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[2021年考研英语（二）真题逐词逐句精讲使
Section I Use of English
a
第一段
❶ It*s not difficult to set targets for staff.给员工设定目标并不难。
It's not中坦丝It （主+系+表）
J
句子主干
土为形式声语，，一动町不定式短语作真正的主语
to set targets for staff.
词汇注释 staff* [sta:f] 全体职工（或雇员）
❷【t is much harder, however, to understand their negative consequences.然而，要认识到它们的不良后果就难得多了。
二级修商
nowever,
. -
插入语
It is much harder,（主+系+表）
句子主干 It为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
to understand their negative consequences.
词汇注释 negative* ['negativ] a 不良的；消极的 consequence * [konsikwans] n.后果；影响；结果
❸Most work-related behaviors have multiple components,大多数与工作相关的行为都有多个组成部分。
句子主干 Most work-related behaviors have multiple components.（主•*■谓+宾）
i 词汇注释[multiple * ['mAltipl] a.多个的；数量多的 component * [kam'psunant] n.组成部分; 成分
❹Emphasize one and the others become distorted.强调其中一个，其他的就会变得扭曲o
（l）Emphasize one （祈使句：谓 + 宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2）and the others become distorted.（主+系+表）
:词汇注释 emphasize * [•emfasaiz] w.强调；重视 distorted [di*st3：tid]。.扭曲的，曲解的
▼ a
第二段.
❶ Travel on a London bus and youW quickly see how this works with drivers.乘坐伦敦巴士出行，你很快就会看到这是
如何在司机身上起作角的/「
一级修饰 on a London bus
介词短语作（1）句的状语
（l）Trayel （祈使句：谓）
句子主干 and连接的并列句 ，
（2）and you'll quickly see how this works with drivers.（主+谓+宾从）
:要点注释 （2 ）句中，how引导的宾语从句作will...see的宾语。从句中，主语是this,谓语是works,介词
短语with drivers作状语。
❷ Watch people get on and show their tickets.看着人们上车并出不车票。
句子主干 Watch people get on and show their tickets.（祈使句：谓+宾+宾补）
35❸ Are they carefully inspected?他们被仔细检查了吗？
句子主干 Are they carefully inspected?（一般疑问句：助动词♦主+谓语动词）
「商志主释匚inspect^ [m'spekt] w.检查；查看；视察
❹Never.从来没有°
i句子讲解:本句是一个省略句，对❸句进行回答，补充完整为°They are never carefully inspected0。
❺Do people get on without paying?会有人不买票就上车吗？
句子主干 Do people get on （一般疑问句:助动词+主+谓语动词）
介词短语作状语
Y修碗 without paying?
❻0f course!当然有！
句子讲解i本句是一个省略句，对❺句进行回答，补充完整为**0f course people get on without paying**。
❼Are there inspectors to check that people have paid?巴士上有检票员检查人们是否杞买票吗？
句子主干 Are there inspectors （There be 句型的一般疑问句：Are + there + 主）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰inspectors
—级修饰 to check that people have paid?
要点注释 动词不定式短语to check that...paid中，that引导的宾语从句作check的宾语。从句中，主语是
people,谓语是 have paido
词汇注释 inspector [m*spekt3（r）] n.（英国公共汽车或火车上的）查票员；检查员
❽ Possibly, but very few.可能有，但很少o
\句子讲解：本句是一个省略句，对❼进行回答，补充完整为**Possibly there are inspectors to check that people have
paid, but there are very few” 0
❾And people who run for the bus?那么有人跑着赶巴士吗？
「标子讲解：本句是一个省略的特殊疑问句。句首连词And承接上文，句子主干为一个名词people, who引
导的定语从句修饰peopleo从句中，who代替先行词people作主语，谓语是run,介词短语for
the bus作状语o
❿They are ignored.他们被忽视f 0 '
句子主干 They are ignored.（主+谓）
:词汇注释 ignore * [ig'no:（r）] vt.忽视；对.... 不予理会
❿ How about jumping lights?那么闯红灯呢？
句子讲解匚 本句使用How about句型，来征询对方的意见或看法，How about后常接名词（短语）、代词或
动名词（短语）。本句中，jumping lights为动名词短语。
@ Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.巴士闯红灯几乎与骑自行车的人闯红灯一样频繁。
句子主干 Buses do so almost as frequently （主+谓 +宾）
as引导的比较状语从句，作句子主干的比较状语
一级修饰 as cyclists （do）.
