2018年逐词逐句精讲册_41考研英语一二历年真题解析_英语一_解析册+逐词逐句册

2018年考研英语（-）真题逐词逐句精讲
use oi 姑ngiH^z
,•■第一段••《
❶Trust is a tricky business.信任是一件难以捉摸的事。
句子主干 Trust is a tricky business.（主+系+表）
:词汇注释：tricky [ jtnki] a.难对付的;狡猾的 b*[usiness -biznas]".事情;商业;生意;企业
❷ On the one hand, it's a necessary condition ifbr many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. 一方面，对于
诸如照看小孩、维持友情等很多值得做的事情而言,它是一个必要条件。
一级修饰 On the one hand,
[插入语
句子主干 it's a necessary condition （主+系+表）
；词汇注释； c*[ondition kan.dijn] n.条件;状态;环境 w*[ orthwhile iW3：0*wail] a.值得的;重要的
❸ On the other hand, putting your faith in the wrong place often carries a high price.而另一方面,信任错付往往会让你
付出高昂的代价。
二级修饰
On the other hand,
I插入语
▼
句子主干 putting your faith in the wrong place often carries ?唤4匹竺・（主+谓+宾）
. . .第二段• • •
❶Then, why do we trust at all?那么，我们究竟为何要信任他人呢？
句子主干 Then, why do we trust at all?（特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+助动词+主+谓语动词）
at础1究竟;既然;果然（常用于疑问句、条件从句和肯定句）
❷Well, because it feels good.嗯，因为这种感觉很好。
句子主干 Well, because it feels good.（主+系+表）
❸ When people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that
produces pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instiiict that prompts humans to connect with one another.当人
们给予某个人或机构信任时，他们的大脑会释放催产素----种令人产生愉悦之感并触发群居本能的荷尔蒙,
这种本能会促使人类彼此之间建立良好的关系。
151一级修饰 When people place their trust in an individual or an institution,
[When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 their brains release o^tocin,（主+谓+宾）
[oxytocin的同位语
—级修饰 a hormone
that引导的定语从句,|修饰a hormone
二级修饰 that produces pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instinct
that引导的定语从句，修饰the herding instinct |
三级修饰 that prompts humans to connect with one another.
词汇注释：i*ndividual [ （indrvid3uol] n.个人 a.单独的 i*nstitution [ iinstrtjuijn] n.机构；制度
oxytocin [ loksi-tausm]几 催产素 h*ormone [ •hoimaun] n.荷尔蒙;激素
i*nstinct [ 'instigfet] n.本能;直觉;天性 prompt☆ [ prompt ] vt.促使；导致；鼓励
❹ Scientists have found that exposure to this hormone puts us in a trusting mood: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed
oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects ； those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to
strangers出an were their counterparts who inhaled something else.科学家已发现，受这种荷尔蒙的影响，我们会产
生一种轻信他人的情绪:在一项瑞士的研究中，研究人员将催产素喷入一半受试者的鼻腔中;与吸入了别的东
西的受试者相比，这些人愿意借给陌生人金钱的数额明显更高。
Scientists have found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作have found的宾语
that exposure to this hormone puts us in a trusting mood:
__________ 解释说明I
In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects;
一级修饰 I并列句
those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers
| than引导的比较状语从句
二级修饰 than were their counterparts
who引导的定语从句,I修饰their counterparts
三级修饰 who inhaled something else.
戛&生释than引导的比较状语从句为省略表语（ready）和状语（to lend money to strangers）的倒装句。
； e*xposure [ik'spau33（r） ] n.接触;面临，遭受 s*pray [sprei] v.喷;飞溅 n.浪花
's*ubject [ ,SAbd3ikt] n.受试者;科目；主题 significantly [sig-nifikantli] ad.显著地，明显地
c*ounterpart [ kauntapazt] n.对应的人或物 i*nhale [m-heil] v.吸入;吸气
…第三段..
❶ Lucky for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may protect us.幸运的是,我们同样具备对于不诚实行
为的第六感,这种第六感也许能保护我们。
一级修饰 Lucky for us,
1插入语
句子主干 we also have a sixth sense （主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰a sixth sense
for dishonesty
一级修饰 that引导的定语从句，修饰a sixth sense
that may protect us.
152:词汇注释:s*ense [sens] n.感觉;意识;理解力vt.意识到;领会 dishonesty [dwomsti] n.不诚实行为
❷ A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate between a credible person and a dishonest
one.加拿大的一项研究发现，仅有14个月大的儿童就能区分可信的人和不诚实的人。
句子主干 A Canadian study found that^ildreiL»can^ifferaiti^ （主+谓+宾从）
形容词短语作后置定语J修饰children'
了咨J ■. !-专、营阿
as young as 14 months
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的状语
between a credible person and a dishonest one.
:词汇注释:d*ifferentiate [ idifs renfieit] v.区分，辨别 credible [ kredabl] a.可信的;可靠的
❸ Sixty toddlers were each introduced to an adult tester holding a plastic container. 60 名学步的儿童分别被介绍给一
位手持塑料容器的成年测试员。
句子主干 Sixty toddlers were each introduced （主+谓）
介词短语作状语J表对象
—级修饰 to an adult tester
现在分词短语作后置定语，[修饰an adult tester
二级修饰 holding a plastic container.
:词汇注释:toddler [，todb（r） ] n.学步的儿童 p*lastic [，plaestik] a.塑料的 n.塑料
❹ The tester would ask, “What's in here?" before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!”测试员
会问:“这里面是什么呢? ”然后往容器里面看，同时笑着惊呼道:“哇!”
句子主干 The tester would ask, “What's in here?"（主+谓+宾）
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
before looking into the container, smiling,
一级修饰 | and连接并列的动名词（短语）
and exclaiming, "Wow!"
「诃无注施]container [ k3n^ema（r） ] n.容器;集装箱 exclaim1* [ik skleim] v.惊呼，喊叫
❺Each subject was then invited to look inside.接着每个受试儿童都被邀请向容器里面看。
句子主干 Each subject was then invited to look inside.（主+谓）
5瞌注程j句中谓语was...invited使用了一般过去式的被动语态，动词不定式短语to look inside作主语Each
subject的补足语。
❻ Half of them found a toy； the other half discovered the container was empty—and realized the tester had fooled them.
他们中有一半人发现了一个玩具;另一半则发现容器是空的——并意识到测试员欺骗了他们。 1 2
（1） Half of them found atoy;（主+谓+宾）
I并列句
句子主干 （2） the other half discovered （主+谓+宾从）
[省略引导词（that ）的宾语从句，作discovered的宾语
the container was empty
补充说明
—and realized the tester had fooled them.
［词汇注释 discover* [di-skAva（r） ] vt.发现，找到 fool*[fu：l] vt.欺骗;愚弄 vi.干傻事 n.傻瓜
153…第四段…
O Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were willing to cooperate with the tester in learning a new
skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership.没有被欺骗的孩子中，大部分愿意与测试员合作去学习一项
新技能，这说明他们相信测试员的领导能力。
二级修饰 who had not been tricked,
]who引导的定语从句,修饰the children
_级修饰 Among the children
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 the majority were willing to cooperate with the tester （主+谓）
.面
一级修饰
要点注释:句子主干中，介词短语with the tester作状语;现在分词短语demonstrating... ,that引导的宾语从
句作demonstrating的宾语。
:词汇注释：t*rick [tnk] v.欺骗;欺诈n.诡计;把戏 demonstrate * [ •demanstreit ] vt.说明；表达;证明
❷ In contrast, only five of the 30 children paired with the M unreliable" tester participated in a fbllow-up activity.相比
之下，与“不可靠的”测试员搭档过的30个孩子中，仅有5个参与了随后的活动。
一级修饰 In contrast,
]插入语
句子主干 only five of the 30 children.. .participated in a follow-up activity.（主+谓+宾）
[过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the 30 children
二级修饰
paired with the "unreliable" tester
in contrast相比之下 unreliable [ lAiin-laiobl] a.不可靠的
participate^[partisipeit] v.参与;参加 follow-up 后续的
A^^ecuon H Keaamg comprenensioi^^
Part A
Text 1
•…第一段...
O Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential
campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?在中产阶级面临的各种恼人挑战中，有一项很可能将
不会在下届总统竞选时被提及:当机器人来抢夺他们的工作时，会发生什么？
—级修饰 facing the middle class
现在分词短语作后置定语]修饰the annoying challenges
句子主干 但丝坚 业jaggg迦西哽ggg竺…is one （倒装句：表+系+主）
k
that引导的定语从句，修饰one]
that will probably go unmentioned
一级修饰 解释说明。展
What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
介词短语作状语
二级修饰 in the next presidential campaign:
154:词汇注释 I unmentioned [An-menjsnd] a.未提及的 presidential [ iprezrdenjl] a.总统的;与总统有关的
…第二段•…
❶ Don't dismiss that possibility entirely,不要完全摒除那种可能性。
—,、"■■一 “ »•
句子主干 D*t on dismiss that possibility entirely.（祈使句：谓+宾）
[词汇注释'、'd*ismiss [dis mis] m摒除;不予理会 entirely [m-taisli]物.完全地;全部地
❷ About half of U. S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle
class disproportionately squeezed.牛津大学的一项研究表明,大约有一半的美国工作岗位面临着被自动化的高
风险,随之而来的是中产阶级受到尤其严重的挤压。
—级修饰 of being automated,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰high risk
句子主干 About half of U. S. jobs are at high risk （主+系+表）
■ [插入语
according to a University of Oxford study,
一级修饰 with独立主格结构作句子主干的伴随状语
with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.
