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2013年考研英语（一）真题逐词逐句精讲
Use 3 地g岬j /
®•••第一"段••• «
O People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.，愈体而言，
人们在自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。
at considering background information
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
on the who1le,
插入语
句子主干 People are,...poor （主+系+表）
[when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 when （they are） making individual decisions.
:词汇注释 i*nformation [ iinfa-meijn]信息；资料 i*ndividual [ imdrvidauol] q.独自的；个人的
❷ At first glance this might seem like a strength that grants the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by external
factors.乍看之下，这似乎是一种优势，它赋予人们在不受外界因素影响的情况下做出判断的能力。
—级修饰 At first glance
[插入语
句子主干 this might seem like^sWength （主+系+表）
that引导的定语从句，[修饰a strength
—级修饰 that grants the ability to make judgments
which引导的定语从句，修饰judgments]
二级修饰 which are unbiased by external factors.
:词汇注释:g*lance [glams] n.匆匆一看vi.瞥一眼;粗略地看g*rant [graint] vt.授予;承认n.拨款
j*udgment [ dsAdsmant]几判断;看法;判决 e*xternal [ ik stainl] a.外界的;外来的;对外的
❸ But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big picture was leading decision-makers to be biased
by the daily samples of information they were working with.但尤里•西蒙逊博士推测，不能考虑总体局势会导致决
策者因受日常接触的信息样本的影响而产生偏见。
But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句J作speculated的宾语
句子主干 that an inability to consider the big picture was leading decision-makers
动词不定式短语作decision-makers的补足语:
to be biased by the daily samples of information
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句， 修饰information |
一级修饰 they were working with.
词汇注释's*peculate [ spekjuleit] v.推测；猜测；推断 c*"onsider [ ksn sidaCr） ] v.仔细考虑 vt.认为；体谅
biased [，baiost] a.有偏见的;片面的 s*ample [ .sa:mpl] n.样本;取样;样品
149❹ For example, he theorised that a judge fearful of appearing too soft on crime might be more likely to send someone to
prison if he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. 例如，他
提出这样的理论:一名担心对罪行表现得过于心慈手软的法官，如果在当天已经宣判五、六名被告只进行强制
性社区服务，那他就更有可能将其他某个被告送进监狱。
For example, he theorised （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 :that引导的宾语从句，作theorised的宾语
that a judge...might be more likely to send someone to prison
_ — [形容词短语作后置定语，修饰a judge
fearfill of appearing too soft on crime
if?l导的条件状语从句
—级修饰 if he had already sentenced five or six other defendants
介词短语作five or six other defendants的补足语|
only to forced community service on that day.
词汇注释:theorise [ -eiaraiz]。.建立理论;形成理论 p*rison [ pnzn]几.监狱；监禁；牢笼
s*entence [ •sentons] vt.宣判，判决 n.句子 d*efendant [di-fendant] n.被告，被告人
•••第二段•・・・
❶ To test 由is idea, he turned to the university-admissions process.为了检验这一想法，他开始研究大学录取过程。
—级修饰 To test this idea,
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 he turned （主+谓）
f介词短语作状语，表对象
—级修饰 to the university-admissions process.
i可汇注释 a*dmission [ad mijn]几.录用；承认;入场费 p*rocess [ -prauses]几过程；步骤；工序
❷ In theory, the success of an applicant should not depend on the few others chosen randomly for interview during the
same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was otherwise.理论上，某个申请者的成功不应取决于同一天被
迎如竺加面试的其他几名申请者,但西蒙逊博士怀疑事实并非如此。
—级修饰 chosen randomly for interview during the same day,
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the few others [
（l）In theory, the success of an applicant should not depend on tfiefew^tha^ （主+谓+宾）
[but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 ⑵but Dr Simonsohn suspected （主+谓+宾从）
省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，[作suspected的宾语
the truth was otherwise.
:词汇注释 applicant [-aephkgnt] n.申请人 depend on取决于;依赖;依靠
randomly [ -raendamli] ad.随机地；任意地 i*nterview [ 'intavju：] n.面试；访谈；会谈
s*uspect [sa-spekt] vt.怀疑;猜想；不信任 o*therwise [ Adawaiz] a.另外的;另U的 ad.否则
• •••第三段••••
❶ He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews conducted by 31 admissions officers.他研究了 由 31 位招生人员进
行的9323场MBA入学面试的结果。 “
句子主干 He studied theresults （主+谓+宾）
i介词短语作后置定语，修饰the results
—级修饰 of 9,323 MBA interviews conducted by 31 admissions officers.
1503司汇注释 r*esult [n-ZAlt]几.结果;后果;成绩 conduct*[kgndAkt] m进行;指挥；引导
The interviewers had rated applicants on a scale of one to five.面试官按照 1 到 5 的等级为申请者评级。
一级修饰 on a scale of one to five.
]介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 The interviewers had rated ggglicants （主+谓+宾）
3司汇注释 rate^freit] vt.评定等级;评估;估价n.速度 scale*[ skeil] n.等级;范围;标度；比例
❸ This scale took numerous factors into consideration.这一评分等级考虑了很多因素。
句子主干 This scale took numerousjactors into consideration.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
3
司汇注释 numerous^ [ •njurmsras] a.许多的，众多的 consideration [ kan^ida reijn] n.考虑；深思；体谅
❹ The scores were then used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or
GM AT, a standardised exam which is marked out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
该分数随后和申请者的管理学研究生入学考试（简称GMAT, 一种以800分为满分进行打分的标准化考试）分
数共同决定申请者是否会被录取。
-级修饰 to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 The scores were then used （主+谓）
1介词短语作主子主干的状语
二遍曷布
in conjunction with an applicant's score
介词短语作后置定语，修饰an applicant's score |
二级修饰 on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT,
GMAT的同位语1
三级修饰 a standardised exam
which引导的定语从句，修饰a standardised exam [
四级修饰 which is marked out of 800 points,
:词汇注释 in conjunction with 连同；和....协力 standardise [，staend0daiz] vt.使标准化
•••第四段••••
❶ Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0. 75 points or more
higher than that of the one before that, then the score for the next applicant would drop by an average of 0. 075 points.
西蒙逊博士发现，在当日一系列的申请者中，如果前一位的分数比他/她前一位高出0.75分或更多，那么下一
位的分数会平均下降0.075分。
Dr Simonsohn found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作found的宾语
then the score for the next applicant would drop by an average of 0. 075 points.
1 导的条件状语从句
一级修饰 if the score...was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one before that,
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰the score
二级修饰 of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees
"罢点洼释 宾语从句 then the score...0.075 points 中，介词短语 for the next applicant 作后置定语，修饰 the score；
介词短语by an average of 0. 075 points作状语，修饰would dropo条件状语从句中，第一个that指
代 the score,第二个指代 the previous candidate o
q司汇注释 candidate * [ kaendidat ] n.申请者；候选人 a*verage [ 'aevandj]几.平均值；平均数
151❷ This might sound small, but to undo the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than
would otherwise have been necessary.这也许听起来微乎其微，但是要消除这一下降所带来的影响，申请者的
GMAT分数就要比原本所需的多出30分。
（l）This might sound small,（主+系+表）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but...a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points （主+谓+宾）
. —‘ = ..................一—顼——~*—-—-—-—
[动词不定式短语作（2 ）句的目的状语
to undo the effects of such a decrease
—级修饰 than引导的定语从句，修饰GMAT points
than would otherwise have been necessary.
:iS）＞C注释]u*ndo [wrdu:] m消除;松开；打败 e*ffect [rfekt] n.影响；效应；印象
d*ecrease [di'kriis] n. /v.降低；减少 necessary *「nesosori] a.必需的；必要的
Part A
Text 1
…第一段•••
❶ In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive
assistant for imagining由at high fashion doesn't affect her.在2006年电影版《时尚女魔头》中，由梅丽尔•斯特里
普饰演的米兰达•普瑞斯特利训斥她的助理毫无魅力，因为助理认为高端时尚与自己无关。
—级修饰 In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada,
!介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 Miranda Priestly,...scolds her unattractive assistant （主+谓+宾）
，补充说明Miranda Priestly
played by Meryl Streep,
介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 for imagining
| that? |导的宾语从句，作imagining的宾语
that high fashion doesn't affect her.
:词汇注释;v*ersion [-vaifn] n.版本;变体;描述 s*cold [ sksuld] vt.训斥，责骂
a*ssistant [s-sistant] n.助理;助手；助教 a*ffect ["ekt] vt.影响；深深打动;使感染
❷ Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant's sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to
department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.普瑞斯特利解释了助
理身上那件毛衣的深蓝色如何随着时间的推移逐渐过时:从时装秀场到百货商店，最后沦落到折扣区。毫无疑
问,这个可怜的女孩就是从折扣区淘来了这件毛衣。
Priestly expl3^（主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [how引导的宾语从句，作explains的宾语
how the deep blue color of the assistant's sweater descended over the years
介词短语作状语I
from fashion shows to department stores
一级修饰 | and连接并列的介词短语“
and to the bargain bin
介词in+which引导的定语从句，[修饰the bargain bin
二级修饰 in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
152词汇注释：descend^ [di send] vi.下降;相传;来临 bargain bin折价商品区；地摊
doubtless [ -dautbs] 几乎肯定地；大概 g*arment [ -gazmgnt] n.（一件）衣服
第二段•••
❶ This top-down conception of the fashion b*usiness couldn't be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world
described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline's three-year indictment of wfast fashion时尚界这种从高端到低端演变
的观念早已过时，也不同于伊丽莎白•克莱恩在《过度着装》一书中所描述的狂热世界，这是她历时三年完成的
对“快时尚”的控诉。
—级修饰 of the fashion business
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰This top-down conception
This top-down conception...couldn^ be moreoutofdate （主+系+表）
句子主干 or连接的并列表语|
or at odds with the feverish world
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the feverish world ：
—级修饰 described in Overdressed,
t
Overdressed的同位语
二级修饰 Elizabeth Cline's three-year indictment of "fast fashion".
