文档内容
"2011年考研英语（二）真题逐词逐句精讲
Section I Use of English
第一段
❶ The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.互联网允许用户匿名登录，
这对于保护隐私和言论自由是件好事。
-级修饰 to its users,
介词短语作状语,!表对象
句子主干 The Internet affords anonjnnity （主+谓+宾）
补充说明句子主干j
一级修饰 a blessing
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰a blessing
二级修饰 to privacy and freedom of speech.
词汇注释 afford * ［o'fo:d］拔提供；负担得起 anonymity [^ns'nimsti] 〃.匿名；无特色
❷ But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has swept across the Web.但也正是这种匿
名制导致了席卷整个互联网的网络犯罪的激增。
句子主干 But that very anonymity is also behind_th£explosioil （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the explosion
—级修饰 of cyber-crime
that引导的定语从句，[修饰cyber-crime
二级修饰 that has swept across the Web.
词汇注释 explosion 左[ik'sploc^n] n-激增;爆炸 cyber-crime »网络犯罪
第二段］
❶ Can privacy be preserved while bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly lawless?在保护隐私的
同时，能否给似乎日渐不受法律控制的互联网世界带来安全和保障呢？
句子主干 Can privacy be preserved （一般疑问句：情态动词+主+谓语动词）
| while引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 while bringing safety and security to a world
that引导的定语从句，修饰a world］
二级修饰 that seems increasingly lawless?
要点注释;while引导的时间状语从句中省略了主语it和系动词is,补充完整为while it is bringing...。
35第三段
O Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation's cyber-czar, offered the federal government a proposal to make the Web a safer
place—a "voluntary trusted identity,, system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key, a fingerprint
and a photo ID card, all rolled into one.上个月，美国网络沙皇（网络安全协调主管）霍华德•施密特向联邦政
府提交了一份旨在加强网络安全的提案：创建一个相当于集物理密钥、指纹和带照片的身份证于一体的高科
技“自愿信任身份”系统。
—级修饰 Last month,
I名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 Howard Schmidt,...offered业典央史据£奕J四削aproposal （主+谓+间宾+直宾）
T Howard Schmidt 的同位语
the nation s cyber-czar,
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a proposal
—级修饰 to make the Web a safer place
a proposal的同位语
a ^voluntary trusted identity” system
that引导的定语从句 J 修饰a "voluntary trusted identity,, system
二级修饰 that would be the high-tech equivalent
介词短语作后置定语j修饰the high-tech equivalent
三级修饰 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled into one.
要点注释 all rolled into one是独立主格结构作伴随状语，补充说明其前的内容a physical key...ID cardo
词汇注释i voluntary * ['vulontri] 自愿的；自发的 identity * [ai'dentsti] n.身份；一致
equivalent * [Vkwivalsnt] n.等同物 a.相等的；相同的 fingerprint ['firjgspnnt] 〃.指纹；指印
©The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential linked to a specific computer, and would authenticate
users at a range of online services.该系统可以使用智能身份证或与特定计算机连接的数字证书，在一系列在线
网络服务中对用户身份加以验证。
_级修饰 linked to a specific computer,
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a digital credential ]
The system might use 蒙空四旦曳j里j空 （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and would authenticate users
[介词短语作状语，表范围
—级修饰 at a range of online services.
:词汇注释 i credential 虫[krs^enfl] «•证书 w.提供证明书 authenticate [o：'Oentikeit] vt.证实；鉴定
CESS
O The idea is to create a federation of private online identity systems.其理念是创建一个私人在线身份系统联盟。
句子主干 The idea is to^reate^^ederation （主+系+表）
T介词短语作后置定语，修饰a federation
—级修饰 of private online identity systems.
36i词汇注释i federation^ [4feds'rei|h] n.联盟；联邦 private * [^raivst] a.私人的；私有的；秘密的
❷ Users could select which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated
could navigate those systems.用户可以选择加入哪个系统，而且只有身份通过验证的注册用户才能浏览那些
系统。
（1） Users could select which system to join,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干
一级修饰
缪主释
诵匚涌
| and连接的并列句
（2） and only registered users...could navigate those systems.（主+谓+宾）
whose引导的定语从句,[修饰registered users
whose identities have been authenticated
whose引导的定语从句中，主语是identities,谓语是have been authenticated o
registered ['red3istsd] a.已注册的；已登记的 navigate ['naevigeit] v.（在互联网或网站上）导航
❸ The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license issued by the government.这种方式
与需要政府颁发网络通行证的方式明显不同。
句子主干 The approach contrasts with one （主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句,[修饰one
—级修饰 that would require an Internet driver's license
过去分词短语作后置定语，[修饰an Internet driver's license
二级修饰 issued by the government.
诵匚疏 approach * [a^rautf] n.方式；手段v.靠近；接近 contrast with与... 截然不同
第五段］
O Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these "single sign-on,, systems that make it possible for
users to log in just once but use many different services.谷歌、微软等公司在已经实施了这种“单点登录"系统的
公司之列，该系统使得用户仅需登录一次就能使用多种不同的服务。
句子主干 Google and Microsoft are amon^comganies （主+系+表）
that引导的定语从句,修饰companies]
一级修饰 that already have these “single sign-on" systems
that引导的定语从句,[修饰these "single sign-on" systems
that make it possible for users
it为形式宾语，［动词不定式短语作真正的宾语
二级修饰 to log in just once
| but连接并列的动词不定式（短语）
but （to） use many different services.
要点;主释 for users...中,介词for引出动词不定式(短语)to log in和(to) use...的逻辑主语userso
i司定潺 single * ['siggl] a.单一的；唯一的 log in登录;注册
第六段〕
❶ In effect, the approach would create a "walled garden" in cyberspace, with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights”
to establish a sense of a trusted community.实际上，这种方式将在网络空间创建一个有安全"街区”和明亮
“街灯”的“围墙花园”，以营造一种可信社区的感觉。
37句子主干 In effect, the approach would create a^walled^arden^ in cyberspace,（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰a "walled garden”
with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights"
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to establish a sense of a trusted community.