:可汇洼释:automate [Ftomeit] vt.使自动化 disproportionately [ idispra-poz/gnatli] ad.不成比例地
❸Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots.像园艺或日托这样的低收入工作对机器人没
有吸引力。
一级修饰 like gardening or day care
]举例说明 Lower-income jobs
句子主干 Lower-income jobs...don't appeal （主+谓）
介词短语作状语,[表对象
to robots. 0
；诃无注释：gardening [.gaidnig] n.园艺学 a*ppeal [g pizl] vi.有吸引力;上诉;呼吁
❹ But many middle-class occupations—trucking, financial advice, software engineering—have aroused their interest, or
soon will.但许多中产阶级从事的工作——货车运输、理财咨询、软件工程一已经或即将引起它们的兴趣。
But many middle~class occupations.・・have aroused their interest,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 ■ | or连接的并列谓宾
or soon will （arouse their interest）.
插入语，举例说明many middle-class occupations
—级修饰 一rucking, financial advice, software engineering—
；词汇豆程f*inancial [fai naenjl] a.财务的;金融的 a*rouse [g rauz]小.引起（感情、态度）；唤醒
❺The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.富人拥有机器人,所以他们将不会受到影响。
（1） The rich own Uiejobots,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | S。连接的并列句，表因果
（2） so they will be fine.（主+系+表）
155••第三段"
❶This isn't to be alarmist.这并不是危言耸听。
句子主干 This isn't to be alarmist.（主+系+表）
词汇注释：alarmist [ a*la:mist] a.危言耸听的;骇人的
❷ Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past.乐观主义者指出，技术剧变过去已
经使工人获益。
Optimists point out （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 | that引导的宾语从句，作point out的宾语
that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past.
:词汇注释:optimist [ -optimist] n.乐观主义者 upheaval [*hAip ：vl] n.剧变;动荡;动乱
❸ The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually
raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.虽然工业革命对那些工作被机械化织布机所取代的
卢德分子（反技术进步者）不太友好，但它最终提高了（人们的）生活水平，而且它创造的工作比淘汰掉的要多。
—级修饰 whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,
whose引导的定语从句，修饰Luddites ]
⑴The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites （主+谓）
I but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 （2）but it eventually raised living standards （主+谓+宾）
| and连接的并列谓宾
and created more jobs
| than引导的比较状语从句
_级修饰 than it destroyed.
3可汇注辱:mechanize [ mekanaiz] vt.使机械化 loom-r [lu：m] n.织布机vi.赫然耸现;逼近
❹ Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers
from hard, boring work.同样，自动化最终应该会提高生产力，通过压低价格来刺激需求，并将工人从繁重、乏味
的工作中解放出来。
—级修饰 Likewise,
I插入语
automation should eventually boost productivity,（主+谓+宾）
........................ ..............4-----------------*-
I
J并列谓宾
句子主干 （should） stimulate demand by driving down prices,
I and连接的并列谓宾
and （should） free workers from hard, boring work.
「商正匪程」b*oost [buist] W.提高;增加;推动 s*timulate [.stimjuleit]成刺激;使兴奋;促进
❺ But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.但是在中间阶段，中产阶级工人可
能需要很多帮助来进行调整。 “
—级修饰 in the medium term,
l介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 But..・middle-class workers may need alo£ofhelp adjusting.（主+谓+宾）
156[:a释"medium* * [ mirdiam] a.中间的；中等的；中号的 a*djust [3.d3Ast] v.（使）适应;调整;校准
•第四段
❶ The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking
education and job training.正如埃里克-布莱周约弗森和安德鲁-迈克菲在《第二次机器革命》中论述的那样，
第一步应该是重新思考教育和职业培训。
_级修饰 as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age,
[ as引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 The first step,...should be rethinking education and job training.（主+系+表）
f通云注律匚rethink [ .rii-eigk] v.重新考虑;反思 training* [ -treimi）] n.培训；训练
❷ Curriculums—from grammar school to college—should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity
and complex communication.课程-从文法学校到大学--- 应逐步发展，更少地关注事实记忆,更多地关注创
造力与复杂的沟通能力。
_级修饰 一from grammar school to college—
I插入语，补充说明Curriculums
• •set-, ,■ ~
句子主干 Cuiricuhims…should evolve （主+谓）
I动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication.
:再I汇注程'：curriculum* [ka nkjabm] n.（学校等的）全部课程 evolve* [i^olv] v.（使）逐渐发展;进化
❸ Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside
robots.职业学校应该更好地培养学生解决问题的能力，并帮助其与机器人协作。
句子主干 Vocational schools should do a better job （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a better job]
of fostering problem-solving skills
一级修饰 | and连接并列的动名词短语
and helping students work alongside robots.
:要点注释\ of fostering...中,and连接并列的动名词短语fostering...和helping...作介词of的宾语。
「商无函闻]vocational [ v3u-keijanl] a.职业的;职业技术的 foster* [ .fDsta（r） ] vt.培养;促进;养育
problem-solving 解决问题;寻求答案 alongside* [企凹，said] prep.与....一起
❹Online education can supplement the traditional kind.在线教育可以对传统教育进行补充。
句子主干 Online education can supplement tfie^tradiy£nalAind.（主+谓+宾）
面无生程：supplement* [ sAphment] vt.补充;增补
❺It could make extra training and instruction affordable.它可以让人们负担得起额外培训和指导。
句子主干 It could make毕坦坊gjjjgg竺0jggjgi蛆四affordable.（主+谓+宾+宾补）
；词汇注释:extra* [ xkstra] a.额外的;附加的 affordable ["sdobl] a.担负得起的;付得起的
❻ Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.想要获取新技能的专业人士便
能在不负债的情况下得偿所愿。
157—级修饰 trying to acquire new skills
［现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰Professionals
句子主干 Professionals...will be able to do so （主+谓）
［介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 without going into debt.
:诞汇注群」a*cquire ［9<kwai9（r）J vt.获得,得到;学到（知识等） d*ebt ［det］ n.负债;债务;人情债
…,第五段•…
❶ The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U. S. to revive its fading business dynamism：
Starting new companies must be made easier.应对自动化这一挑战凸显了美国恢复其日益衰退的商业活力的必要
性:必须使创办新公司变得更容易。
一级修饰 of coping with automation
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The challenge
句子主干 The challenge…underlines the need （主+谓+宾）
' |动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the need
for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism:
一级修饰 补充说明the need
Starting new companies must be made easier.
:吼汇注努:underline^ [^nds-lam] vt.凸显,强调;在....下划线 dynamism [ damamizam] n.活力;精力
❷ In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to
combine labor and machines.在先前技术剧变的时代，企业家们想出将劳动力和机器相结合的方法，实现了平稳
过渡。
一级修饰 In previous eras of drastic technological change,
［介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 entrepreneurs smoothed the transition （主+谓+宾）
1介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
_级修饰 by dreaming up ways
动词不定式短语作后置定语,］修饰ways
二级修饰 to combine labor and machines.
■罢虚注群:In previous eras...中，介词短语 of drastic technological change 作后置定语，修饰 eraso
:词汇注森:d*rastic [ ^draestik] a.急剧的;极端的;严厉的entrepreneur^ [ ^ntrapra^nasfr） ] n.企业家;创业者
s*mooth [smu：d] vt.使顺利;抚平a.顺利的 transition [traeirzijn] n.过渡;转变;变革
❸ The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven't been invented yet. 3D 打印机和虚拟现实的最佳应用还没有
被发明出来。
句子主干 The best uses...haven't been invented yet.（主+谓）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The少est uses
—级修饰 of 3D printers and virtual reality
顶无注程]virtual* [w3：tjual] a.虚拟的;实质上的 reality* [ri aehti] n.现实;事实
❹ The U. S. needs the new companies that will invent them.美国需要能够发明它们的新公司。
158句子主干 The U・ S・ needs feejnew co^anies （主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句，[修饰the new companies
一级修饰 that will invent them.
［词汇注释：c*ompany ［ -kAmpani］几.公司；陪伴;剧团;一群人 i*nvent ［nrvent］加.发明，创造;编造
第六段
O Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety
net will have to be rethought.最后,由于自动化可能会加大资本收入与劳动收入之间的差距，税收和安全保障措
施将不得不被重新考虑。
二级修饰 between capital income and labor income,
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the gap
. . ' 3：、心3” '
一级修饰 because automation threatens to widen the gap
| because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
句子主干 Finally,...taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.（主+谓）
a*utomation [ loits-meijn] n.自动化 c*apital [ -kaepitl] n.资本;首都;大写字母
❷ Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded:
This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.对低收入劳动
者的税收需要被削减，诸如所得税抵扣之类的工资补贴应该被增加:这将提高收入，鼓励就业，使创造就业机会
的公司有所回报,并减少不平等现象。
_级修饰 on low-wage labor
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Taxes
（1） Taxes...need to be cut,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and wage subsidies…should be expanded:（主+谓）
such as...举例说明wage subsidies
such as the earned income tax credit
一级修饰 补充说明句子主干
This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies...and reduce inequality.