:国汇注释:conception * [kansepfn] n.观念;构想；怀孕 （be） at odds （ with sth.）（与某物）有差异
feverish [ •fiivanf ] a.狂热的;发烧的 indictment [m daitmant]几.控诉;公诉书
❷ In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to
react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.在过去十多年间，技术的进步使得大众品牌，
比如Zara、H&M和优衣库能够更快速地对时尚趋势作出区应，也能更准确地预测（消费者的）需求。
In the last decade or so,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo
举例说明mass-market labels'
advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 and连接并列的动词不定式短语作mass-market labels的补足语[
to react to trends more quickly and （to） anticipate demand more precisely.
:词汇注释：or so大约;左右 a*dvance [od vazns] n.进步；前进，行进
mass-market [ imaes-ma:kit] a.面向大众的；畅销的 t*rend [trend]几.趋势;倾向；动态
a*nticipate [aen-tisipeit] vt.预料；预见；期望 precisely [pn-saisli] ad.准确地；仔细地
❸ Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit.更快的推陈出新意味着
商品库存浪费更少、新货上市更频繁且利润更丰厚。
句子主干 Quicker turnarounds mean
词汇注释：turnaround [ungund]几周转期;好转;转机 inventory^ [ mvantri] n.库存；清单
❹ These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two,
although they don't advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.这些品牌鼓励追求时尚的消费者
把衣服视为一次性商品——原本就只洗一两次，尽管它们并未如此宣传一并且每隔几周就更新一次衣橱。
153and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.
句子主干 and连接并列的宾语补足语|
These labels encourage ^de-cmsciouscmsuin^s to see clothes as disposable （主+谓+宾读补）
一级修饰 一meant to last only a wash or two,
I although引导的让步状语从句
二级修饰 although they don't advertise that—
:词汇注释 conscious*[ konJas] a.有意识的；慎重的 disposable [drspauzabl] a.用后即丢弃的
a*dvertise [ -aedvataiz] w.宣传 m 登广告 wardrobe^ [ •wozdraub]几.衣橱，衣柜；全部衣物
❺ By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an
industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.克莱恩认为,通过以超低价出售潮流物品，这些品牌控制了时尚周
期，撼动了这个长期以来按照季节性节奏运转的产业。
By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
Cline argues,
“ 1插入语
句子主干 these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,（主+谓+宾）
I现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
—级修饰 shaking an industry
i形容词短语作后置定语，修饰an industry
二级修饰 long accustomed to a seasonal pace.
词汇注释:hijack^[ -haidjaek]讥控制，操纵；劫持 accustomed [a kAStamd] a.习惯于；通常的
…第三段…
❶ The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers.当然，这次变革的受害者不仅限于设计师。
句子主干 The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers.（主+谓）
「诃无生将]r*evolution [（rev3 lu：/n] n.大变革；革命；巨变 limit*[ limit] vt.（使）限于（某一地方或群体）
❷ For H&M to offer a $5. 95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas
labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.又寸于 H&M 公
司来说，如果要在其全球2300多家门店出售一款5. 95美元的针织迷你裙，它就必须依赖廉价的海外劳动力，以
及造成自然资源过度消耗的批量订单,并使用大量有害化学物质。
二级修饰 in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world,
I介词短语作地点状语
For H&M to offer a $5. 95 knit miniskirt
_级修饰 动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
that strain natural resources,
[that引导的定语从句，修饰order in volumes
k must rdy on归竺箜g空竺竺皂迦（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and （must） use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.
154要，京注释]句首的介词For引出动词不定式短语to offer...的逻辑主语H&M。
词汇注释1 k*nit [mt] n.针织品v.编织;针织 v*olume [ wcljuim] n.量;容积;音量
strain * [ strem] vt.过度使用 n.压力 massive * [ maesiv] a.大量的；巨大的
harmful [ ha:mfl] a.有害的，导致损害的 c*hemical [ kemikl] n.化学品a.化学的
r»
•••第四段••-
❶ Overdressed is the fashion world's answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan's The Omnivore's Dilemma.
《过度着装》是时尚界对类似迈克尔•波伦所著的《杂食者的两难》这样的消费者积极分子畅销书的回应。
句子主干 Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the fashion worldJs answer
—级修饰 to consumer-activist bestsellers
举例说明consumer-activist bestsellers [
二级修饰 like Michael Pollan's The Omnivore's Dilemma.
词汇注释:d*ilemma [drlema] n.（进退两难的）窘境，困境
❷ 44Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,M Cline argues.
克莱恩认为:“批量生产的衣服，就像快餐一样,只能填饱肚子，满足基本需要,但却无法持久，也会造成浪费。”
一级修饰 like fast food,
]举例说明 Mass-produced clothing
"Mass-produced clothing,...fills a hunger and need,
I yet连接的并列谓语
句子主干 yet is non-durable and wasteful,n
直接引语作argues的宾语
▼
Cline arguea （宾+主+谓）
词汇注释:mass-produced [ |inaespra-dju：st ] q.批量生产的;大量生产的durable 1 [ djuarabl] a.持久的；耐用的
❸ Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much
they give away, this excess leads to waste.她发现，美国人每年大约购买200亿件衣服-平均每人64件----且
不管他们捐出去多少，这种过剩都会造成浪费。
—级修饰 一about 64 items per person—
__________ [补充说明
（1） Americans, she finds, buy a year （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and...this excess leads to waste.（主+谓+宾）
| no matter how引导的让步状语从句，作（2）句的让步状语
—级修饰 no matter how much they give away,
词汇注释：roughly [-rAfli]配.大约;粗暴地;粗糙地 e*xcess [ ik-ses]几过度;过分;过多的量
….第五段.…
❶ Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since
2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully.在《过度着装》一书的结尾,克莱恩介绍了她心中的理想典
155范------位名为萨拉•凯特•博蒙特的布鲁克林女性，自2008年起，她便亲手制作自己所有的衣服一一而且做
得很漂亮。
一级修饰 Towards the end of Overdressed^
1介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 Cline introduced her ideal,（主+谓+宾）
! her ideal的同位语
一级修饰 a Brooklyn woman
[过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a Brooklyn woman
二级修饰 named Sarah Kate Beaumont,
who引导的非限定性定语从句J补充说明Sarah Kate Beaumont
三级修饰 who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully.
But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft； her example can't be knocked off.
不过，正如克莱恩最先注意到的那样，博蒙特用数十年时间才使她的手艺臻于完美，因此她的例子不可能被轻
易复制。
一级修饰 as Cline is the first to note,
[as引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明（1 ）句
⑴But...业 took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;（主+谓+间宾+直宾）
句子主干 并列句
（2）her example can't be knocked off.（主+谓）
要，京洼释 在（1）句中,it为形式主语，动词不定式短语to perfect her craft作真正的主语。
"词汇注释 d*ecade [-dekeid] n.十年,十年期 p*erfect [pa-fekt] vt.使完善;使完美;使完备
c*raft [kra:ft]几手艺;技能;诡计 knock off迅速而轻松地完成;击倒；收工
•••第六段•••
O Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including
H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line——Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.
尽管多家快时尚公司已经努力地去控制它们对劳动力和环境的影响——包括推出了绿色环保系列产品的
H&M公司——克莱恩认为只有消费者才能带来持久性的改变。
—ncluding H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line——
二级修饰 补充说明
on labor and the environment
介词短语作后置定语,修饰their impact I
一级修饰 Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact
Though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
Cline believes （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作believes的宾语
lasting change can only be effected by the customer.
:词汇注释 c*urb [ k3：b] vt.控制，抑制，限定 i*mpact [ -impaekt] n.影响；冲撞；冲击力
156❷ She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy,不管在食品领域还
是能源领域，她表现出了许多可持续发展的支持者们共有的理想主义。
句子主干 She exhibits tfiejdealism （主+谓+宾）
|形容词短语作后置定语，修饰the idealism
common to many advcxiates of sustainability,
—级修饰 让步状语从句
be it in food or in energy.
:妻保注暮]本句中的让步状语从句为省略引导词（whether）的让步状语从句的倒装语序，其结构为“be +主语
+ or连接的两个表语”。补充完整后的正常语序为whether it is in food or in energyo
:词汇注样：e*[ixghibit zibit] vt.表现;展览 idealism [ardiiakzam] n.理想主义；唯心论
advocate * [ aedvakgt ] n.支持者；提倡者 sustainability [ soistema bilati] n.持续性；永续性
❸ Vanity is a constant； people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can't afford not to.虚荣心是一种常
态；只有在负担不起不可持续性购物时，人们才会开始可持续性购物。
（1） Vanity is aconstant;（主+系+表）
句子主干 I并列句
（2） people will only start shopping more sustainably （主+谓+宾）
[when引导的时间状语从句，作（2）句的时间状语
—级修饰 when they can't afford not to （shop sustainably）.
