文档内容
虹2021年考研英语（一）真题逐词逐句精讲 倒
Section I Use of English
第一段
O Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,
logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems.流体智力是一种智力类型，它与短期记忆和为了解决新问
亍题所用的快速思维、逻辑思维和抽象思维能力有关：
句子主干 Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence （主+系+表）
▲
___________ that引导的定语从句,[修饰the type of intelligence
that has to do with short-term memory
一级修饰 and连接的并列宾语
and the ability
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the ability
二级修饰 to think quickly, logically, and abstractly
“动词不定式短语作目的状语
三级修饰 in order to solve new problems.
戛板汪辉:in order to solve new problems为动词不定式短语的特殊形式。
[癫提释:fluid，[Fund]几流体;液体a.流动的;易变的 i*ntelligence [m telid33ns]几智力;智慧;情报
have to do with 与....有关 abstractly [ >sbstrsktli] ad.抽象地
❷ It peaks in young adulthood. levels out for a period of time, and then generally starts to slowly decline as we age. 它在
成年早期达到峰值，在一段时间内保持稳定,然后通常随着我们年龄的增长而开始缓慢下降。
It peaks in young adulthood,（主+谓）
I并列谓语
句子主干 levels out for a period of time,
and连接的并列谓语
and then generally starts to slowly decline ,
\ as引导的时间状语从句
—级修饰 as we age.
，迥汇洼释:p*eak [pi：k] vi.达到高峰;达到最高值 level out/off保持平稳发展
❸ But while aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be. 但是，尽管
衰老不p避免，科学家们却发现大脑功能的某些变化可能并非不可避免。
—级修饰 while aging is inevitable,
I while引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
But...scientists are finding out （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，[作are finding out的宾语
that certain changes in brain function may not be.
词汇注释：aging [ eid3ir）]（亦作ageing）n.衰老,变老;苍老i*nevitable [m evitobl] a.不可避免的
77第二段
0 One study found that muscle loss and the accumulation of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline
in fluid intelligence. 一项研究发现，肌肉流失和腹部周围脂肪的堆积与流体智力的下降有关。
One study found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语
that muscle loss and the accumulation of body fat...are associated with a decline
介词短语作后置定语，修饰body fat
around the abdomen
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰a decline
in fluid intelligence.
' ■ 冷
词汇注释 m* uscle [ mAsl]几肌肉；体力；威信 accumulation^ 3lkju：mja leijn]几堆积（物）
abdomen" aebcbmon] n.腹（部） be associated with...与... 有关
❷ This suggests the possibility that lifestyle factors might help prevent or delay this type of decline.这表明了一种可能
性，即生活方式因素可能有助于预防或延缓这种衰退。
句子主干
一级修饰
词汇注释 possibility*[.poso^ibtil n.可能性；可能 delay* [di lei] t；.延缓；延期；推迟
第三段]
❶ The researchers looked at data that included measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000
middle-to-older-aged men and women and compared that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year
period.研究人员仔细研究了包含4000多名中老年男性与女性的精瘦肌肉和腹部脂肪测量结果的数据，并将这
些数据与所报告的受试者6年间的流体智力变化进行了比较。
: :~~—■-—-
二级修饰
一级修饰 that included measurements
that引导的定语从句]修饰data
The researchers looked at data （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列谓宾
and compared that data to reported changes
介词短语作后置定语，修饰reported changes
in fluid intelligence
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语, 修饰reported changes
over a six-year period.
词汇注释 measurement [ me39mant]几测量的结果;测量 l*[elian ：n] a.脂肪少的;瘦且健康的
abdominal [aeb^omml] a.腹部的 compare A to/with B 将 A 与 B 进行比较
❷ They found that middle-aged people with higher measures of abdominal fat scored worse on measures of fluid intelligence
as the years went by.他们发现,随着岁月流逝，具有较高腹部脂肪测量值的中年人在流体智力测量中的得分较低。
78They found (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语
that middle-aged people...scored worse
介词短语作后置定语，修饰middle-aged people
with higher measures of abdominal fat
介词短语作方面状语
一级修饰 on measures of fluid intelligence
]as引导的时间状语从句，作宾语从句的时间状语
as the years went by.
:词汇注释 s*core [ sko：(r)]。.得分;进球几得分；比分 go by (时间)流逝，过去
第四段[
❶ For women, the association may be attributable to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat； in
men, the immune system did not appear to be involved.对于女性来说，这种联系也许可以归因于腹部脂肪过多导
堑的夔力变化;而对于男性来说，免疫系统似乎与这种联系并无关联。
二级修饰 .；： that resulted from excess abdominal fat;
that引导的定语从句,修饰changes
to changes in immunity
一级修饰 介词短语作状语
For women,
介词短语作(1)句的状语，表对象
(l)the association may be attributable (主+系+表)
I
句子主干 并列句
(2)the immune system did not appear to be involved.(主+谓)
|介词短语作(2)句的状语
一级修饰 in men,
词汇注释: be attributable to...可归因于... ；可能由于.... immunity [rmjumati] n.免疫力；免除
e*xcess [ ekses] a.过多的;过度的 i*mmune [ i mjum] a.免疫的;不受影响的
❷ It is hoped that future studies could explain these differences and perhaps lead to different treatments for men and
women.人们希望未来的研究能够解释这些差异，或许还可以为男性和女性带来不同的疗法。
It is hoped (主+谓)
fit为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
句子主干 that future studies could explain these differences
| and连接的并列谓宾
and perhaps (could) lead to different treatments
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 men and women.
词汇注释 e*xplain [ik splem] u 解释;说明；阐明 treatment [ triitmant] n.疗法；治疗；对待
第五段
O Meanwhile, there are steps you can take to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in or
der to protect both your physical and mental wellbeing.同时，为了保护自己的身心健康，随着年龄的增长,你可以
采取一些措施来帮助减少腹部脂肪，保持精瘦肌肉量。
79and (to) maintain lean muscle mass
一级修饰 ]and连接并列的动词不定式短语
you can take to help (to) reduce abdominal fat
[省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰steps
句子主干 Meanwhile, there are Steps (There be句型：there + are +主)
" [as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
as you age
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
in order to protect both your physical and mental wellbeing.
词汇注释 m*[maasess] n.量；质量；团，块 wellbeing [ •webbinrj] n.健康；安乐
❷ The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your level of aerobic exercise and following
a Mediterranean-style diet that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed food% 强烈推荐两种生活方式：保持
亶婴您也有氧运动水平;遵循地中海式饮食，这种饮食富含纤维，而且不含精加斗食曲。
一级修饰 of aerobic exercise
■ 介词短语作后置定语，修饰your level] •' :
The two...approaches are归迦坦匝叹竺匹整迦且 四也 好^](主+系+表)
句子主干 | and连接的并列表语
and following a Mediterranean-style diet
that引导的定语从句 J修饰a Mediterranean-style diet
that is high in fiber
一级修饰 "nd连接的并列谓语
and eliminates highly processed foods.
要成洼释：that引导的定语从句中，系表结构is high可整体看作复合谓语。
谒汇注释:r*ecommend [ jeka mend] vt.推荐;劝告 aerobic [ea raubik] a.有氧的;需氧的
fiber [ -faiba(r)](亦作fibre)几纤维;纤维制品 eliminate * [ rlimineit ]仇.对...不予考虑;排除
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A 、\\\、、\、\、\、\、、、\\\、\\\、\、\、、、\、\\\\\\\、、、\、\、、、、、\、\\、、\、\\
/////// / / / / / // // // /// / / / //////
Text 1
第…段
❶ How can Britain's train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?英国的铁路运营商如
性竺邑理铁路客运票价的再次上涨是合理的呢？ , ' 「
句子主干 How can Britain's train operators possibly justify yetjm（^her increase
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰yet another increase
—级修饰 to rail passenger fares?
要点洼释 ' 本句是一个特殊疑问句，句子主干由“特殊疑问词+情态动词+主语+谓语动词+宾语”构成。
词汇注释;operator^ [ pporeitW） ] n.（企业的）经营者 j*ustify [ d3AStifai]仇.对...做出解释
y*et [jet] ad.又;甚至 fare^ [fea（r） ] n.车费;船费；飞机票价
❷ It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant
extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.这已成为一种雷打不动的年度惯例:每年一月，乘火车出行的费用都会上涨，这给那些别无选择、只能利用铁路网上班或出于其他目
的出行的人带来了巨大的额外负担。
薛药一
It has become aj reliable annual ritual：（主+系+表）
，坷汇2E群]grimly「gnmli] ad.坚定地;严肃地 r*eliable [n laiabl] a.确凿的；真实可信的
r*itual [.ntJual] n.惯例；习惯；老规矩 impose , on...把......（强）加于..….
© This year,s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year's, but it is still well above the
official Consumer Price Index （ CPI） measure of inflation.今年的平均涨幅为2. 7% ,可能略低于去年，但仍远高于
官方的消费者物价指数（CPI）所衡量的通货膨胀水平。
lower than last year's,
形容词短语:作后置定语, 修饰a fraction
an average of 2.7 per cent,
插入语，[补充说明This y*sear rise
（l）This year's rise,...may be ajfiraction （主+系+表）
but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵blit it is still竺典四假典岂凹胆也虫理J!也奥叫虞些（主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the official Consumer Price Index （CPI） measure
一级修饰 of inflation.