介词短语作原因状语j
二级修饰 for job creation,
:冒号后的句子补充说明前面的内容，其主语是This,and连接四个并列的谓宾，分别是would boost
incomes, （would） encourage work, （would） reward companies 和（would） reduce inequalityo
i : s*ubsidy [»SAbsadi] ".补贴;津贴 job creation （尤指为失业者）提供就业机会
…第七段•…
❶ Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those
who find their lives and careers upended by automation.在未来几年，科技将在大大小小的方面改善社会,但对于
那些发现自己的生活和事业都被自动化颠覆的人来说，这将没什么安慰作用。
159一级修饰
句子主干 yet连接的并列句，表转折
（2）yet this will be little conrfort to those （主+系+表）
who引导的定语从句修饰those
二蚯而
who find their lives and careers upended by automation.
:要点注释1 who引导的定语从句中,过去分词短语upended by automation作宾语their lives and careers的补足语。
:迥汇注释:c*omfort [ kAinfat]几.安慰;舒服沉.安慰;使舒服 upend [Ap end] vt.使颠倒;翻倒;倒放
❷Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.毁掉那些即将夺走我们工作的机器将是愚蠢
的行为。
_级修饰 that are coming for our jobs
| that引导的定语从句，修饰the machines
句子主干 Destroying the machines...would be nuts.（主+系+表）
「商元函亩]d*estroy [di stroi] vt.破坏;摧毁;消灭 nuts [nAts] a.愚蠢的;疯狂的;狂热的
❸But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.但帮助工人们适应（变革）的政策将是必不可少的。
—级修饰 to help workers adapt
|动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰policies
句子主干 But policies...will be indispensable.（主+系+表）
:词汇注释'、、 a*dapt [o-daept] vL使适应，使适合;改编 indispensable[ jindrspensabl] a.必不可少的
Text 2
•,第一段…
O A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump's
use of Twitter.哈佛大学的一项新调查发现，超过三分之二的美国年轻人反对特朗普总统使用推特。
A new survey by Harvard University finds （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，[作finds的宾语
more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump's use of Twitter.
:词汇注释 n*[,us3rvey ：vei]几.调查;测量;概述 disapprove [idisypnuv]航.反对;不赞成
❷ The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other sources, not a
presidents social media platform.这意味着千禧一代更希望白宫的新闻通过其他渠道，而不是总统的社交媒体平
台过滤后传出0
句子主干 The implication is that Millennials prefer news...to be filtered （主+系+表从）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰news \
from t加 White House
一级修饰 介词短语作方式状语，修饰to be filtered
through other sources, not a president's social media platform.
i fflJEaS : i*mplication [ -mplpkeijn] n.含意；暗指;牵涉 f*ilter [，filto（r） ] vt.过滤
160•第二段••
❶Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines.大多数美国人依赖社交媒体来查阅每日新闻头条。
—
句子主干 Most Americans rely on sociaHnedia （主+谓+宾）
I动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to check daily headlines.
❷ Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.然而，随着对
所有媒体不信任程度的上升，人们可能开始提升自己的媒体素养。
一级修饰 as distrust has risen toward all media,
[ as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 Yet...people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.（主+谓+宾）
;诃汇洼努:beef up提高;加强;改进 l*iteracy [ -litarasi]几.素养;读写能力;识字
❸Such a trend is badly needed.这种趋势是非常必要的。
句子主干 Such a trend is badly needed.（主+谓）
❹ During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically
critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford.根据牛津大学的数据,2016 年总统竞
选期间，政治关键州密歇根州的推特用户分享的网页内容中，有近四分之一是假新闻。
—级修饰 During the 2016 presidential campaign,
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 nearly a quarter of web content...was fake news,（主+系+表）
过去分词短语作后置定语,[修饰web content ''
shared by Twitter users
一级修饰 T 插入语
according to the University of Oxford.
介词短语作后置定语，修饰Twitter users
二级修饰 in the politically critical state of Michigan
:词汇注释:campaign * [ kaem pein ] n.（社会、政治）活动 c*ritical [-kritikl] a.关键的;批评的;严重的
❺ And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the
media giant.另外，为BuzzFeed新闻网所做的一项调查发现,44%的脸书用户很少或从不相信来自该媒体巨头
的新闻。
_级修饰 conducted for BuzzFeed News
I过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a survey
And a survey…found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 |省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作found的宾语
44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news
介词短语作后置定语，修饰news]
—级修饰 from the media giant.
:商元莲暮；conduct*[kan dAkt]讥进行;实施;表现 r*[arely re9U]诚.很少;不常
161•"第三段・••
❶ Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace.
身为数字原住民的年轻人确实越来越擅长区分网络空间里的真真假假。
—级修饰 who are digital natives
I who引导的定语从句，修饰Young people
句子主干 Young people...are indeed becoming more^killful （主+系+表）
介词短语作状语，表方面j
一级修饰 at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace.
；通汇注释■ s*eparate [ isepareit] vt.区分仇（使）分开 c*yberspace [ 'saibsspeis] n.网络空间
❷ A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 and 24 found they use u distributed trust" to
verify stories.奈特基金会一项针对14-24岁年轻人的专题小组调查发现，这些年轻人使用“分布式信任”来核
实新闻。
—级修饰 of young people between ages 14 and 24
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰survey
A Knight Foundation fbcus-group survey.. .found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，[作found的宾语
they use "distributed trust,, to verify stories.
■国汇洼将:distributed [drstnbjutid] a.分布式的 v*erify [ -venfai] vt.核实;验证;证明
❸ They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias.
他们多方核对新闻来源，更喜欢从不同视角解读的新闻一尤其是那些对任何偏见都持开放态度的新闻。
句子主干 They cross-check sources and prefer news （主+谓+宾）
-- ——*—‘ ■ ，一 一. —-—' '—-—-—
"[介词短语作后置定语，修饰news
from different perspectives
一级修饰 _ 补充说明news
—especially those that are open about any bias.
:而W连幕 5 cross-check .kros，tjek] v.多方核对 p*erspective [pa,spektiv] n.角度;观点，态度
e*[ispeciaUy speJoU] ad.尤其,特别;专门 bias" -baiss] n.偏见;偏爱vt.使有偏见
❹"Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out
opposing viewpointsthe survey concluded.该调查总结道:“许多年轻人在自我教育及积极寻找对立观点上承
担着很多个人责任。”
_级修饰 for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints/'
介词短语作后置定语，修饰personal responsibility ]
“Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility
句子主干 直接引语作concluded的宾语“
the survey concluded.（宾+主+谓）
? isjjizaS : a*ssume ”，sju：m]仇.承担（责任）；假定;认为 opposing [ oguziD ] a,对立的;截然不同的
162…第四段•・
❶Such active research can have another effect.这种积极的探索可以产生另一种效果o
句子主干 Such active research can have another gfiect.（主+谓+宾）
❷ A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, an（Tthe United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that
young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement. 2014 年，威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校在澳
大利亚、英国和美国进行的一项调查发现，年轻人对社交媒体的依赖使他们的政治参与度得到提升。
二级修饰 by the University of Wisconsin-Madison
l介词by引出动作的发出者
一级修饰 conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States
[过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰A 2014 survey
A 2014 survey...found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语
that young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.
:词汇注释:r*eliance [n laians] n.依赖;信任 e*ngagement [ m geidsmant] n.参与;密切关系;订婚;约会
•第五段••
❶ Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to
re-share news as a projection of their values and interests.社交媒体让用户更密切、更即时地体验新闻事件，同时
也允许他们转发新闻以投射自己的价值观和兴趣爱好。
—级修饰 more intimately and （more） immediately
and连接并列的副词短语作状语,I修饰experience
句子主干 Social media allows users to experience news events （主+谓+宾+宾补）
["while+现在分词短语”结构作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a projection]
二级修饰 of their values and interests.
；婴点遂瞿」在上述“while +现在分词短语”结构中，因其主语与主句的主语相同,故省略了主语Social media,并
将谓语permits改成了其非谓语动词形式permitting,从而形成了“while +非谓语动词”结构。其相当
于_个时间状语从句，即：while social media also permits them to re-share news as...interestso
画无注释[intimately [，mtim°tli] ad.密切地;深入地;私下地 immediately [rmizdiotH] ad.立即，马上
p*ermit [”皿曰v.允许;使有可能 projection [pr3.d3ekjn] n.投射;体现;预测
❷ This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information.这迫使用户更加意识到自己在信息
传播中所扮演的角色。
句子主干 This forces usera坦b邑迎院£9.璧，切叫邑戒现些工皿£ （主+谓+宾+宾补）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰their r«le |
—级修饰 in passing along information.
「商W生幕i c*onscious [ .kDnf3S] a.意识到的;有意识的 曲哽传递,传送;沿……向前走
163❸ A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is " reader
error," more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.巴纳研究小组的一•项调查发现，比起编造新
闻或报道失实，“读者错误”更多地被美国人当作导致虚假新闻现象的首要原因。
A survey by Barna research group found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，[作found的宾语
the top reason...is "reader error/,
过去分词短语作后置定语修饰the top reason
given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon
一级修饰 than...作比较状语
more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.