商W至祢1 vanity [ -vsnati] n.虚荣心；自负；自大 a*]fford 3-f3：d] vt.支付得起；承担后果;提供
Text 2
…第一段…
❶ An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half.常言道，
一半的广告预算都打了水漂—问题在于，没有人知道是哪一半。
An old saying has it （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 [it为形式宾语，that引导的宾语从句作真正的宾语
that half of all advertising budgets are wasted
___________ [补充说明
—级修饰 —he trouble is, no one knows which half.
:萋点注密]破折号后的内容中,主语为the trouble,系动词为is,省略引导词（that）的表语从句，作表语;该从
句由"主语（no one） +谓语（knows） +宾语（which half）”构成。
「商无生暮]b*[udget bAd3it] n.预算队编制预算 wasted [ -weistid] a.徒劳无功的，白费的;瘦弱的
❷ In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced.在网络时代，至少从理论上讲，被浪费的
这一部分广告预算可以被大幅减少。
In the internet age,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
at least in theory,
__________ l插入语
句子主干 this fraction can be much reduced.（主+谓）
:鬲定生窿；at least至少;无论如何;反正 f*]raction -fraekjn] n.小部分;少量;分数
157❸ By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim ubehaviouraln ads at those most likely
to buy.通过观察人们在网上搜索的内容、点击的链接和发表的言论，企业可以针对最可能购买的人群投放“行
为”广告。
what people search for, click on and say online,
—级修饰 | what引导的宾语从句，作watching的宾语
By watching
I
介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
句子主干 companies can aim^beha\douraFads （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象
—级修饰 at those most likely to buy.
■词汇注释:click[klik] vi.点击，单击n.单击；咔嗒声 behavioural [brheivjaral] a.行为的;行为研究的
"…第二段,…
O In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should
advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads?在过去几周，一场争论阐明 了这些
磋竺当广告商的价值:广告商应该假定用户乐意被追踪并收到行为广告吗？
—级修饰 In the past couple of weeks
i介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 a quarrel has illustrated ttieyahie （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the value
to advertisers of such fine-grained information:
解释说明a quarrel
一级修饰 Should advertisers assume
that引导的宾语从句，:作Should...assume的宾语
that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads?
；词汇注释 i*llustrate [-ilastreit] vt.阐明；说明；解释 track*[ traek] v.追踪；跟踪凡.轨道；踪迹
❷Or should they have explicit permission?还是应该获得用户的明确许可？
句子主干 Or should they have explici£permi^ion?( 一般疑问句：情态动词+主+谓语动词+宾)
:词汇注释 e*xplicit [ik splisit] a.明确的；清楚明白的 p*ermission [pa1 miJn] n.许可；准许;许可证
“••第三段••…
❶ In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not trackn ( DNT) option to
internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. 2010 年 12 月，美国联邦
贸易委员会(FTC)建议在互联网浏览器上添加“禁止追踪” (DNT)选项，以便用户告知广告商他们不想被追踪。
一级修饰 In December 2010
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 America's...(FTC) proposed 回虫嘎52目22?2史芝虹1©^£[195!^?5(主+谓+宾)
J
“ 介词短语作句子主干的状语 表对象
to internet browsers,
so that引导的目的状语从句，作句子圭干的目的状语
—级修饰 so that users could tell advertisers
that引导的宾语从句，[作could tell的直接宾语
that they did not want to be followed.
158:词汇注群 commission[ka mifn] n.委员会;佣金 p*ropose [ pro paoz] vt.建议;计划 v.求婚
o*ption [ opjn] n.选项;选择;选择权 browser [ -brauzo(r)]几.浏览器;浏览程序
❷ Microsoffs Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ； Google's Chrome is due to do so this year,微软的 IE
浏览器和苹果的Safari浏览器都提供了“禁止追踪”选项;谷歌的浏览器Chrome今年也将提供同样的功能。
(1) Microsoft's Internet Explcrrer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT;(主+谓+宾)
句子主干 I并列句
(2) Google's Chrome is due to do so this year.(主+谓)
❸ In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance ( DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on
responding to DNT requests. 2月份，美国联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟(DAA)达成共识:该行业将尽快响应
“禁止追踪”的要求。
In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作agreed的宾语]
that the industry would get cracking
'[介词短语作状语
—级修饰 on responding to DNT requests.
田汇注释 a*lliance [g laigns] n.联盟；同盟；结盟 get cracking立即大干起来
,,,第四段…
❶On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. 5月31号，微软公司率先挑起争论。
句子主干 On May 31st Microsoft set off the row.(主+谓+宾)
❷ It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.微软公司
宣称，将与Windows 8 一起推出的IE 10版本浏览器将会把“禁止追踪”设为默认状态。
句子主干
| Internet Explorer 10的同位语
一级修饰 the version due to appear with Windows 8,
要点注释：that引导的宾语从句中，主语为Internet Explorer 10,谓语为would have,宾语为DNT,介词短语as a
default作DNT的补足语。
词汇注释:a*ppear [ypiMr）]航.出现;呈现;抵达 d*efault [drfo:lt] n.默认；系统设定值;违约
…第五段…
❶Advertisers are horrified.广告商们对此惶恐不已。
句子主干 Advertisers are horrified.（主+系 +表）
:词汇注释：horrified [ 'hDrifaid] a.恐惧的，惊骇的
❷ Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings.大多数用户都会坚持使用浏览器默认设置,
这是人性使然。
—级修饰 Human nature being what it is,
[独立主格结构，作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 most people stick with default^ettings.（主+谓+宾）
159:要点注释 ''、在独立主格结构中,Human nature为being what it is的逻辑主语;其中what引导表语从句，该从句
由“主语（it） +系动词（is） +表语（what）”构成。
顶无注整]stick with坚持做；紧跟 s*[etting Setir）] n.设置;背景;一套餐具
❸Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off.现在很少有人打开"禁止追踪”选项，但是如果“追踪”
选项被默认关闭，那么它就会一直处于关闭状态。
（l）Few switch DNT on now,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 [but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but...it will stay off.（主+系+表）
[if引导的条件状语从句，作（2 ）句的条件状语
—级修饰 if tracking is off
❹ Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the
industry cannot collect information about their preferences.美国国家广告商协会的首席执行官鲍勃•利奥狄斯宣
称，如果本行业不能收集到用户的偏好信息，那么用户的情况将更糟。
—级修饰 the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,
^Bob Liodice的同位语
Bob Liodice,...says （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 |省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作says的宾语
consumers will be worse off
if引导的条件状语从句;
—级彳廖t布 if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.
:词汇注释 executive * [ ig zekjativ]几执行官;行政领导 preference*[ prefrsns]几喜好；偏爱；偏爱的事物
❺People will not get fewer ads, he says.他指出，人们看到的广告不会变少。
句子主干 People will not get fewer ads,（主+谓+宾）
___________ [插入语
—级修饰 he says.
❻“They'll get less meaningful, less targeted ads. ”“他们收到的广告将会更没有意义，且更缺少针对性。”
句子主干 “They'll get坦竺尘竺旻也ItlSS登竺匪竺捉虫（主+谓+宾）
…•第六段…
❶It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.广告商们对此做何回应，现在还不得而知。
It is not yet clear （主+系 +表）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，how引导的主语从句作真正的主语
how advertisers will respond.
❷ Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. 收到
“禁止追踪”信号不能迫使任何一家广告公司停止追踪，尽管有些公司已经承诺会在收到该信号后停止追踪。
句子主干 Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking,（主+谓+宾+宾补）
jalthough引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
—级修饰 although some companies have promised to do so.
，词汇注释:oblige [9Plaids] vt.迫使，强迫v.帮忙;效劳 promise*[ promis] v.承诺;许诺;保证
160❸ Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoffs default,
some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.由于无法辨别用户是真的反对行为广告，还是坚持使用微软
的默认设置,一些公司可能会忽略“禁止追踪”信号，继续追踪用户信息。
or whether they are sticking with Microsoft's default,
| or连接并列的宾语从句
r>
一级修饰 whethersomeone really objects to behavioural ads
[whether引导的宾语从句，作tell的宾语
Unable to tell
[形容词短语作句子主干的原因状语
some may ignore a DNT signal （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列谓语
and (may) press on anyway.
词汇注释:object to反对;不赞成 press on决心继续;抓紧;压，按
•…第七段•…
❶Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.同样不得而知的是，为什么微软独自采取行动。
句子主干 Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.（倒装句：表+系+主从）
:词汇注释:go it alone独自干;独力
❷ After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how.
毕竟,它本身也有广告业务,微软称其广告业务会遵从“禁止追踪”的要求,不过,具体如何实施还在研究中。
句子主干 After all, it has ai£ad_business too,（主+谓+宾）
[which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明an ad business
—级修饰 which it says will comply with DNT requests,
I though引导的让步状语从句
二级修饰 though it is still working out how.
要点注释1本句承接上句，句中的it均指代Microsofto which引导的非限定性定语从句中，主语为which, it
says 为插入语,谓语为 will comply，状语为 with DNT requestso
:词汇注释 comply with服从，遵从 work out想出（解决方法）；解决
❸ If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no
guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm,如果微软是在试图打败几乎全部依赖广告业务运营的谷
歌,那么它选择的这种方法则不够直接:没有人能够保证将“禁止追踪”设置为默认选项会成为行业规范。
二级修饰 which relies almost wholly on advertising,
[which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Google
—级修饰 If it is trying to upset Google,
导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 it has chosen竺虫虫整丑燮坦Q:（主+谓+宾）
[解释说明句子主干
—级修饰 There is no guarantee
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明guarantee
二级修饰 that DNT by default will become the norm.