词汇注释 cyberspace1 2 ['saibsspeis] n.网络空间 establish ★ [Fstaebh』]n建立；创立；证实；确定
第七段]
❶ Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and organizations can complete online
transactions with confidence, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure on which the
transaction runs?施密特先生将其描述成一种“自愿型生态系统”，在该系统中，“个人和组织可以放心地完成
网上交易，信任彼此的身份，信任交易运行的平台的身份。”
句子主干 Mr. Schmidt described it as a ^yoluntary ecosystem”（主+谓+宾+宾补）
介词in + which引导的定语从句,[修饰a "voluntary ecosystem,^
一级修饰 in which "individuals and organizations can complete online transactions
介词短语作状语]
with confidence,
二级修饰 现在分词短语作伴随状语
trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure
which引导的定语从句，修饰the infrastructure [
W修蓿
on which the transaction runs.,,
要点注释 现在分词短语trusting...中，介词短语of each other作第一个the identities的后置定语；介词短语
of the infrastructure 作第二个 the identities 的后置定语。
词汇注释 i ecosystem ['iikausistsm] n.生态系统 individual * [jndi'vidjual] n.个人 a.单独的
transaction * [traen'zaekfn] n.交易；处理 infrastructure * ['infr9strAktfb（r）] n.基础设施
O Still, the administration s plan has divided privacy rights activists.然而，政府的这项计划使主张保护隐私权的活
跃分子之间产生了分歧。
句子主干 Still, the administration,s plan has divided privacy rights activists.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释:administration * [ad.mmi'streijh] n.（尤指美国）政府；行政部门 right虫[rait] n.权利a.正确的
❷Some applaud the approach; others are concerned.—些人对此表示赞同,另一些人则为之担忧。
（1） Some applaud the approach;（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 |并列句
（2） others are concerned.（主+系+表）
词汇注释:applaud☆ [dpkxd] vt.赞同；赞许v.鼓掌 concerned [k9n's3：nd] a.担心的；忧虑的
38❸ It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would eventually be a compulsory Internet "driver's
license" mentality,似乎很明显，这一计划是朝着最终强制推行网络“驾照”的想法迈出的第一步。
It seems clear （主+系 +表）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that such a scheme is an initiative push
介词短语作后置定语J修饰an initiative push
—级修饰 toward what would eventually be a compulsory Internet "driver's license" mentality.
:要点注释;介词短语toward what...mentality中，what引导的宾语从句，作介词toward的宾语。
:词汇注释'、、、、scheme * [ski:m] n.计划；体系v.密谋 initiative * [I'nijbtiv] a.初步的n.倡议；主动性
compulsory [kom'pAlsori] a.强制的；义务的 mentality [men'taelati] n.想法；心态
第九段
❶ The plan has also been greeted with skepticism by some computer security experts, who worry that the "voluntary
ecosystem,, envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet vulnerable.该计划也受到 了一些计算
机安全专家的质疑，他们担心施密特先生所构想的“自愿型生态系统”仍然会使互联网的很多地方易受攻击。
句子主干 The plan has also been greeted with skepticism （主+谓）
[介词by引出动作的发出者
一级修饰 by some computer security experts,
who引导的非限定性定语从句,I补充说明some computer security experts
who worry
that引导的宾语从句，［作worry的宾语
二级修饰
that the ^voluntary ecosy stemw... would still leave much of the Internet vulnerable.
[过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the ''voluntary ecosystem"
三级修饰 envisioned by Mr. Schmidt
词汇注释i greet去[gri:t] vt.（以某种方式）对...作出反应skepticism ['skeptisizsm]札怀疑；怀疑态度
envision [m'vi3n] w.设想；展望 vulnerable * ['vAlnarabl] a.易受攻击的
❷ They argue that all Internet users should be forced to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must
be licensed to drive on public roads.他们认为应该强制所有互联网用户注册并验证身份，就像司机必须持有驾照
才能在公路上行驶一样。
They argue （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作argue的宾语
that all Internet users should be forced
J动词不定式短语作all Internet users的补足语
to register and identify themselves,
一级修饰 介词短语作方式状语
in the same way
I that引导的定语从句，修饰the same way
二奴修饰 that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
词汇注释i register * ［'red3ists（r）］ v.注册；登记n.登记表 license * ［'laisns］讨.批准；许可
39Section H Reading Comprehension
” Part A
///////////////////////.
Text 1
I
Q 第一段
O Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president
of Brown University. 2000年1月，露丝•西蒙斯以外部董事的身份加入高盛集团董事会；一年后，她成了布朗
大学校长。
as an outside director
一级修饰 介词短语作Ruth Simmons的补足语
in January 2000;
,, [介词短语作(1)句的时间状语
(l)Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs9s board (主+谓+宾)
句子主干 I并列句
(2)a year later she became president of Brown University.(主+系+表)
@ For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism.在随后的九年中，她
似乎做到了身兼两职而不招致太多非议。
句子主干 For the rest of the decade she apparently managed bothroles (主+谓+宾)
[介词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
without attracting much criticism.
:词汇注释 '、、、apparently [s'paersntli] ad.似乎；显然；据说 criticism * ['kritisizam] n.批评；指责；评论
❸ But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how could she
have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?然而,到2009年底，西蒙斯女士却因任职于高盛薪酬委员
会而遭到抨击；她怎么能让那些巨额奖金支出毫无察觉地就通过了呢？
—级修饰 for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee;
[介词短语作(1 )句的原因状语
(1) But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was underjire (主+系+表)
句子主干 |并列句
(2) how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?
「要流生■ « ( 2 )句为特殊疑问句，由特殊疑问词(how) +情态动词(could ) +主语(she ) +谓语动词(have
let ) + 宾语(those enormous bonus payouts ) + 宾语补足语(pass )构成；unremarked 作句子主干
的状语。
::词汇注释'：under fire遭到抨击；遭到炮轰 sit on成为... 的一员；开庭审理
compensation [kDmpen'seiJh] n.报酬；赔偿 unremarked [Ann*ma:kt] a.未被注意的
❹ By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board.到了第二年 2 月,西蒙斯女士已经离开了董事会。
句子主干 By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left thejboard.(主+谓+宾)
❺ The position was just taking up too much time, she said.她表2K这个职位占用了 自己太多的时间。
句子主干 The position was just taking up too much time, she said.(主+谓+宾)
40"要成主释. 句中she said为插入语。从逻辑角度讲，逗号前的内容为said的宾语。
[问汇注释： take up占用（时间；地方）；开始从事
❶ Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm's board.外部董事应当是公司董
事会中有所助益且偏见较少的顾问。
句子主干 Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语,修饰advisers
一级修饰 on a firm's board.