:要点注释：more so than...中，副词短语more so作状语,表程度。
:词汇注释:p*henomenon [famomingn]几.现象;非凡的人（或事） factual [ faektjual] a.事实的;真实的
❹ About a third say the problem of fake news lies in umisinterpretatioii or exaggeration of actual news" via social
media.约三分之一的美国人认为，虚假新闻问题在于通过社交媒体“曲解或夸大事实新闻”。
About a third say （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作say的宾语
the problem...lies in <tmisinterpretatioii or exaggeration of actual news"
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰the problem
of fake news
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语, 修饰misinterpretation or exaggeration
via social media.
"词汇座释： misinterpretation [ iinismtaipnleijn] n,曲解，误解 exaggeration [ igizaed39 reijn] n.夸大;夸张
❺ In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.换言之，在社交媒体上分享新
闻的选择可能才是该问题的核心所在。
句子主干 In other words, the choice...may be the heart of die issue.（主+系+表）
|动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the choice
二级碱
to share news on social media
❻ 44 This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,M says Roxanne Stone, editor in
chief at Barna Gnmp.巴纳集团主编罗克珊-斯通称，“这表明在抵制这个问题方面存在真正的个人责任。”
—级修饰 in counteracting this problem,M
[介词短语作状语，表方面
"This indicates there is a real personal responsibility
句子主干 [直接引语作says的宾语
says Roxanne Stone,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
I Roxanne Stone 的同位语
一级修饰 editor in chief at Barna Group.
「词史注释 i indicate * [ .mdikeit] vt.表明;暗示;象征 counteract [ ,kauntar aekt ] vt.抵制;抵抗
e*ditor [ .edit3（r） ] n.编辑;剪接师 c*hief [tji：f] a.主要的;首席的n.首领，头目
164•,第六段•…
O So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills—and
in their choices on when to share on social media.所以，当年轻人批判过度使用推特的总统时，他们展现了一种思
维能力方面一以及选择何时在社交媒体分享方面一的心智训练。
—级修饰 when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president,
| when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 So...they reveal a mental discipline （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a mental discipline
—级修饰 in thinking skills
___________ ]补充说明
二级修饰 —and in their choices on when to share on social media.
:词汇注释：r*eveal [rrviil]仇.展现;显示;揭露 d*iscipline [ 'disaplin] n.训练;纪律;科目
Text 3
…第一段•…
❶ Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service （NHS） and DeepMind
must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.对于英国国民医疗服务体系（NHS）和DeepMind公司之间
性竺箜，任何公正的评估想必都会首先承认双方的本意是好的。
—级修饰 by acknowledging that both sides mean well.
]介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
句子主干 Any fair-minded assessment...must start （主+谓）
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰assessment
—级修饰 of the dangers of the deal
T介词短语作后置定语，修饰the deal
二级修饰 between Britain's National Health Service （NHS） and DeepMind
:词汇注释:fair-minded [（fea -mamdid] a.公正的;不偏不倚的 a*cknowledge [ak nolids] vt.承认;感谢
❷ DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence （Al） companies in the world. DeepMind 是世界领先的人工智
能（Al）公司之一。
句子主干 DeepMind is理完匹也，坦迎J冬兰蛆咳史5坦!里竺兰（主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the leading...companies|
二级修饰— in the world.
，诃汇注特」a*rtificial [ia:trfijl] a.人工的;人为的;虚假的 i*ntelligence [in telid3ans] ”.智能;智力;情报
❸ The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power
in the tech giants.这一技术成果应用于医疗保健领域的潜力是巨大的，但这也可能导致科技巨头手中的权力进一步
集中。
_级修饰 applied to healthcare
过去分词短语作后置定语,[修饰this work
（1） The potential of this work...is very great,（主+系+表）
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants.（主+谓+宾）
165:词汇注释:p*otential [ps-tenjl] n.潜力;可能性a.潜在的 a*pply [a plai] vt.应用；申请;敷
healthcare [ •helokea] n.医疗保健;健康护理 concentration [ ikonsn-treifn] n.集中；专心;关注
❹ It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict
against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients
in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations
of privacy.正是在这种背景下，英国信息委员会专员伊丽莎白•德纳姆对NHS下属的皇家自由医院信托基金
会做出了定罪裁决。该基金会在2015年根据一项不明确的协议将160万名患者的档案交给了 DeepMind,而这
项协议基本上没有考虑到患者的权利以及他们对隐私保护的期望。
一级修饰
against that background
I介词短语作状语
句子主干 Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict （主+谓+宾）
一级修饰
二级修饰
三级修饰
which took far too little account of the patients' rights
四级修饰
and连接的并列宾语|
and their expectations of privacy.
；黄）汇汨； commissioner [ k-mijg（r） ] n.（委员会的）专员，委员i*ssue [ -ifu：] vt.宣布;发行n.问题;期号
on the basis of根据;按照;依据 v*ague [veig] a.不明确的;不具体的
take account of 考虑到;顾及 p*rivacy [，pnv9si] n.隐私;私密;独处
第二段・・「
❶ DeepMind has almost apologised. DeepMind 几乎已经道歉了。
句子主干 DeepMind has almost apologised.（主+谓）
；迥汇注释:a*pologise [ a pubdsaiz]航.道歉;谢罪，认错
❷The NHS trust has mended its ways. NHS信托基金会已经改过自新°
句子主干 The NHS trust has mended itsways.（主+谓+宾）
❸ Further arrangements—and there may be many—between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure
that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. NHS 和
DeepMind之间进一步的协议（可能有很多）将受到仔细审查，以确保向患者征得了所有必要的许可，并清除了所
有不必要的数据。
166—级修饰 between the NHS and DeepMind
j介词短语作后置定语，修饰Further arrangements
句子主干 Further airangements...will be carefully scrutinised （主+谓）
I插入语，补充说明Further arrangements
―and there may be mapy—
动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to ensure
一级修饰 that弓I导的宾语从句，[作ensure的宾语
that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients
| and连接并列的宾语从句
and （that） all unnecessary data has been cleaned.
[再I汇注群！ scrutinise [ .skruitanaiz] vt.细致审查，细看 permission*[pg.mijn] n.许可;许可证
p*[atient peijnt]几患者，病人a.有耐心的 d*[ata -deit9] n.数据;资料;材料
❹There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.在患者知情同意方面有很多教训需要汲取。
句子主干 There are lessons...to learn. （There be句型：There + are + 主）
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰lessons
—级修饰 about informed patient consent
❺ But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important.但是，隐私并不是本案例中的唯一角
度，甚至不是最重要的角度。
But privacy is not the only angle in this case （主+系+表）
句子主干 | and连接并列的系表结构
and （is） not even the most important.
❻ Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it McontrolledM the data and
DeepMind merely lprocessedw it.德纳姆女士决定将责任归咎于NHS信托基金会，因为在现行法律下，该信托基
金会“掌控”着数据，而DeepMind只是对数据进行了“处理”。
句子主干 Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust,（主+谓+宾）
[since引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
~镭部豪凌飞二 . .. .
since under existing law it "controlled" the data
-级修饰 | and连接的并列句
and DeepMind merely "processed" it.
:词汇注释:c*oncentrate [ konsntreit] v.集中；专注 p*rocess [-prauses] vt.处理;加工 n.过程
❼ But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives
the data value.但这种区分忽略了要点:赋予数据价值的正是处理和整合信息，而不是单纯地拥有信息。
句子主干 But this distinction misses thepoint （主+谓+宾）
that引导的同位语从句J解释说明the point
—级修饰 that it is processing and aggregation,...that gives the data value.
插入语，[补充说明 processing and aggregation
二级修饰 not the mere possession of bits,
:词汇生暮:distinction*[ drstirjkjn] n.区分;对比;优秀 p*oint [pomt]几要点;观点;得分vt.指向；使对准
aggregation [ ^grrgeijn] n.聚集;聚合 possessionpa zefn] n.拥有;财产;领地
167第三段
。The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate.重要的问题是，
谁应该从分析我们的生活现在产生的所有数据中获益。
The great question is...（主+系+表从）
句子主干 ]who引导的表语从句
who should benefit from the analysis
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the analysis
—级修饰 of all the data
that引导的定语从句J修饰all the data
二级修饰 that our lives now generate.
:词汇注暮:a*nalysis [a^aelasis] n.分析;分析结果 g*enerate [ dsenareit] vt.产生;形成，造成
❷ Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them.隐私法建立在
“个人的可识别信息会对其造成伤害”这一概念上。
句子主干 Privacy law builds （主+谓）
\介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 on the concept of damage
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰damage
二级修饰 to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them.
；词汇建管；c*oncept [ 'konsept] n.概念;观念;思想 identifiable [aiidentrfaiabl] a.可识®1 的;可辨认的
❸That misses the way the surveillance economy works.这未能领会监察经济的运作方式。
句子主干 That misses ttg way （主+谓+宾）
[省略（in which ）或关系词（that ）的定语从句，修饰the way
—级修饰 the surveillance economy works.