161:词汇注释:w*holly [ 'haulli] ad.完全地;全面地;整体地 indirect [iinda-rekt] a.间接的；附带的;迂回的
guarantee * [ ^aeran-ti： ] n.保证；保证金;保修单norm * [noim] n.规范；标准；常态
❹ DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other
products favourably with Google's on that count before.尽管微软曾就这一点将旗下的其他产品和谷歌的产品做过
比较，其优势明显，但“禁止追踪”选项似乎并非Windows 8系统的一大明显卖点。
句子主干 DNT does not seem 空（主+系+表）
___________ [补充说明
—级修饰 一though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably
介词短语作状语，[表对象
with Google's
二级修饰 介词短语作状语，表方面
on that count before.
'、、词汇注释:obviously [pbviosli] ad.显然；不言而喻 favourably [ feivsrabli] ad.有利地;支持地
❺ Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: uWe believe consumers should have more control. M 微软首
席隐私官布伦丹-林奇在博客中写道:“我们认为用户应该有更多的控制权丁
一级修饰 Microsoft's chief privacy officer,
Brendon Lynch 的同位语
Brendon Lynch,...blogged:（主+谓+宾）
句子主干
"We believe consumers should have more c*ontrol?
要点注释1直接引语中，省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作believe的宾语。
❻Could it really be that simple?但事情真的那么简单吗？
句子主干 Could it really be thatsimple?（一般疑问句：情态动词+主+系+表）
Text 3
第一段…
❶ Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly
positive.直到几十年前，我们对未来的想象尽管不完全一致,但总体上颇为乐观。
—级修饰 Up until a few decades ago,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 our visions of the future were largely...glowingly positive.（主+系+表）
[插入语，补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 一though by no means uniformly—
:词汇注释:by no means并不;决不;一点也不 uniformly [ ju：mfo:mli] ad, 一致地;相同地
❷ Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfilment and opportunity for all.
科技会解决人类的所有困难，使人们都能过上充满成就感和机遇的生活。
句子主干 Science and technology would cure辿上堕邑£典巴些巫y,（主+谓+宾）
i现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语
—级修饰 leading to lives of fulfilment and opportunity for all.
162，通汇洼群；c*[kujre U3（r）] vt.解决;治愈;矫正 h*umanity [ hjurmaenat订几.人类；人道
fulfilment [ ful filmant ]（亦作 fulfillment） n.成就感 o*pportunity [ .ops tjumati] n.机会；时机
…第二段…
O Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from
asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.现在，随着我们对自己所面临的一系列威胁-从小行星撞
击到流感猖獗，再到气候变化一有了更深刻的认识，这种乌托邦式的幻想已经变得不再流行了。
句子主干 Now utopia has grown unfashionable,（主+系+表）
[as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
•■级修饰 as we have gained a deeper appreciation
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰a deeper appreciation
二级修饰 of the range of threats facing us,
[补充说明the range of threats
三级修饰 from asteroid strike-to epidemic flu and to climate change.
i词汇注释: utopia [ jui'taupia] n.乌托邦；理想国 appreciation [a,pri:Ji eijn] n.认识;欣赏；感激
asteroid [ 'sestaroid] n.小行星 e*pidemic [ ieprdemik] a.流行性的n.流行病;泛滥
©You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.你甚至可能会不禁认为，人
类几乎没有未来可以期待了。
句子主干 You might even be tempted （主+谓）
I动词不定式短语作You的补足语
to assume
[that引导的宾语从句，作assume的宾语
一级修饰
that humanity has little future to look forward to.
词汇注释 be tempted to受诱惑....；倾向于 look forward to 期待,盼望
…第三段…
❶But such gloominess is misplaced.但这种悲观是不合时宜的。
句子主干 But such gloominess is misplaced.（主+系+表）
J词汇注释' gloominess [ 'gluimmas] n.悲观;沮丧;黑暗 misplaced [ tims-pleist] a.不合时宜的；不得体的
❷ The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn't we?化石记录表明，
许多物种已经延续了数百万年之久——那为什么我们人类就不能呢？
The fossil record shows （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作shows的宾语
that many species have endured for millions of years
补充说明句子主干
一级修饰 —o why shouldn't we?
；词汇注释、、 f*[ossil 'fosl] m 化石；老顽固 s*pecies [ -spi:Ji：z] nn.. （sing, species）物种；种
e*ndure [ m*dju9 （r） ] vi.持续存在 vt.忍受 m* illion [ •miljsn] num.百万；大量
❸ Take a broader look at our s*pecies place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of
surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years.从更为广阔的视角来审视我们这个物种在宇宙中的地
位,我们就会明白，即便我们不能存活几十万年,但再存活几万年还是极有可能的。
163—级修饰 at our species' place in the universe,
[介词短语作(1)句的状语，表对象
(l)Take ajbroaderjook (祈使句：谓+宾)
| and连接的并列句
句子主干 (2)and it becomes clear (主+系+表)
[it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens,...of thousands of years.
[插入语，补充说明tens
—级修饰 if not hundreds,
:复靠注裕:本句使用了“祈使句(Take a broader...) + and +陈述句(it...)"句型，该句型中，祈使句相当于一
个条件状语从句，陈述句相当于主句，表结果。
[诃无注择]u*niverse [ ■jumivais] n.宇宙；天地万物 e*xcellent [-eksahnt] a.极好的;优秀的；好极了
❹ Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) and you will read: " Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently
increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."在世界自然保护联盟《濒危物
种红色名录》中查阅“智人”这一词条，你会看到：“由于该物种分布极其广泛，适应性强，目前数量还在持续增
加，且不存在导致整个族群数量减少的重大威胁，所以该物种被列为无危物种”。
二级修饰 of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰the "Red List" of threatened species
—级修饰 in the "Red List" of threatened species
I介词短语作(1)句的状语
(l)Look up Honwjapiei^ (祈使句：谓+宾)
| and连接的并列句
句子主干 (2)and ^ou will read:(主+谓+宾)
[直接引语作will read的宾语
"Listed as Least Concern
[as引导的原因状语从句
as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing,
-级修饰 :and连接的并列句
and there are no major threats
现在分词短语作后置定语,[修饰major threats
二级修饰 resulting in an overall population decline."
:词汇注释:c*onservation [ ikonso'yeifn]几保护；文物保护 distributed [drstnbjuitid] a.分布的；分散的
*.••第四段.・・*
❶So what does our deep future hold?那么，我们遥远的未来会是什么样呢？
句子主干 So what does our deep future hold?(特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+助动词+主+谓语动词)
❷ A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. 越来越多的研究者
和组织都在认真思考这个问题。 “
—级修饰 A growing number of
，名词短语修饰researchers and organisations
句子主干 researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that^uesti(OTi.(主+谓携)
164❸ For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking
time thousands of years hence.例如，今日永存基金会将一台旨在几千年后依然能够记录时间的机械钟列为它的
旗舰项目。
—级修饰 For example,
[插入语
---------------- ▼ r»
句子主干 the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project am^ianica^clo^ （主+谓+宾补+宾）
that引导的定语从句，修饰a mechanical clock!
—级修饰 that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.
要成注释」由于本句宾语的修饰成分过长，所以将宾语补足语置于宾语前。
:词汇注释：flagship [ •flaegjip] n.旗舰；最重要产品 m* echanical [mg kaenikl] a.机械的；呆头呆脑的
…第五段…
❶ Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.或许
有悖常理，但与思考不远的未来相比，思考如此长远的时间跨度似乎更为容易。
—级修饰 Perhaps willfully,
___________ [插入语
it may be easier （主+系+表）
句子主干 ’[it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to think about such lengthy timescales
than…作比较状语
—级修饰 than about the more immediate future.
"诃无遂释]willfully [ •wilfali] ad.固执地;蓄意地 lengthy [ ler）ei] a.过长的;漫长的
timescale [ -taimskeilj n.一段时间；期限 immediate * [ rmiidist ] q.紧接的；立即的；目前的
❷ The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps
best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. 现今技术的潜
在发展及其社会影响复杂得令人眩晕,或许最好的办法是把我们所能想象到的诸多可能性留给科幻小说家和
未来学家去探索。
—级修饰 and its social consequences,
j插入语，补充说明The potential...technology
（l）The potential evolutkm of today's technology,...is dazzlingly complicated,（主+系+表）
| and连接的并列句
句子主干 （2）and i£s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists （主+谓）
^it为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to explore the many possibilities
[省略关系词（which/that ）的定语从句，修饰the many possibilities
—级修饰 we can envisage.
要点注释:(2)句中，介词短语to science fiction writers and futurologists作状语，表对象。
词汇注释:p*otential [pa tenjl] a.潜在的;可能的 e*volution [ jzva luifn] n.发展；渐进;进化
consequence * [ *kDnsikwans] n.影响；结果 complicated * [ ^omplikeitid] a.复杂的；难懂的
futurologist [ ifjuztJaTDhdjist] n.未来学家 envisage^ [m vizidj] vt.想象;设想；展望
165❸ That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.这正是我们创办《弧》
的原因之一，这本新刊物致力于研究不久的将来。
句子主干 That's onejreason （主+系+表）
,修饰one reason
一级修饰 why we have launched Arc,
4rc的同位语]
二级修饰 a new publication
［形容词短语作后置定语，修饰a new publication
三级修饰 dedicated to the near future.
