at Sotheby's in London
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
on September 15th 2008.
词汇注释 dramatic pd扫maetik] a.戏剧性的；激动人心的 note ★[mot]儿气氛；笔记；注释讨.注意
❷ All but two pieces sold, fetching more than £70m, a record for a sale by a single artist.除两件作品以外，其余作品全
5部售出，总成交额超过7000万英镑，创下单个艺术家作品拍卖的最高纪录。
一级修饰 but two pieces
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰All
句子主干 All...sold,（主+谓）
[现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语
—级修饰 fetching more than £70m,
[more than £70m 的同位语
二级修饰 a record for a sale by a single artist.
词汇注释 fetch ★ [fetf]讨.售得，卖得（某价）；（去）拿来 record i: [*reko:d] n.纪录；唱片
❸It was a last victory,这是最后的一场胜利。
句子主干 It was a last victory.（主+系 +表）
❹ As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for
bankruptcy.拍卖师喊出报价的同时，纽约华尔街上最古老的银行之一——雷曼兄弟一一提出了破产申请。
As the auctioneer called out bids,
一级修饰 As引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
in New York
:介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 one of the oldest banks...filed for bankruptcy.（主+谓+宾）
[one of the oldest banks 的同位语
Lehman Brothers,
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语,修饰one of the oldest banks
on Wall Street,
词汇注释 auctioneer [q:虹b'rii0（r）] n.拍卖商；拍卖人 bid * [bid] n.喊价；出价;投标-
file for 出（申请）;提起（诉讼） bankruptcy fbaerjkrAptsi] n.破产；倒闭事件
第二段〕
O The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003.自 2003 年
以来，经历了令人困惑的上涨之后，世界艺术品市场的发展势头已经持续减弱一段时间。
—级修饰 for a while
. [介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 The world art market had already been losing momentum （主+谓+宾）
... .... ... ... .
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语] ■
after rising bewilderingly
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
since 2003.
:词汇注释:momentum * [ma'mentam] n.势头；动力 bewilderingly [bfwildsngli] ad.令人困惑地
@ At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research
firm—double the figure five years earlier."艺术经济学”研究公司的创始人克莱尔•麦克安德鲁估算，在2007
年的顶峰时期，艺术品市场的价值约为650亿美元，是五年前的两倍。
6一级修饰 At its peak in 2007
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 it was worth some $65 billion,（主+系+表）
插入语[
reckons Clare McAndrew,
一级修饰 补充说明some $65 billion
— ouble the figure five years earlier.
Clare McAndrew的同位语
二级修饰 founder of Arts Economics,
| Arts Economics 的同位语
三级修饰 a research firm
要点注释 形容词worth在此句中的用法同介词，后接名词、代词、数字或动词的-ing形式，如worth $10（价
值10美元）或worth considering （值得考虑）。
词汇注释 worth * [w3：9] a.值... 钱；有....价值 reckon * ['rekan] vt.估算；预计 v.认为
❸Since then it may have come down to $50 billion.从那之后，艺术品市场的价值可能已降至500亿美兀。
句子主干 Since then it may have come down （主+谓）
介词短语作状语]
一级修饰 to $50 billion.
❹ But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos,
greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.但是艺术品市场产生的利益远远超出
它本身的规模，因为它把巨额财富、强烈的自我意识、贪婪、激情和争议以一种其他多数行业难以比拟的
方式汇聚在了一起。
句子主干 But the market generates interest （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰interest
far beyond its size
—级修饰 because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy
[介词短语作原因状语从句的方式状语
二级修饰 in a way matched by few other industries.
词汇注释 generate * ['djensreit] w.产生;引起 enormous * [fnoimss] a.极大的；巨大的
controversy * ['knntrava: si] n.争议；辩论 match * [maetf] w.与... 相匹敌；配对
a
第三段
❶ In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst's sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable.在赫斯特
先生的作品拍卖之后的数周乃至数月里，任何种类的消费都变得极其不合时宜。
that followed Mr Hirst's sale,
that引导的定语从句,j修饰weeks and months
一级修饰 In the weeks and months
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 follow ★ ffolau] y.在……后发生；跟随 unfashionable [aiT㈣hobl]。.过时的；不时髦的
7@ In the art world that meant collectors stayed away, from galleries and salerooms.在艺术界，这意味着收藏家们远离
了画廊和拍卖场。
一级修饰 In the art world
[介词短语作状语，表范围
that meant (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干 [省略引导词(由功)的宾语从句，作meant的宾语
collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms.
词汇注释 collector [ka'lekt9（r）] n.收藏家；收集者 gallery * ['gaebri] n.画廊；展览馆；长廊
❸ Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90% in the
year to November 2008.在截至2008年11月的一年里，当代艺术品的销售额下降了三分之二，而在其最热门
的领域，下降了近90%。
—级修饰 by two-thirds,
介词短语作状语,[表程度
(1) Sales of contemporary art fell (主+谓)
| and连接的并列句
(2) and...they were down (主+系+表)
[介词短语作(2)句的状语，表范围
in the most overheated sector,
介词短语作状语，表程度
by nearly 90%
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
in the year to November 2008.
词汇注释，contemporary * [kan'temprari] a.当代的；同一时代的 sector * ['sekts(r)] n.领域；区域；部门
❹ Within weeks the world's two biggest auction houses, Sotheby's and Christie's, had to pay out nearly $200m in
guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.几周之内，全球最大的两家拍卖行-苏富比和
佳士得一不得不向委托其拍卖艺术品的客户支付近2亿美元的保证金。
一级修饰 Wittiin weeks
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
the world's two biggest auction houses,...had to pay out nearly $200m （主+谓+宾）
... . ... ...................................■＞，・ --------------------------------
| the world's two biggest auction houses的同位语
Sotheby's and Christie's,
介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
一级修饰 in guarantees
介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象
to clients
who引导的定语从句，修饰clients
二级修饰
|
who had placed works for sale with them.
词汇注释！ guarantee * [.gaersn'ti:] n.保证金优确保；担保 client1 ['klaisnt] n.客户；委托人；当事人
8第四段〕
❶ The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of
1989,当前艺术品市场的衰退是自1989年年底日本买家停止购买印象派作品以来最为严重的一次。
一级修饰 in the art market
|介词短语作后置定语,修饰The current downturn
句子主干 The cuiTent downturn...is the^yorst （主+系+表）
[since引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists
i介词短语作时间状语
二级修饰 at the end of 1989.
词汇注释i downturn [*daunt3：n] n.衰退；下降 Impressionist [im'prefbnist] ".印象派画家
❷ This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant.
此次专家们估计，艺术品价格比顶峰时期平均下降约40%,不过有些艺术品价格的波动幅度更大。
This time experts reckon （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句,[作reckon的宾语
that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average,
| though引导的让步状语从句，作宾语从句的让步状语
一级修饰 though some have been far more fluctuant.
词汇注释 peak * [pi:k] n.顶峰；山峰vi.达到最高值 fluctuant ['flAktjusnt] a.变动的；不稳定的
❸ But Edward Dolman, Christie's chief executive, says: "I'm pretty confident we're at the bottom."但是佳士得拍卖行的
首席执行官爱德华-多尔曼表示：“我很确信我们现在已处于谷底。”
—级修饰 Christie's chief executive,
I Edward Dolman 的同位语
But Edward Dolman,...says：（主+谓+宾）
直接引语作says的宾语|
句子主干 "I'm pretty conHdent
省略引导词（that）的宾语从句J作am...