"诃汇洋释'、surveillance [ S3：*veibns ] n.监察,监视 w*ork [ W3：k] v.（使）运转；（使）工作n.工作;作品
❹ The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more. 在这
一方式下，个人数据只有在与不计其数的他人数据相比较时才能获得其价值。
句子主干 The data of an individual there gains itsj^alue （主+谓+宾）
___________ | when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 only when it is compared
_______________ I介词短语作状语，表对象
二级修希 |with the data
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the data
三级修饰 of countless millions more.
:词汇洼释:c*ompare [konrpeMr） ] vt.比较;对比 countless [•kaunths] a.不计其数的,无数的
・•第四段••
❶ The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted.在这一案例中，用隐私法来
约束科技巨头略显不妥。 “
句子主干 The use of privacy law...in this instance feels slightly maladapted.（主+系+表）
j动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰privacy law
—级修饰 to curb the tech giants
168:词汇注释：c*[ku3rb ：b]加./几约束，控制 maladapted [ imaeb'daeptid] a.不适合的;不适应的
❷This practice does not address the real worry.这种做法并不能解决真正的担忧。
句子主干 This practice does not address the real worry.（主+谓+宾）
❸ It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMipd develops will benefit patients and save lives.声称 DeepMind 开
发的算法将使患者获益并挽救生命是不够的。
.■- .~—~ It is not enough （主+系+表）
句子主干 I It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to say that the algorithms.. .will benefit patients and save lives.
省略关系词(which/that )的定语从句，修饰the algorithms
DeepMind develops
：要点注释' 动词不定式短语to say that...中,that引导的宾语从句，作say的宾语。
；
i
词汇注释 algorithm [ •aelgandsm] ".算法;计算程序 develop * [ drvebp ]仇.开发;使发展;患病
❹ What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources.重要的是，
这些算法将归一个利用公共资源开发它们的私人垄断企业所有。
：一'.J，■„■-:
句子主干 What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly （主从+系+表从）
which引导的定语从句，[修饰a private monopoly
一级修饰 which developed them using public resources.
:词汇注释: m* onopoly [ma^nnpali] n.垄断企业;专利 resource * [*sno ：s ]几资源;财力；办法
❺ If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharma
has done.如果软件在挽救生命方面有望达到目前药物能达到的程度，那么大数据可能会像大型制药公司那样
行事。
二级修饰 that drugs now can （save lives）,
that引导的定语从句，修饰the scale]
一级痂
If software promises to save lives on the scale
]If引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 big data may be expected to behave (主+谓)
as引导的方式状语从句]
as a big pharma has done.
，迥汇注释一 ：p*romise [ •promis] vt.有希望;使有可能;许诺n.诺言 pharma [ 'fa:ma] n.制药公司;制药业
❻ We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences
later.我们仍处于这场革命的初始阶段，因而现在所做的小的选择都可能会在日后产生巨大的影响。
（1） We are still at the beginning of this revolution （主+系+表）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and small choices now may turn out to have 函竺 later,（主+谓+宾）
:词汇注释: r*evolution [ ireva-luijn] n.革命;大变革 turn out结果是;出席;关掉
g*igantic [ dsai gaentik] a.巨大的;庞大的 c*onsequence [ -konsikwans] n.后果;重要性
❼A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism.为避免未来的数字封建制度，我们还需要长期
的努力。
169句子主干 A long struggle will be needed （主+谓）
I动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to avoid a future of digital feudalism.
:词汇注释:d*igital [ •didsitl] a.数字的，数码的 feudalism [ fjuzdalizam] n.封建制度;封建主义
❽Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.德纳姆女士的报告是一个可喜的开端°
_ _
句子主干 Ms Denham s report is awelcomestot.（主+系+表）
Text 4
• •••第一段• • «
❶ The U. S. Postal Service （USPS） continues to bleed red ink.美国邮政署（USPS）持续处于赤字状态。
句子主干 The U. S・ Postal Service （USPS） continues to^leed^edjnk.（主+谓+宾）
；迥汇注释:postal [ 'paustl] a.邮政的;邮寄的 bleed red ink出现赤字
❷ It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.它公
布了 2016财年的净亏损额一56亿美元，连续10年入不敷出。
句子主干 It reported a net loss （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰a net loss
—级修饰 of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016,
补充说明2016]'
二级修饰 the 10th straight year
省略关系词（when）的定语从句,:修饰the 10th straight year
三级修饰 its expenses have exceeded revenue.
「商无遂幕]n*et [net] a.净的;纯的n.网 fiscal^ [ fiskl] a.财政年度的；国库的
exceed ☆ [ik»si:d] vt.超过；超越 revenue * [ Tevanju： ] n.收入;财政收入;税收
❸ Meanwhile f it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs.
同时，它还背负着1200多亿美元无资金准备的债务，主要是员工医疗和退休费用。
句子主干 Meanwhile, it has更匹£典迎奥Qgjjffg坦9]^剪里也也罢,（主+谓+宾）
补充说明 more...liabilities
—级修饰 mostly for employee health and retirement costs.
'、、诃汇洼释:m* eanwhile [ •mimwail] ad.同时;其间;对比之下unfunded [lAirfAndid] q.无基金的;短期的
l*iability [ Jawbibti] n.债务；责任，义务 retirement [rrtaiamant] n.退休；退出
❹ There are many reasons this formerly stable federal institution finds itself on the verge of bankruptcy.这个昔日运营
稳定的联邦机构发现自己处于破产边缘,原因有很多。
句子主干 There are many reasons （There be句型：There + are +主）
[省略关系词（why/that）的定语从句，修饰many reasons
—级修饰 this formerly stable federal institution finds itself on the verge of bankruptcy.
:迥汇注壁:formerly [ •fozmali]配.以前，从前 f*ederal [ ,fedaral] a.联邦（制）的
v*erge [vajds]几边缘，边界 bankruptcy [ •baegkrAptsi] n.破产
❺ Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased
170demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the
flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality.根本原因在于，美国邮政署正身受历史性的挤压:一方面，技术
变革已经使得其重要产品(一类邮件)的需求永久降低;另一方面，监管体系使管理层无法灵活调整其业务以适
应新现实。
...■
句子主干 Fundamentally, the USPS -is■ i—n—■ — a -- h -- i - s — t — o r ic — squ e e — z — e ~ （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a historic squeeze |
between technological change...and a regulatory structure
that引导的定语从句，[修饰technological change
■
that has permanently decreased demand
二级修饰 that引导的定语从句, 修饰a regulatory structure
that denies management the flexibility
介词短语作后置定语,
—
fbr its bread-and-butter product, first>class mail,
三级修饰 动词不定式短语作后置定语，＞Wthe flexibility
to adjust its operations to the new reality.
!词汇注释： historic * [ hrstonk ] a.历史性的 technological [ （teknadodsikl] a.技术的;科技的
permanently [ 'psimangntli] ad.长期不变地 bread-and-butter [ ibred an *bAta（r） ] a.很重要的
regulatory [ Tegjahtari] a.监管的;管理的 flexibility [ ,fleksa-bibti] n.灵活性;柔韧性
第二段・・*
❶ And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS's
ultimate overseer—Congress—insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo
they depend on get protected.而且，从邮政工会到贺卡制造商的众多利益集团都在为一己之利对美国邮政署的
终极监督机构一美国国会——施加压力，他们坚称,不论美国邮政署还会发生什么变化，他们所依赖的现状
的方方面面都要得到保护。
一级修饰 ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers
：现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰interest groups
句子主干 And interest groups...exert 竺止蛆耍迎共史翌四 on the USPS's ultimate overseer
ultimate overseer的同位语 |
—>Congress—
一级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的伴随状语
insisting that...aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.
[whatever引导的让步状语从句
二级修饰 whatever else happens to the Postal Service,
1
要点注释 现在分词短语insisting that...中，that引导的宾语从句，作insisting的宾语。其中，省略关系词
(that)的定语从句they depend on,修饰aspects of the status quoo whatever引导的让步状语从句，作
宾语从句的让步状语。
；词汇注释: e*xert [igfZ3：t]勘£.施加;运用;努力 u*ltimate [ Altimgt] a.终极的，最终的;最重要的
Congress *[ -koggres] n.（美国）国会，议会 status quo现状;原来的状况
❷ This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay
its bills except by deferring vital modernization.这就是为什么近年来立法改革屡试屡败，导致美国邮政署无力支
付其账单，只能推迟至关重要的现代化。
171句子主干 This is why repeated attempts...have failed in recent years,（主+系+表从）
- ' — — ------------ -----— ― — — — — ——, —
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰repeated attempts
at reform legislation
现在分词短语作结果状语
—级修饰 leaving the Postal Service...except by deferring vital modernization.
|形容词短语作the Postal Service的补足语
unable to pay its bills
:词汇注释:attempt^ [ a tempt]几/vt.尝试;努力 l*egislation [ Jedsis leifn]几立法;法律，法规
d*efer [drf3：（r） ] vt.推迟;延缓 v*ital [ vaitl] a.至关重要的;生气勃勃的
…第三段•••
❶ Now comes word that everyone involved—Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's
heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.现在有消息称，有关各方-民主党人、共和党人、美
国邮政署、各工会以及邮政系统的极重度用户们一最终就一项修复邮政系统的方案达成了一致意见。
句子主干 Now comes word （倒装句：谓+主）
J that引导的同位语从句，解释说明word
—级修饰 that everyone involved...has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.
|插入语，补充说明everyone involved
二级修饰 —Democrats...the unions and the system's heaviest users—
[词汇注释:Democrat [•demakraet] n.（美国）民主党党员 R*epublican [n pAblikan] n.（美国）共和党党员
❷ Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $ 28.6 billion over five years, which could
help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures.法规正在众议院接受审议,该法规将在五年内为美国邮
政署节省约286亿美元，这笔资金可帮助负担新的运输工具以及其他使邮政署得以存活的措施。
句子主干 Legislation is moving through the House （主+谓）
J that引导的定语从句，修饰Legislation
_级修饰 that would save USPS an estimated $28. 6 billion over five years,
which引导的非限定性定语从句，[补充说明$28. 6 biUion
二级修饰 which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures.