: : f*raction [.fraekJn]几一点儿;少量;小部分 inflation1 [m.fleifn] n,通货膨胀;通胀率
第二段
O Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail
network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer.历届政府都准许了这种涨价，理由
是投资和运营铁路网的费用应由那些使用铁路网的人承担,而不是由全体纳税人承担。
句子主干 Successive governments have permitted such increases （主+谓+宾）
[on the grounds that引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
1
一《修福 on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne
介词by引出动作的发出者[
by those who use it,
二级修饰 rather than连接的并列成分.肯定前者，否定后者
rather than the general taxpayer.
j词无您释.s*uccessive [sokpesiv] a.相继的；连续的；接连的 on the grounds that由于，因为，根据
b*ear [bea（r） ] vt.承担（费用）；承受;忍受 taxpayer [ skspeiMr） ] n.纳税人
❷ Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a
stockbroker from Surrey?这种观点认为，为什么一位来自林肯郡的开车出行的养老金领取者必须补贴一位来自
萨里郡的股票经纪人的日常通勤费用？
81一级修饰 the argument goes,
..• - *
__________ !插入语
句子主干 Why,...should a car-driving pensioner ...have to subsidise the daily commute
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰a car-driving pensioner
from Lincolnshire
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰the daily commute
of a stockbroker from Surrey?
「要出生释'本句是一个特殊疑问句，句子主干由“特殊疑问词+情态动词+主语+半助动词+谓语动词+宾
[][]]]语”构成。
词汇注释：pensioner [ -penJanaCr） ] n.领养老金者 subsidise [，SAbsidaiz]（亦作 subsidize） W.补贴；资助
c*ommute [ka mjujt] n.通勤；上下班路程 stockbroker [ -stokbraukaCry] n.股票（或证券）经纪人
❸ Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, m^ny of whom will face among the. biggest
rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endu建 the relatively poor infrastructure of the
Midlands and the North.此外，历届政府还认为，相比于那些必须忍受中部和北部相对较差的基础设施的通勤者,
东南部的通勤者（他们中的许多人将面临铁路客运票价的最大涨幅）的痛苦已经受到了过多关注Q
词汇注释：travail [ traeveil] n.痛苦;艰辛；艰苦劳动 commuter [ ka mju：to（r）]几通勤者
e*ndure [m djud（r） ] vt.忍受；忍耐 vi.持续 infrastructure” unfrastrAktj3（r） ] n.基础设施
Midlands [ midhndz] n. （the~）（ 一 国的）中部，中部地区
第三段]
❶ However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.
然而，在过去的12个月里，东南部的通勤者也经历了多年来最严重的几次铁路罢工＜
一级修饰 over the past 12 months,
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 However,...those commuters have also experienced some of the.・・strikes （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the worst rail strikes
一级修饰 fin years.
@ It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the netwviork, but passengers should be
able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.铁路运营商宣扬其对铁路
网的改进无可非议，但考虑到如今乘客们为出行支付的大笔费用:乘客们应该可以要求（得到）基本水平鬲服务。
82—级修饰 lhey are making to the network,
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，'修饰the improvements
▼
train operators trumpeting the improvements
I It为形式主语，动名词的复合结构作真正的主语
句子主干 （l）It is all very well （主+系+表）
I but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service （主+谓+宾）
f介词短语作（2）句的原因状语
--—
一级修饰 for the substantial sums
j省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，修Wthe substantial sums
二级修饰 they are now paying to travel.
要点注释 动名词的复合结构train operators trumpeting the improvements中,train operators为动名词短语
trumpeting the improvements 的逻辑主语。
商*释玉 trumpet*[ trAmpit] vt.宣扬;吹嘘;鼓吹 s*ubstantial [sgb stsenfl] a.大量的;价值巨大的
❸ The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.最近这一波罢工的责任在于工会。
句子主干 The responsibility.. .rests on the unions.（主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The responsibility
—级修饰 for the latest wave of strikes
❹ However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation
for the disruption they have suffered.但是，有充分的理由认为，那些受罢工影响最严重的人应就他们所遭受的混
乱得到赔偿。
句子主干 However, there is a Strong case （There be句型：there + is +主）
that引导的同位语从句」解释说明a strong case
一级修饰 that those...should receive compensation
who引导的定语从句，！修饰those
who have been worst affected by industrial action
二级修饰 介词短语作原因状语
for the disruption they have suffered.
叟点注释：介词短语for the...suffered中，they have suffered为省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰the
disruption o
网玄注释]compensation [tkDmpen seiJn] n.赔偿;赔偿金;补偿 disruption [dis rApJn] n.扰乱;混乱；中断
第四段】
O The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes
occur, services can continue to operate.政府已承诺修改法律，采用最低服务要求，这样即使发生罢工，铁路服务
也能继续运行。
句子主干 The Government has pledged to change the law （主+谓+宾）
[动词不定式短语作目的状语
to introduce a minimum service requirement
一级修饰 sothat引导的目的状语从句，作句子主干的目的状语
so that,...services can continue to operate.
when引导的时间状语从句J作目的状语从句的时间状语
. ..
二级修饰 even wben strikes occur,
83❷ This should form part of a wider package of measures U> address the long-running problems on Britain's railways.这应
成为解决英国铁路长期问题的更广泛的一揽子措施的一部分。, "，
句子主干 This should form R竺WA史些咬c坦|勺£口5竺竺竺（主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰a wider package of measures
f修饰 to address the long-running problems
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the long-running problems
二级修饰 on Britain's railways.
词汇注释 package ' [ paekidj] n. 一套东西，一套建议a*ddress [s dres] vt.设法解决;处理;演讲
❸ Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure
cramped, unreliable services, interrupted by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is
managed incompetently.是的，这需要更多的投资，但如果乘客们仍必须忍受因时刻表调整或计划性维护管理不
善导致的经常性混乱而中断的、拥挤的、不可靠的铁路服务，那么他们就不会愿意无限期地支付更多的费用。
（l）Yes, more investment is needed,（主+谓）
A
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but will not be willing to pay more indefinitely （主+谓+宾）
i传I导的条件状语从句，作（2）句的条件状语
项t饰「 if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services,
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰cramped, unreliable services
不性饰
interrupted by regular chaos
[when引导的时间状语从句
when引导的时间状语从句
when timetables are changed,
I
三级修饰 。施接的并列句 ' …
or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.
词汇注释 indefinitely [ m defmstli]诚.无限期地 cramped [kraempt] a.拥挤的;狭窄的;狭小的
i*nterrupt [jnta rApt] vt.使暂停;使中断 c*haos [-keios] n.混乱;杂乱;素乱
maintenance [ meintanans] n.维护；维持 incompetently [m kompitantli]配.无能力地;不称职地
❹ The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger
of passengers is not addressed in short order.目前，国有化的威胁可能已经消除，但如果无法立即平息乘客们合
理的愤怒，国有化的威胁将更加猛烈地卷土重来。
fbr now,
（1 ）
一级修饰 介词短语作 句的时间状语
of nationalisation
介词短语作后置定语，修饰The threat
（l）The threat.・・may have been seen off （主+谓）
句子主干 [but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but it will return （主+谓）
介词短语作（2）句的状语
with a vengeance
一级修饰 if引导的条件状语从句，作（2）句的条件状语
if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed
t
介词短语作状语
in short order.一级修饰 they are making to the network,
省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，•修Wthe improvements
train operators trumpeting the improvements
[it为形式主语，动名词的复合结构作真正的主语
(1) It is all very well (主+系+表)
I
but连接的并列句％表转折
(2) but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service (主+谓+宾)
]介词短语作(2 )句的原因状语
—级修饰 for the substantial sums
[省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修Wthe substantial sums
二级修饰 they are now paying to travel.
要点注释 动名词的复合结构train operators trumpeting the improvements中，train operators为动名词短语
trumpeting the improvements 的逻辑主语。
:诃汇生释 trumpet^[ trAmpit] vt.宣扬;吹嘘;鼓吹 s*ubstantial [S3b st8enfl] a,大量的;价值巨大的
© The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.最近这一波罢工的责任在于工会。
句子主干 The responsibility...rests on the uniong.(主+谓+宾)
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰The responsibility
一级修饰 for the latest wave of strikes
O However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation
for the disruption they have suffered.但是，有充分的理由认为，那些受罢工影响最严重的人应就他们所遭受的混
乱得到赔偿。
要点注释 介词短语for the...suffered中，they have suffered为省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰the
disruption o
释]compensation [.kompen seijn] n.赔偿;赔偿金;补偿 disruption [dis rApJn] n.扰乱;混乱；中断
第四段
O The Government has pfedged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes
occur, services can continue to operate.政府已承诺修改法律，采用最低服务要求，这样即使发生罢工，铁路服务
也能继续运行。
句子主干 The Government has pledged to change the law (主+谓+宾)
［动词不定式短语作目的状语
to introduce a minimum service requirement
* *噱斜涕
一级修饰 so that引导的目的状语从句，作句子主干的目的状语
so that,...services can continue to operate.
when引导的时间状语从句，作目的状语从句的时间状语
even when strikes occur,
83❷ This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain's railways.这应
成为解决英国铁路长期问题的更广泛的一揽子措施的丁部分。
句子主干 This should form pa史述9理0竺package蛆空竺i丝（主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作后置定语， a wider package of measures
一级修饰 to address the long-running problems
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the long-
^-running problems
on Britain's railways.