..confident 的宾语
we're at the bottom."
a
第五段]
O What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market.他谈至 11, 与上次衰
退不同的是， 此次市场上仍然有买家。
一级修饰 he says,
[插入语
What makes this slump different from the last,...is...（主从+系+表从）
句子主干 that引导的表语从句f
that there are still buyers in the market.
要点注释:What引导的主语从句中，What作主语，makes作谓语，this slump作宾语,different作this slump
的补足语；介词短语from the last作状语，修饰different。
9词汇注释i slump [slAmp] 衰退；暴跌；萧条5.骤降 buyer ['baia（r）] n.买家；买方
@ Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of
demand but a lack of good work to sell.几乎所有接受这次特别报道的受访者都说，目前最大的问题不是需求不
足，而是缺乏可以售卖的好作品。
―级修饰 who was interviewed for this special report
! who引导的定语从句，修饰everyone
Almost every one...said （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句,[作said的宾语
句子主干 that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand
| not...but连接的并列表语
but a lack of good work to sell.
i 词汇注释:interview ['mtavju:] vt.采访 v.对...进行面试 demand* [dfma^d] n.需求，需要
❸ The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. 3D------死亡、债务和离婚----依旧是
将艺术品推向市场的三大因素。
句子主干 The three Ds...still deliver work^ofart （主+谓+宾）
[解释说明The three Ds
—~ eath, debt and divorce―
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象
to the market.
❹ But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.但那些不是非卖不可的人却都
在远离市场，等待着市场信心的回归。
-级修饰 who does not have to sell
：who引导的定语从句，修饰any one
句子主干 But any one...is keeping away,（主+谓）
[现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
—级修饰 waiting for confidence to return.
Text 2
第一段〕
❶ I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room一a women's group that had invited men to join them.
在弗吉尼亚郊区一个会客厅里，我正在一个小型聚会上发言一K是个女性群体的聚会，但也邀请了男士参加。
—级修饰 in a suburban Virginia living room
]介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 I was addressing a small gathering （主+谓+宾）
a small gathering的同位语 |
二级曲
—a women's group
that引导的定语从句，[修饰a women5s group
二级修饰 that had invited men to join them.
词汇注释i address★[Q&s]讨对……发表演说；处理 suburban [ss'b3：b9n] a.郊区的；城外的；呆板的
10❷ Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while
his wife sat silently beside him on the couch.整个晚上，有位男士特别健谈，不停地发表自己的看法，讲述一些
奇闻趣事，而他的妻子则安静地坐在他身旁的沙发上。
Throughout the evening,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
frequently offering ideas and anecdotes,
v :现在分词短语作(1)句的伴随状语
(l)one man had been particularly talkative,(主+系 +表)
句子主干
—级修饰
| while连接的并列句，表对比
⑵while his wife sat silently (主+谓)
[介词短语作(2 )句的状语
beside him
介词短语作(2)句的状语
on the couch.
词汇注释 talkative ['to^stiv] a.健谈的；爱说话的 anecdote * [^mkdaut] n.趣闻；逸事；传闻
❸ Toward the end of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them.
聚会即将结束时，我评论说，女性经常抱怨丈夫不与自己交谈。
_ 级修饰 Toward the end of the evening,
i介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
I commented （主+谓+宾从）
I that引导的宾语从句，作commented的宾语
句子主干 that women frequently complain
that引导的宾语从句，:作complain的宾语
that their husbands don't talk to them.
i词汇注释i comment ★ ［’kDinent］ v.评论；表达意见〃.评论；批评 complain ☆ [kom'plem] v.抱怨；发牢骚
❹This man quickly nodded in agreement.这位男士马上点头表示同意。
句子主干 This man quickly nodded （主+谓）
介词短语作句子主干的状语!
一级修饰 in agreement.
© He gestured toward his wife and said, “She's the talker in our family.他指着妻子说：“她是我们家的话匣子。
—级修饰 toward his wife
j介词短语作状语，表对象
He gestured （主+谓）
| and连接的并列谓语
句子主干 and said,
［直接引语作said的宾语
"She's the talker in our family."
:词汇注释'：gesture玄［由偲切沁）］v,做手势n.手势；姿态 talker ［'to:ks（r）］ n.健谈的人；爱说话的人❻The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt.听到这儿，大家都哄堂大笑；而这位男士却显得
茫然和受伤。
（1） The room burst into laughter;（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 |并列句
（2） the man looked puzzled^ndhurt.（主+系+表）
「廊己主释；burst into突然（哭、笑、唱）起来；闯入 puzzled fpAzld] «困惑的；迷惑不解的
❼“It's true," he explained."这是真的，”他解释道。
句子主干 主鱼伊全2 he explained.（宾+主+谓）
❽"When I come home from work I have nothing to say.我下班回家后便没什么话可说。
—级修饰 "When I come home from work
[When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 I have noting （主+谓+宾）
[动词不定式作后置定语，修饰nothing
—级修饰 to say.
❾ If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence.M 如果不是她继续谈话，那么整
个晚上我们都会在沉默中度过。”
—级修饰 If she didn't keep the conversation going,
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 we'd spend the whole evening in silence.^, （主+谓+宾）
i 词汇注释:conversation* LkDnvdseiJh] 〃•交谈，谈话 silence ['sailans] n.沉默；寂静；缄默
第二段
O This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they
often talk less at home.这段情节具体化了一个具有讽刺意味的现象：尽管美国男性在公共场合比女性更健谈，
但是在家里却比妻子话少。
句子主干 This episode crystallizes the irony （主+谓+宾）
that引导的同位语从句，[解释说明the irony
_级修饰 that...they often talk less at home.
[ although引导的让步状语从句
二级修饰 although American men tend to talk more than women
介词短语作地点状语|
三级修饰 in public situations,
i词汇注释：episode * [fepis9ud] n. 一段情节；插曲；（小说的）片段 crystallize ['kristslaiz] v.使明确；使结晶
irony * ['airani] n.有讽刺意味的情况 tend to往往会；常常就；倾向
❷ And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage,这种模式正在严重破坏婚姻。
句子主干 And this pattern is wreaking h^yoc （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语，表对象]
一级修饰 with marriage.
12i词汇注释：wreak [ri:k] w.造成（巨大的破坏或伤害） havoc [*haev9k] n.大破坏；灾害；祸患；浩劫
第三段
❶ The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. 20 世纪 70 年代末，政治学家安德
鲁•哈克就注意到了这种模式。
—级修饰 in the late 1970s.
.介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 The pattern was observed （主+谓）
[介词by引出动作的发出者
—级修饰 by political scientist Andrew Hacker
"司元主薜]observe★[汨Z3：v] w.注意到；观察到 political ★ [po'litikl] a.政治的；党派的
❷ Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed—but
only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces.社会学家凯瑟琳•科勒•里斯曼
在她的新书《离婚谈》中提道，她所采访的大多数女性把她们的离婚归因于缺乏交流，而只有少数男性这么认为。
—级修饰 in her new book Divorce Talk
!介词短语作句子主干的状语
Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，作reports的宾语j
句子主干 that most of the women she interviewed...gave lack of communication
介词短语作lack of communication的补足语[
as the reason for their divorces.