;词汇注释:estimated [ •estimeitid] a.估计的 v*ehicle [ vi：akl] n.交通工具;车辆;手段
❸ Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into
Medicare.这笔资金的大部分可通过将每封信的固定资费上调1美分和将邮政退休人员纳入老年保健医疗制
度来获得。
Most of the money would come from 旺竺史g竺也性芒（主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and （would come） from shifting postal retirees into Medicare.
「诃无注释；p*ermanent [ p3：manant] a.固定的;永久的“ s*hift [Jift] o./几.转移;转变
retiree [nitawri：]几退休人员 Medicare [ •medikeafr） ] n.医疗保障制度
❹ The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a
long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions.后一项举措将在很大程度上抵消每年因预先支付退休人员医
保而产生的财政负担，从而化解美国邮政署及其工会长久以来的抱怨。
172句子主干 The latter step would largely offset专些也竺f蛆坝型竺（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the financial burden
of annually pre-funding retiree health care,
一级修饰 现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语
thus addressing a long-standing complaint
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a long-standing complaint
二级修饰 by the USPS and its unions.
[词无注卷]offset^ [ Dfset] vt.抵消;弥补;补偿 annually [ aenjuaU] ad.每年;一年一次
a*ddress [3>dres] vt.解决;演讲 n.地址 c*omplaint [ kam plemt] n.抱怨;投诉;不满
…第四段…
❶ If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate—where someone is bound to point out
that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform.
即使这项方案得到了众议院的批准，它还必须通过参议院的批准一参议院肯定会有人指出，这一方案仅仅是
让美国邮政署继续维持下去所必需的最低要求，而非全面的改革。
—级修饰 If it clears the House,
I IRI导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 this measure would still have to get through tihe Senate （主+谓+宾）
[补充说明the Senate
―where someone is bound to point out
一级修饰 that引导的宾语从句，作point out的宾语[
that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum...not comprehensive reform.
形容词短语作后置定语，[修饰minimum
二级修饰 necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat,
顷无注整"he Senate参议院 m* inimum [ .minimom] n.最低限度;最小量
afloat [ a.fi3Ut ] a,能维持下去的；漂浮的 comprehensive * [ ^omprrhensiv] a.全面的;彻底的
❷ There's no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80
percent of the agency's costs.美国邮政署内的集体谈判没有任何变化,考虑到人员成本占该机构总成本的80% ,
这是一个重大的疏漏。
句子主干 There's no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, （There be句型：There + is +主）
I补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 a major omission
[considering that引导的原因状语从句
二级修饰 considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency's costs.
:更成连释」considering that引导的原因状语从句中,that引导的宾语从句作considering的宾语。
:有无连幕i c*ollective [kakktiv] a.集体的;共有的n.集体企业 bargaining [，&呼叫]n.谈判，商谈
omission [3.mljn] n.遗漏;省略;删除 p*ersonnel [ ,p3.S3.nel] n.职员;人事部门
❸ Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery.此外，该方案并未对取消周六信件递送服务
这一问题进行任何讨论。
句子主干 Also missing is any discussion （倒装句：表+系+主）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰any discussion
of eliminating Saturday letter delivery.
173:词汇注释:eliminate * [ rlimineit ]仇.消除;消灭;淘汰 d*elivery [di-li van] n.递送;交付;分娩
❹ That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $ 2 billion per year.取消周六信件递
理竺二符合常理的变革得到广泛的公众支持，且每年能够为美国邮政署节省20亿美元。
That common-sense change eqjoys wide public support (主+谓+宾)
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓宾
and would save the USPS $2 billion per year.
❺ But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House.但邮政特殊利益集团似乎已经将其扼
杀，至少在众议院是这样。
句子主干 But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it,(主+谓+宾)
I补充说明句子主干
一级修饰 at least in the House.
❻ The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing
short-term collapse at the USPS.围绕此提案逐渐达成的共识表明，立法者越来越害怕美国邮政署短期的崩溃会
使他们在政治上陷入尴尬的境地。
句子主干 The emerging consensus around the bill is asign (主+系+表)
that引导的同位语从句j解释说明a sign
_级修饰 that legislators are getting frightened
介词短语作状语I
二级修饰 about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS.
"商5C生释:emerging [i m3：d3i0] a.新兴的 c*onsensus [kan sensas]几共识;一致的意见
b*ill [bil] n,法案;账单;钞票 legislator [ •led3isleita(r) ] n.立法者;立法委员
embarrassing [ mi'baerasirj ] a.令人尴尬的 collapse * [ ks-laeps] n. /vi.崩溃;倒塌；昏倒
❼ It is not, however, a sign that they're getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.然而，
这并不表示他们要认真对待邮政系统向21世纪的转型了。
—级修饰 however,
___________ [插入语
句子主干 It is not,...a sign (主+系+表)
| that引导的同位语从句，解释说明a sign
_级修饰 that t*rheey getting serious
]介词短语作状语
二级修饰 about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.
；而元生洛；transform * [ traens-foim] vt.使改变;使转化
Part B
.• . .第^_.
• r
❶ The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national history and the
architectural heritage of the United States.艾森豪威尔行政办公楼(EEOB)在美国国家历史和建筑遗产中均占
据独特地位。
句子主干 The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position
介词短语作句子主干的状语]
—级修饰 in both the national history and the architectural heritage
介词短语作后置定语 J修饰the national history and the architectural heritage
二级修饰 of the United States.
174!词汇注释:e*xecutive [ig zekjativ] a.行政的 n.经理 c*ommand [ks mamd] vt.博得;值得;应得
architectural [ ^zkrtektjaral] a.建筑方面的 h*eritage [ hentids] n.遗产
❷ Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the
growing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departments, and is considered one of the best examples of French Second
Empire architecture in the country.它由美国财政部的监理建筑师阿尔弗雷德•布尔特•马利特设计，建于1871
年至1888年间，目的是容纳美国国务院、战争部和海军部不断增加的工作人员，被认为是美国最具法兰西第二
帝国建筑风格的最佳典范之一。
一级修饰 Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett,
[过去分词短语作句子主干的状语
it was built (主+谓)
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓语
and is considered one of the best examples
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
---
f*okm 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰the best examples
Of French Second Empire architecture in the country.
介词短语作后置定语, 修饰the growing staffs
二级修饰 of the State, War, and Navy Departments,
:词汇注释:s*upervise [ -suzpavaiz] v.监督;管理;指导 Treasury [ ire33ri] n.财政部
h*ouse [ hauz] vt.容纳；给... 提供场地 c*onsider [ kan^ida(r) ] vt.认为 v.仔细考虑
…第二段…
O The State, War, and Navy Buildingf as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most
intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth
century and the first quarter of the twentieth century—the period when the United States emerged as an international
power,正如最初被大家所知的名字那样，国务院、战争部和海军部综合大楼容纳了这三个在19世纪后25年和
20世纪前25年间与美国外交政策的制定和贯彻执行有着最紧密联系的行政部门，在这一时期，美国一跃成为
世界强国。
一级修饰 as it was originally known,
插入语I
▼
句子主干 The Stated War, and Navy Building, ...housed ^tf)r^&»cutiveBrai^iD^rtmaite
形容词短语作后置定语，HHftthe three Executive Branch Departments |
—级修饰 most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy
j介词短语作时间状语
in the last quarter of the nineteenth century
二级修饰 and连接并列的名词短语|
and the first quarter of the twentieth century
___________ 补充说明|
三级修饰 —the period
T when引导的定语从句，修饰the period
四级修饰 when the United States emerged as an international power.
[通汇连释：originally [9.nd33n3U] ad.最初;原来 associated [3.SauJieitid] a.有联系的;相关的
f*ormulate [心mjuleit] m 制定;规划;构想 e*merge [ rm3：d3 ]航.显现;出现;露出
175❷ The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of
many historic events.这座大楼是美国一些最重要的外交家和政治家的办公场所，还是很多历史事件的发生地。
The building has housed
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓语
and has been the scene of many historic events.