词汇注释 frequently ['fri:kwantli] ad.频繁地；经常 cyclist fsaiklist] n.骑自行车的人
❶Why?为什么？
句子讲解]本句是一个省略的特殊疑问句，对二段关于伦敦巴士的情况进行提问。
❷ Because the target is punctuality.因为目标是准时三
:句子讲解j本句是对❶句这一特殊疑问句进行回答，由"Because +主语（the target） +系动词（is ） +表语
（punctuality ）"构成。
36:词汇注释:punctuality [.pAgktfu'aebti] n.准时性
❸ People complained that buses were late and infrequent.人们抱怨巴士晚点而且班次太少。
fl~：
People complained （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干
that引导的宾语从句，作complained的宾语
that buses were late and infrequent.
:词汇注释:infrequent [m^^want] a.不多的；罕见的
❹ So, the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were rewarded or punished according to the time they
h，0k.因此，巴士和巴士专用道的数量增加了.而且根据司机们所花费的时间，他们会得到奖励或受到惩罚°
（l）So, the number of buses and bus lanes were increased,（主+谓）
句子主干 and连接的并列句
（2）and drivers were rewarded or punished （主+谓）
J介词短语作（2 ）句的状语
一级修画
according to the time
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，修饰the time
they took.
© And drivers hit their targets.司机们达到了他们的目标:
句子主干 And drivers hit their targets.（主+谓+宾）
❻But they also hit cyclists.但是他们也撞到了骑自行车的人。
句子主干 But they also hit cyclists.（主+谓+宾）
❷ If the target was changed to revenue, you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.如果把目标改为收益，
将会有更多的检票员和更灵活的定价。
词汇注释： revenue * ['revanju:] n.收益；收入 pricing ['praisirj] n.定价；作价；计价
❽ If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more cautious drivers who obeyed traffic laws.如果把标准改为安全,
将会有更多小心谨慎的司机,他仰会遵守交通法规。
二级修饰
句«
you would get more cautious drivers （主+谓+宾）
J
who引导的定语从句 修饰cautious drivers
二级磁
who obeyed traffic laws.
词汇注释： criterion * [krai'tisrisn] n. （pl. criteria ）标准 cautious * [*k3：jbs] a.小心的；谨慎的
© But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.但这两个标准都将以牺牲时间为代价。
But both these criteria would be of time.（主+系+表）
:词汇注释！ at the expense of...以……为代价；在牺牲（或损害）……的情况下
Q 第四段]
O There is another problem: people became immensely inventive in hitting targets.还有另一个问题：人们在达成目标
的过程中变得非常“有创意”。
37句子主干| There is another problem： （There be 句型：There + is + 主）
[解释说明 another problem
一级修饰 people became immensely inventive
介词短语作方面状语
二级修饰 in hitting targets.
词汇注释 immensely [i'mensli] ad.非常；极大地 inventive [m'ventiv] a.有创意的；善于创新的
❷ Have you noticed that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?你可曾注意到，你乘坐的飞机晚
了一小时起飞,但仍能准时到达吗？
Have you noticed （一般疑问句：助动词+主+谓语动词+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句，作Have...noticed的宾语
句子主干 that you can leave on a flight an hour late
but连接的并列谓语
but （can） still arrive on time?
❸Tailwinds? S为顺风吗？
句子讲解:本句是一个省略的一般疑问句，对❷句中you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on
time的原因提出一种假设，补充完整为**Is it because of tailwinds?M。
词汇注释 tailwind ['teilwind] n.顺风
❹ Of coursenot!当然不是！
句子讲解：本句是一个省略句，对❸中提出的假设做出否定回答，补充完整为"Of course, it is not because
of tailwinds" o
❺Airlines have simply changed the time a trip is meant to take.航空公司只是更改了旅程原本应该花费的时间。
句子主干 Airlines have simply changed the time （主+谓+宾）
省略关系词（which/that ）的定语从句，修饰the time
a trip is meant to take. J
—级修饰
❻A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight. 一小时的航程现在被宣传成两小时0
句子主干 A one・hour flight is now billed （主+谓）
[介词短语作A one-hour flight的补足语
一级修饰 as a two-hour flight.