补充说明
一级修饰 ―but only a few of the men—
Bias
that引导的宾语从句中，省略关系词（that ）的定语从句,修饰most of the women o
藏主释 sociologist [,sausi'Dkd3ist] n.社会学家 communication * [k^mju^i'keijh] n.交流；信息
❸ Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year—a
virtual epidemic of failed conversation.鉴于目前接近50%的离婚率，这（缺乏交流）会造成美国每年数百万离
婚案例的产生——实际上就是沟通不良引发的“传染病”。
二级修饰 of nearly 50 percent,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the current divorce rate
—级修饰 Given the current divorce rate
l介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 that amounts to milHnn^ofcases... every year （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
in the United States
一级修饰 补充说明句子主干
―a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.
:词汇注释:amount to意味着；等同于 virtual * a.实质上的；虚拟的
13第四段
O In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such
as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily
life-support work like cleaning, cooking and social arrangements.据我个人的研究，女性对自己丈夫的抱怨大多不
是集中在一些明确的不平等问题上，例如放弃了发展自己事业的机会去陪伴丈夫发展他的事业，或者承担远
超她们分内部分的日常家务，比如打扫卫生、做饭和安排社交。
—级修饰 In my own research,
]介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 complaints...most often focused not on （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰complaints
from women about their husbands
such as...举例说明tangible inequities
一级修饰 such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his,
| or连接的并列成分
or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work
举例说明daily life-support work [
二级修饰 like cleaning, cooking and social arrangements.
词汇注释： complaint * [kom'plemt] n.抱怨；不满；控告 tangible [,taend3obl] a.明确的；可感知的
inequity [m^kwsti] «.不公正的事；不公平 accompany [o'kAmponi] vt.陪伴；伴随
@ Instead, they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me.,, "He doesn't talk to me."相反，她们的抱怨集中在
交流问题上，如“他不听我说话” “他不跟我说话”
O
句子主干 Instead, th陞 focused on communication：（主+谓+宾）
举例说明communication :
"He doesn't listen to me."
—级修饰 举例说明communication
“He doesn't talk to me."
❸ I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational
partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.我发现，就像哈克多年前发现的一样，大多数妻
子希望她们的丈夫首先是谈话伙伴，但是很少有丈夫对妻子寄予同样的期望。
—级修饰 first and foremost,
插入语
I found,（主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语“
句子主干 that most wives want their husbands to be,...conversational partners,
、| but连接的并列句,表转折
but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.
as引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明宾语从句
一级修饰 as Hacker observed years before,
要点注释 as引导的非限定性定语从句中，as指代that所引导的宾语从句，作observed的宾语。
14词汇注释:first and foremost首先；首要的是 expectation * [.ekspek^eijn]儿期望；预期
第五段〕
O In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the
breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.总、之,
最能形象表现目前这种危机的是这样一个典型的漫画场景：早餐时间，一个男人坐在餐桌旁看报纸，手里的
报纸挡着他的脸，一个女人则怒视着报纸背面，想交谈。
_级修饰 In short,
I插入语
句子主干 the image...is 瓯皇装画竺L竺1?兰以竺些（主+系+表）
| that引导的定语从句,修饰the image
that best represents the current crisis
介词短语作后置定语，修饰cartoon scene
—级修饰 of a man sitting at the breakfast table
| while连接的并列成分，表对比
while a woman glares at the back of it,
with独立主格结构作伴随状语八
with a newspaper held up in front of his face,
二级修饰 现在分词短语作伴随状语
wanting to talk.
词汇注释 crisis ★ [’kraisis]儿危机；危难时刻 stereotypical [.steris'tipikl] a.典型的；带有成见的
holdup举起；支撑；阻挡；维持 glare * [gles(r)] vi.怒目而视 «•瞪眼
Text 3
第一段
O Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers.
过去的十年里，许多公司已经将塑造消费者自动行为——习惯——的艺术发展到了完美的地步。
-级修饰 Over the past decade,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 many companies had perfected thwart (主+谓+宾)
j of引出the art的同位语
of creating automatic behaviors
—级修饰 介词短语作状语，表范围
among consumers.
automatic behaviors 的同位语
二级修饰 —habits—-
词汇注释* perfect *[P9Tekt] w.使完美；使完善 automatic * [p:t9'maetik] a.自动的；无意识的
@ These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without
thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.当顾客常常受一系列精心设计的日常暗示的影
15响而几乎不假思索地吃零食或擦拭桌台时，这些习惯已经帮助公司赚取了数十亿美元。
句子主干 These habits have helped companies （to） earn billions of dollars （主+谓+宾+宾补）
| when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 when customers eat snacks or wipe counters
介词短语作方式状语j
almost without thinking,
二级修饰 介词短语作状语
often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.
:词汇注释i snack ★ [snaek] 〃.零食；小吃 wipe [waip] vt.擦；消除；抹去（旧事）
counter 玄['kaunt9（r）] n.柜台；计算器 v.反驳 response * [n'spnns] n.反应；响应；答复
design* [dfzam] vt. 计划 cue* [kju:] n.暗示；信号；球杆
第二段
O "There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only
because we can't figure out how to change people's habits," said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. u一些基本的公共卫生问题，如手脏了却没有养成用肥皂洗手的
习惯，仍然威胁着人们的生命，这仅仅是因为我们想不出如何改变人们的习惯，”伦敦卫生与热带医学院卫
生中心主任柯蒂斯博士说道。
二级修饰 only because we can't figure out how to change people's habits,
]because引导的原因状语从句
that remain killers
一级修饰 that引导的定语从句, 修饰fundamental public health problems
like dirty hands instead of a soap habit,
举例说明 fundamental public health problems [
句子主干 'There are fundamental public health problems,...5, said Dr. Curtis,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
一级修饰
| Dr. Curtis的同位语
the director of the Hygiene Center
介词短语作后置定语j修饰the Hygiene Center
二级修饰 at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
要点注释 because引导的原因状语从句中，"疑问词（how） +动词不定式短语（to change people's habits ） ”
结构作can't figure out的宾语。
词汇注释 fundamental * [.fAnds'mentl] a.基本的；根本的 figure out 想出；理解;算出
hygiene 玄[*haid3i：n] n.卫生 tropical ftmpikl] a.热带的；湿热的
❷"We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically/9 "我们想向私营
企业学习如何塑造新的自动行为。”
一级修饰 from private industry
[介词短语作状语
句子主干 “We wanted to learn...how to create new behaviors （主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句修饰new behaviors
—级修饰 that happen automatically."
16要点注释:在句子主干中，“疑问词（how ） +动词不定式短语（to create new behaviors ） ”结构作learn的宾语。
词汇注释i private * ['praivat] a.私营的；私人的 automatically [(o:t9*maetikli] ad.自动地
Q 第三段】
❶ The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to—Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds
of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers' lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.