3司汇注释 ： p*ublication [ （pAbli keijn] n.刊物；出版物;发行 dedicated to 专用于....的
….第六段.…
❶ But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. 然而，从更长远
的视角来看，我们可以对数量惊人的事情做出相当准确的预测。
（1） But take alongerview （祈使句：谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and there is a surprising amount （There be 句型：there + is +主）
that引导的定语从句J修饰a surprising amount -
—级修饰 that we can say with considerable assurance.
:坷汇注释:c*onsiderable [ kan sidsrsbl] a.相当多（或大）的 assurance5^ [ a-Jugrans]几确信;担保；人寿保险
❷ As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the
history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants
will find themselves.正如通常情况下，过去掌握着打开未来之门的钥匙：我们现在已经了解了足够多的形成地
球和我们人类历史的长期模式,这使得我们能够对子孙后代所处的环境做出有理有据的预测。
句子主干 As so often, the past holds tlw^eyjojh^juti^：（主+谓+宾）
[解释说明句子主干
—级修饰 we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns
现在分词短语作后置定语J修饰the long-term patterns
shaping the history of the planet, and our species,
二级修饰 动词不定式短语作结果状语
to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations
介词in+which引导的定语从句，修饰the situations
三级修饰 in which our descendants will find themselves.
顿1 汇注释:i*dentify [ai dentifai] vi.理解；认同 vt.识别 p*lanet [ plaemt] n. （the -）地球（尤指环境）
forecast * [，fska:st ] n. /vt.预测；预报 descendant ☆ [drsendant ] n.子孙；后代；派生物
••••第七段••••
❶ This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.这种高瞻远
瞩使得我们对人类前景的悲观看法更像是一股短暂的风潮％
句子主干 This long perspective makes tfiejp^Ministicjnew...seem...fad.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the pessimistic view
一级修饰 Of our prospects
166:词汇注释；p*^erspective pa-spektiv]几观点；态度 pessimistic[ ipesrmistik] a.悲观的；悲观主义的
prospect * [ prospekt ] n.前景；展望;希望 fad [fasd] n. 一时的风尚；一时的狂热
❷ To be sure, the future is not all rosy.诚然，未来并非一片光明。
—级修饰 To be sure,
[插入语 “
句子主干 the future is not all rosy.（主+系+表）
[词汇注释! to be sure诚然，固然，无可否认 rosy[rauzi] a.光明的;乐观的；粉红色的
❸ But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and
to improve the lot of those to come.但我们现在已经有足够的知识,能够降低许多曾威胁早期人类生存的风险，并
改善后人的命运。
句子主干 But we are now knowkdgeabl^enough （主+系+表）
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的结果状语
to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans,
-级修饰 | and连接并列的动词不定式短语
and to improve the lot of those to come.
:要点注释〔动词不定式短语to reduce...中，that引导的定语从句，修饰the risks o
:词汇注释:knowledgeable [.nol^sbl] a.知识渊博的；有见识的 e*[xistence ig zistans] n.生存;存在
Text 4
•…第一段,•••
O On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much o5f ：A3rizona's immigration law Monday—a modest policy
victory for the Obama Administration.美国最高法院周一以 的投票结果推翻了亚利桑那州移民法的诸多条
款，对奥巴马政府而言，这是一场小的政策胜利。
—级修饰 On a five to three vote,
1
介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 the Supreme Court knocked out些虫述空虫巴虫里迦虫业Monday （主+谓+宾）
[补充说明句子主干
—级修t布 一a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.
:词汇注释 knock out 淘汰;击败;摧毁 immigration [ iimi greijn] n.移民;移居（入境）
modest *[ modi st] a.不太大的；些许的 administration * [ adimmrstreijn]几 政府；行政
❷ But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration's effort to
upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.但是在宪法这一更为重要的问题上，最高
法院以8：0的投票结果否定了奥巴马政府在打破联邦政府与各州间权力平衡问题上所做的努力。
一级修饰 on the more important matter of the Constitution,
:介词短语作状语，表方面
句子主干 But... the decision was an8—0jd^at （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰an 8-0 defeat
一级修饰 for the Administration's effort
动词不定式短语作后置定语，:修饰the Administration5s effort
二级修饰 to upset the balance of power
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the balance of power
三级修饰 between the federal government and the states.
167词汇注释 m*atter [-maetaCr）] n.问题；事情；物质 constitution * [ ikonstrtjurjn] n.宪法；章程;组成
u*pset [Ap*set] vt.打乱;使心烦;倾覆 f*ederal [ fedsral] a.联邦制的;联邦政府的
第二段•…
❶ In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial
plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.亚利桑那州打算让州级和地方警察执行联邦移
民法，这一计划备受争议，在这场亚利桑那州政府与联邦政府的较量中，大多数法官推翻了四项受质疑条款中
的三项。
一级修饰 In Arizona v. United Slates,
[介词短语作状语
句子主干 the majority overturned 业竺也色业竺四（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the four contested provisions?
—级修饰 of Arizona's controversial plan
[修饰Arizona's controversial plan
动词不定式短语作后置定语，
二级修饰 to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.
词汇注释 o*verturn [tauv3-t3：n] vt.推翻，撤销v.倾覆 p*rovision [pra^isn] n.条款,规定；准备;供应
controversial * [ Contra V3：j*l] a.有争议的 enforce^ [in fois] vt.强制执行；强迫，迫使
❷ The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to <4 establish a uniform Rule of N*' aturalization and
that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.宪法规定，只有华盛顿有权"制定统一的归化条例”，且联
邦法律优先于州法律，这都是毋庸置疑的。
句子主干 The Constitutional principles...are noncontroyereial.（主+系+表）
that引导的同位语从句，[解释说明The Constitutional principles
that Washington alone has the power
—级修饰 | and连接并列的同位语从句
and that federal laws precede state laws
动词不定式短语作后置定语， 修饰 the power
二级修浦 to "establish a uniform Rule of N**aturalization
词汇注释 uniform * [，ju：nifo:m] a.统一的；一律的 precede * [ prrsiid] vt.先于；高于
❸ Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.而亚利桑那州曾试图制
定与现有联邦政策并行的州政策。
句子主干 Arizona had attempted 竺些绶史竺卫感坦耳（主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句，修饰state policies |
—级修饰 that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.
词汇注释 f*ashion [ faejn]勿.制作，使成形，塑造 run parallel to 与....平行
••••第三段，•八
。Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too
close to the federal sun.大法官安东尼-肯尼迪与首席大法官约翰-罗伯茨以及最高法院的自由派裁定该州肆
意挑战联邦政府的权威。
168—级修饰 joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals,
j
___________ 插入语
Justice Anthony Kennedy,...ruled （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作ruled的宾语
that the state flew too close to thg federal sun.
"亟I注释]chief *[tji ：f] a.首席的;首要的；为首的 l*iberal [liberal] n.自由主义者a.自由的
❷ On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately " occupied the field, ” and Arizona had
thus intruded on the federaFs privileged powers.对于被推翻的法律条款，大多数法官认为,美国国会早已有意地
“占领了这个领域”,因此亚利桑那州侵犯了联邦政府的特权。
—级修筑] On the overturned provisions
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
the majority held （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作held的宾语
句子主干 that Congress had deliberately "occupied the field,"
| and连接的并列句
and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal\ privileged powers.
:词汇注释 '、、majority * [ ma-dgorati ] n.大多数;大部分 deliberately [ di• libargtli ] ad.故意;从容不迫地
intrude on侵扰；闯进;把....强加于 privileged [ pnvslidsd] a.有特权的;荣幸
八••第四段•*••
O However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in
contact with law enforcement,但是,大涂官们表示，亚利桑那州的警察肴权在执法时核查相关人员的合法身份。
However, the Justices said （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句Jf^said的宾语
that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people
who引导的定语从句，修饰people [
—级修饰 who come in contact with law enforcement.
:词汇注释:v*erify [ 'venfai] vt.核实；查对;证明 come in contact with 和....接触
❷ That's because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages
state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.原因在于，国会一贯设想联邦和州政府联合
苦蛭民箜，并明确鼓励州政府官员与联邦同事共享信息、相互合作。
That，s...（主+系+表从）
| because引导的表语从句
because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and explicitly encourages state officers
|动词不定式短语作state officers的补足语
to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
:词汇注释：envision [nrvi3n] m设想,想象;展望 enforcement [m foismant] n.实施,施行;强制
explicitly [ ik-splisitli] ad.明确地；明白地 c*olleague [ 'koliig] n.同事；同僚
…•第五段•…
O Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed
about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.三位持反对意见的大法官中，有两位-塞缪尔•
169阿利托和克拉伦斯•托马斯一赞同这种宪法逻辑，但是对于“亚利桑那州移民法的哪些条例和联邦法相抵
触”这个问题，他们持不同意见。
with this Constitutional logic
一级修饰 介词短语作状语
—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—
]解释说明Two of the three objecting Justices
Two of the three objecting Justices...agreed （主+谓）
句子主干 but连接的并列谓语，表转折|
but disagreed
介词短语作状语，表方面]
项做布 about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.