:词汇注释:be supposed to应当；一般认为 biased [*bai9St] a.有偏见的；片面的
Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree
with the chief executive's proposals.他们已/在别处为自己赢得了财富和声望，所以应该会有足够的独立性来反
对董事长的提议。
Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,
[现在分词短语作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 they presumably have enough independence to...proposals.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
reputation* [repju'teijh] n.声望；荣誉 presumably [pn'zju^sbli] ad.大概；可能
❸ If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their
own crises.如果公司面临灭顶之灾，股票价格下跌，那么外部董事就应该能够基于自己以往渡过危机的经验向公
司提供建议。
If the sky, and the share price, is falling,
[If引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语 .
句子主干 outside directors should be able to give advice （主+谓+宾）
[过去分词短语作状语
一级修饰 based on having weathered their own crises.
i词汇注释： weather^ [*wed9（r）] w.渡过（难关等）几天气 crisis* fkraisis] 危机；危险期
Q
第三段
O The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000
different directors between 1989 and 2004.来自俄亥俄大学的研究人员利用一个数据库进行了研究，该数据库涵
盖了 1989年至2004年间的1万多家企业和6.4万多名不同董事的信息。
句子主干 The researchers from Ohio University used adatabase （主+谓+兵）
that引导的定语从句,[修饰a database
that covered more than 10,000 firms
—级修饰 | and连接的并列宾语
and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.
词汇注释！ database* fdeitebeis] 数据库，资料库 director* [d9'rekts（r）] n.董事；经理
41❷ Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next.然后,他们只核查了有哪些
在同一公司连任的留任董事。
句子主干 Then they simply checked which directors stayed （主+谓+宾从）
介词短语作宾语从句的状语|
—级修饰 from one proxy statement to the next.
词汇注释 proxy statement （股东的）委托投票说明书（文中引申为“董事任期”）
❸ The most likely rreeaassoonn for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise"
disappearances by directors under the age of 70.董事离职最有可能的原因是年龄问题，因此研究人员集中研究了
70岁以下“突然”离职的董事。
（l）The most likely reason for departing a board was age,（主+系+表）
句子主干 | so连接的并列句，表因果
（2）so the researchers concentrated on those ’’surprise” disappearances （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰those t=由齐== -------- -- -
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2）and,...they can be pushed further.（主+谓）
［插入语，补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 sadly for many journalists,
:词汇注释： desperate * ［'despsrst］ a.孤注一掷的；不顾一切的 measure * ［'me39（r）］ n.措施；测量；程度
OE1EBI
❶ Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers.
随着来自读者和广告商的收益比例更加合理，报业运营也日渐平衡。
46句子主干 Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses,（主+系 +表）
*======；；：="=7：.假，描,W “U" ......... ............... •，“ ”- -
[介词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
一级修饰 with a healthier mix of revenues
介词短语作后置定语J修饰revenues
二级修饰 from readers and advertisers.
:词汇注释！ balanced ['baelanst] a.平衡的；平稳的 revenue* ['revonju:] n.收益；税收
@ American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.长期以来，美国报业过度依赖广告
句子主干 American papers have long been highly unusual （主+系+表）
介词短语作句子主干的状语j
—级修饰 in their reliance on ads.
词汇注释 unusual * [Anju^ual] a.不寻常的；特别的 reliance* [nHaians] n.依赖；依靠
© Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation
& Development （OECD）.据经济合作与发展组织（OECD ）称，2008年，美国报业足足87%的收益都来自
广告。
句子主干 Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008,（主+谓+宾）
[插入语，补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development （OECD）.
词汇注释： according to 据... 所说；根据 organization * [p^snafzeijh] n.组织；团体
❹ In Japan the proportion is 35%.而在日本,这一比例为 35%。
一级修饰 In Japan
［介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 the proportion is 35%.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 proportion * [pro'po:Jh] n.比例；部分
❺ Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.毋庸置疑，.日本报业更为稳定。
句子主干 Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 surprisingly [so'praizigli] ad.出人意料地；惊人地 stable * ['steibl] a.稳定的；沉稳的
第五段〕
❶ The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in
areas where newspapers are least distinctive.这场席卷了整个新闻编辑部的旋风殃及了每个人，但大部分损失集
中在报纸内容最无特色的板块。
_级修饰 that swept through newsrooms
]that引导的定语从句，修饰The whirlwind
（1） The whirlwind...harmed everybody,（主+谓+宾）
------------
句子主干 I but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but much of the damage has been concentrated （主+谓）
|介词短语作地点状语
—级修饰 in areas
| where引导的定语从句，修饰areas
二级修饰 where newspapers are least distinctive.
47:词汇注释whirlwind ['w3：lwmd] n.旋风q旋风似的；快速的 distinctive [di'stigktiv] a.有特色的；特别的
❷Car and film reviewers have gone.汽车和电影评论员纷纷离开。
句子主干 Car and film reviewers have gone.(主+谓)
i词汇注释i film * [film] n.电影；胶片；薄膜v.拍电影 reviewer [n'vju:a(r)] n.评论员
❸So have science and general business reporters.科学和大众商业新闻记者也未能幸免。
句子主干 So hav。（gone） science and general business reporters.（倒装句: 谓+主）
"要蛭释」 本句是一个完全倒装句，还原后为science and general business reporters have （gone） so,句子的主
语是 science and general business reporters,谓语是 have （gone）,其中，省略了过去分词 goneo
❹ Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.驻外办事处被无情地撤销。
句子主干 Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.（主+谓）
i词汇注释i bureau * ['bjusrau] n.办事处；局 savagely [,saevid31i] ad.残酷地；野蛮地
❺ Newspapers are less complete as a result.因此，报纸内容不那么完整了。
句子主干 Newspapers are les^complete as a result.（主+系 +表）
❻ But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business,但在报纸业内，完整性已经不再是一个优点了。
句子主干 But completeness is no longer a virtue （主+系+表）.