柯蒂斯博士求助的公司——宝洁、高露洁和联合利华一一已经投资了数亿美元来发掘消费者生活中的微妙线
索，公司可以利用这些线索引入新的生活习惯。
tiiat Dr. Curtis turned to
! that引导的定语从句，修饰The companies
句子主干 The companies...had invested hundreds of millions of dollars (主+谓+宾)
The companies的同位语
Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—
一级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的目的状语
finding the subtle cues in consumers' lives
that引导的定语从句修饰the subtle cues
that corporations could use
[动词不定式短语作目的状语
三级修饰 to introduce new routines.
词汇注释 invest * [m'vest] v.投资；把（资金）投入 subtle* [*SAtl] a.微妙的；机智的
corporation * [tko:p9're0h]几（大）公司；法人 routine * [ru:*ti:n]札惯例；例行程序
a
第四段，
O If you look hard enough, you'll find that many of the products we use every day—hewing gums, skin moisturizers,
disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth Whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins—are
results of manufactured habits.如果你观察得足够仔细，你会发现我们每天使用的许多产品-口香糖、润肤霜、
消毒湿巾、空气清新剂、净水器、健康零食、牙齿美白剂、衣物柔顺剂和维生素等一都是制造习惯的产物。
If you look hard enough,
[if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
you'll find （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 | that引导的宾语从句，作will find的宾语
that many of the products...are results of manufactured habits.
[省略关系词（which/that ）的定语从句，修饰the products
we use every day
举例说明the products
—hewing gums, skin moisturizers,...fabric softeners, vitamins—
词汇注释 moisturizer ['moistfbraizsCr)] n.润肤霜；保湿霜 disinfect [jdism'fekt] vt.给... 消毒
purifier ['pjuanfaiaCr)] n.净化器；清洁器 whitener ['waitans]儿增白剂；漂白剂
fabric* ffaebnk] n.织物；布料；结构 softener ['sDfha(r)] n.柔顺剂；软化器
@ A century ago, few-people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. 一个世纪以前，很少有人每天习惯性
地刷牙多次。
17—如级修s饰土 A century ago,
:名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 few people regularly brushed their teeth （主+谓+宾）
[名词短语作状语，表频率
multiple times a day.
词汇注释: regularly [•regjglsli] ad.习惯性地；有规律地 multiple * ['mAltipl] a.数量多的 n.倍数
❸ Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly
whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.如今， 由于精明的
广告宣传和公共卫生运动，许多美国人每天会习惯性地刷两次他们珍珠般洁白的牙齿，以预防蛹齿，他们通
常使用的就是高露洁、佳洁士或者其他品牌的某种牙膏。
一级修希一 because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns,
l介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 Today,...many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub
副词短语作状语，表频率[
twice a day,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.
要点注释： 本句句子主干的结构为“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”。
词汇注释i shrewd ☆ [Jni:d]精明的；高明的 campaign * [kaem'pem] n.运动；战役
habitually [hs'bitjuali] ad.习惯性地；典型地 pearly [*p3：li] a.珍珠般的；似珍珠的
cavity ['kaevati] n.螭洞；蛀牙洞；孔 scrub [skrAb] n./v.擦洗
第五段]
❶ A few decades ago, many people didn't drink water outside of a meal.几十年前，许多人不会在非就餐时间喝水。
A few decades ago,
[名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 many people didn't drink water （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
outside of a meal.
❷ Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip
bottled water all day long.后来,饮料公司开始生产取自遥远山泉的瓶装水,现在办公室人员整天都会不假思索
地喝瓶装水。
of far-ofif springs,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the production
（l）Then beverage companies started 顷业里也（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2）and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 beverage 玄[*bevand3] »•饮料 far-off [*fa:r nf]。.遥远的；很久以前的
spring * [spng] n.泉水；春天 sip* [sip] v.小口喝；抿
18❸ Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and
teeth cleanser for use after a meal.曾经主要由处于青春期男孩购买的口香糖，如今在商业广告上被定位为饭后
使用的口气清新剂和牙齿清洁剂。
二级修饰 by adolescent boys,
!介词by引出动作的发出者
一级修饰 once bought primarily
j过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰Chewing gum
句子主干 Chewing gum,...is now featured （主+谓）
|介词短语作句子主干的状语
in commercials
一级修饰 介词短语作Chewing gum的补足语
as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a breath...cleanser
二级修饰 for Use after a meal.
词汇注释 primarily [prai'mersli] ad.主要地；根本地 adolescent^ [.aeds'lesnt] a.青春期的 n.青少年
feature * ['fi：tfo（r）] vt.以... 为主要内容 n.特色 commercial * [kSm3 J1]儿广告 q.商业的
❹ Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on
makeup.润肤霜则被广告宣传为早晨美容程序的一部分，不知不觉插入梳头和化妆之间。
句子主干 Skin moisturizers are advertised （主+谓）
|介词短语作Skin moisturizers的补足语
as part of morning beauty rituals,
一级修饰 补充说明句子主干
slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.
i ritual*»91] n.程序；习惯。.仪式上的 slip in插入；（使）溜进；使轻轻滑入
brush黄[brAf] v.（用刷子）刷儿刷子 put on涂抹（化妆品）;穿戴；增加；举办
第六段
❶"Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns," said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist
who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last
year. “一旦我们的产品成为人们每天或每周惯例的一部分，它们就成功了”，最近从宝洁公司退休的消费心
理学家卡罗尔•伯宁说道。去年，该公司的汰渍、佳洁士和其他产品的销售额高达760亿美元。
一级修饰 when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,
|when引导的时间状语从句，作直接引语的时间状语
句子主干 2Ourproducts^u£ceed^2 said Carol Berning,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
Carol Berning的同位语[
一级修饰 a consumer psychologist
who引导的定语从句j修饰a consumer psychologist
二级修饰 who recently retired from Procter & Gamble,
Procter & Gamble 的同位语[
the company
that引导的定语从句，!修饰the company
四级修饰 that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year.
19「商元主蒋I succeed* [s#si:d]诅成功；实现目标 retire * [n，taio(r)] “(使)退休讨撤退；就寝；退役
❷"Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers，lives, and it's essential to Inaking new products
commercially viable.” “塑造积极的习惯是提高消费者生活水平的重要部分，同时它对使新产品具有商业可行
性至关重要。”
- of improving our consumers5 lives,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a huge part
（l）uCreating positive habits is a huge part （主+系+表）
句子主干
—级修饰
| and连接的并列句
（2）and ifs essential （主+系+表）
[介词短语作状语，表对象
to making new products commercially viable."
词汇注释 essential * [i'senfl] a.极其重要的；基本的 viable ['vaiabl] a.切实可行的；可实施的
第七段
❶ Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain
behaviors to habitual cue s through ruthless advertising.通过实验和观察，伯宁博士等社会科学家已了解到，通过
大量无休止的广告将某些行为和习惯暗示联系起来的做法是有效的。
Through experiments and observation,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
like Dr. Beming
[举例说明 social scientists
social scientists...have learned （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作have learned的宾语
that there is power
介词短语作状语]
—级修饰 in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues
介词短语作方式状语j
二级修饰 through ruthless advertising.