要点注释'介词短语about...中,which引导的宾语从句，作about的宾语。
[百I汇注释！ conflict with与....相抵触 statute5^[-staetfuit] n.法规;法令;章程;条例
The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges
going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.唯一主要的异议来自大法官安东尼•斯卡利亚，他极力捍卫州特权，这
些特权可追溯到《外国人与煽动叛乱法案》。
句子主干 The only major objection came （主+谓）
介词短语作状语[
一级修饰 from Justice Antonin Scalia,
[who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Justice Antonin Scalia
二级修饰 who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰state privileges |
going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
i词汇注释 r*obust [rau bASt] q.坚定的；强壮的；结实的p*rivilege [ -pnvalids] n.特权；特殊利益；荣幸
•••第六段…
O The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as "a shocking
assertion of federal executive power. ”这次反对奥巴马总统出现8：0的投票结果，原因在于大法官塞缪尔•阿利
托在其反对意见中的描述:“对联邦行政权的维护令人震惊”。
The 8・0 objection to President Obama turns on （主+谓+宾从）
what引导的宾语从句J作turns on的宾语
句子主干 what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection
[介词短语作what的补足语
as "a shocking assertion of federal executive power."
:词汇注释:o*bjection [ab d3ekjn] n.反对;反对的理由 assertion [a s3：J*n] n.维护；主张；断言;使用
❷ The White House argued that Arizona's laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with
federal statutes to the letter.白宫认为，即便州法律一字不差地遵循联邦法，亚利桑那州的法律和白宫的执法优
先权也是互相冲突的。
The White House argued （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作argued的宾语
that Arizona's laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,
Jevenif引导的让步状语从句
—级修饰 even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.
170:词汇洼释:p*riority [ prarorati]几优先权;优先事项 comply with遵从;顺从
❸ In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.
实际上，白宫声称，它可以废除任何一项虽合法但不被它认可的州法律。
In effect, the White House claimed （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，:作claimed的宾语
that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law
that引导的定语从句，修饰state law；
—级修饰 that it disagrees with.
可汇汪释:invalidate [mvaelideit] m 使作废 l*egitimate [ li-dsitimat ] a.合法的;合情合理的
…第七段…
❶ Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among
them.有些权力确实只属于联邦政府，其中包括对公民身份和边界的控制权。
（1） Some powers do belong exclusively to die fedei^ government,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and control of citizenship and the borders is amon^them.（主+系+表）
'、、要点注释:（1 ）句中，do 表示强调；（2 ）句中的 control of citizenship and the borders 是对（1）句中 Some powers
的举例说明。
3司正注将：exclusively [ ik-sklu：sivli] ad.专有地;唯一地 citizenship [,sitizonjip] n.公民身份;公民权利
❷ But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could.然而，如
果国会想要阻止州政府使用自己的资源来核查移民身份，它可以这么做。
二级修饰 to check immigration status,
:动词不定式短语作using their own resources的目的状语
—级修饰 if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources
导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 But...it could （prevent）.（主+谓）
「商W至释I c*ongress [.kDEgres] 国会,议会;代表大会 s*tatus [-steitas] n.身份;地位;职位;重视程度
❸It never did so.但国会却从未这样做过。
句子主干 It never did so.（主+谓）
❹ The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no
state should be allowed to do so either.政府实际上是在宣称，因为它不想执行国会关于移民的意愿，所以各州也
都不被允许这么做。
The Administration was in essence asserting （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句,[作was...asserting的宾语
that...no state should be allowed to do so either.
I because引导的原因状语从句
—级修饰 because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes,
:而无至暮：in essence实质上，本质上;基本上 assert"7 [3.S3It]仇.宣称，断言;维护;生效
❺Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.每位大法官都义正词严地反对这种异乎寻常的主张。
句子主干 Every Justice righdy rejected虫页竺兰垣旦堂砂感（主+谓+宾）
171词汇注释 remarkable * [ n markabl ] a.不同寻常的;引人注目的c*laim [ kleim] n.主张，断言;所有权;索赔
Part B
….第一段•…
❶The social sciences are flourishing.社会科学正在蓬勃发展。
句子主干 The social sciences are flourishing.（主+谓）
:高汇注释：flourish☆ [ flAnJ] vi.繁荣；昌盛;茁壮成长
❷ As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both
inside and outside academia.截至2005年，全世界有近50万来自世界各个领域的专业社会科学家活跃于学术
界内外。
from all fields in the world,
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰professional social scientists
As of 2005,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语 “
句子主干 there were almost half a million professional sodal sdentists （There be句型：there + were + 主）
现在分词短语作后置定语,[修饰professional social scientists
—级修饰 working both inside and outside academia.
:词汇注释'、as of直至；自....起 p*rofessional [ prg fefsnl] a.专业的；职业的
f*ield [fiild] n.领域；界；田；地 academia [ laeka-dizmig]几.学术界
❸ According to the World Social Science Report 20JO, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by
about 11% every year since 2000.根据《2010年世界社会科学报告》，自2000年以来，世界各地社会科学专业的
学生数量每年以大约11%的速度增长C
—级修饰 According to the World Social Science Report 2010,
[插入语，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen （主+谓）
介词短语作状语，修饰has swollen J
by about 11 %
名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 every year |
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
since 2000.
「词汇注释一 swell*[swel] v.（使）增加；增大vi.膨胀，肿胀
…•第二段•…
O Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today's global challenges, including climate change, security,
sustainable development and health.然而,如此庞大的资源并没有为应对当今的全球性挑战做出足够贡献，这些
挑战包括气候变化、安全问题、可持续发展和健康问题。
句子主干 Yet this enormous resource is not contributingenou妙i to tod^s^^aidialten^s,（主+谓+宾）
解释说明today's global challenges t
—级修饰 including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.
「诃汇注释 e*normous [i no：mas] a.庞大的；巨大的 sustainable [sa-stemabl] a.可持续的；合理利用的
❷ These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as
technological development.造成这些问题的根本原因都在于人类行为：所有这些问题都需要通过行为方式的改
172变、社会创新以及技术发展来解决。
一级修饰 in hum j an behavior:
介词短语作后置定语，修饰root causes
句子主干 These issues all have rootcaus^ （主+谓+宾）
T
解释说明句子毛干
all require behavioral change
| and连接的并列宾语
—级修饰 and social innovations,
| as well as连接的并列宾语
as well as technological development.
:词汇注释 r*equire [ n-kwaia（r） ] vt.需要；依靠；依赖 innovation * [ .ms-veifn ] n.创新；改革；新思想
❸ Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as
it is about developing clean energy.例如，在遏止气候变化方面,改变消费模式和提高税收接受度与开发清洁能源
同样重要。
句子主干 Stemming climate change,...is as much aboutchauigng.. .acceptance （主+系+表）
___________ 插入语]
for example,
-级修饰 as引导的比较状语从句，作句子主干的比较状语
as it is about developing clean energy.
:词汇注释 stem [stem]沉.遏止；阻止;封堵 consumption * [ ksn-SAmpJn]几消费；消耗；消耗量
❹ Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial
地竺』从转基因作物到人造化肥，人类拥有必要的农业技术手段以消除饥饿。
—级修饰 to eradicate hunger,
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the...tools]
句子主干 Humanity has史竺兰竺竺职既七好皿以夔知虫瞠（主+谓+宾）
1
补充说明the... tools
—级修饰 from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers.
■可汇注群:eradicate [rraedikeit] vt.根除;消灭;杜绝 genetically [dss-netikli] ad.基因地
a*rtificial a.人造的;虚假的;人为的 f*ertilizer [ f3：t91aiza（r）]几.化肥
❺ Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.然而这些问题
也是社会性问题，如食品、财富和繁荣的组织与分配。
句子主干 Here, too, the problems are social:（主+系+表）
j
补充说明the problems
—级修饰 the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
:词汇注释:distribution [ idistn bjuifn] n.分配;分布；分发 prosperity * [ pro spersti] n.繁荣；兴旺；成功
. ..♦第三段••••
O Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.尽管存在这些因素，但许多社
会科学家似乎不太愿意去处理这些问题。
_级修饰 Despite these factors,
[介词短语作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 many social scientists seem reluctant （主+系+表）
]动词不定式短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 to tackle such problems.
173词汇注释：r*eluctant [rrlAkt9nt] a.不愿意的;勉强的 t*ackle [，taekl] vt.处理,解决;擒获
❷ And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and
to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.在欧洲，有些人竭力反对一项"终止专用于社
会科学研究的资金，转而将其融入可持续发展的跨领域课题”的提案。
句子主干 And in Europe, some are upjnanns over a proposal （主+系+表）
动词不定式短语作后置定语J修饰a proposal
to drop a specific funding category for social-science research
一级修饰 | and连接并列的动词不定式短语
and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
:词汇注释:be up in arms over极力反对;强烈抗议 i*ntegrate [nntigreit] v.（使）加入；（使）合并
❸ This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. 这是一■件
令人遗憾的事一一社科界应抓住机会，提升其在现实世界中的影响力。
句子主干 This is a^^ne （主+系+表）
[补充说明句子主干
■-级修饰 —the community should be grasping the opportunity
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the opportunity：
二级修饰 to raise its influence in the real world.
词汇注释: s*hame [Jeim] n.让人遗憾的事；羞耻 i*nfluence [ -mfluans] n.影响力；作用vt.影响
❹ To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.
用伟大的社会科学家约瑟夫-熊彼特的话来说:没有创造性的毁坏就没有根本性的变革。
一级修饰 To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 there is no radical innovation （There be句型:there+is+i ）
1介词短语作句子主干的条件状语
一级修饰 without creative destruction.