[介词短语作状语，表范围
—级修饰 in the newspaper business.
i词汇注释： completeness [kom'plilnos] n.完整性；完全 virtue * [饥:皿:]n.优点；美德
Text 3
第一段]
O We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers
returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.我们往往将
二战结束后的几十年视为一个繁荣和发展的时期，那时数百万士兵重返家园，根据《退伍军人权利法案》的
相关规定去上大学，在婚姻登记处排队办理结婚手续。
—级修饰 immediately following World War II
]现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰the decades
句子主干 We tend to think of tfiejdleca^...as a time （主+谓+宾+宾补）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰a time
of prosperity and growth,
with独立主格结构作伴随状语
with soldiers returning home by the millions,
一级修饰 |并列的现在分词短语
going off to college on the G. I. Bill
| and连接并列的现在分词短语
and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
48prosperity * [pro'sperati] n.繁荣；成功 line up 排队（等候）
O But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more.但说至U
他们的住房，那是一个“少真的可以是多”成为常识和信念的时代。
-级修饰 when it came to their houses,
[when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 But...it was atime （主+系+表）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰a time
_级修饰 of common sense and a belief
| that引导的同位语从句，解释说明common sense and a belief
二级修饰 that less could truly be more.
i词汇注释i common sense 常识 belief* [bfli:f] n.看法；信任；信仰
❷ During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with
the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.在经济大萧条和战争期间,美国
人学会了过节俭的生活，这种克制与对未来战后生活的信心共同使得小而实用的住房成为绝对的时髦。
一级修饰 During the Depression and the war,
]介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
（1） Americans had learned to live with less,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2） and that restraint,...made small, efficient housing positively stylish.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
[插入语,补充说明that restraint
一级修饰 in combination with the postwar confidence in the future,
depression [di'prefh] n.萧条；抑郁 restraint ☆ [n'stremt] n.克制；约束；抑制
in combination with 与... 结合；联合 stylish ['stailif] a.时髦的；高雅的
❶ Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.经济状况只是这种高效生活趋势的一个
刺激因素。
句子主干 Economic condition was only astimuki^ （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a stimulus
一级修饰 for the trend toward efficient living.
i词汇注释i stimulus [-stinyshs] 〃.刺激（物） trend ★ [trend]儿趋势；倾向；动态
@ The phrase "less is more,, was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like
other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and
took up posts at American architecture schools.“少即是多”这句话实际上是首先由德国建筑师路德维希•密斯•凡
德罗推广开来的;，像其他与包豪斯设计学院有关的建筑师一样，他于二战前移居美国，并曾在美国多个建筑
学院任职。
49£ J
The phrase Tess is more" was actually first popularized by a German,（主+谓）
a German的同位语:
一级修饰 the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,
who引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
who...emigrated to the United States before World War II
二级修饰 and连接的并列谓语
and took up posts at American architecture schools.
who引导的非限定性定语从句中，介词短语like other people作状语，表类比；过去分词短语
associated with the Bauhaus 作后置定语，修饰 other people;名词短语 a school of design 作 the
Bauhaus的同位语。
i词汇注释： popularize ['pnpjslsraiz] vt.推广；普及 emigrate * ['emigreit] vi.移居国外；移民
❸ These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.
这些设计师对美国建筑业的发展产生了巨大的影响，但其中影响最大的还是密斯。
一级修饰 on the course of American architecture,
:介词短语作（1）句的状语
（1） These designers came to exert enormous influence （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but none （were） moreso than Mies.（主+系+表）.
要点注释：（2）句中more...than…表比较，其中so代替enormous,避免重复。
词汇注释:exert ★ [ig，z3：t]讨.产生（影响等）；努力 enormous * [rno:mos] a.巨大的；庞大的
第四段
O Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot,密斯这句 口头禅
的意思是，简单的装饰经过合理布局，比复杂装饰效果更好。
Mies's signature phrase means （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作means的宾语
that less decoration,...has more impact than a lot.
_____ [插入语
_级修饰 properly organized,
:词汇注释i signature[^ignstfs^）] n.鲜明特色，识另0标志；签名 impact* fimpaekt] n.效果；碰撞
@ Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.他认为，雅致并非来自大量装饰。
句子主干 Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.（主+谓）
:要点注释:he believed 为插入语。从逻辑角度而言,Elegance...did not derive from abundance作 believed 的宾语。
:词汇注释i derive [di'raiv] v.来自讨.获得 abundance [a'bAndans] n.大量；充足；丰富
© Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood—materials that we take for granted today
but that in the 1940s symbolized the future.和其他现代建筑师一样，他使用了金属、玻璃和复合板，这些我们
今天习以为常的材料，在20世纪40年代却是未来的象征。
50—级修饰 Like other modern architects,
［介词短语作状语，表类比
句子主干 he employed 些㈣取电竺竺史迎迦枣四^丝^（主+谓+宾）
| metal, glass and laminated wood的同位语
一级修饰 —materials
[由at引导的定语从句，修饰materials
that we take for granted today
二级修饰 but连接并列的定语从句
but that in the 1940s symbolized the future.
顶汇注释: laminated flaemmeitid] a.层压的；黏合的 symbolize ['simbolaiz] vt.象征，代表
❹ Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and
often empty.密斯精致的呈现方式掩盖了这样一个事实：他设计的空间是小而实用的，而非大且往往空旷的。
句子主干 Mies's sophisticated presentation masked thefact (主+谓+宾)
that引导的同位语从句，[解释说明the fact
that the spaces...were small and efficient,
—级修饰 rather than连接的并列成分J肯定前者，否定后者
rather than big and often empty.
省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰the spaces
二级修饰 he designed
i词汇注释 sophisticated [ssYistikeitid] a.精致的；复杂巧妙的 efficient * [j'fijnt] a.高效的；有能力的
第五段］
O The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-
bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast.例如，密斯在
芝加哥湖滨大道上建造的雅致塔楼中的公寓一一面积不到1000平方英尺的两居室——比附近那些位于该城市
黄金海岸的更早建成的公寓面积更小。
Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive,
—级修饰 省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰The apartments
for example,
,, [插入语
句子主干 The apartments...were smaller...than those (主+系+表)
:介词短语作后置定语，修饰The apartments
in the elegant towers
补充说明The apartments
一级修饰 -two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—
介词短语作后置定语，修饰those
in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast.
要点注释:句中smaller...than...为“形容词比较级+ than"结构，than...作比较状语。
词汇注释:elegant * ［'eligsnt］ a.雅致的；精美的；优雅的 neighbor fneibafr）］ n.靠近的东西；邻居
@ But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings* details and
proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.但这些公寓很受欢迎，因为它们有着
通透的玻璃墙、优美的景致以及精美的建筑细节和比例，这些都是当时极其流行的抽象艺术在建筑上的体现。
51句子主干 But they were popular （主+系+表）
T介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
一级修饰 because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the elegance
of the buildings * details and proportions,
二级修饰 their airy...the elegance的同位语
the architectural equivalent
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the architectural equivalent
三级修饰 of the abstract art so popular at the time.