:要点注释:and连接的并列谓语中,系动词has been和表语the scene可看作复合谓语。
'、词汇注释:s*ignificant [sig nifikant] a.重要的;显著的 diplomat [ diplamaet]几外交官;善于交际的人
politician ☆ [ .pob tifn] n.政治家;政客 s*cene [si：n] n.地点，现场;情景
第三段…
❶ The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid.在其地基建立之前,EEOB 就已经有了一 定的
历史。
句子主干 The history of the EEOB began （主+谓）
___________ | before弓I导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 long before its foundations were laid.
[迥汇注将 foundation1 [faun-deijn]几•地基;基础;根据 lay1 [lei] ".奠基;打基础
❷ The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820.它的第一批行政办公室建于 1799 年至 1820 年间 °
句子主干 The first executive offices were constructed （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 between 1799 and 1820.
顶无注程；c*onstruct [kmstmkt]仇.建造;创建;绘制
❸ A series of fires （including those set by the British in 1814） and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the
existing Treasury Building,由于发生了一系列火灾（包括1814年英国的多起纵火案），且办公条件太过拥挤，这
才建立了如今的财政部大楼。
—级修饰 （including those set by the British in 1814）
| 补充说明 A series of fires
句子主干 A series of fires…and overcrowded conditions led to Qjg （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the construction [
—级修饰 of the existing Treasury Building.
「商W注卷:overcrowded [同gkraudid] a.过于拥挤的 函sting gzisti时a.现存的;现行的
O In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department
building. 1866年，财政部大楼北翼的建造使得国务院大楼被迫拆除。
句子主干 [n 1866, the construction...necessitatedflwdem<^ition （主+谓+宾）
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰the construction
of the North Wing of the Treasury Building “
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰the demolition
of die State Department building.
「商W淫席；necessitate^ [n3,sesiteit] vt.使成为必要;需要 demolition [（dem3-lijn] n.拆除;毁坏;驳倒
176•第四段•
O In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new
State Department Building. 1869年12月，美国国会委派一委员会负责新国务院大楼的选址、筹划和成本估算
工作。
二级修饰 In Decenler ofl 869,
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 Congress appointed acommissiwi to select a site-estimates （主+谓+宾+宾补）
f介词短语作状语，表对象
—级修饰 for a new State Department Building.
[词汇连暮:appoint^ [a pomt] vt.委派;约定 c*ommission [ka mijn] n.委员会;佣金
❷ The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments.此外，该委员会还要考
虑战争部和海军部的妥善安置问题。
句子主干 The commission was also to consider些竺,妙g竺理gggg些巫g （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语J修饰possible arrangements
—级修饰 for the War and Navy Departments.
❸ To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on 出e other side of
the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of
a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871. 一些人原本以为会在白宫的另一侧建造一栋和财
政部大楼一样具有希腊复兴式风格的大楼，然而结果使这些人大为震惊。最终该委员会选定了阿尔弗雷德-马
利特精心构思的法兰西第二帝国风格的设计。1871年6月，这一用于同时容纳三个部门的大楼开始施工。
三级修饰 on the other side of the White House,
介词短语作地点状语!
二级修饰 who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected
[who引导的定语从句，修饰some
To the horror of some
一级修饰 介词短语作状语
by Alfred Mullett
]介词短语作后置定语，修饰the elaborate...design
（1） the elaborate French Second Empire style design...was selected,（主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and construction of a building...began in June of 1871.（主+谓）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰a building
—级修饰 to house all three departments
iiMiCSES : h*orror [.hDr3（r）] n.震惊;恐惧;厌恶 revival [n-vaivl] n.复兴;振兴;进步
e*rect [rrekt] vt.建造;竖立;创立 e*laborate [rtebarst] a.精心制作的;复杂的
••第五段…
❶ Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing.这栋大楼的施工逐翼开展，缓步推进，历时
17年。
177句子主干 Construction took lJ7_yg呼（主+谓+宾）
| as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 as the building slowly rose wing by wing.
■ When the EEOB was Hnished, it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white
tiled corridors. EEOB完工之时，即成为华盛顿最大的办公楼,有一条长度近2英里的走廊，由黑白瓷砖铺设
而成。
一级修饰 When the EEOB was finished,
When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 it was 地£pjjjjjjgg in Washington,（主+系+表）
[补充说明the largest office building
_级修饰 with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors.
:词汇注释: tile会[tail] vt.铺地砖 c*orridor [ .kond3：（r） ] n.走廊,过道；通道
❸ Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster ； the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety. 几乎所
有的内饰细节都采用的是铸铁或石膏,并尽量减少使用木材，以确保消防安全。
（1） Almost all of the interior detail is ofcastnpn^ir^laster;（主+系+表）
句子主干 |并列句
（2） the use of wood was minimized to insure fire safety.（主+谓）
:商史您幕:i*nterior [ i*tniari 3（r） ] a.内部的 n,内部 i*ron [ ai9n] n.铁;熨斗 v.熨
p*laster [ -pla：st3（r） ] n.熟石膏;灰泥 m* inimize [ -mmimaiz] vt.使减少到最低限度
❹ Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four
skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas. 8座宏伟的花岗岩弧形楼梯配有4000多根独立铸造的青铜栏杆
柱，其顶部是4个天窗穹顶和2个彩色玻璃制成的圆形大厅。
一级修饰 of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰staircases
句子主干 Eight monumental curving staircases…are capped （主+谓）
一级修饰 by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundi
-命E函亩 i monumental [ imDnju-mentl] a.宏伟的;重要的 granite [.granrt] n.花岗岩
individually [ ^ndrv^usli] 单独地;分别地 baluster [ .babst3（r） ] n.栏杆柱
s*p [kxp] vt.覆盖 d*ome [damn] n.穹顶;圆屋顶
stained [stemd] a.染色的;沾有污渍的 rotunda [rau-tAnda] n.圆形大厅
—'第六段…
❶ Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the fifst to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library
（completed in 1876）, Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Oriental
mgs, and stenciled wall patterns.于1875年完工的国务院大楼南翼最先投入使用，包括雅致的四层图书馆（1876
年建成）、外交接待室以及饰有木雕、东方地毯和镂印墙纹的国务卿办公室。
178一级修饰 Completed in 1875,
I过去分词短语作时间状语
句子主干 the State Department's south wing was 虫g to be occupied,（主+系+表）
J with独立主格结构作句子主干的伴随状语
一级修饰 with its elegant four-story library...Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office
补充说明 four・story library
（completed in 1876）,
-■ 渔书#
二级修饰 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰Secretary's office
decorated with carved wood, Oriental rugs, and stenciled wall patterns.
:词汇注释:o*ccupy [ pkjupai] vt.使用，占用；占领 e*legant [ ’eligont] a.雅致的;精美的
d*iplomatic [ ^ipb-maetik] a.外交的 r*eception [n sepjn]几.接待处;招待会
s*ecretary [ .sekratri] n.部长;秘书;大臣 o*riental [,o：ri end] o.东方的;东方人的
m*[rAgg] 几.小地毯;垫子 stendl [-stensl] vt.用模板印（文字或图案）
❷ The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry
floors decorated the office of the Secretary. 1879年海军部搬入大楼东翼，海军部长办公室的墙面及夭花板饰有精
美的雕模印花，地板采用镶嵌工艺。
句子主干 The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879,（主+谓）
where引导的非限定性定语从句J补充说明the east wing
一级修饰 where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the office]
二级修饰 of the Secretary.
:： c*eiling [,siziID]几天花板;上限 marquetry [.maikitri] n.（家具等的）镶嵌细工
• • • • • • •
O Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the
EEOBP granite walls.很多美国最著名的人物都参与过发生在EEOB花岗岩墙内的历史事件。
句子主干 Many of the most celebrated naticMial figures have participated in （主+谓+^）
that引导的定语从句，修饰historical events |
—级修饰 that have taken place within the EEOB's granite walls.
!通无注样」celebrated [ .selibreitid] a.著名的;闻名的 H*gure [ .fIg9（r）]几.人物;数字;身材
participate in参与;参加 take place发生，进行
❷ Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford,
and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president.在成为总统之前，西奥多•罗斯
福、富兰克林-德拉诺-罗斯福、威廉-霍华德-塔夫脱、德怀特-戴维-艾森豪威尔、林登-贝恩斯-约翰
逊、杰拉尔德-福特和乔治-赫伯特-沃克-布什都曾在这栋楼里办公。
句子主干 Theodore...and George H.W. Bush all had offices （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作句子主干的地点状语]
」「「"I. in this building
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
before becoming president.
179❸ It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State.此外,这栋楼还曾是 16
位海军部长、21位战争部长和24位国务卿的办公场所。
It has housed 坦坦WggMjhgJjg% （主+谓+宾）
|并列的名词短语
句子主干 21 Secretaries of War,
| and连接并列的名词短语
and 24 Secretaries of State.
❹ Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after
the bombing of Pearl Harbor.温斯顿-丘吉尔曾走过这条走廊，珍珠港遭到轰炸后，日本特使与美国国务卿科德
尔-赫尔在这里进行了会面。
（1）Winston Churchill once walked 迤 gggjjgg （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
⑵ and Japanese emissaries met here with...Cord^lIhill （主+谓+宾）
T Cordell Hull的同位语
Secretary of State
一级修饰 介词短语作（2）句的时间状语
after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
；商汇生释:emissary [ .emisari] n.特使;密使 b*ombing [ bomig] n.轰炸;炸弹袭击
Part C
O Shakespeare's lifetime was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. 莎士 比亚
的一生适逢戏剧艺术异常活跃且成就辉煌的时期。
句子主干 Shakespeare's lifetime was coincident with a period （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a period]
—级修饰 of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.