"通汇洼将; paraphrase [ -paerafreiz] vt.解释，释义 r*adical [ -raedikl] a.根本的；彻底的；激进的
c*reative [*ekitriiv] a.创造性的；创作的 d*estruction [drstrAkJn] n.破坏;毁灭；摧毁
•••第四段•••
O Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on
topics with external impact.今天，社会科学主要关注学科问题和内部学术辩论，而不是具有外部影响的话题。
句子主干 Today, the social sciences are largely focused （主+系+表）
介词短语作句子主干的状语，[表方面
on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,
—级修饰 | rather than连接并列的介词短语，肯定前者，否定后者
rather than on topics with external impact.
<4
.词汇5J薜:disciplinary [ disaplmari] a.学科的;有关纪律的i*nternal [m t3：nl] a.内部的；国内的
scholarly [ -skDlali] a.学术的；有学问的 e*xternal [ik-st3：nl] a.外部的；外来的
❷ Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords u environmental changen or u climate changer，have
174increased rapidly since 2004.分析显示，自2004年以来，含有关键词“环境变化”或“气候变化”的论文数量迅速
增加。
Analyses reveal （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作reveal的宾语
that the number of papers... have increased rapidly since 2004.
介词短语作后置定语J修饰papers
一级修饰 including the keywords ^environmental change" or "climate change"
analysis * [ a-naelasis ] n. （pl. analyses）分析，分析结果 r*eveal [rrvizl] vt.显示；揭示；透露
environmental [ mivairgn mentl] a.环境的 c*limate [ -klaimat ] n.气候；风气；思潮
❸ However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1 ,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally
included one of these keywords.然而，论文总量仍然很少：2010年，全球发表的10万篇社会科学类论文中，约有
1600篇包含了这些关键词之一。
句子主干 However, the numbers are still small:（主+系+表）
1补充说明句子主干
一级修饰 in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers...included one of these keywords.
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the...papers j
二级修饰 published globally
:洞1汇逢群《 p*ublish [ 'pAbliJ] vt.发表;发行；出版 i*nclude [m'kluid] vt.包含;包括;把……列为一部分
…•第五段…
O When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of
poverty on Belgium, for example.当社会科学家们真正处理实际问题时,他们的关注范围往往仅限于当地：例
如，比利时（的社会科学家）的兴趣主要集中在“贫困对比利时的影响”方面。
•-级修饰 When social scientists do tackle practical issues,
[When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 their scope is often local:（主+系+表）
[举例说明句子主干
一级修饰 Belgium is interested mainly in the effects...for example.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the effects [
二级修饰 of poverty on Belgium,
;词汇注释： s*cope [ skaup] n.范围；能力；机会 p*overty [ -povsti] n.贫困；贫穷;短缺
And whether the community's work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful. 而社科界
的工作是否能极大地促进整体知识积累却令人怀疑。
-级修饰 of knowledge
介词短语作后置定语，修饰an overall accumulation j
whether the community's work contributes much to an overall accumulation
]whether引导的主语从句
句子主干
And...is doubrtil.（主从+系 +表）
"词汇注释. accumulation 几积累；聚积物 doubtful [ dautfl] a.怀疑的；不大可能
175•…第六段.…
❶ The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding.问题并不一定在于可用资金数目的多少。
句子主干 The problem is not necessarily虫爻空坠巴或虫画里旦竺竺虫踱.（主+系+表）
词汇注释：a*mount [ a maunt]几数额;数量 available * [ a veibbl] a.可用的；可获得的；有空的
❷ During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and
development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to
25% ； in most European nations, it is about 15%. 20世纪90年代后期，国家在社会科学和人文科学领域的支出
在所有研究和开发资金（包括政府部门、高等教育机构、非营利组织与企业）中所占的比例大约在4%到25%之
间;在大多数欧洲国家,这一比例约是15%。
—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—
补充说明 national spending
as a percentage of all research and development funds
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰national spending
on social sciences and the humanities
介词短语作后置定语，修饰national spending
During the late 1990s,
],] l
介词短语作（1）句的时间状语
（1） national spending...varied from around 4% to 25%;（主+谓）
I
句子主干 并列句
（2） in most European nations, it is about J5%.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 percentage * [ pa-sentids ]几.比例；提成 corporate [ k□:psrat] a.公司的；全体的
❸ This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction.只要使用的方向正确，这笔资金就是足够的。
句子主干 This isan^deguateamoi^ （主+系+表）
| so long as引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
—级修饰 SO long as it is aimed in the right direction.
词1汇注释 a*dequate [ aedikwat ] a.足够的；合格的 d*irection [dg rekjn]几方向；方位;趋势；方面
❹ Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in t*soday economic climate. 在如今的
经济环境下，那些抱怨资金缺乏的社会科学家不应该期待更多了。
句子主干 Social scientists...should not expect more （主+谓+宾）
I who引导的定语从句，修饰Social scientists
who complain about a lack of funding
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
in today's economic climate.
词汇注释1 complain*[ k3mTlem] m抱怨；埋怨；发牢骚 a lack of缺乏,缺少
•…第七段•…
❶The trick is to direct these funds better.诀窍在于更好地引导这些资金的使用。
句子主干 The trick is 四（主+系 +表）
有5[:注释；t*rick [tnk] n.诀窍;技巧;把戏;诡计 direct*[ d9 rekt]。.引导;指路;指挥a.直接的
❷ The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.
176欧盟框架计划下的资助项目长久以来一直设有一个针对社会科学家的专项类别。
句子主干 The...programs have long had acat^oiy （主+谓+宾）
过去分词短语作后置定语,[修饰a category
—级修饰 specifically targeted at social scientists.
3同汇注释:c*ategory [•kaetggari] n.类另U,种类 specifically [spa-sifikli] ad.专门地；明确地;具体来说
❸ This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would
not have such a category.今年，有人提议改变这一体制:将于2014年实施的新计划“地平线2020”不会再设置这
一类别。
This year, it was proposed （主+谓）
句子主干 jit为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that the system （should） be changed:
___________ :解释说明
—级修饰 Horizon 2020,...would not have such a category.
T Horizon 2020的同位语
二级修饰 a new program to be enacted in 2014,
:i可汇注将:p*ropose [prg pauz] vt.提议;打算v.求婚 enact [i naekt] vt.使发生;制定法律;扮演
❹ This has resulted in protests from social scientists.这引起了社会科学家的抗议。
句子主干 This has resulted in profits (主+谓+宾)
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰protests
—级修饰 from social scientists.
:切汇注释」 result in 引起，导致 protest * [ prautest] n.抗议；反对
❺ But the intention is not to neglect social science； rather, the complete opposite.但是，该提议的本意并不是要忽视
社会科学，而是恰恰相反。
（1） But the intention is not to ne^ect soci^ science;（主+系+表）
句子主干 并列句
（2） rather, （it goes towards） the complete opposite.（主+谓）
"寒,京洼释i (2 )句为省略句,补充完整为rather, it goes towards the complete opposite ；其中，副词 rather 作状语，
表示提出不同的观点;介词短语towards the complete opposite作状语。
;词汇注释： i*ntention [m-tenJn] n.意图；目的;计划 opposite*[ ppozit] n.对立面;反面 a.相反的
❻ The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic
change ； food security ； marine research and the bio-economy ； clean, efficient energy ； and inclusive, innovative and
secure societies.其本意是要迫使社会科学家把自己的工作和其他领域结合起来，包括健康和人口变化,食品安
全,海洋研究和生物经济，清洁高效的能源以及包容、创新和安全的社会。
The idea is tojbrce^sodsdsdmtiste （主+系+表）
句子主干 [动词不定式短语作social scientists的补足语
to integrate their work with other categories,
补充说明other categories]
一级修饰 including health and...secure societies.
;词汇注释」 demographic [idemg graefik] a.人口的;人口统计的 marine*[m9ri ：n] a.海洋的;海产的
inclusive会[m*klu ：siv] a.包容性强的;兼收并蓄的 innovative [ unoveitiv] a.创新的；革新的
❼ That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global
problems.这会激起更多的协作性努力，有助于开发直接针对解决全球性问题的项目。
177That should create more collaborative endeavors （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列谓宾
and （should） help to develop projects
过去分词短语作后置定语J修饰projects
—级修饰 aimed directly at solving global problems.
;坷汇汪释」 collaborative [ ko-laebsrativ] q.协作的；合作的 e*ndeavor [ m*deva （r）]几努力；尝试
Part C
…第一段…
❶ It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative
expression.据推测，花园的出现，源于花园建造者的基本人类需求，即对创造性表达的需求。
It is speculated （主+谓）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals
who引导的定语从句，[修饰the individuals
who made them:
—级修饰 解释说明 a basic human need
the need for creative expression.
:国汇注释:arise from产生于;起因于 i*ndividual [ iindrvidsual] n.个人a.个别的
❷ There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self
expression is a basic human urge ； yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it
strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that
of decoration and creative expression.毫无疑问，花园证明T人类有种不可抑制的创造、表达、塑造和美化的诉
求，自我表达也实属基本的人类诉求。然而，当看到由无家可归者创造的花园的照片时，你就会突然意识到，尽
管风格多样,但这些花园除了体现（人类）装饰和创造性表达方面的诉求之外.还道出了人类各种其他根本的诉求。
二级修饰 to create, express, fashion, and beautify
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰urge
that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge
| and连接并列的同位语从句
一级修饰
and that self-expression is a basic human urge;
▼that引导的同位语从句，解释说明doubt
（1） There is no doubt （There be句型：There+is+主）
j yet连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 （2） yet...tt strikes one （主+谓+宾）
"[it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that,...these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges,
介词短语作让步状语[
for all their diversity of styles,
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
when引导的时间状语从句，作（2）句的时间状语
when one looks at the photographs of the gardens
过去分词短语作后置定语J修饰the gardens
二级修饰 created by the homeless.