:词汇注释:observation* [.Bbza'veijh] n. 监视；评论 habitual [hs'bitfusl] a.习惯性的；典型的
ruthless☆「ru：01os] a.无情的（文中引申为“无休止的”）
❷ As' this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell
questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.随着这门新的习惯科学的出现，当这些策略被用于销售存在质疑
的美容霜或不健康的食品时，争议也随之爆发了。
—级修饰 As this new science of habit has emerged,
I As引导的时间状语从句,作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 controversies have erupted （主+谓）
[when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
_级修饰 when the tactics have been used
[动词不定式短语作目的状语
二级修饰 to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
20词汇注释:emerge会[i，m3：d3] m出现；摆脱；显露 controversy * ['knntr9V3：si] n.争议；辩论
erupt玄[i'rApt] vi.（冲突、战斗等）爆发；突然发生 tactic ['taektik] n.策略；手段；招数
questionable ['kwestjbnsbl] a.可疑的；有问题的 cream * [kri:m] n.护肤霜
Text 4
第一段
O Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles
that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors
should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the
right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their
peers； and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.许多美国
人把陪审团制度看作是重要民主价值观的具体体现，该制度包括以下原则：所有符合最低年龄和文化要求的
公民都具备同等资格担任陪审员；陪审员应该从社会各个阶层的典型代表中随机挑选；不得因种族、宗教、
性别或民族出身剥夺任何公民担任陪审员的权利；被告人有权接受同阶层人员的审判；判决应该代表社会良
知，而不只是法律条文的字面意思。
句子主干 Many Americans regard thejurysy^tan as a concrete expression （主+谓+宾+宾补）
■介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a concrete expression
of crucial democratic values,
一级修饰 补充说明the jury system
including the principles
五个that引导的同位语从句,[解释说明the principles
二级修饰 that all citizens...; that jurors...; that no citizen...; that defendants...; and that verdicts...law.
[who引导的定语从句，修饰all citizens
三级修饰 who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy
要成还释]本句中的五个that引导的同位语从句属并列关系。第二个that引导的同位语从句中，介词短语
from a representative cross section...作状语，表范围；第三个that引导的同位语从句中，介词短语
on account of...作原因状语。
词汇注释！ crucial* rkru:Jl] 至关重要的；关键性的 qualification * [.kwnlifi^eVh] n.资格；学历
literacy fhtsrasi] n.有文化；读写能力 randomly [Yaendsmli] ad.随机地；随便地
on account of因为；由于 defendant * [dffendont] n.被告人；被告
be entitled to使享有权利；使符合资格 peer虫[pia（r）] n.身份（或地位）相同的人；同龄人
verdict* ['v3：dikt] n.裁决；意见；结论 conscience ['knnlbns] 〃.良知；内疚
the letter of the law法律（或法规）的准确字面意义
@ The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy.陪审团也被视为
现存的体现直接民主而非代议制民主的最佳典范。
句子主干 The jury is also said （主+谓）
[动词不定式短语作The jury的补足语
—级修饰 to be the best surviving example
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the best surviving example
二级修饰 of direct rather than representative democracy.
词汇注释！ representative * [.reprfzentativ] a.代议制的；典型的 democracy * [di'mnkrasi] n.民主
21© In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.
在直接民主制度下，公民可以轮流自治，而不是选出代表替他们治理。
—级修饰 In a direct democracy,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
citizens take turns 觐胞匝ggj堕收虫竺，（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | rather than连接的并列宾语，肯定前者，否定后者
rather than electing representatives
[动词不定式短语作目的状语
—级修饰 to govern for them.
词汇注释 take turns doing sth.轮流做某事 electy [flekt] vt.选举；推选
a
第二段
❶ But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.但是近至 1968 年，陪
审团遴选程序仍与这些民主理想相冲突。
—级修饰 as recently as in 1968,
:介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 But...jury selection procedures conflicted (主+谓)
介词短语作状语J表对象 …
_级修饰 with these democratic ideals.
:词汇注释 '、、'procedure * [pr9'si:d3a(r)] «.程序；步骤 conflict 决[kon'flikt] vi.冲突['knnflikt] n.冲突
❷ In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and
moral character.例如，在一些州，陪审团职责仅限于那些被认为智商、学历和道德品质都高人一等的人来
承担。
In some states,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
for example,
__________ [插入语
句子主干 jury duty was limited （主+谓）
介词短语作状语,[表对象
—级修饰 to persons
" [介词短语作后置定语，修饰persons
二级修饰 of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character.
；词汇注释i limit* ['limit] vt.限制；限定；限量 supposedly [ss'psuzidli] ad.所谓地；据信；据说
superior* [su/pisrioCr）] a.优秀的；上级的 intelligence * [m'telid3ons] n.智力；智慧；情报
moral * ['mnrsl] a.道德的；品行端正的〃.寓意 character* [*kaer9kt9（r）] 〃.品质；性格
❸ Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection
as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries
provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.尽管早在 1880 年斯特劳德诉西弗吉尼
亚州一案中，美国最高法院就已经禁止了陪审团遴选中的蓄意种族歧视，但是挑选所谓的精英或一流陪审员
的做法却为绕开这一禁令以及其他反歧视法规提供了一条捷径。
22as eariy as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia,
时间状语
二级修饰 in jury selection
介词短语作后置定语，修饰intentional racial discrimination
of the United States
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the Supreme Court ,
_级修饰 Althou^i the Supreme Court…had prohibited intentional racial discrimination
[ Although引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 the practice...provided 竺理迎口殴（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a convenient way
around this and other antidiscrimination laws.
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，ftWthe practice
of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries
词汇注释 supreme ☆ [su:'pri:m] a.最高的；很大的 prohibit * [pra'hibit] vt.禁止；阻止
racial ☆ ['reijl] a.种族的；种族间的 discrimination [di.skrimi'neijh] n.歧视；区别
elite★ [ei'li:t]儿精英；上层集团 blue-ribbon卓越的；一流的
convenient ☆ [kan'vimisnt] a.便利的；附近的 antidiscrimination law 反歧视法规
第三段〕
❶ The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century.直到 20 世纪中期，陪审团制
度才常规地将女性纳入其中。
句子主干 The system also failed to regularly include women on juries （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语[
_级修饰 until the mid-20th century.
@ Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made
women eligible for jury duty.虽然早在1898年，女性就首次担任过犹他州的陪审员，但直到20世纪40年代，
大多数州才赋予女性承担陪审员职责的资格。
Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898,
Although引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
一级修饰 it was not untiL.that
[it was not until...that为强调句型，强调时间状语the 1940s
the 1940s
“ [名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
质匚癖 serve * [s3：v] w.（在政府部门）任职v.接待 eligible ★ felidsabl] a.有资格的；合适的
© Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their
names included on the jury list.即使在那时，一些州也会自动免除女性的陪审团职责，除非她们自己要求将名
字加入陪审团名单。
23—级修饰 from juiy duty
［介词短语作状语
句子主干 Even then several states automatically exempted 炽史gg （主+谓+宾）
Tunless引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list.