词汇注释 p*ackage [・paekid3] n. 一套东西,一套建议a*ddress [o dres] vt.设法解决;处理;演讲
❸ Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure
cramped, unreliable services, interrupted by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is
managed incompetently.是的，这需要更多的投资，但如果乘客们仍必须忍受因时刻表调整或计划性维护管理不
善导致的经常性混乱而中断的、拥挤的、不可靠的铁路服务，那么他们就不会愿意无限期地支付更多的费用。
（l）Yes, more investment is needed,（主+谓）
句子主干 [but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely （主+谓+宾）
i传I导的条件状语从句，作（2）句的条件状语
if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services,
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰cramped, unreliable services
interrupted by regular chaos
when引导的时间状语从句
when timetables are changed,
[on连接的并列句
接的并列句
or planned maintteennaannccee is managed incompetently.
[iirdefmotli] oJ.无限期地 cramped [kraempt] a.拥挤的;狭窄的;狭小的
i*nterrupt [.mto rApt] vt.使暂停;使中断 c*haos [ keios] n.混乱;杂乱;素乱
maintenance [ meintansns] n.维护；维持 incompetently [m kompitantli]诚.无能力地;不称职地
❹ The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger
of passengers is not addressed in short order.目前，国有化的威胁可能已经消除，但如果无法立即平息乘客们合
理的愤怒，国有化的威胁将更加猛烈地卷土重来。.
for now,
-级修饰 介词短语作（1 ）句的时间状语
of nationalisation
介词短语作后置定语，修饰The threat
（l）The threat...may have been seen off （主+谓）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but it will return （主+谓）
介词短语作（2）句的状语
with a vengeance
一级修饰 if引导的条件状语从句，作（2）句的条件状语
if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed
[介词短语作状语
介词短语作状语
二级修饰 in short order.
84词汇注释 nationalisation [ ^aefnalai zeijn]（亦作 nationalization）几国有化 see off打败；战胜；为....送行
with a vengeance程度更深地；出乎意料地 in short order立即；迅速地
「-啊心顷• .
Text 2
❶ Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia's bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.去年是印度
尼西亚不容乐观的森林砍伐率连续放缓的第三年。'
in a row
介词短语作后置定语,]修饰the third year
句子主干 Last year marked the feird year （主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句修饰the third year
一级修饰 that Indonesians bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.
.词汇注释；m*[maar:kk] vt.标志;做标记n.符号;标记 in a row连续，接连
bleak^[bli:k] a.不乐观的；荒凉的 deforestation [ idiijon steijn]几.滥伐森林
❷ One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program.这一好转的原因之一可能是该国的扶贫项目。
句子主干 One reason...may be虫E丝空财史丝竺XPE旺理•（主+系+表）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰One reason
一蚯希
for the turnaround
词汇注释 turnaround [ tazn^raund] n.好转；起色 antipoverty [ iaenti povati] a.反贫穷的
第二段
O In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,
such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care, 2007 年,印度尼西亚开始分阶段实施一
个项目：为最贫困的居民提供资金，但要符合一些特定条件，比如要求他们让孩子接受教育或接受常规医疗
In 2007,
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
Indonesia started Rhasing in a program （主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句,[修饰a program
♦that gives money to its poorest residents
介词短语作条件状语
under certain conditions,
such as...举例说明certain conditions
such as requiring people to keep kids in school
I
。施接并列的动词不定式短语
or （to） get regular medical care.
:词汇注释■ phase in分阶段实施;逐步采用 resident*[ rezidant] n.居民;住户
❷ Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and
break the cycle of poverty.这些被称为有条件现金转移或CCTs的社会援助项目旨在减少不平等现象和打破贫
困的恶性循环。
85一级修饰 Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,
过去分词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 these social assistance programs are designed （主+谓）
动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to reduce inequality
一级修饰 and连接并列的动词不定式短语
and （to） break the cycle of poverty.
词汇注释 conditional [koirdijonl] Q.有条件的 t*ransfer [ tr&ns，f3：（r） ] n.转移；调动
be designed to...旨在... inequality [ iinrkwobti] n.不平等；不平衡
❸They're already used in dozens of countries worldwide.它们已经在全世界几十个国家得到应用°
句子主干 They're already used （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
-级修饰 in dozens of countries worldwide.
❹ In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems
among children.在印度尼西亚，该项目提供了充足的食物和药品，大幅减少了严重的儿童发育问题。
F_级修饰饰 函Indonesia,
［介词短3作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 the program has provided enough food and medicine （主+谓+宾）
［动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
一级修饰 to substantially reduce severe growth problems
介词短语作后置定语，修饰承k evere growth problems
二级修饰 among children.
词汇注释 substantially [ sab^staenjali]技 很大程度地 s*evere [ srvia（r） ] a.十分严重的;极为恶劣的
第三段】
❶ But CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment.但是，CCT 项目通常不会考虑对环境的影响°
句子主干 But CCT programs don't generally consider effects （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语」修饰effects
一级修饰 on the environmi
❷ In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an
economist at Johns Hopkins University.约翰斯•霍普金斯大学经济学家保罗•费拉罗表示，事实上，扶贫和环境
保护常常被视为相互冲突的两个目标。
In fact,
一级修饰 插入语
as conflicting goals,
[介词短语作poverty alleviation and environmental protection的补足语
句子主干 poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed （主+谓）
插入语
一级修饰 says Paul Ferraro,
歹、.-
Paul Ferraro的同位语
二级修饰 an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
:词汇注释 alleviation [ ajiivi eijn] n.减轻；缓和 conflicting [ kan fliktig] a.冲突的；互相矛盾的
86第四段
O That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is
sometimes correlated with greater poverty.这是因为经济增长可能与环境恶化相关，而环境保护有时与贫困加剧
相关。
-级修饰 with environmental degradation,
介词短语作状语
That、如如妥哩虫坦£四冬2觌（主+系+表从）
句子主干 while连接的并列句，表对比
white protecting the environment is sometimes correlated
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 with greater poverty.
词汇注释：c*orrelate [ 'koraleit ] W.使... 相互关联 degradation [ idegra'deijn]几恶化（过程）；毁坏
❷ 史w”er jhose correlations don't prove cause and effect.然而，以上相关性并不能证明（它们存在）因果关系。
一级修饰 However,
[插入语
句子主干 those correlations don't prove cause and effect.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释'、p*rove [pew] vt.证明；证实 cause and effect因果关系
❸ The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the
traditional view.此前唯一一项分析（经济与环境间）因果关系的研究证实了传统观点，该研究基于墨西哥一个
已经实施了 CCT、的地区-
_级修饰 analyzing causality,
|现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰The only previous study
句子主干 The only previous study…supported 如坚或\[丝.（主+谓+宾）
插入语，补充说明The only previous study
_级修饰 based on an area in Mexico
[that引导的定语从句，修饰an area in Mexico
二级修饰 that had instituted CCTs,
通汇注将:p*revious [ priivias] a.先前的；以往的 analyze^ [ snalaiz] “.分析;分解；化验
causality [korzaebti] n.因果关系；因果律 i*nstitute [ mstitjuit] vt.实行；开始;建立
❹ There, as people got more money^ some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.
:词汇注释 clear* [ kh°（r）]讥开垦；开拓；清除 raise*[reiz] vt.饲养;提升;增加几加薪
a
第五段[
❶ Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.不过，这类项目不一定会对环境产生负面
影响。
87句子主干 Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 negatively [ negativli]以消极地;否定地 affect*[ a fekt ] vt.影响；侵袭;使感染
❷ Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.费拉罗想弄清印度尼西亚
的扶贫项目是否影响到了森林砍伐。
Ferraro wanted to see （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 if引导的宾语从句，作see的宾语
if Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.
要点注释！ if引导的宾语从句中，主语是Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program,谓语是was affecting,宾语
是 deforestation 0
❸ Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.印度尼西
亚的热带森林面积位居世界第三，其也是森林砍伐率最高的国家之一。
of tropical forest in the world
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the third-largest area
Indonesia has the third-larges£area （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列宾语
and one of the highest deforestation rates.
词汇注释 a*[rea earia] n.面积;地区；部位 t*[ropical tmpikl] a.热带的;来自热带的
❶ Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during Indonesia's phase-in of
the antipoverty program—in 7, 468 forested villages across 15 provinces,费拉罗分析了卫星数据，这些数据显示了
自2008年至2012年（包括印度尼西亚分阶段实施扶贫项目期间）分布在15个省的7468个有森林覆盖的村庄
每年的森林减少情况。 ______ *咤* 》
句子主干 Ferraro analyzed satellited^ata （主+谓+宾）
现在分词短语作后置定语修饰satellite data
-级修饰一
showing annual forest loss
二级修饰
三级修饰
词汇注释 annual*[ aenjualj a.每年的；年度的 province*[ provins] n.省份;范围
❷ '* We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,M Ferraro says. 费拉罗说:“我们
发现该项目与森林砍伐减少30%有关。”
二级修饰 in d*eforestation/
介词短语作后置定语，修饰reduction
一级修饰 with a 30 percent reduction
介词短语作状语“
44We see that the program is associated
句子主干 [直接引语作says的宾语
Ferraro says.（宾+主+谓）词汇注释1 reduction *[ n dAkJn] n.减少；降低
第七禺
❶ That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather.