词汇注释 i equivalent * [fkwivshnt] n.等同物 a.相等的 abstract * ['aebstraekt] a.抽象的儿摘要
第六段
O The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign.这种“更少”的趋势并不完全是外来的。
句子主干 The trend toward less was not entirely foreign.（主+系 +表）
词汇注释 entirely [m'taiali] ad.完全地，彻底地
❷ In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses—usually around 1,200 square
feet—than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century. 20 世纪 30 年代，弗
兰克•劳埃德•赖特开始建造面积通常约为1200平方英尺的住房，这比他在19世纪90年代和20世纪早期
设计的广为盛行的两层住房更小，更实用。 .
句子主干 In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses
补充说明 more...houses
—usually around 1,200 square feet
一级修饰 than..•作句子主干的比较状语
than the spreading two-story ones
省略关系词（which/that ）的定语从句，[修饰two-story ones
二级修饰 he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
要点注释 more modest and efficient houses 中，more 并不是修饰 houses 表"更多”，而是与形容词 modest
and efficient连用构成形容词的比较级。
词汇注释 modest * ['mpdist] 口适中的；谦虚的 spread * [spred] v.（使）流传；传播；扩散".扩展
第七段
❶ The '：Case Study Houses^ commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine
between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the Tess is more,, trend. 1945 年到 1962 年间，
加利福尼亚州《艺术与建筑》杂志委托才华横溢的现代建筑师设计的“案例研究住宅”是本土设计对“少即是
多”趋势的又一影响。
句子主干 The “Case Study Houses”...were yet ggg坦或坦或既丝gjgf坦皂些（主+系+表）
t过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰The "Case Study Houses,,
commissioned from talented modem architects
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰another homegrown influence
on the "less is more" trend.
介词by引出动作的发出者
二级修饰 by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962
52词汇注释 commission [ks'mijh] vt.委托；委任 n.委员会；佣金 talented ['taehntid] a.有才能的
homegrown [•hsu.mgraun] a.本地的；（水果、蔬菜）家种的；本国产的
@ Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing.美学效果来自自然景观、新型材
料和直接明了的细节设计。
句子主干 Aesthetic effect came （主+谓）
I介词短语作状语
一级修饰 from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing.
词汇注释 landscape [laendskeip] n.自然景色；风景 forthright ['fo：erait] a.直截了当的；直率的
© In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday
life—few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers—but his belief that self-
sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.在拉尔夫•拉普森设计的案例研究住宅中，他可
能错误预估了机械革命会对日常生活产生的影响——虽然大部分美国家庭最终拥有了衣服烘干机，但拥有直
升机的家庭却寥寥无几——不过，他认为自给自足既是人们渴望的，也是必然的，这一观点得到了广泛认同。
二级修饰 though most eventually got clothes dryers—
I though引导的让步状语从句
―few American families acquired helicopters,
一级修饰 插入语，补充说明句子主干
In his Case Study House,
介词短语作句子主干的状语
just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life
how引导的宾语从句，[作may have mispredicted的宾语
句子主干 （l）Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted （主+谓+宾从）
| but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but his belief.. .was widely shared.（主+谓）
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明his belief
—级修饰 that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable
词汇注释i self-sufficiency [.self ssTiJbnsi] n.自给自足 inevitable * [m'evitsbl] a.必然的；不可避免的
Text 4
a
第一段
❶Will the European Union make it?欧盟会成功地走下去吗？
句子主干 Will the European Union make it?（一般疑问句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾）
:词汇注释:union * ['ju:ni9n] n.联盟；同盟 make it获得成功；渡过难关
@ The question would have sounded strange not long ago.如果在不久前这样问，会让人觉得奇怪。
句子主干 The question would have sounded strgoge （主+系 +表）
[名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 not long ago.
❸ Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle,, of debt, population decline
and lower growth.但现在，甚至欧盟计划最强有力的支持者都在议论欧洲大陆面临的“百慕大三角”式问题：
负债累累、人口减少以及增长减缓。
53句子主干 Now even the...cheerleaders talk of a...a “Bermuda triangle"（主+谓+宾）
gle”的同位语]
of 引出 a "Bermuda trian
一级修饰 of debt, population decline and lower growth.
词汇注释：cheerleader [^Jiali^sCr）] n.支持者；啦啦队员 decline * [di'klain] n.减少；下降讫减少；衰弱
第二段
O As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single
currency.除了那些长期性问题以外，欧盟经济核心区（使用单一货币的16个成员国）还面临着一场严重的
危机。
-级修饰 As well as those chronic problems,
I介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 the EU faces an acute crisis （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰an acute crisis
一级修饰 in its economic core,
its economic core的同位语]
二级修饰 the 16 countries
that引导的定语从句,，修饰the
16 countries
三级修饰 that use the single currency.
词汇注释 chronic * ['kromk] a.长期的；慢性的 currency * [kAronsi] ".货币；流行
@ Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the
discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.欧元区的
经济体，无论强弱，总有一天会因为共用单一货币这一原则——这使缺乏竞争力的成员国无法采取货币贬值
这一权宜之计——而走向联合，市场对此已经失去了信心。
句子主干 Markets hayelost faith （主+谓+宾）
that引导的同位语从句，[解释说明faith
一级修饰 that the euro zone's economies,...will one day converge
[插入语，补充说明the euro zone5 s economies
weaker or stronger,
二级修饰 介词短语作同位语从句的原因状语
thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency,
which引导的非限定性定语从句J补充说明the discipline. ..currency
三级修饰 which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.
词汇注释 converge [koiTv3：d3]祈.趋于一致；汇集 thanks to 因为；由于
uncompetitive [.Anksm'petstiv] a.无竞争力的 devaluation [.di^vaelj^eijh] n.货币贬值
a
第三段】
❶ Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck,然而，关于如何挽救欧洲的
单一货币体系以使其免遭解体的讨论陷入了僵局。
54句子主干 Yet the debate...is stuck.（主+系+表）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the debate
一级修饰 about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration
要店薄
介词短语about how...disintegration中，“how +动词不定式短语to save...,,作介词about的宾语。
商汇注释 single * [*siggl] a.单一的；唯一的 disintegration [dis.mtfgreijh] n.解体；粉碎
@It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation
within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.之所以陷入僵局，是因为欧元区的主导国家，法国和德
国，虽然一致同意有必要在欧元区内部加强统一，但是在统一的内容上却存在分歧。
句子主干 It is stuck （主+系+表）
[because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because...France and Germany, agree on the need
一级修饰 I but连接的并列谓宾，|表转折
but disagree about what to harmonise.