178词汇注释：evidence * [ -evidans ]仇.证明；作为....的证据 irrepressible [ iin presgbl] a.难以抑制的
u*[3rge ：d3] n.迫切的要求vt.催促;推动 diversity [ darv3：sgti] n.多样性；差异
fundamental * [ （fAndg mentl] a.根本的；基本的 decoration [ idekg-reijn] n,装饰；装饰品
第二段…
❶ One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a u still point of the turning
world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot.根本诉求之一与在动荡中创造一种平静的状态有关，借用T. S.艾略
特的话来说，就是“运转不息的世界中静止的点”。
句子主干 One of these urges has to do with creating state^jpeace （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语[
in the midst of turbulence,
—级修饰 a state of peace的同位语
a "still point of the turning world,"
[动词不定式短语作状语
二级修饰 to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot.
:再）汇注释i have to do with与....有关系 in the midst of在... 之中
turbulence [ t3：bjalans] n.动荡;动乱;湍流 s*[sttilill] a.静止的；无风的ad.仍然;还
❷ A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a
distinctly animal need.安宁的圣地体现了人类特有的需求，无论怎样疏于雕琢，都与遮风挡雨之所不同，后者反
映了动物特有的需求「
—级修饰 however crude it may be,
however引导的让步状语从句,[作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 A sacred place of peace,...is戏理巫剪J羽理里j竺注，（主+系+表）
\介词短语作比较状语
—级修饰 as opposed to shelter,
:which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明shelter
二级修饰 which is a distinctly animal need.
:词汇注释：sacred^ [-seiknd] a.神圣的;受尊重的 crudest kruid] a.粗糙的;粗俗的;天然的
distinctly [di-stigktli] ad.无疑地；确实地 as opposed to（表示对比）而,相对于
❸ This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former becomes
all the more urgent.这两者间的区别如此之大，以至于在缺失后者（遮风挡雨之所）时,对前者（安宁的圣地）的
需求就愈加迫切，这正是不太像园丁的园丁所处的现状。
句子主干 This distinction is sojnuch （主+系+表）
j so that引导的结果状语从句，作句子主干的结果状语
一级修饰 so that...the former becomes all the more urgent.
[where引导的状语从句 “
where the latter is lacking,
二级修饰 as引导的非限定性定语从句
as it is for these unlikely gardeners,
词汇注释1 distinction * [ distigkjn]几区别；辨别；优秀 u*rgent [ sidsont] a.迫切的；紧急的
179❹ Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one's relation to one's environment.宁静是一种£、
境，要通过构建人与环境间的关系来实现。
句子主干 Composure is astatecfinmd （主+系+表）
过去分词短语作后置定语,j修饰a state of mind
一级修饰 made possible by the structuring
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the structuring
二级修饰 of one's relation to one's environment.
:词汇注释: composure [ k*pa9mU39 （r）]几镇静;沉着;镇定 structure * [ -strAktJa（r） ] vt.建造；组织；安排
❺ The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment where it
either didn't exist or was not discernible as such.这些无家可归者的花园实际上是无定所的花园，它们将"形式"
引入城市环境中，而这种“形式”在城市环境中要么不曾存在，要么没有被当作“形式”看待。
一级修饰 which are in effect homeless gardens,
]which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明The gardens of the homeless
句子主干 The gardens of the homeless,...introduce但理（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语]
一级修饰 into an urban environment
where引导的定语从句，:修饰an urban environment
二级修饰 where it either didn't exist or was not discernible as such.
3司汇注将 u*rban [ -siban] a.城市的;都市的 discernible [drsamabl] a.可区别的;辨认得出的
In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand. 通过这种
方式,花园就给自己立足的那片沉默无言的环境赋予了宁静。
一级修饰 In so doing
1介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
句子主干 they give comp^ure （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作状语，表对象
—级修饰 to a segment of the inarticulate environment
介词in+which引导的定语从句，修饰the inarticulate environment
二级修饰 in which they take their stand.
词汇注释; s*egment [-segmant] n.片；部分;段 inarticulate [ ^nartikjabt] a.不善言辞的;词不达意的
•••第三段•••
O Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever
conscious of its abiding claims on us.这些花园似乎还反映着或是源自另一种诉求或需要，这种诉求或需要如此
根深蒂固以至于我们几乎意识不到它对人类持久的索求。
—级修饰 that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from,
:that引导的定语从句，修饰Another urge or need
句子主干 Another urge or need...is so intni^ic （主+系+表）
so...that引导的结果状语从句，［作句子主千的结果状语
一级修饰 that v. e are barely ever conscious
介词短语作状语［
二级修饰 of its abiding claims on us.
180:词汇注释：i*ntrinsic [in-tnnsik] a.固有的;内在的;本身的 abiding [*baaidig] a.持久的;长久的;始终不渝的
❷ When we are deprived Of green, of plants, of trees, most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually
blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as
if by magic.当我们被剥夺了绿色、植物和树木时，大多数人会陷入精神萎靡的状态，并常常将此归咎于某些心
理疾病，直到有一天置身花园,才顿觉压抑感好像神奇地消失了。
二级修饰 as if （it vanishes） by magic.
I as if引导的方式状语从句
and feel the oppression vanish
| and连接的并列谓宾
—级修饰 until one day we find ourselves in a garden
until引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees,
“ [when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 most of us give in （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语，表对象
—级修饰 to a demoralization of spirit
[which引导的定语从句，修饰a demoralization of spirit
二级修饰 which we usually blame on some psychological conditions,
词汇注释:deprive of 剥夺；使丧失 demoralization [ diimDrslai'zeiJn]儿士气消沉
psychological [ iSaika lndsikl] q.心理的；精神上的 oppression [ a'prejn] 〃.压抑；沉闷；苦恼
vanish * [ waenij]说.消失；消亡;绝迹 m*agic [ •maedsik]几神奇；魔法a.神奇的
❸ In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compo
sitions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a
clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals
or leaves as well as of stuffed animals.在纽约大多数无定所的花园中，实际种植植物是不可行的，但即便如此，这
些花园的构造似乎常常体现了试图唤起动植物生命气息的种种努力（即便只是象征性的）一一通过簇丛式地布
置材料，引入不同的颜色，设置小水潭，到处撒满花瓣或树叶，以及填充动物玩具。
一级修饰 In most of the homeless gardens of New York City
[介词短语作（1）句的地点状语
⑴the actual cultivation of plants is unfe^ible,（主+系+表）
I
句子主干 yet连接的并列句，表转折
（2）yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attengts （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰attempts
to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life,
插入语
—级修饰 if only symbolically,
介词短语作（2）句的方式状语
through a clumplike arrangement of materials,...as well as of stuffed animals.
词汇注释:cultivation [ ikAlti-veifn]几种植;栽培；培养 unfeasible [ An fi：zabl] a.不可行的；难以实现的
composition * [ ikompa-zijn] n.构造；成分；作曲 symbolically [ sim-bolikli] ad.象征性地
f*requent [ 'friikwant] a.经常发生的;频繁的 petal ppetl] n.花瓣
181❹ On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world.
这里展示的是各种奇幻的元素,这些元素的参照在某种基本的层面上似乎就是自然界。
句子主干 Ondis^lay here are various fantasy elements （倒装句：表+系+主）
whose引导的定语从句，!修饰various fantasy elements
~~级修饰 whose reference,...seems to be the natural world.
___________ 插入语I
二级修饰 at some basic level,
3司汇注样:display *[drsplei] 几展示；展览；显示 f*[antasy -faentssi] a.奇幻的几.幻想;想象
element*[ -elirngnt] n.元素；要素；有些 reference*[ Tefrsns] n.参照；查阅 vt.参考
❺ It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a u liberated，T
sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.虽然有“扩大词义外延”的意味，但正是这种对大自然或含蓄或明
显的参照，充分证明了使用“花园”一词来描述这些人造建筑的合理性。
It is...that
句子主干 [It is...that为强调句型，强调主语this implicit or explicit reference to nature
this implicit or explicit reference to nature... ftilly justifies （主+谓+宾）
I though引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
though （it is） in a “liberated" sense,
—级修饰 动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the use of...garden
to describe these synthetic constructions.
[再1汇注释:i*mplicit [dm plisit] a.含蓄的，未言明的 e*xplicit [ik splisit] a.显而易见的；明确的
liberated [ -libareitid] a.解放的；开放的 s*ynthetic [ sin Oetik] a.人造的 n.合成纤维
❻ In them we can see biophilia一a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.
从这些花园中，我们可以看到人类热爱生命的天性，即一种亲近大自然的渴望，而这种天性中呈现出各种离奇
的表现形式。
—级修饰 ——a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—
[插入语，解释说明biophilia
句子主干 In them we can see biophffia （主+谓+宾）
[现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰biophilia
—级修饰 assuming uncanny representational forms.
词汇注释 biophilia [baisu filia] n.热爱生命的天性 yearning [-jaimg] n.渴望；向往
uncanny [An-kaeni] a.离奇的；难以解释的 representational [ .repnzen teijnl] a.具象的；写实的
182