Ferraro says. 费拉罗表示，这很可能是因为农村贫困人口将这笔钱用作应对恶劣天气的临时保险。
一级修饰
要庵注释:because引导的表语从句中，主语是the rural poor,谓语是are using,宾语是the moneyo
词汇注释: r*[ural ru3rol] a.农村的；乡村的 makeshift [ meikjift] a.临时替代的;权宜的
insurance*[ m1 Juarans]几保险;保险费 inclwnent [ mkemont] a.恶劣的；严寒的
❷ Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.通常，如果雨
季推迟，人们可能会伐木垦地以种植更多的水稻来补充其收成。
二级修饰
if rains are delayed,
if引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 Typically,...people may clear land （主+谓+宾）
动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
_级修饰 to plant more rice
'动词不定式短语作目的状语
t0supplement their harvests.
!闽汇汪释！ typically [ •tipikli] ad.通常;一般 delay*[ di lei] vt.延期；耽搁；延误几.延期
s*[upplement sAplimant] vt.补充；增补 n.添加物 harvest*[ ha：vist] n.收成；收获 v.收割
❸ With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.而有了 CCTs,人们就可以用这笔
钱来补充其收成。
级孩饰 With the CCTs,
词短语作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 individuals instead can use themone^ （主+谓+宾）
"动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—1R修饰 to supplement their harvests.
E
第八 殳
❶ Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess.这项研究是否适用于其他地区还不得而知。
Whether this research translates elsewhere
句子主干 [whether引导的主语从句
...is anybody's guess.（主从+系+表）
词汇注释 research*[rrs3 ：tj]几研究；调查 translate*[traens leit] v.转变；翻译
89❷ Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing
rice and market access.费拉罗认为，由于亚洲其他地区在水稻种植的重要性和市场准入等方面与印度尼西亚存
在共性，该研究结果可能适用于亚洲其他地区。
词汇注释 s*uggest [sorest] vt.认为是;暗/K;建议 due to由于;因为
commonality [ .koma naebti] n.共性;共同特征 access*[ «^ses] n.进入（权）；通道 vt.进入
❸ And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be good for the environment.
无论其结果是否适用于其他地区，该研究表明，对人类有益的东西也可能对环境有益。
一级修饰 regardless of transferability,
I
介词短语作句子主干的让步状语
And...the study shows （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作shows的宾语
that wh&t's good...may also be good
J
介词短语作状语 表对象
七 lo r peopl 1 e ，
1
一级修饰 介词短语作状语 表对象
for the environment.
要点注释 that引导的宾语从句中,what引导的主语从句whatk good作主语,may...be为系动词,good作表语,
also作状语;what引导的主语从句中,what作主语,is为系动词,good作表语。
词汇注释 regardless of不管;不顾;不理会 transferability [ itraensifajra'bibti] n.可转移性
❹ Even if this program didn't reduce poverty, Ferraro says, '*the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide
emissions alone is more than the program costs. ”即使这个项目没有减少贫困，费拉罗说:“仅是避免森林砍伐从
而减少二氧化碳排放这一方面的价值就超过了该项目的成本。”
Even if this program didn't reduce poverty.
一级修饰 Even if引导的让步状语从句，作句子主干的让步状语
Ferraro says,
[插入语
句子主干 "the value...is more than the program costs."（主+系+表）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the value
二级修饰
of the avoided deforestation
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰the avoided deforestation
&修饰
词汇注理 a*void [*vaoid] vt.避免；防止；回避 emission [i，mijn] n.排放;释放;散发;放射
90Text 3
第一段】
❶ As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied
with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century
prudery?).作为一名一直在搜寻可以让我们重新评价过去的文本或图片的史学工作者,我一门心思寻找展现
我们维多利亚时代祖先们笑容的照片(哪还有什么更好的方式能打破19世纪人们拘谨的形象呢？)。
三级修希
that makes us re-evaluate the past,
that引导的定语从句]修饨」____
that引导的定语从句，.修饰the text or the image
二级修饰 w*sho always searching for the text or the image
I who引导的定语从句，修饰a historian
As a historian
介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干
二成修而
迥汇连释」preoccupied [pri-okjupaid] a.专注的;全神贯注的 a*ncestor t ,«nsesto(r)]几祖先;祖宗
shatter叽4技。6)]破坏，摧毁 prudery〔 pni:dori] n.拘谨;假正经
❷ Pve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. 我已经找
不少斧样的照片—而且自从我开始把这些照片发布到推特上以后一它们就持续引发了热议。
(1) I've found quite a few,(主+谓+宾)
句子主干 ! and连接的并列句
(2) and...they have been causing quite a stir,(主+谓+宾)
!插入语
—级修饰 一ince I started posting them on Twitter—
•，磴m
"迥汇泛壁」p*[PoRstSt/ ；发布，公布 cause (quite) a stir引起(很大的)轰动
❸ People have been surprised to sfefe evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh.人们看到有证据表明
维多利亚时代的人们也会享乐.会笑，也确实笑过，为此感到惊讶。
Q They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us
fade away through our common experience of laughter.他们注意到，由于我们彼此之间相隔的百年时间因我们共
有的欢笑经历而逐渐消失，突然间,维多利亚时代的人们似乎变得更有人情味儿了。
91They are noting （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干
[that引导的宾语从句，作are noting的宾语
that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human
"as引导的原因状语从句，作宾语从句的原因状语
as the hundred-or-so years...fade away
that引导的定语从句，修饰the hundred-or-so years
that separate us
二级修饰 介词短语作状语 ..， . . ,
through our common experience of laughter.
词汇注释 n*[nowtet] 仇.注意；留意;指出 h*[uman hjurman] a.有人情味的;有人性的
fade away逐渐消失 l*[a/luag:fhtater （r）'] n.笑;笑声
第二段
❶ Of course, I need to concede that my collection of 44Smiling V**ictorians makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue
of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly
in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance.,当然，我需要承认，我收集的"微笑的维
多利亚时代的人”的照片仅占1840年至1900年间所拍摄的大量肖像摄影照片中极小的一部分。大部分照片
中，被拍摄者或在绘制的背景幕布前摆出痛苦而僵硬的姿势，或心不在焉地凝视着不远处。
Of course,
]插入语
I need to concede （主+谓+宾）
that引导的宾语从句，作concede的宾语
that my collection of "Smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a tiny percentage
of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰photographic portraiture
created between 1840 and 1900,
which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明photographic portraiture
the majority of which show sitters .p■osi ng m■i serably and stiffly in front of.. p...a..i.n..t.e..d... .b..a..c..k..d.,r,ops,
or连接并列的现在分词短语
or staring absently into the middle distance.
要点注释 the majority...中,sitters posing... distance为动名词的复合结构，作show的宾语。
词汇注释c*oncede 〔km・si：d]诅承认，承认……属实 portraiture [叩Q：M9tj9（r） ] n.肖像；画像
'sitter ['siUCr）]几摆姿势让人画像（或拍照）的人 miserably [ 'mizrabli] ad.痛苦地；糟糕地
stiffly [ stifli] ad.僵硬地;生硬地 backdrop [ baekdrop]几背景幕布
❷How do we explain this trend?我们该如何解释这一倾向呢？
句子主干 How do we explain this trend?（特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+助动词+主+谓语动词+宾）
❶ During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype
photographic method （producing an image on a silvered copper plate） could take several minutes to complete, resulting
in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.在 19 世纪 40 年代至 50 年代期间，正值摄影术
发展初期,曝光时间长是人尽皆知的：达盖尔摄影法（在镀银的铜版上形成影像）可能需要几分钟才能完成摄
影，这样一来，当被拍摄者改变姿势或调整他们的四肢位置时，影像就会变得模糊。During the 1840s and 1850s,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
in the early days of photography,
1介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 exposure times were notoriously long:(主+系4•表)
4
解释说明句子主干
一级修饰 the daguerreotype photographic method...could take several minutes to complete,
解释说明 the daguerreotype photographic method
(producing an image on a silvered copper plate)
二级修饰 现在分词短语作结果状语
resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.
:词汇注释 e*xposure [ ik，spau3a(r) ] n.曝光时间；暴露notoriously [n3u't3：ri3sU] ad.众所周知地;声名狼藉地
silvered [silv3(r)d] a.镀银的；银色的 c*opper [ 'kopafr) ] n.铜 a.铜色的
blurred [bl3：d] a.模糊不清的;记不清的l*[iimb lm] n.肢;臂；(树的)大枝，主枝
❷ The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate f and so a
non-committal blank stare became the norm.当相机执行它神奇的任务时，让被拍摄者一直保持僵硬的露齿笑容
空二想法太过让人难以想象，因此，面无表情的茫然凝视就成了常态。
二级修饰 as the camera performed its magical duties
as引导的时间状语从句J
—级修饰 of holding a fixed grin
[介词短语作后置定语，Wrhe thought
(1) The thought...was too much to contemplate,(主+系+表)
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
(2) and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.(主+系+表)
:词汇注释 g*rin [grm] n.露齿的笑;咧着嘴笑 c*ontemplate [-kontampleit ] M.考虑接受（发生某事的可能性）
non-committal [.nonka rmtl] a.含糊的 a blank stare茫然的凝视
第四段】
❶ But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras
meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. 但到了 19 世纪 80 年
代，曝光时间快了许多，而且布朗尼盒式相机和其他便携式相机的问世意味着曝光时间几近一瞬，尽管以今天
的数码标准来看这仍然缓慢v
顷丽-
by the 1880s,
r介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
(l)But exposure times were much quicker (主+系+表)
| and连接的并列句
句子主干 (2)and the introduction of...and other portable cameras meant (主+谓+宾从)
that引导的宾语从句，作meant的宾语«
that,...the exposure was almost instantaneous.