生* 籍 coincident [kau msidant] a.同时发生的 e*xtraordinary [ik stro：dnri] a.非凡的;卓越的
❷ By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under
the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.他出生时，欧洲的宗教戏剧正在消亡，同时在古典悲剧和喜剧的推
动下，新戏剧形式应运而生。
—级修饰 By the date of his birth
I介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
Europe was witnessing （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 | and连接的并列宾语
and the creation of new forms
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the creation of new forms
—级修饰 under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.
[曲:洼幕；i*ncentive [m-sentiv] n.激励（文中引申为“推动”） c*lassical [.虹宓虹a.古典的;经典的
t*ragedy [ .traEd33di] n.悲剧；不幸;灾难 c*omedy [ .komadi] n.喜剧；滑稽;幽默
180❸ These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere
else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether
it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical.这些新式戏剧起初主要由学者创作，业余爱好
者表演，但在英格兰，如同在西欧其他国家一样,职业演员阶层的不断发展预示着戏剧将流行起来,不管是新式
戏剧还是旧式戏剧、古典戏剧还是中世纪戏剧、文学剧还是滑稽剧。
and (were) performed by amateurs,
| and连接的并列谓语
句子主干 (1) These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars (主+谓)
I but连接的并列句，表转折
(2) but in England,...the growth.・・was threatening 四些 gggjy,(主+谓+宾)
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the growth
of a class of professional actors
补充说明England
一级修饰 as everywhere else in western Europe,
whether引导的让步状语从句，作(2)句的让步状语
whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical.
:词汇注释1 a*mateur [侄mm(r) ] n,业余爱好者a.业余的 professional * [ pra'fejanl ] a.职业的;专业的
d*rama [ drazma] n.戏剧;戏剧文学;激动 m* edieval [ i*imedi ：vl] a.中世纪的
l*iterary [ litarsri] a.文学的;爱好文学的 farcical [-fassikl] a.滑稽的，荒唐的
❹ Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for
dramatic entertainment ； and no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of
literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.宫廷、学校、业余爱好者组织
以及巡演演员都在竞相满足大众对戏剧娱乐的广泛需求;而且，每位在文法学校就读的少年不会不知道戏剧这
种文学形式曾为希腊和罗马带来荣耀，也可能会为英格兰带来荣耀。
一级修饰 in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment;
介词短语作后置定语，修饰rivals |
(1) Court, school, organizations of amateurs,...actors were all 主世(主+系+表)
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
(2) and no boy...could be ignorant 虫匹些 虫ggig 史竺£ 丝(主+谓+宾从)
[ who引导的定语从句，修饰boy
who went to a grammar school
which引导的定语从句，修饰a form of literature
—级修饰 which gave glory to Greece and Rome
| and连接的并列谓宾
and might yet bring honor to England.
:要点注释:系表结构could be ignorant可看作复合谓语,that引导的宾语从句作其宾语。
:词汇泣翳]c*ourt [ko：t] n.宫廷;法院;球场 r*ival [ -raivl] n.竞争者，对手
dramatic * [ d*mraaetik ] a.戏剧的;巨大的 e*ntertainment [ lenta-temmant] n.娱乐；款待
i*gnorant [，igngnt ] a.不了 解的;无知的 l*iterature [ -litrstjafr) ] n.文学;文学作品
181•…第二段…
❶ When Shakespeare was twelve years old the first public playhouse was built in London.莎士比亚 12 岁时，伦敦建造
了首家公共剧院。
一级修饰 When Shakespeare was twelve years old
| When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the first public playhouse was built in London.（主+谓）
:词汇洼释；playhouse [ -pleihaus] n.剧院
❷ For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage.文学曾一度对这样的公共舞台毫无兴趣。
句子主干 For a time literature showed 四 里 in this public stage.（主+谓+宾）
❸ Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for schools or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul's and the royal
chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.旨在突出文学性的戏剧为学校或宫廷而写，或为圣
保罗大教堂和皇家教堂的唱诗班男童而写,不过这些唱诗班男童不仅在宫廷表演而且也在公众场合表演。
—级修饰 aiming at literary distinction
|现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰Plays
句子主干 Plays...were written （主+谓）
[。施接并列的介词短语作状语，表对象
—级修饰 for schools or court, or for the choir boys
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the choir boys [
of St. PauFs and the royal chapel,
二级修饰 who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明the choir boys
who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court.
顶汇洼释一；d*istinctioii [drstigkfn]几特质;差别 choir [ kwaiafr）]几唱诗班;合唱团
❹ But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were
quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.然而，专业剧团在它们固定的剧院中蓬勃发展，大
学里拥有文学抱负的人士迅速投奔这些剧院,将其视为一种谋生的手段。
—级修饰 in their permanent theaters,
介词短语作（1）句的地点状语I
（1） But the professional companies prospered （主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and university men with literary ambitions were quick （主+系+表）
动词不定式短语作状语[
to turn to these theaters
一级修饰 介词短语作these theaters的补足语j
as offering a means of livelihood.
:词汇注释:prosper皿'PmspMr）]航•繁荣;兴旺;成功 “p*ermanent [，P3：m0n°nt] a.固定的;永久的
a*mbition [aem bijn] n.抱负;志向；野心 livelihood [ 'laivlihud] n.赚钱谋生的手段;生计
❺ By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular
and literary； Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph
182on the common stage—where they had played no part since the death of Euripides.莎士比亚 25 岁时，李利、皮尔和格
林已经创作出一度流行并带有文学性的喜剧;基德已经写出了一部让剧院座无虚席的悲剧;马洛让诗意和天赋
在公众舞台上大获成功一这在欧里庇得斯去世以后从未发生过。
-«r<xp.~.*"HIjj
By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
(•
that were at once popular and literary;
that引导的定语从句，[修饰comedies
(IJLylyJPeele, and Greene had made comedies (主+谓+宾)
并列句
句子主干 (2)Kyd had written atragedy that crowded the pit;(主+谓+宾)
| and连接的并列句
(a3n)d Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph (主+谓+宾+宾补)
, = = 、、' 、 ' ‘ ————'——————— —
T介词短语作(3)句的地点状语
—级修饰 on the common stage
[ where引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明the common stage
二级修饰 一where they had played no part since the death of Euripides.
:词汇注释:c*[rowd kraud] vt.挤满 n.人群 t*riumph [ •traiAmf] n.巨大成功 vi.战胜
❻ A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its
great traditions had been begun, 一种本土文学戏剧已经诞生，而且已经与公共剧院结成联盟，至少这种戏剧的
一些伟大传统已经开始萌芽。
—级修饰 its alliance with the public playhouses established,
]独立主格结构，补充说明A native literary drama
⑴A native literary drama had been created,(主+谓)
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
(2)and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.(主+谓)
［词汇遂释」a*lliance ［ s laians］儿联盟，同盟 tradition * ［ tra-difn ］几传统;传统的信仰
…第三段…
O The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary
history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays,
and of many great careers.此后25年间，伊丽莎白时代的戏剧发展对文学史专业的学生极具吸引力，因为在这个
短暂的时期内，我们能追溯到众多戏剧和伟大事业的萌芽、成长、繁荣和衰败。
for the next twenty-five years
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语, 修饰the Elizabethan drama
to students of literary history,
介词短语作(1)句的状语，表对象
(1 )Thedevelopment of the Elizabethan drama...is of exceptional interest
句子主干 | for连接的并列句，表原因
(2)for in this brief period we may trace ggffy
and连接并列的介词短语作后置定语，修饰the beginning...decay |
一级修饰 of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers.
183词汇注释:e*xceptional [ik'sepfanl] a.特别的;卓越的 t*race [treis] m追溯;发现;追踪
blossom^ [•blosom] vi.繁盛;开花 n.花簇 d*ecay [di-kei] n.衰败,衰退;腐朽
❷ We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same
time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants.今天,仅仅是戏剧创作数量就令我们惊讶，更不用说当
时为伦敦这座有20万居民的城市写作的剧作家的数量了。
句子主干 We are ggggggj today （主+系+表）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
at the mere number of plays produced,
一级修饰 | as well as连接并列的介词短语
as well as by the number of dramatists
现在分词短语作后置定语j修饰the number of dramatists
二级修饰 writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants.
[迥汇洼将：dramatist [ •draematist ]几.剧作家;编剧 i*nhabitant [ m,haebitdnt]".居民;栖息动物
❸ To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that
probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.为了充分了解当时的戏剧活动是何等繁荣，我们
还必须牢记:大量戏剧作品已经失传，可能没有哪位著名作家的全部作品会被保留至今。
一级修饰 To realize how great was the dramatic activity,
［动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
we must remember further （主+谓+宾从）
| that引导的宾语从句，作must remember的宾语
旬子主干 that hosts of plays have been lost,
| and连接并列的宾语从句
and that probably there is no author of note
whose引导的定语从句,:修饰author of note
一级修饰 whose entire work has survived.
:要点注释！ 动词不定式短语To realize how...中,how引导的宾语从句，作realize的宾语。
词汇注释:hosts of大量的，许多的 survive* [sa*vaiv] vi.保存下来 v.幸存
184