词汇注释 be billed as...把（某人或某物）宣传为……
a
第五段
O The nioral of the stoiy is simple.故事的寓意是简单的。
句子主干 The moral...is simple.（主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰The moral
一级修饰 of the story
词汇注释 moral 寓意；教益；道德。.道德的；品德端正的
❷ Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria.大多数工作都是多维的，有多个标准。
词汇注释 multidimensional [.niAltidai'menfsnl] a.多维的
❸Choose one criterion and you may well sacrifice others.选择一个标准，那么你很可能要舍弃其他标准o
38❹ Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a cost.所有的事情都可以完成得更快，成本更低.但
这是有代价的。
and （can be） made cheaper,
]and连接的并列谓语
句子主干 （l）Everything can be done faster （主+谓）
but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but there is a cost. （There be 句型：there + is + 主）
❺Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.设定目标可以而且确实会产生不可预见的不良后果:
句子主干 Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.（主+谓+宾）
词汇注释 unforeseen[lAnfo:'si:n] a.未预见的；未想到的；始料不及的
Q 第六段
©This is not an argument against target-setting.这并不是主张反对设定目标二
句子主干 This is not an argument （主+系+表）
——-------
介词短语作后置定语，修饰an argument
二级必
against target*setting.
词汇注释 argument ★['Q：gjum0nt]〃.说理；论证；论据；争论；争吵
❷ But it is an argument for exploring consequences first.而是主张首先探讨后果：
句子主干 But it is an argument （主+系+表）
______
介词短语作后置定语，修饰an argument
一级修饰-
for exploring consequences first.
❸ All good targets should have multiple criteria relating to critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer
feedback.所有好的目标都应该有多个标准,这些标准与时间、金钱、质量和客户反馈等关键因素相关。
句子主干 All good targets should have multiple criteria （主+谓+宾）
现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰multiple criteria
一级修饰 relating to critical factors
such as...举例说明 critical factors
二级修福
such as time, money, quality and customer feedback.
:词汇注释 relate to与……相关；涉及 feedback*['fi：db&k] ».反馈的意见（或信息）
❹ The trick is not only to specify just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help
people better achieve the objective.诀窍就在于不仅要明确目标的仅一个甚至两个维度.而且要明白如何帮助人
们更好地实现目标。
要点注释 动词不定式短语 to understand...the objective 中，“how + 动词不定式短语（to help...objective ）"
结构作understand的宾语o
39词汇注释：trick * [tnk] n.诀窍；技巧；诡计 specify * ['spesifai] vt.明确说明；详述
................. dimension * [dafmenfh] n.维度；方面；规模 objective * [sb^ektiv] n.目标；目的
Section H Reading Comprehension
/ / / Part yV、、、、、、、、、、、、、•、w、、、、、、、、、、、.、、、、、、、、、、
Text 1
a
第一段】
❶"Reskilling'' is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future in
which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.技能再培训”而起来像是一个时髦词，但如果我俏计划着
的将来是要让许多未来员工不被淘汰，那它实则是一项必要条件:
词汇注释 reskill [.ri/skil] v,再培训 buzzword [*bAZW3：d]跟时髦术语，流行行话
requirement * [n'kwaismant] n.要求；需求 would-be ['wud bi:] a.未来的；想要成为....的
❷ We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the
jobs that remain.我们都知道，我们正在步入这样一段时期：所需工作岗位将迅速发生变化，而现存工作岗
位的要求也将迅速变化。
We know （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作know的宾语
where引导的定语从句，修饰a period
一级修饰 where the jobs in demand will change rapidly,
as引导的比较状语从句，作定语从句的比较状语
三
81^ as will the requirements of the jobs
that引导的定语从句J修饰the jobs
三钗修饰| that remain.
要点注释 引导的比较状语从句为倒装句，并省略了与前面相同的change rapidly,可还原为as the
requirements of the jobs that remain will change rapidlyo as引导的比较状语从旬的倒装意在使句子
平衡，避免头重脚轻。
❸ Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 per cent of the "core skills" within job rdies will
change by 2022.世界经济论坛的研究发现，到2022年，职业角色中平均42%的“核心技能”将发生变化。•
by the World Economic Forum
展词短语作后置定语，W Research
Research...flnds （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句，作finds的宾语
that on average 42 per cent of the ucore skills"...will change by 2022.