[though引导的让步状语从句，作宾语从句的让步状语
—级修饰 though (the exposure was) slow by today's digital standards,
「词I：生释 portable11 [ p3：tabl] a.便携式的；手提的 instantaneous " [ .instan teinias] a.瞬间的;立即的
❷ Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of whyVictorians still hesitated to smile.到19世纪90年代，自然的微笑相对容易捕捉，所以我们必须从其他地方寻找
原因来解释为什么维多利亚时代的人们仍然不愿微笑。
by the 1890s,
一级修饰 介词短语作(1)句的时间状语
to capture
,, j动词不定式短语作状语
(1 Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy (主+系+表)
I s。连接的并列句，表因果
句子主干
（2）so we must look elsewhere for an explanation （主+谓+宾）
t介词of引出an explanation的同位语
一级修饰 of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
词汇注释 s*pontaneous [ spDn.teiniss] a.自然的；自发的 hesitate to d6 sth.不愿意做某事
第五段】
❶ One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin, 一种解释可能是（人们认为）这种刻意
❷ **Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,M ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth
of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene.“自然给予我们嘴唇来遮挡自己的牙齿，”这
一维多利亚时代流行的说法暗指了一个事实，即在真正的牙科医术诞生之前，口腔卫生经常处于一种极度糟糕
的状态。
介词短语作时间状语
三级修饰 before the birth of proper dentistry,
词汇注释 conceal七kon，si:l] 掩盖；隐藏；隐瞒 allude ”.iu：d] vi.暗指；间接提到
in a shocking state处于. 糟__糕___的__状__态_ hygiene*[. haid3i:n] n.卫生
❸ A flashing set of healthy and clean, r*egular 4 pearly whitesM was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the
super-rich （ and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed）.在维多利亚时代的社会，一口闪闪发亮、健康洁
净、整整齐齐的“珍珠般的皓齿”难得一见,那是超级富豪的专属（而即便如此，牙齿卫生也得不到保障）。
—级修饰 in Victorian society,
________ [介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular "pearly whites" was araresi^lt （主+系+表）
补充说明a rare sight j
—级修饰 the preserve of the super-rich
_______ 补充说明[
二级修饰 I （and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed）.
94词汇注释i pearly [ p3：H] q.珍珠般的;似珍珠的 g*uarantee ［ igsrsn'ti：］以./n.保证；担保
第六段
❶ A toothy grin ( especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall
performers might gum and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a
becoming look for properly bred persons.露齿而笑（尤其是当牙齿有豁口或发黑时）有失身份:醉汉、流浪汉以及
音乐厅的表演者可能会扮鬼脸•像路易斯-卡罗尔笔下露着牙龈的柴郡猫那样咧嘴大笑,但这对于教养良好的
人来说，并不是一种得体的面部表情。
(especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth)
［补充说明A toothy grin
gnn
句子主干 A toothy grin...lacked class:(主+谓+宾)
解释说明句子主干
drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gum and grin
:but连接的并列句，表转折
but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons.
介词短语作状语
二虹裕饰
with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum^exposing Cheshire Cat,
域璀E释；tramp^[tramp]几流浪汉;徒步旅行 gurn [g3：nj vi.扮鬼脸;做俏皮相
gum-exposing露出牙龈的 becoming [bi kAmirj] a.合适的；合身的
❷ Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be
unothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever".即使是马克•吐温这样一个喜欢开怀大笑的人
也曾说过:“当谈及人像照片时，没有什么比一个又傻又蠢的微笑被永久定格更糟糕的了”。
.丁一 “ . .—u J ■ Z •
二级修饰 who enjoyed a hearty laugh,
[who引导的定语从句，修饰a man
一诵一 a，
I Mark Twain的同位语
Even Mark Twain,...said （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作said的宾语
that...there could be "nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed fbrever".
|when引导的时间状语从句，作宾语从句的时间状语
―级修饰 when it came to photographic portraits
要点注释 that引导的宾语从句中，there could be “nothing...forever”为There be句型，主语为nothing；形容i2
短语more damning作后置定语，修饰nothing；than...forever为比较状语。
:商无遂释1 portrait^ [ p3Itreit] n.肖像;半身照 damning [.dajmirj] a.咒骂的（文中引申为“糟糕的”）
Text 4
第一段]
O From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and
phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals'.
自宽带问世之初，消费者和网络公司权益的倡导者就担心，出售宽带连接服务的有线电视和电话公司有能力和
动机偏袒其附属网站而非竞争对手的网站。
95一级修饰 From the early days of broadband,
I
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 advocates...worried 皿竺也£...（：0111?3111竺=坷＜1.111§火塑51\空4坦＜:?111日戏（主+谓+宾从）
:介词短语作后置定语，修饰advocates [
for consumers and web-based companies
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰the cable and phone companies
一级修饰 selling broadband connections
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the power and incentive
to favor afliliated websites
!介词短语作状语
二级修饰 over their rivals'.
词汇注释 broadband [ -broidband] n.(互联网的)宽带连接 a*dvocate [ aedvakat]几倡导者;拥护者
c*able [ keibl]几有线电视；电缆;钢索 incentive * [ m-sentiv] n.动机；刺激；奖励
afHliated [3 filieitid] a.附属的；隶属的 r*ival [ raivl] n.竞争对手沉.与... 相匹敌
❷ That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners
and losers online, preserving the freedom and innevation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.这就是为什么
人们一直强烈要求制定相关法规，防止宽带供应商在线选择赢家和输家,从而维护自由和创新——互联网一直
以来的命脉。
要点注释 why引导的表语从句中包含一个There be句型，其结构为“ there + be ( has been) +主语(such a
strong demand ) " °
释 d*emand [di moind]小(坚决的)要求vt.强烈要求p*reserve [prrz3：v] vt.维护;保留n.专门领域
i*nnovation [,in3 veijn] n.创新;改革;新思想 lifeblood [ .laifbM] n.命脉;生命线
第二段
❶ Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory
conservatives and the courts.然而，这一要求几乎一直都不可能得到满足一部分原因在于宽带供应商、反对监
管的保守派和法院的反对。
句子主干 Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill （主+系+表）
J
补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 一诂 part because of pushback
介词短语作后置定语,[修饰pushback
二级修饰 from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.
96:pushback [ -pujbaek] n.反对;抵制；反弹 regulatory [ regjsbtsri] a.监管的，具有监管权的
c*onservative [k9n，S3：v"iv]几保守者；（英国）保守党党员a.保守的
❷ A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only
prolonged the fight.周二，一家联邦上诉法院再次发表意见，但它并没有提供一项急需的决议，只是延长了这场
争论。
（1） A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday,（主+谓）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but...it only prolonged t坦 （主♦谓+宾）
[介词短语作（2）句的状语
.妃澈箜匕幸冬蹄 ,—逐y,："
一级修饰 instead of providing a badly needed resolution,
:a*ppeal [a pi：l] n.上诉；申诉vi.上诉;有吸引力 weigh in参加(讨论等)；体重为
resolution^ [,reza lu:Jn] n.决议;解决;正式决定 p*rolong [pro Idq] vt.延长;拉长;拖长
© At issue before the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017,美国哥伦比亚特区巡
回上诉法院面临的争议焦点是美国联邦通信委员会(FCC)在2017年政党路线投票中正式通过的关于网络中立
性的最新意见。
:词汇注释 at issue争议中的;讨论中的 b*efore [bi f3：（r） ] prep.使面临;使面对;摆在……面前
circuit [ S3：kit] n.巡回；电路;环形 t*[atekike] ".意见;看法;收入额皿携带;取出
neutrality [njurtraebti] n.中立；中立状态 a*dopt [ a dopt ] vt.正式通过;采用 v.收养
❹ The Republican penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a
Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission's authority to require broadband providers to do much of
anything,这份由共和党人起草的规定不仅废除了 2015年民主党人占多数时美国联邦通信委员会通过的严格
的网络中立性法规，还否决了该委员「会对宽带供应商提出任何行为上的要求的权力。
when it had a Democratic majority in 2015,
when引导的时间状语从句，作定语从句的时间状语
一级修饰 the FCC had adopted
省略关系词(which/that )的定语从句,]修饰the strict net neutrality rules
The Republican penned order not only eliminated 些竺坦理上史!竺(主+谓+宾)
句子主干 not only...but (also)连接的并列谓宾
but (also) rejected the commission's authority
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the commission's authority
项修饰
to require broadband providers to do much of anything.