词汇注释 exempt * [ig'zempt] vt.免除；豁免 a.被免除的 personally ['p3：san91i] ad.本人；就本人而言
❹ This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women
through the 1960s.这种做法以家庭需要女性的论断为由，致使在整个20世纪60年代，陪审团中鲜有女性
代表。
二级修饰 that women were needed at home,
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the claim
一级修饰 by the claim
介词by引出动作的发出者]
（l）This practice was justified （主+谓）
句子主干
—级修饰
| and连接的并列句
（2）and it kept juries unrepresentative of women （主+谓+宾+宾补）
［介词短语作（2）句的时间状语
through the 1960s.
词汇注释 justify * ['djAStifai] vt.证明... 正确（或正当）unrepresentative [tAn（repn'zentstiv] a.无代表性的
a
第四段】
O In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic
reforms for the jrny. 1968年，美国国会通过了《陪审团遴选和服务法案》，开创了陪审团民主改革的新时代。
bi 1968,
［介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act,（主+谓+宾）
现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语I
一级修饰 ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.
词汇注释 congress * [toggres] n.国会；代表大会 usher in开创;开启
❷ This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from
a cross section of the entire community.这项法案废除了对联邦陪审员的特殊教育要求，并要求从社会各阶层的
人员^中随机挑选陪审员。
for federal jurors
介词短语作后置定语,]修饰special educational requirements
This law abolished special educational requirements （主+谓+宾）
句子主干
| and连接的并列谓宾
and required them
T动词不定式短语作them的补足语
to be selected at random from a cross section
［介词短语作后置定语，WWa cross section
一级修饰 of the entire community.
24:通匚还释:abolish ☆ObDlJM废除，废止 at random随机；随意；胡乱
❸ In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana^ the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be
representative o£ all parts of the community to the state level. 1975年泰勒诉路易斯安那州一案的裁决具有里程碑意
义，在这一裁决中，最高法院把陪审员应该代表社会各阶层这一要求延伸到了州级层面。
In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana,
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 the Supreme Court extended 的切里瓯£竺坦* （主+谓+宾）
that引导的同位语从句解释说明the requirement
that juries be representative of all parts of the community
一级修饰 介词短语作状语
to the state level.
要点注释 that引导的同位语从句解释说明其前表“要求” requirement的内容，故该同位语从句的谓语使用
了 “ （should） +be”的虚拟语气结构，且should可以省略。
词汇注释 landmark flaendma^] n.里程碑；地标 extend ★ [ik'stend]祈扩大 的范围（或影响）
❹ The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use
the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.同时，泰勒一案的裁决还宣布陪审团遴选中的性别歧视
违反宪法，并命令各州在遴选男女陪审员时使用相同的程序。
一级修饰 in jury selection
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰sex discrimination
The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination.. .to be unconstitutional
句子主干 I and连接的并列谓宾
and ordered states to use the same procedures
介词短语作后置定语j修饰the same procedures
一级修饰 for selecting male and female jurors.
词汇注释i unconstitutional [tAn,knnsti'tju:Jbnl] a.违背宪法的；违反宪章（或章程）的
Part B
//✓////////////////////////////////. AWXWWS
a
第一段〕
O Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively.波音
公司和空中客车公司对各自的最新型飞机波音787和空客A350的性能展开吹嘘。
句子主干 Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted theefficiency （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the efficiency
一级修饰 of their newest aircraft,
their newest 必rcraft的同位语[
二级修饰 the 787 and A350 respectively.
词汇注释 trumpet ☆ ftrAmpit] vt.吹嘘 n.喇叭 efficiency ★ [iW讪i]"・效能；效率；功率
aircraft * ['e9kra:ft] n.飞机；航空器 respectively [n'spektivli] ad.各自；分别；依次为
@ Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference.这两类飞机精巧的设计和轻质复合材
料的使用无疑（对飞行效率的提高）起到了一定作用。
25and lightweight composites
句子主干
| and连接的并列主语
Their clever designs...certainly make a difference.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释i lightweight ['laitweit] a.轻质的；不严肃的 composite虫［'knmpszit］ n.复合材料a.合成的
© But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more
naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.但是由伊兰•克鲁带领
的斯坦福大学研究小组却认为航空公司可以采用一种更具仿生效应的方法来降低燃油消耗，而且这种方法也
会使航空公司无须再购买新型飞机。
led by Ilan Kroo,
一级修饰 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a group of researchers
at Stanford University,
“ !介词短语作后置定语，修饰a group of researchers
But a group of researchers...has suggested （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，［作has suggested的宾语
句子主干 tiiat airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fiiel use
| and连接并列的宾语从句
and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.
词汇注释 naturalistic [^aetfrs'listik] a.模仿自然的（文中引申为"具仿生效应的”）；自然主义的
第二段〕
❶ The answer, says Dr. Kroo, lies with birds.克鲁博士说，答案就在鸟类身上。•
句子主干 The answer,...lies with birds.（主+谓+宾）
插入语J补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 says Dr. Kroo,
@ Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape~~ xpend less energy.科学家早在 1914
年就已经了解到，鸟类在飞行时编队排成V字形，可以节省体能。
-级修饰 Since 1914,
]介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
scientists have known （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作have known的宾语
that birds...expend less energy.
[现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰birds
_级修饰 flying in formation
[解释说明formation
二级修饰 ―a V-shape
i词汇注释i formation* [fo:'meijh] n.编队；形成；形成物 expend * [ik*spend] vt.耗费；消费；花费
❸ The air flowing over a bird's wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash.戈U过鸟翼的
气流会在翼尖后方盘旋向上，这种现象被称为上升流。
26—级修饰 flowing over a bird's wings
!现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰The air
句子主干 The air...curls upwards behind the wingtips,（主+谓）
[解释说明句子主干
—级修饰 a phenomenon known as upwash.
「词必主幕I flow会[fhu] Vi.流动；（资金）流通 curl玄[k3：l] V.（使）呈螺旋（或卷曲）状移动
phenomenon ★ [fb'nnmmsn] n.现象 upwash n.上升流；上升风
❹ Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves.其余在上升
流中飞行的鸟儿遇到的空气阻力就会减小，从而在推动自身向前飞行时消耗较少的体能。
—级修饰 flying in the upwash
__________ [现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰Other birds
Other birds...experience reduce£dra^,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and spend less energy propelling themselves.
:词汇注释i experience * [ik'spisrisns] vt.经受（文中引申为“遇到”）propel ★ [propel]讨.推动；驱使；激励
❺ Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California, has
suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.前加州理工学院和南加州大学航空专家
彼得•利萨曼指出，如果25只鸟儿编队飞行，它们的飞行距离可能会增加71%。
二级修饰 who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California,
who引导的定语从句，]修饰an aeronautics expert
_级修饰 an aeronautics expert
]Peter Lissaman 的同位语
Peter Lissaman,...has suggested （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作has suggested的宾语
that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.