France and Germany的同位语
the euro zone's dominant powers,
二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰the need
for greater harmonisation within the euro zone,
词汇注释 dominant * ['dDmmant] a.占支配地位的；首要的 harmonisation [tha:m9nai'zeVh] n.—致；和谐
第四段］
O Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-
automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.德国认为必须通过制定更加严格的借贷、支出和竞争规则
来拯救欧元， 同时对那些不遵守规则的政府施以准自动制裁。
句子主干 Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules （主+谓+宾从）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰stricter rules|
on borrowing, spending and competitiveness,
一级修饰 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰stricter rules
backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments
that引导的定语从句，修饰governments t
二级修饰 that do not obey.
词汇注释 automatic * [pita'maetik] a.自动的 sanction ['saegkjh] 〃.制裁 w.准许
❷ These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a
country's voting rights in EU ministerial councils.这些制裁措施可能包括威胁冻结为较贫困地区及欧盟大型项目
所提供的欧盟资金，甚至暂停一个国家在欧盟部长级理事会上的投票权。
句子主干 These might include （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰threats
to freeze EU funds
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰the suspension
of a country's voting rights in EU ministerial councils.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰funds
二级修饰 for poorer regions and EU mega-projects,词汇注释 project f ['prod3ekt] n.项目 suspension [sa'spenfh] n.暂停；暂缓
❸ It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small
majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour
French interference.它（德国）坚持认为经济协作应该包含欧盟俱乐部的所有27国成员,在这些国家中，支
持自由市场自由主义和从严的经济政策的国家占微弱多数；单就内部核心成员国而言，德国担心，微弱多数
会赞成法国的干预。
二级修饰 fbr free-market liberalism and economic rigour;
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a small majority
nm
among whom there is a small majority
一级修饰 whom引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明all 27 members
of the EU club,
介词短语作后置定语，修饰all 27 members I
（1） It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members （主+谓+宾从）
I并列句
句子主干
（2） Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语J表范围
-级修饰 in the inner core alone,
要点注释 （1）句中，that引导的宾语从句，作insists的宾语；（2）句中，Germany fears作插入语。
词汇注释 rigour ［*nga（r）］ 〃.严格；谨慎 interference * [.mta'fisrsns] n.干预；干涉
Q 第五段
O A "southern'' camp headed by French wants something different: "European economic govemment,, within an inner core of
euro-zone members.以法国为首的“南方”阵营则另有所求：在欧元区成员国的内部核心建立“欧洲经济政府”。
句子主干 A "southern" camp headed by French wants竺里丝些矍虫也史况匹（主+谓+宾）
解释说明 something different [
一级修饰 “European economic government"
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰"European economic government"
二级修饰 within an inner core of euro-zone members.
❷ Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer
members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete flscal transfers.换句话说，
这意味着政治家通过欧洲共同债券或完全的财政转移为（成员国）政府提供低息借贷，可对货币政策及从富
裕成员国到贫困成员国间的再分配体制进行干预。
—级修饰 Translated,
］插入语
that means goliticians （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干
［现在分词短语作politicians的补足语
intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰redistribution
ft*om richer to poorer members,
—级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
via cheaper borrowing fbr governments
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰cheaper borrowing
through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.
56词汇注释 intervene ☆ Lmt0，vi:n] vi.干预；插话 redistribution [,ri：distn'bju:Jh] n.重新分配
Eurobond ['josrau.bnnd] n.欧洲债券 fiscal☆ ['fiskl] a.财政的；国库的
❸ Finally, figures close to the French government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and
social harmonisation: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs,最后，那些亲近法国政府的人
士已经在私下抱怨说，欧元区成员国应该就某些财政和社会的统一措施达成共识，例如，抑制企业税率或劳
动力成本方面的竞争。
项希
close to the French government
[形容词短语作后置定语，修饰figures
*户忡
Finally, figures...have murmured,（主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，[作have murmured的宾语
euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation:
举例说明j
一级修福一
e.g., curbing competition
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰competition
二级修饰 in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.
词汇注释 murmur * ['m3：ma（r）] vt.抱怨说 n.低语 euro-zone n-欧兀区
curb虫[k3：b] vt.抑制；控制 labour * ['leibo（r）] n.劳动力；劳动
第六段
❶It is too soon to write off the EU.现在就认为欧盟难以为继还为时尚早。
It is too soon （主+系+表）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to write off the EU.
:词汇注释:write off认定... 失败（或没有价值）
@ It remains the world's largest trading block.它仍是世界上最大的贸易组织o
句子主干 It remains 业竺翌匪头!史虫嗅业（主+系+表）
❸ At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its
internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area.在最佳状况下，欧
盟计划非常自由：建立在由27个贫富不等的国家组成的单一市场之上，与任何一个与之相当的贸易区相比，
其内部边界对商品、资金以及劳动力都开放得多。
句子主干 At its best, the European project is remarkably Hberal:（主+系+表）
[解释说明
—级修饰 its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour
i过去分词短语作状语 “
built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries,
二级修饰 than...作比较状语
than any comparable trading area.
顶匚涵
beral * ['hbgl] a （政治经济上）自由的 comparable * ['knmpgbl] a相当的；可比较的
❹ It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.欧盟计戈寸是一^'次
雄心勃勃的尝试，旨在钝化全球化最尖锐的棱角，同时使资本主义趋向良性发展。
57句子主干 It is an ambitious attempt （主+系+表）
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰an ambitious attempt
to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization,
—级修饰 | and连接并列的动词不定式短语
and （to） make capitalism benign.