:要点注释 to require broadband providers to do much of anything 中，broadband providers 作 require 的宾语，动词
不定式短语to do much of anything作宾语broadband providers的补足语。
97词汇注释,: R*epublican [n pAblikan] n.共和党党员 p*en [pen] vt.起草，草拟;写作
Democratic * [ ^em^ kraetik] a.（美国）民主党的 reject * [rrdjekt] vt.拒绝考虑;不接受
commission [ko・mijn] n.委员会 authority * [orOoroti] n.权力；职权;批准
❺ The order also declared that state and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.该规定还宣称，
州政府和地方政府同样不能监管宽带供应商。
词汇注释 d*eclare [di kleg（r）] ”.宣称,声称;宣布 regulate [ regjuleit] vt.（用规则条例）管理
第三段，
❶ Hie commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti -competitive behavior, such as a broadband-provi di ng
conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV.美国联邦
通信委员会认为，其他机构会保护人们免受反竞争行为的侵害，比如像AT&T（美国电话电报公司）这样的大型
宽带服务集团偏袒自己的视频流媒体服务，而不惜牺牲Netflix和Apple TV的利益。
项修饰
二级修饰
5
要点注释 such as a...video-streaming service 中，动名词的复合结构 a broadband-providing conglomerate...favoring
its own video-streaming service 作介词 as 的宾语。
词汇汪释:c*ompetitive [ kam petativ] a.竞争的；好胜的 conglomerate [ kan glomarat ] n.大型联合企业
streaming [ striimirj] n.串流;流式传播 at the expense of在牺牲（或损害）....的情况下
@ Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals' streaming
services but not their own.但是美国联邦通信委员会也终止了对宽带供应商的调查，这些宽带供应商对其竞争
对手的流媒体服务强制设置了数据上限,但却未对他们自己的流媒体服务这样做。
Yet the FCC also ended座jg竺幽麒妙空（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，]修饰出£ investigations
■of broadband providers
that引导的定语从句,|修饰broadband providers
that imposed data caps
[介词短语作状语，表对象
on their r*ivals streaming services
1 but连接并列的介词短语
but not （on） their own.
98词汇注释 investigation [ m^esti geijn] n.调查，侦查 i*mpose [im pauz] w.强制实行;推行
c*[ka»pp] 几最高限额；制服帽；帽，盖 streaming service 流媒体服务
第四段】
❶ On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a
Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move.周二，该上诉法院一致支持 2017 年提
出的对宽带供应商解除监管的规定，并援引了最高法院2005年的一项裁决，该裁决支持类似的解除监管的
举措。
一级修"
句子主干
词汇注释 unanimously [ju naemmasli] ad.（所有人）一致同意地 u*phold [Ap hsuld]敏支持;拥护；维护
deregulate [ tdi：Tegjuleit] vt.撤销对... 的管制 c*ite [sait] u,援引；引用；列举;表扬
ruling [・ru烦]几裁决;裁定;判决a.统治的 sinilariy [ sirobH]以类似地湘雌;差不多地
deregulatory [ ,di: regjabt3：ri] a.撤销管制的 m*[mouve ：v] n.措施;步骤;移动;搬家
@ But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that " the result is unhinged from the realities of
modem broadband service,M and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to ° avoid trapping internet
regulation in technological anachronism. ”但在协同意见书中，法官帕特里夏•米利特公正地指出“这一结果与
现代宽带服务的现实脱节了”，并表示国会或最高法院可以进行干预，以“避免互联网监管因技术发展而陷入过
时的困境”。
一级修饰
要点注释 that引导的宾语从句中,the result是主语,is是系动词,unhinged是表语，介词短语from the realities
of modem broadband service 作状语。and said Congress or the Supreme Court... anachronism 中，
Congress or the Supreme Court...anachronism 为省略引导词 that 的宾语从句，作 said 的宾语。
:词汇注释 concur〔 k°n・k3：(r) ] vi.意见一致；同意 unhinged [An-hmd3d] a.失控的;发狂的;精神错乱的
r*eality [ri aebti] n.现实;实际情况 i*ntervene [ ,mta vi：n] vi.干预;干涉;介入;插话
t*rap [trap] vt.使陷入困境;使落入险境 anachronism [ a naekramzam] n.过时;不合时代的事
99第五段
❶ In the meantime, the court threw out the FCCs attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the
commission's power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order.同时，法院驳回 f 美国联邦逋信委员
会试图阻止所有州制定网络中立性法规的请求，而保留了该委员会预先对破坏其现有规定的个别州法律进行
制止的权力C
谓语preserved改为其非谓语动词形式preserving,从而形成了“while +非谓语动词”结构。其相当
于一个状语从句，即：while the court preserved the commission's power...its ordero
:伺汇注释 in the meantime同时;在此期间 throw out驳回；否决（建议、想法等）；拒不接受
b*lock [blok] vt.阻止;妨碍n.街区 preempt [pn empt] vt.预先制止;抢先行动
individual * [ jndrvidsual] a.个别的；单独的 undermine * [ .Anda-mam] vt.破坏,损害消U 弱
❷ That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a
tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC's abdication.这意味着将会有更多类似美国司法部和加利福尼亚
州之间正在上演的斗争，加利福尼亚州在美国联邦通信委员会放弃阻止各州制定网络中立性法规后，颁布了一
项严厉的网络中立法。
词汇注释 enact [rnaekt] vt.通过（法案）；扮演 t*ough [tAf] a.严格的;严厉的；强硬的
in the wake of随... 之后而来 abdication [ .aebdrkeijn] n.（权力、责任等的）放弃
第六段
❶ The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act.法律斗争无尽无休，美国联邦
通信委员会的立场反复无常，这一切都迫切需要国会采取行动。句子主干 The endless legal battles and back~and・forth...cry out for Congress to act.(主+谓+宾+宾补)
介词短语作后置定语，修饰back-and-forth
-二级修饰
at the FCC
词汇注释；endless [ endbs] a.无休止的;无止境的;无边无际的 l*[egal li：gl] a.法律的;法制的;合法的
back-and-forth 反复；来回 cry out for迫切需要;亟须
❷ It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for ail to bar broadband providers from meddling in the
traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.国会需要彻底授予该委
员会明确的权力去禁止宽带供应商干预网络流量，并制定明确的法规来保护网络的开放性和创新性：
三级修饰 on their network j
一 介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the traffic
二级修饰 from meddling in the traffic
介词短语作状语
―级修饰 to bar broadband providers
j动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 [and连接并列的动词不定式短语作宾语
and to create clear rules
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰clear rules
—级修饰 protecting openness and innovation online.
要点注释:to give...for all中，名词短语the commission作give的间接宾语，名词短语explicit authority作give
的直接宾语，副词短语once and for all作状语。
词汇注释:explicit*[ik splisit] a.明确的;不隐晦的 once and for al〕彻底地;」劳永逸地
b*[baar: （r）] vt.禁止，阻止；阻挡n.酒吧 meddle [・medl] 干预；干涉；管闲事
traffic*[ traefik] n.信息流量;通信（量） openness [ -auponnas] n.开放性；开明；坦率
，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，，“，，，////////////// Part B 、、''、、.、、、、'、、、、、、、、、、、、、
第一段
❶ In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence (AI) is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend
our way of life.在影视剧中，人工智能(AI)通常被描绘为某种会颠覆我们生活方式的邪恶事物。
二^修饰
In the movies and on television,
and连接并列的介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 artificial intelligence (AI) is typically depicted (主+谓)
介词短语作artificial intelligence (AI)的补足语
二航饰
as something sinister
that引导的定语从句，修饰something sinister
二级修饰 that will upend our way of life.
词汇注释 artificial*[ 1a:trfijl] a.人工的；人造的 intelligence * [ i*tenlid3dns ] n.智能；才智
d*epict [di pikt] vt.描绘;描画;描述 sinister [ -simstoCr) ] a.邪恶的；险恶的；不祥的
upend [ Ap end] vt.颠倒；翻倒；倒放
❷ When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but
in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don't involve doom>and-gloom mass unemployment
101predictions?当谈到商业领域的人工智能时，我们经常会听到人们将它与自动化和即将到来的失业联系在一起,
但是,在人工智能变革企业和经济大环境的种种方式中，有哪些方式并不预示着悲惨的大规模失业呢?
When it comes to Al in business,
一级修饰 When引导的时间状语从句，作（1 ）句的时间状语
in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs,
i i介词短语作后置定语，修饰订
（1） we often hear about it （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
（2） but...is Al changing 竺理£匝竺 兰四 典gJg理竺些空堕%
[介词短语作（2）句的方式状语
一级修饰 in what ways |
that引导的定语从句，修饰ways
二级修饰 that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?
要点注释 （2）句是一个特殊疑问句的特殊形式，句子主干由“介词（in） +特殊疑问词（what） +名词
（ways） +助动词+主语+谓语动词+宾语”构成。
词汇注释 when it comes to 当谈到，当提到 a*utomation [ lorts-meijn] n.自动化
impending [inrpendir）] a.即将发生的；迫在眉睫的doom-and-gloom前景暗淡的;悲观失望的
第二段
O A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently
use Al more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. 塔塔咨询月艮务公司最近对
制造业和服务业进行的一项调查发现,企业目前在计算机交互的过程中使用人工智能的频率比在人类活动自
整竺臀中使用的频率更高。
—级修饰 of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰A recent survey
A recent survey...found （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句［作found的宾语
that companies currently use Al more often
介词短语作方面状理［ “
in computer-to-compuler activities
一级修饰 than…作比较状语
A than in automating human activities.