:词汇注释！ aeronautics [.esrs'noliks] n.航空学；飞行学 increase ★ [’mkri:s] 〃.压增加；增长
第三段
❶ When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different.把这些原理应用到飞机上，其本质上没有什
么差别。
_级修饰 When （they are） applied to aircraft,
: When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the principles are not substantially different.（主+系+表）
i 词汇注释：apply * [s^lai] vt.应用机申请；涉及 substantially [ssb'staenfsli] ad.本质上；非常
❷ Dr. Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco
and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally change places so all could
have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London.克鲁博士和他的团队做了一项模拟试验-
从洛杉矶、旧金山和拉斯维加斯起飞的三架喷气式客机在犹他州上方集合，采用倒V字形编队飞行，偶尔变
换位置以便所有的飞机都可以轮流处于最佳位置，以此方式飞往伦敦。
27Dr. Kroo and his team modeled (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干 what引导的宾语从句，|作modeled的宾语
what would happen
[if引导的条件状语从句
if three passenger jets.. .were to assemble over Utah,
|并列的动词不定式短语
(to) assume an inverted V-fonnation,
|并列的动词不定式短语
—级修饰
(to) occasionally change places
现在分词短语作后置定语, 修饰three passenger jets
departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas
二级修饰
| and连接并列的动词不定式短语
and （to） proceed to London.
so引导的目的状语从句
so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions,
词汇注释 depart * [di'pa:t] v.起程；离开；离职 assemble * [a'sembl] v.集合；收集 vt.装配
inverted [m，v3：tid] a.倒转的；反向的 proceed * [pra'si:d] vi.前往；继续做；行进
© They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output).
他们发现飞机节省了多达15%的燃油(同时二氧化碳的排放量也有所减少)。
They found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语
that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel
补充说明宾语从句[
一级修饰 (coupled with a reduction
[介词短语作后置定语,修饰a reduction
二级修饰 in carbon-dioxide output).
词汇注释 consume * [kan'sju:m] vt.消耗；饮；烧毁 output* ['autput] n.排出量；产量；输出
❹ Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.飞行巡航时段氮氧化物
的排放量减少了约四分之一。
一级修饰 during the cruising portions of the flight
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰Nitrogen-oxide emissions
句子主干 Nitrogen-oxide emissions...fell (主+谓)
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 by around a quarter.
词汇注释 nitrogen ☆ fnaitrsdjan] n.氮；氮气 oxide 虫['nksaid] n.氧化物
emission [i*mijh] n.排放物；散发物；排放 cruising ['kru:zig] a.巡航的；游弋的
portion * ['po:Jh]儿段；（食物的）一份 quarter ★ ['kwo:to(r)] n.四分之一；一刻钟
a
第四段」
❶ There are, of course, knots to be worked out.当然,还有一些难题咽待解决。
28—级修饰 of course,
_________ !插入语
句子主干 There are,...knots （There be句型:There + are +主）
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰knots
—级修饰 to be worked out.
词汇注释； knot * [not] n.难题；结；发髻 work out解决；算出
❷One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of it.其中一个顾虑是安全问题，或者说至少是安全感的问题。
句子主干 One consideration is safety,（主+系+表）
]补充说明
-级修饰 or at least the perception of it.
词汇注释 consideration [kan.sida'reijh] n.顾及；考虑 perception [ps'sepjh] n.感知；洞察力；见解
❸ Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in companion?飞机结队飞行时，乘客会感到舒适吗？
句子主干 Would passengers feel comfortable （一般疑问句：助动词+主+系+表）
[现在分词短语作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 travelling in companion?
词汇注释 companion * [kam'paenisn] ".同伴； 陪伴
❹ Dr. Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the intimate
groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows.克鲁博士指出，飞机与飞机之间可以相隔几海里，不会
像红箭飞行表演队那样近距离地编队飞行。
Dr. Kroo points out （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作points out的宾语
句子主干 that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles,
一级修饰
二级修饰
| and连接的并列谓语
and would not be in the intimate groupings
过去分词短语作后置定语j修饰the intimate groupings
favoured by display teams
举例说明 display teams [
like the Red Arrows.
要点注释 and连接的并列谓语中，would not be in the intimate groupings为系表结构，构成复合谓语。
词汇注释 point out指出，说出（事实或错误） separate * ['sepsreit] v.使分离；分开
nautical [*no:tikl] a.海上的；航海的 intimate ☆口ntimot] a.紧密的；亲密的；个人隐私的
❺ A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes.乘客往窗外看或许都看不到其他飞机o
_级修饰 peering out of the window
]现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰A passenger
句子主干 A passenger...might not even see the other planes.（主+谓+宾）
❻ Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a
working group at the International Civil Aviation Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a
blueprint for new operational guidelines.飞机的间隔距离是否符合空中交通管制条例是另外一个问题，尽管国
际民航组织的一个工作组已经将编队飞行的可能性列入了新的操作指南蓝图中。
29Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations
]Whether引导的主语从句
句子主干
...is another matter,（主从+系+表）
j although引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
一级修饰 although a working group...has included the possibility of formation flying
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰a working group
at the International Civil Aviation Organisation
二级修饰 介词短语作状语
in a blueprint
介词短语作后置定语j修饰a blueprint
三级修饰 fbr new operational guidelines.
词汇注释 satisfy * ['saetisfai] vt.符合（要求） regulation * Lregjuleijh] n.条例；制度；管理
aviation ☆ [.eivi'eijh] n.航空；飞机制造业 blueprint ['blu:prmt] 〃.蓝图；行动方案
operational * OpoTe加nl] a.操作的；可使用的 guidelines ☆ ['gaidlamz] n. [pl.]指导方针；准则
第五段".
❶ It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient.天气情况会
如何影响使编队飞行更高效的气流，有待进一步观察。
It remains tobejeen （主+系 +表）
句子主干 jIt为形式主语，how引导的主语从句作真正的主语
how weather conditions affect the air flows
that引导的定语从句，修饰the air flows ：
_级修饰 that make formation flight more efficient.
i词汇注释! remain * [n^em] link. v.仍然是；继续剩余；停留efficient * [ffijnt] a.效率高的；有能力的
@ In zones of increased turbulence, the planes' wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish.在强气流增
多的区域，飞机的尾流会消退得更快，上升流效果也会减弱。
—级修饰 In zones of increased turbulence,
[介词短语作（1）句的地点状语
（1） the planes9 wakes will decay more quickly （主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and the effect will diminish.（主+谓）
；词汇注释 i turbulence ['t3：bj9hns] n.紊流；骚乱 wake [weik] n.尾流；守夜 v.醒来
decay * [di'kei] vi.衰退；衰败 y.（使）腐烂 diminish * [di'mimf]此（使）减弱；（使）降低
❸ Dr. Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further.克鲁博士说，这是他的团队将要深入研究的
领域之一。
Dr. Kroo says （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作says的宾语
this is one of the areas
t省略关系词（which/that ）的定语从句，修饰the areas
_级修饰 his team will investigate further.
30词汇注释:investigate * [m^estigeit] v.研究；调查；侦查 further * [*f3：d9（r）] ad.进一步；此外；较远
❹ It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that
would allow them to gain from formation flight,除此之外，对航空公司来说，协调客机的起飞时间与目的地从而保
证它们能从编队飞行中受益或许也是个难题。
It might also be hard （主+系+表）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft
[介词短语作方式状语
一级修饰 in a way
that引导的定语从句，[修饰a way
that would allow them
|动词不定式短语作them的补足语
二级修饰
to gain
介词短语作状语]
三级修饰 from formation flight.