词汇注释 ambitious * [aem'bifss] a.宏大的；有雄心的 blunt ☆ [bknt] vt.使变钝；使减弱
capitalism ['kaepitslizsm] n.资本主义 benign ☆ [bi'nam] a.良性的；善良的
//////////////////////////// Part "R
a
第一段
O Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that
ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a
poor diet.今天，一些知名医生参加了一场有关政府在促进公众健康方面应该扮演何种角色的讨论，他们要求
大臣们对不健康食品征收“脂肪税”，并采用类似于吸烟有害健康的警告方式来告诫孩子不良饮食的危害。
句子主干 Leading doctors today weigh in （主+谓）
[介词短语作状语
—级修饰 on the debate
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰the debate
over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding
that引导的宾语从句，作demanding的宾语]
二级修饰 that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food
I and连接的并列谓宾
and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰cigarette-style warnings
三级修饰 about the dangers of a poor diet.
词汇注释 weigh in参与（讨论），对……发表意见 impose * [im'pgoz]讨.征（税）；推行；迫使
a
第二段，
O The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government
could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.这些要
求是在卫生部部长安德鲁-兰斯利上周发表评论之后提出的，他坚持认为政府不能强迫人们做出健康选择，
并承诺让企业免受公共卫生条例的约束。
句子主干 The demands follow comments （主+谓+宾）
[过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰comments
一级修饰 made last week by...Andrew Lansley,
Lansley的同位语[
Andrew
the health secretary,
who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Andrew Lansley
二级修饰 who insisted...and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.
[省略引导词（that ）的宾语从句，作insisted的宾语
the government could not force people to make healthy choices
词汇注释 secretary * ['sekrstri] n.部长；秘书 regulation* [.regju'leijn] n.条例；规定；法规
58第三段〕
O But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat,
salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.但是，资深医学专家
们想要做的是阻止在学校附近开设快餐店，限制高脂、高盐和高糖食品的广告，并限制像麦当劳这样的快餐
生产商对体育赛事的赞助。
But senior medical figures want to stop (主+谓+宾)
|并列的动词不定式短语
句子主干 (to) restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar,
| and连接并列的动词不定式短语
and (to) limit sponsorship of sports events
介词短语作后置定语J修饰sponsorship
一级修饰 by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.
要点注释 动词不定式短语to stop fast-food outlets...schools中,动名词短语opening near schools作名词短语
fast-food outlets 的补足语。
词汇注释 restrict * [rfstnkt] vt.限制；约束；阻碍 sponsorship ['spnnssjip] n.赞助；资助
第四段
❶They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling
rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease.他们认为政府有必要采取行动来抑制英国人沉溺于不健康食品的这种
嗜好，并帮助遏制肥胖症、糖尿病和心脏病发病率的急剧上升。
句子主干 They argue (主+谓+宾从)
动词丕定式短语作宾语从句的状语[
to curb Britain Ss addiction to unhealthy food
—级修饰 and连接并列的动词不定式短语
and (to) help halt spiraling rates
介词短语作后置定语，［修饰rates
二级修饰 of obesity, diabetes and heart disease.
'、'、、词汇注释:addiction [s'diklh] n.嗜好；入迷 spiral ['spairal] vi.急剧增长«.螺旋a.螺旋式的
©Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption
of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.皇家儿科与儿童健康学院
院长特伦斯-斯蒂芬森教授声称，食用不健康食品应该被视作是与吸烟或酗酒一样有害健康的行为。
一级修饰 president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health,
! Professor Terence Stephenson 的同位语
Professor Terence Stephenson,...said (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干
that引导的宾语从句，[作said的宾语
that the consumption...should be seen to be just as damaging
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the consumption
of unhealthy food
一级修饰 as…作比较状语
as smoking or excessive drinking.
59i词汇注释: consumption * [ksn^Ampjh] n.吃；喝；消费 damaging ['daemid3ir)] a.有害的；损害的
❶“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and
yet that is what we have now."三十年前，人们很难想象禁烟令会出现在工作场所或酒吧，然而现在我们做到了。
to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs,
[it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
句子主干 (1) "Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable (主+系+表)
[and连接的并列句
(2) and yet that is whaWejiavejiow.(主+系+表从)
inconceivable [4ink9n'si:v9bl] a.难以想象的 imagine * [i'maed3in] v.想象；设想
Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity?如今在肥胖问题上，我们还能有同样的勇气吗？
句子主干 Are we willing to be just as courageous
[介词短语作状语，表对象
一级修饰 in respect of obesity?
本句是一个一般疑问句，句中半助动词Are...willing to和be共同构成系动词。
courageous [ka'reidsss] a.勇敢的；无畏的 in respect of 关于；涉及
❸ I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.我建议我们应该如此，"这位英国
顶级儿科医生说道。
that we should be,”
:that引导的宾语从句，作would suggest的宾语
句子主干 I would suggest
[直接引语作said的宾语
said the leader （倒装句：宾+谓+主）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the leader
一级修饰 of the UK's children's doctors.
❶ Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead.兰斯
利指出希望让企业而不是政府率先开展健康运动，这让健康运动推行者们感到很不安。
Lansley has alarmed health^ampaigners by suggesting (主+谓+宾)
句子主干 省略引导词(that )的宾语从句，:作suggesting的宾语
he wants industry rather than government to take the lead.
通匚对j alarm ★ [a'la:m] vt.使惊恐；使害怕儿惊恐 campaigner [kaem'pems^）] n.运动领导者；活动家
@ He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change4Life Campaign, the
centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness.他认为薯片和糖果生产商们可以在“为生命而
改变”运动中发挥核心作用，该运动是政府努力推动健康饮食与增强身体健康的主要活动。
60He said （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句,作said的宾语
that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role
介词短语作状语J表范围
—级修饰 in the Change4Life Campaign,
the Change4Life Campaign 的同位语 |
二级修饰 the centrepiece of government efforts
动词不定式短语作后置定语J修饰government efforts
三级修饰 to boost healthy eating and fitness.
词汇注释 manufacturer [amaenju'faekVar9（r）] n.生产商；制造商 centrepiece [*sent9pi:s] n.最重要的项目
❸ He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an
example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.他还批评了名厨杰米,奥利弗试
图改善英国学校午餐的高调行为，并认为这种做法恰好证明了 “说教”并不是改变人们行为的最佳方式。
句子主干 has also criticised 些日以瓯巴理如竺竺迦一as an example （主+谓+宾+宾补）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰high-profile attempt
to improve school lunches in England
—级修饰 of引出an example的同位语
of how Tecturing" people was not the best way
动词不定式短语作后置定语j修饰the best way
二级修饰 to change their behaviour.