词汇注释:manufacturing ［ 1maenju faektJ'gnr）］几制造业 consultancy ［ kan-SAltansi］ n.咨询公司；专家咨询
❷ Here are a few ways Al is aiding companies without replacing employees:以下是在不取代员工的情况下，人工智能
竺兰提隼帮助的几种方式:
句子主干 Here are a few ways （倒装句：表+系+主）
［省略（in which ）或关系词（that）的定语从句，修饰a few ways
—级修饰 Al is aiding companies without replacing employees:
第三段]
O Companies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. 企业正在利
用人工智能来消除招聘决策中的一些无意识偏见。
102句子主干 Companies are using artificial inteH^ence （主+谓+宾）
T动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
一级修饰 to remove some of the unconscious bias
,介词短语作状语
二级修饰 from hiring decisions.
[通汇遂将；r*emove [n mu:v] vt.消除;去除；移开 unconscious [An konjas] a.无意识的；未意识到的
bias^[ baias] n.偏见；偏心讯使偏心 h*[ire •haia(r)]。.聘用；雇用几.租借；新雇员
❷ **There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what Al does,”
says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake
Our World aiul a computer science professor at the University of Washington. M一些实验表明，面试结果比人工智能
检测得出的结果存在更多的偏见，这是自然而然的，”《终极算法:机器学习和人工智能如何重塑世界》的作者、
华盛顿大学的计算机科学教授佩德罗•多明戈斯说道。
是点*释；
than...中，what引导的宾语从句作than的宾语。
词汇注释：naturally [ naetfrali] ad.自然而然地；当然地i*nterview [ intavju:] n.面试;访谈；面谈
ultimate*[ Altimst] a.终极的;最终的 remake [ ^rmeik] vt.重做;改造;改编
© In addition, "Al looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising
此外广与人类羸比，人工智能能够查阅的简历数量更多，而且挑选出来的求职者也更有前途。”
candidates.
M蝴回，
一级修饰 插入语
than humans would be able to,
[than引导的比较状语从S,作句子主干的比较状语
"Al looks at r^sumds in greater numbers （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列谓宾
and selects the more promising candidates."
:词汇注释 resume - [ rezjumei] n.简历;摘要;概述 s*elect [si-lekt] vt.挑选;选拔;选择
p*romising [ promisig] a.有前途的；有出息的 candidate * [ kaendidat 几候选人；申请人
❹ One company 由a「s doing this is called Blendoor. 一家名为 Blendoor 的公司正在这样做。
103句子主干 One company...is called Blendoor,（主+谓）
? that引导的定语从句，修饰One company
-级修页
that's doing this
叟点注释：句子主干中的Blendoor为主语One company的补足语。
❺ It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.该公司使用数据分析来帮助识别在
招聘过程中可能存在偏见的地方-
句子主干 四uses analytics （主+谓+宾）
」动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
to help identify
一级修饰 where引导的琴语从句，作identify的宾语
where there may be bias in the hiring process. ?
__________. «'
迥汇注释：analytics [ ^ns litiks]几数学分析;分析学 identify * [ ardentifal ]成识别；确认;发现
第四段
❶ Some Al software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. 一些人工智能软件
可以通过分析和优化营销电子邮件的主题行来提高邮件打开率' 、
句子主干 Some Al software can analyze and optimize凹咄或理明四竺场竺虫哮（主+谓+宾）
J动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to increase open rates.
词汇注释:optimize [•optimaiz] vt.使优化 marketing [,maikitio] n.营销；促销
s*[ubject -SAbd3ikt] n.主题;学科 i*ncrease [nrkri:s] v.提高，增加 n.增长
❷ One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to
email open rates.英国一家名为Phrasee的公司声称，在电子邮件的打开率方面，他们的软件比人工操作高出10
个百分点之多。 ''
—级修饰 Phrasee,
I One company in the UK的同位语
One company in the UK,...claims （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 ’' 省%!1孕*耙 "器冬号蕴'作而或的宾语
their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent
when引导的时间状恩从句,作宾语从句的时间状语
一级修饰 when it comes to email open rales.
可汇注释 c*laim [ kleim] vt.声称;宣称n.声称；主张 outperform [ ^utpa-foim] vt.（效益上）超过，胜过
❸This can mean millions more in revenue.这可能意味着多出数百万的收入。
句子主干 This can mean mHlions more （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的方面状语
一级修饰 in revenue.
词汇注释:m* illion [ miljan]几.百万；大量 revenue * [ -revanju:]几收入；财政收入；收益
❹ There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like
Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best
results.还有一些像Acquisio这样的公司，该公司分析了 Adwords .Bing和社交媒体等多个渠道的广告投放效果，
并对广告资金产生最佳成效的渠道做出调整或提出建议。
104句子主干
三级修饰
要点注释：about where...results中,where引导的宾语从句，作介词about的宾语，该从句的主语是advertising
funds,谓语是will yield,宾语是best results,副词where作地点状语
词汇注释 I advertising [ aedvataizirj] n.广告；广告业 p*!erformance p*foazmans] n.表现;性能；表演
channel*[ tjaenl] n.渠道；途径；航道 adjustment [ a d3AStmant] n.调整；调节
funds [fAndz] n. [p/.]资金；现款 yieldvt.产生；出产 vi.让步
❺ These are 44tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people,M says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of
artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT,这些都是“帮助人们使用数据的工具，而不是人类的替代品，”
麻省理工学院(MIT)A工智能和计算机科学教授帕特里克-H.温斯顿称。
not a replacement for people/'
一级修饰 补充说明tools
that help people use data,
I that? I 的定语从句，修饰tools
These are "tools
句子主干 ]says的宾语
says Patrick H. Winston,(倒装句：宾+谓+主)
[Patrick H. Winston的同位语
—级修饰 a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.
:词汇注释 1 d*[ata delta] n. [pl.]数据；资料 replacement [ n pleismant^ n.替代品；替换
第五段’
O Energy companies can use Al to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the
environment.能源公司可以使用人工智能来帮助客户减少电费，帮他们省钱的同时也有助于保护环境。
一级修饰 to help customers reduce their electricity bills,
有不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
句子主干 companies can use Al （主+谓+宾）
1
现在分词短语作句子主干的结果状语
saving them money
一级修饰 “while+现在分词短语”结构作句子主干的时间状语
while helping the environment.
要点遂释］在上述“while +现在分词短语”结构中，因其主语与主句的主语相同,故省略了主语energy companies,
并将其谓语help改为非谓语动词形式helping。其相当于一个时间状语从句，即：while energy
companies help the environment c❷ Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity.能源公司也可以优化自身
能源使用结构，削减电费支出。
词汇注释！ cut down on在...方面削减/降低/减少 c*[koostst] n.支出；费用;花费
❸ Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on Al models that more accurately assess risk. 与此同
时，保售竺/也可以根据能够更加准确评估风险的AI模型来设定保险费。
句子主干 Insurance companies,…can base their premiums (主+谓+宾)
”插入语 ’’
meanwhile,
一级修饰 一介毋短语传角子主干的状语
on AI models
that引导的定语从句，修饰AI models
二级修饰 that more accurately assess risk.
网汇汪释！ b*[baesies] vt.以....为基础 premium^[ pri:miam] n.保险费;附加费
accurately [ ,aekjaratli] ad.准确地;精确地 a*ssess [a*ses] vt.评估;估算;考查;评价
❹ Domingos says, “ Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they
would charge them too little and then it would cost the company money."多明戈斯称，“以前，保险公司要么不会为
那些看似风险很高的人承保，要么向这些人收取高额的保费，否则他们向这些人收取的费用就会过少，这会给
公司带来金钱上的损失。”
词汇注释 insurein-Jua(r)] v.承保;投保 charge*[tja:d3] v./n.收费；要价
第六段
❶ ** Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable,M says Winston.
“机器学习通常可以提供一种更可靠的统计形式，这种统计形式可以使数据更有价值，”温斯顿说道。
一级修饰 which makes data more v*aluable/
which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明a more reliable form of statistics
"Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics.
句子主干 ［直接引语作says的宾语
says Winston.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
■* to词汇注释 statistics [ sta tistiks] n. [pZ.]统计;统计数据 valuable叩vaeljuobl] a.有价值的;有用的
❷It ° helps people make smarter decisions."它“帮助人们做出更明智的决定”。
It "helps geogle （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 T省略（to ）的动词不定式短语作people的补足语
（to） make smarter d**ecisions.
❸ One accounting firm, EY, uses an Al system that helps review contracts during an audit. 一家名为 EY 的会计师事
务所使用人工智能系统,在审计期间帮助审查合同。
_级弑
accounting firm的同位语
句子主干 One accounting firm,...uses 四 丝 室迎哄（主+谓+宾）
that引导的定语从句,[修饰i
ian Al system
一级修饰 that helps review contracts during an audit.
词汇汪将 accounting [a kauntig] n.会计;记账 r*eview [n vju:] vt.审查仇复习n.评审；评论
c*ontract [ kontraekt] n.合同；合约；契约 audit叽'。：血]n./vt.审计;稽核
❹ This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate. 机器审查与人工审查相结
合，速度更快，结果也更准确。
句子主干 This process,...is 垩€|挡蜓兰竺里四§.（主+系+表）
[补充说明This process
—级修饰 along with employees reviewing the contracts.