恁成注释」 for airlines...中，介词 for 用于引出动词不定式短语 to co-ordinate the departure times and...的逻辑
主语 airlines o
i词汇注释i co-ordinate [ksu^^meit] v.（使）协调；（使）和谐 departure* [di'pa:t|b（r）]n. 辞职；违反
❺ Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights,相比之下，货机可能更容
易重新协调安排，就像协调常规军用飞机一样。
in contrast,
一级修饰 捕入语
to reschedule,
,, [动词不定式作状语
句子主干 Cargo aircraft,...might be easier （主+系+表）
[as引导的比较状语从句，作句子主干的比较状语
一级修饰 as might routine military flights.
要息主程 as引导的比较状语从句是一个省略句，并采用了倒装结构，将其补充完整还原成正常语序为
as routine military flights might （be easier to reschedule）o as 在此意为"像... .样”。
i司定涌 contrast* ['kDntra:st] n.对比；差异；差别 military * ['mihtri] a.军用的；陆军的〃.军队
第六段，
O As it happens, America's armed forces are on the case already.巧合的是，美国军队已经开始着手这项研究了°
一级修饰 As it happens,
[ As引导的状语从句
句子主干 America's armed forces are onjhejcase already.（主+系 +表）
❷ Earlier this year the country's Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to
investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin.今年早些时候，美国国防高级研究计划局宣布
了提供资金以供波音公司进行编队飞行研究的计划，虽然该项目目前还未正式启动。
31一级修饰 Earlier this year
[名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the country5s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰plans：
to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight,
一级修饰 though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
though the programme has yet to begin.
要点注释 though引导的让步状语从句中，has yet to do sth. = has not yet done sth.,意为“尚未做某事”。
i司元主释 advanced * [9d*va:nst] a.高级的；先进的 programme * [^rougraem] 〃.计划；节目；程序
© There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War,
but Dr. Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated.有报道称在二战期间，一些军用飞机在燃油不足的情况下就进
行编队飞行，但是利萨曼博士认为这些报道是没有事实依据的。
during the Second World War,
二级修饰 介词短语作时间状语
when they were low on fuel
| when引导的时间状语从句“
_级修饰 that some military aircraft flew in formation
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明reports
（l）There are reports （There be句型：There + are +主）
| bu涟接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 ⑵but Dr. Lissaman says （主+谓+宾从）
[省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作says的宾语
they are unsubstantiated.
:词汇注释i unsubstantiated [jAnssb'staenfieitid] a.无根据的；未经证实的；不确凿的
❹"My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin," he adds.
国皇家空军飞行员，我堂兄是兰开斯特式飞机的机长，曾在柏林上空失联，”他补充道。
_级修饰 lost over Berlin,
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a Lancaster |
and my cousin （was） the skipper of a Lancaster
句子主干 |
“我父亲是一名英
and连接的并列句
“My father was an RAF pilot..." he adds.（宾+主+ 谓）
[i司我主释」pilot ^fpaiht] 飞行员；驾驶员；领航员 skipper ['skips(r)] n.机长；船长；队长
❺So he should know.所以他应该清楚此事。
句子主干 So he should know.（主+谓）
要点注释；本句是省略句，省略的宾语是本段❸句中that引导的同位语从句的内容。
Section HI Translation
第一段
O "Sustainability" has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning.
如今，“承受力”已经成为一个流行语，但对于泰德•宁而言，他对其含义有自己的切身体会。
32一•级修饰 these days,
__________ ]名词短语作（1 ）句的时间状语
（1） “Sustainability" has become a^opukrword （主+系+表）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but...the concept will always have personal meaning.（主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作状语，表对象
-级修饰 toTedNing,
:词汇注释！ sustainability [ss.steina'bihti] n.可持续性（文中引申为“承受力”）
❷ Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented
values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.在经历了一段难以承受的痛苦生活后,他清楚地认识
到，以提高承受力为导向的价值观必须通过每日的行动和抉择才能得以体现。
in his own life
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a painful period
一级修饰 of unsustainability
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a painful period
to him
“ ，， 介词短语作状语J表对象
Having endured a painful periodL.made it clear （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 it为形式宾语，:that引导的宾语从句作真正的宾语
that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed
[介词短语作方式状语
一级修饰 through everyday action and choice.
词汇注释 endure * [m'dju3（r）] w.忍受 vi.持续；持久 oriented ['o:rientid] a.以...为方向的
O 第二段〕
❶ Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance.宁回忆起自己 20 世纪 90 年代末卖保险
时那困窘的一年。
句子主干 Ning recalls spendm^ a confusing^year...selling insurance.（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语[
一级修饰 in the late 1990s
：词汇注释 confusing [ksn'fju^ig] a.令人困惑的；不清楚的 insurance * [mjusrsns] n.保险；安全保证
❷ He'd been through the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.在经历了
网络泡沫的膨胀和破灭之后，他急需找到一份工作，于是就和一家博尔德代理公司签了合约。
He'd been坦理陞四重竺竺5L如?5埋现坝（主+系+表）
句子主干
—级修饰
| and连接的并列谓语
and, ...signed on
[形容词短语作原因状语
desperate for a job,
介词短语作状语，表对象
with a Boulder agency.
33词汇注释；dot-com [,dDt kom] a.与互联网相关的 boom * [bu:m] n.激增；繁荣vi.迅速发展
burst [b3：st] n.破裂；猝发 desperate * ['desparat] a.非常需要；渴望
sign on签约受雇；办理失业登记 agency玄['eid3ansi]儿代理公司；局；处
第三段.
❶It didn't go well.但事情进展并不顺利。
句子主干 It didn't go well.（主+谓）
@ "It was a really bad move because that's not my passion," says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated,
predictably, into a lack of sales. “那的确是糟糕的一步，因为它激不起我的工作热情，”宁说。不出所料，工
作上的进退两难造成他销售业绩不佳。
because that's not my passion,
[because引导的原因状语从句，作直接引语的原因状语
句子主干 Tt was a really bad move..." says Ning,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
[补充说明Ning
whose引导的非限定性定语从句,
whose dilemma...translated, predictably, into a lack of sales.
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰dilemma
二级修饰 about the job
词汇注释 passion7^ ['paejh] n.热情；酷爱；盛怒 dilemma * [di'lems] n.（进退两难的）窘境，困境
❸“I was miserable.我非常痛苦。
句子主干 T was miserable.（主+系+表）
:词汇注释i miserable ☆ [^izrsbl] a.痛苦的；可怜的
❹ 1 had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling.我也很焦虑，经常半夜
醒来盯着天花板发愣。
句子主干 I had SO much^nxiety （主+谓+宾）
[so...that引导的结果状语从句，作句子主干的结果状语
thatl would wake up in the middle of the night
一级修饰 | and连接的并列谓语
and （would） stare at the ceiling.
顶我主释 anxiety 女[aeg'zaiati] n.焦虑；忧虑；渴望 stare * [stes（r）] vi.盯着看；注视«•凝视
© I had no money and needed the job.我身无分文，需要这份工作。
I had nojrnoney （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 I and连接的并列谓宾
and needed the job.
❻ Everyone said, just wait, you'll turn the corner, give it some time."'大家都说，'再等等吧，过段时间，你会渡
过难关的。’”
句子主干 Everyone said, 'Just wait, you'll turn the comer, give it some （主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 turn the corner渡过难关；（患病时期）转危为安
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