要点注释 介词短语of how...中，how引导的宾语从句，作介词of的宾语。
；词汇注释 high-profile [,hai 'prsufail]高姿态的；引人注目的 lecture * ['lektf9（r）] vt.训诫 vi.开讲座 〃.训斥
第七段
❶ Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar
before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas.斯蒂芬森提出潜在的限制措施可以包括：晚上九点前
禁止播放高脂、高盐、高糖食品的电视广告，同时限制这类广告只能通过广告牌或电影院宣传。
Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include （主+谓+宾从）
动名词短语作could include的宾语]
句子主干 banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm
| and连接并列的动名词短语
and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas.
词汇注释 potential * [po^enf 1] a.潜在的；可能的〃.潜力；可能性 billboard ['bilbo:d] n.广告牌；布告栏
❷"If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes—by setting
strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.他说："如果足够勇敢的话，
我们甚至可以对高热量快餐和烟草一视同仁——严格限制其广告宣传、产品植入和对体育赛事的赞助。”
61二级修饰 on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,M
介词短语作后置定语,j修饰strict limits
—by setting strict limits
—级修饰 解释说明the same way
"If we were really bold,
] If引导的条件状语从句 “
we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes
句子主干 ]直接引语作said的宾语
he said.（宾+主+谓）
词汇注释 bold * [bauld] a.大胆自信的 placement ['pleismsnt] n.放置；布置
第八段
O Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football
Association.这一举动会影响到像麦当劳这样的公司，因为麦当劳赞助了英格兰足协青年培训项目。
句子主干 Such a move could affect firms （主+谓+宾）
such as...举例说明firms
一级修饰
|
such as McDonald's,
which引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明McDonald，S
which sponsors the youth coaching scheme
过去分词短语作后置定语,[修饰the youth coaching scheme
run by the Football Association.
词汇注释 youth ' [ju:0] n.青年；年轻 coaching fkoutfig] n.培训；训练
❷ Fast-food chains should also stop offering "inducements'' such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure
young customers, Stephenson said.而且斯蒂芬森认为，快餐连锁店还应停止提供玩具、可爱的动物玩偶、手机
话费等“诱饵”来引诱年轻顾客。
二级修饰
such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit
such as...举例说明“inducements”:
句子主干 Fast-food chains should also stop 西亘兰现虫些g些理或（主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语,!修饰"inducements”
to lure young customers,
一级修饰 插入语
Stephenson said.
词汇注释 inducement [m'dju:smant] n.引诱物；引诱；诱因 lure* [loo(r)]讨.引诱；诱惑吸引力；诱饵
第九段
❶ Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: 4ktik]〃.手段；策略 deploy [di'pbi] vt.利用；调动
Section HI Translation
第一段
O Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the
world's airlines do—roughly 2 percent of all C02 emissions?谁能想到信息技术行业产生的温室气体总量与航空业
不相上下，约占全球二氧化碳排放量的2%?
Who would have thought （特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作would have thought的宾语
that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the same volume |
of greenhouse gases
as引导的比较状语从句，作宾语从句的比较状语
一级修饰 as the world's airlines do
插入语，补充说明the same volume
—roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?
64词汇注释 volume * [*VDlju:m] n.量；体积；音量 emission [i'mijh] n.排放物；散发物
第二段：
❶Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment.信息技术行业的许多日常工作对环境造成了意想不
到的危害。
句子主干 Many everyday tasks take ajuiprisingtoll （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语,［表对象
_级修饰 on the environment.
「商汇生释［task宏［ta:sk］机工作，任务 toll ★ ［tool］儿毁坏;通行费；钟声敲（钟）
@ A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the
“right” answer.每用谷歌搜索一次就会释放0.2克至7.0克的二氧化碳，释放量的多少取决于使用者需要搜索
多少次才能得到“正确”答案。
句子主干 A Google search can leak 坦璧竺四奖（主+谓+宾）
［现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
depending on
—级修饰
| how引导的宾语从句，作depending on的宾语
how many attempts are needed to get the “right" answer.
:词汇注释i leak玄［li：k］ v.漏出；渗漏n.泄露；漏洞 attempt ☆ ［Stempt］ n./vt.尝试；努力
❸ To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed with
powerful computers. 了把搜索结果迅速地传输给用户，谷歌不得不在全世界范围内建立大型数据中心，并配
备大功率计算机。
—级修饰 To deliver results to its users quickly,
［动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 then, Google has to maintain vastdlatacentres （主+谓+宾）
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰vast data centres|
packed with powerful computers.
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
around the world,
词汇注释 deliver * [di'livs(r)]机传送;投递 vt.发表 maintain * [mem'tem] vt.维持；支持
❹ While producing large quantities of C02, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well
air-conditioned, which uses even more energy. 除了产生大量的二氧化碳，这些计算机还会释放许多热量，因此
数据中心需要良好的空调环境，而这会消耗更多的能量。
—级修饰 While producing large quantities of COa,
］ While+现在分词短语结构，作（1 ）句的时间状语
（1） these computers emit a great deal of heat,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | so连接的并列句，表因果
（2） so the centres need 坦坦龄［［坦珪四由jjigggj,（主+谓+宾）
［which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明（2）句
一级修饰 which uses even more energy.
65要点注释 while引导状语从句时，如果主句和从句的主语一致，且从句谓语含be动词，可将从句的主语
和be动词一同省略，while后直接跟现在分词（短语）、过去分词（短语）等。故该句中的
while +现在分词短语结构相当于一个时间状语从句，即While these computers are producing large
quantities of C02o
词汇注释 emit* [i*mit] w.散发（光、热、声音、气等） air-condition w给... 装上空调
a
第三段〕
O However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements.不过, 谷歌和
其他大型技术供应商密切地监控其数据中心的工作效率并做出改进。
一级修饰 However,
[插入语
Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and make improvements.
词汇注释 monitor * [*mDnit9（r）] vt.监控；监督儿显示屏 efficiency * [I'fyhsi] n.效率；效能
@ Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.
监控只是减排的第一步，需要做的还有很多，且这不单单是大公司的事情。
一级修饰 on the road to reduction,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰血
ie first step
或z伊吨 （1） Monitoring is the first step （主+系+表）
I but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干
（2） bllt there is much more （There be句型：there + is +主）
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰more
_级袍
to be done,
f介词by引出动作的发出者
and not just by big companies.
词汇注释i step * [step] n.步；脚步m.迈步；踏 reduction * [n,dAkfh] n.减少；下降
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