第七段]
❶ A number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation t use Al image processing technology to inspect
infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen,很多公司，尤其是能源和运输类公司,
使用人工智能图像处理技术来检查基础设施，以阪出现设备故障或泄漏一
—级修饰 particularly in energy and transportation,
[补充说明companies
句子主干 A number of companies,...use 冬地坐堂ggggg竺巫些恒也匿（主+谓+宾）
and连接并列的动词不定式短语，作句子主干的目的状语
—级修饰 to inspect infrastructure and （to） prevent equipment failure or leaks
before引导的时间状语从句
二级修饰 before they happen.
词汇注释 processing [ prwsesig] n.处理；加工 inspect^liEspekt】 vt.检查；查看；审视
i*nfrastructure [ 'infrastrAktJaCr） ] n.基础设施 p*revent [Pn，vcntJ vt-预防；防止；阻止
e*quipment [ i kwipmant ] n.设备；器材 l*eak 〔H：k] n. /v.泄露；渗漏
❷“If they fail first and then you fix them, it's very expensive,M says Domingos.如果等设备发生故障再去修复的话,
成本就会很高多明戈斯说道。 勺"
—级修饰 uIf they fail first and then you fix them,
___________ “If引导的条件状语从句
it,s very expensive/'
句子主干 J直接引语论says的宾语
says Domingos.（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
107词汇连释j f*ail [fell] vi.出故障;失灵;失败 f*[ifxiks] vt.修理;处理;安排;安装
❸ 'You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useful for employees to go to.""你想要
预测现在是否有什么需要注意，并指引员工去做有用的事情。，-
“You want to predict (主+谓+宾)
jif?|导的宾语从句，作predict的宾语
if something needs attention now
and连接的并列宾语
and (to) point to
where引导的宾语从句，作point to的宾语
where it's useful for employees to go t*o*.
要点注释 本句和❷句引号中的内容共同作❷句says的宾语。
.............
词汇注释 a*ttention [ s tenfn] n.注意；留心；关注
PartC
/ / / / / / / / / / / /，/ / / / / / / /// / / / /•/ / / / / \、、\ \ \ \ \ \ \ A \ \、\ \ \ \、\ \ \ \ \ \ \、\ \'\ \ \
第一段
❶ World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modem Western societies.第二次世界大战是现代西
方社会高等教育的分水岭。
相干
World War II was the watershed event （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语:修饰the watershed event
for higher education
介词短语作后置定语，修饰higher education
一二级修饰
in modem Western societies.
词汇注释 watershed [ wo：tafed] n.分水岭；转折点 higher education 高等教育
❷ Those societies came out of the war Pith levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3%—5% of the rele
vant age groups during the decades before the war.二战后，西方社会适龄人群的入学率大致维持在3%—5%，与
战前几十年间的水平相当。
词汇注释: enrollment [inraulmant] n.入学；入伍；登记 roughly [nfli] ad.大致；差不多；粗暴地
constant * [ konst ant ] a.不变的；持续的 relevant *[ rebvgnt] 9.适当的；紧密相关的
❸ But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing
demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school
education.但反法西斯战争的胜利带来的巨大社会和政治变革，使得二战后的欧美经济体对接受过中学以上教
育的毕业生的需求日益增长。:词汇注释 arise （out of）（由... ）引起；（因....）产生 Fascism [ 几法西斯主义
❹ And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had
not thought of attending a university before 4he war.在西方社会，人们对接受高等教育的需求上升，战前没有考虑
过上大学的群体和社会阶层也逐渐有了这样的需求。
句子主干
二级修饰-
词汇注释 e*ntry [ xntri]几进入（指权利等）；参与 e*xtend [ik^stend]. vi.扩及;波及;包括
❺ These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education , beginning in the 1960s and
developing very rapidly （though unevenly） during the 1970s and 1980s.这些需求使得高等教育体系迅速扩张，这
一扩张始于20世纪60年代，在20世纪七八十年代飞速发展（尽管发展并不均衡）°
句子主干 These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion （主+谓+宾）
<
T介词短语作后置定语，修饰a very rapid expansion
of the systems of higher education,
• - v
补充说明a very rapid expansion
一级修饰 beginning in the 1960s
and连接并列的现在分词短语
and developing very rapidly （though unevenly）
介词短语作时间状语
二级修饰 during the 1970s and 1980s.
"诃注盛 e*xpansion [ ik spaenjn] n.扩张；扩大 unevenly [An i：vnli] ad.不均衡地；不均匀地
第二段，
❶ The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise
to different sets of problems.高等教育的发展至少表现为三种截然不同的方式，而这些不同的表现方式反过来又
引发了一系列各种各样的问题。
CE3—级修饰
句子主干 I and连接的并列句
(2)and these in turn have given rise to diffe^t se^ of problems.(主+谓+宾)
商汇注释；m*[ anifest .maemfest] vt.显现;表明a.显而易见的 give rise to引起;产生
❷ There was first the rate of growth: in many countries of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education
doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the
1970s.首先是增长率：20世纪60年代,许多西欧国家接受高等教育的学生人数每5年翻一番，到70年代中期，
这些人数在7、8年间或10年间又翻了一番。
句子主干
一级修饰
二级修饰
❸ Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions.其次，高等教育的发展
显然影响了教育系统和单个教育机构的绝对规模。
Second^
一级修饰
[插入语
句子主干 growth obviously affected solute size (主+谓+宾)
both...and连接并列的介词短语作后置定语,[修饰the absolute size
一级修饰 both of systems and (of) individual institutions
商吏生释 absolute J q.绝对的;完全的 i*nstitution [』nsti，tju：Jn]几机构;制度
❹ And third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher
education,第三,这一发展体现在高等教育机构中适龄人群的入学比例变化上。
—级修饰
句子主干
_级蚯
二级修饰
三级修饰
词汇注释 reflect*[rrf)ekt] vt.表现;反映;显示 proportion *[ pr3.p3：jn] n.比例;份额;部分
110第三段
❶ Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake.上述三种发展的表现方式中，
每一种都伴随着其特有的问题。
句子主干 Each of these manifestations of growth carried 瓯Q军卫竺竺（主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语
二饭祈
in its wake.
词汇注释： manifestation [ ^aemfe steifn] n.表现；表明 p*eculiar [ prkju：Iia（r） ] a.特有的；怪异的
in o*sne wake/in the wake of..随着... 而来;作为....的结果
❷ For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and
above all of socialization.例如，高增长率给现存的管理结构、行政架构，尤其是社会化结构都造成了巨大的
压力。
一级修饰 For example,
[插入语
句子主干I
a high growth rate placed geat strains （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作状语，表对象
一级修饰 on the existing structures
and连接并列的介词短语作后置定语，修饰the existing structures
二级修饰 of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization.
:词汇注释! strain * [ strem] n.压力；重负；拉力 governance [ •gAvsnans] n.管理；统治
a*dministration [adimmrstreifn]几行政，管理 socialization [ ^aujalarzeifn]几•社会化
© When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, and when the new staff
are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic
life in that faculty.例如，当一个学院或系在三至四年内从5个成员发展到20个成员，且当新的员工大多是刚刚
完成研究生学业的青年男女时，他们将在很大程度上界定该学院的学术生活规范。
fresh from postgraduate study,
形容词短语作后置定语，修饰young men and women
and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women
| and连接并列的时间办语从句
一级修饰 and连接并列的时间状语从句
When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years.
[When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 they largely define the norms of academic life （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，I修饰the norms of academic life
一级修饰 in that faculty.
i词汇注释: f*aculty [ faeklti]几（高等院校的）系、院 s*taff [sta:fj几全体职工（或雇员）
predominantly [prrdommantli] ad.主要地;多数情况下 fresh from刚经历过...的
d*efine [drfam] vt.界定；给……下定义；阐明 academic * [ ^ko'demikj a.学术的
❹ And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship
between faculty members and students t the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate
students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in America as well
as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan.同时，如果研究生人数也快速增长，师生之间的亲密学徒关系丧
失，那么学生文化就会成为研究生新生社会化过程中的主要力量，影响学院的精神生活和学术生活——在美
国、法国、意大利、西德和日本都有此类现象。
111:词汇注释 apprenticeship [yprentijip]几学徒期；学徒工作 i*ntellectual [ iinta-lektjual] q.智力的
❺ High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation ； they also weakened the forms and processes by which
teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.高增长率增
加了学术创新的机会;同时也弱化了教师和学生在稳定期或缓慢增长期被接纳加入学者群体所需的形式和
过程。
一级修饰 for academic innovation;
•, 介词短语作后置定语,]修饰the chances
(1) High growth rates increased the^hances (主+谓+宾)
I
句子主千 并列句 .. ....................-
(2) they also weakened 业地里现更竺竺竺？(主+谓+宾)
which引导的定语从句，i修饰the forms and processes
—级修饰 by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars
， ~ : I
介词短声侔定语状句的商商状语
二级修饰 during periods of stability or slow growth.
可汇注释 weaken [，wi：kon]n削弱；减弱 admit [ sd-mit ] vt.准许... 加入;准许....进入
❻ In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with the
empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well. 20 世纪六七十年代，欧洲大学的管理安排方
式发生了显著变化，初级教员被赋予了管理权，学生在一定程度上也享有了管理权。
with the empowerment
[and连接并列的介词短语作后置定语，修饰the empowerment
二级修饰 of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.
词汇注释:s*ee [si:] vt.历经；目睹 marked a.显著的;显而易见的
arrangement [ gTemdjmant]几.安排方式；商定 empowerment [ im-pauamant]几.权利赋予
112