介词短语作后置定语J修饰the "core skills"
within job roles
40：^>C；±W ] forum * ffoTam] n.论坛；讨论会 core "[ko:（r）] a.主要的；基本的
❹That is a very short timeline.那是一段相当短的时间。
句子主干 That is £ 2邑 业四_!四盛的（主+系+表）
第二段
❶The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one.谁应该为技能再培训承担费用是一个棘手的问题
句子主干 The question...is a thorny one.（主+系+表）
J夕词of引出The question的同位语
of who should pay for reskilling
「词汇注释!
pay for负担....的费用；为.....而付钱 thorny ['9o:ni] a.棘手的；麻烦的
@ For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and
replace them with those whose skills are.对于各公司来说，辞退技能不再被公司需要的员T..转而雇用那些拥有
公司所需技能的员工，一直都是很有诱惑力的做法。
For individual companies.
介词短语作状语，表对象
whose skills are no longer in demand
whose引导的定语从句 workers
the temptation is always四1史职 叫 理£好抒（主+系+表）
I
and连接的并列表语
and （to） replace them
J介词短语作状语
with those whose skills are.
要点注释:介词短语with...are中，whose引导的定语从句修饰those,从句中省略了重复的表语in demando
词汇注释；individual * [,mdfvid3U91] a.个体的 temptation [temp'teifh ]n.诱惑；引诱
let go of放开；放手;放弃（想法） replace *[n'pleis]vr.取代；代替；替
© That does not always happen.但情况并非总是如此： 换
句子主干 That does not always happen.（主.谓）
❹ AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go
with a fire-and-hire strategy. AT& T t美国电话电报公司）通常被视为企业的典范，该公司曾决定实施-项大规
模的技能再培训计划，而非采用“解雇与再雇用”策略。
:词汇注释！ massive * ['maesiv] a.大规模的；巨大的 strategy * ['straetadji] n.策略；计策；策划
❺Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans.其他公司也已经承诺制订自己的计划。
句子主干 Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans.（主+谓+宾）
:词汇注释：pledge * [pled3]讥正式承诺；保证给予（或做）
© When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the focus usually turns to government to handle.但是. 当
技能不匹配出现在更广泛的经济领域时，这一点通常会转由政府来处理：
41一级修饰 When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy
I
When引导的时间状语从句, 作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 though, the focus usually turns to government to handle.（主+谓4■宾+宾补）
词汇注释 mismatch ['mismaetf] n.不匹配；误配 focus * [Taukas] 焦点；中心点；调焦此关注
❼ Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently
hear of employers begging for workers even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.加拿大和其他地方所
做的努力充其量只能说是迟缓而无力的.这使我们处于这样一种情况：即使是在失业率很高的时期和地区，
我们也经常听到雇主急需员工
一级修饰 in Canada and elsewhere
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Efiforts
词汇注释 arguably ['a:qju9bli] ad.可以说;按理 languid [laeggwid] a.迟缓的；慵懒的
at best充其量，至多 beg [beg]机恳求；乞求
第三段
❶ With the pandemic, unemployment is \ery high indeed.受疫情影响,失业率的确很高^
一级修饰 With the pandemic,
I
介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 unemployment is very high indeed.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 pandemic [paen'demik] n.（全国或全球性）流行病；大流行病
❷ In February, at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at
generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. 2 月份,加拿大和美国的失业率分别为 3.5% 和 5.5%,
处于一代以来的最低点.劳动力短缺问题无处不在
In February,
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
一级修饰 at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively,
j插入语，补充说明unemployment rates
in Canada and the United States
[ [介词短语作后置定语，修饰unemployment rates
（1） unemploymeiit rates...were at generational lows （主+系+表）
| and连接的并列句
句子主干
（2） and worker shortages were 竺.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 respectively [n'spektivli] ad.分别;各自；依次为 generational [^eno'reVonl] a. 一代的
© As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortages had
disappeared, not all had done so.截至5月份,这两国的失业率亡飙升至13.3%和13.7%,尽管许多劳动力短缺
问题已经消失，但并非都是如此
42As of May,
一级修饰 介词短语作（1 ）句的时间状语
to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent,
“ [介词短语作（1）句的状语
（1） those rates had spiked up （主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
（2） and...not all had done so.（主+谓）
]although引导的让步状语从句，作（2 ）句的让步状语
一级修福
although many worker shortages had disappeared,
词汇注释；
as of到……时候为止；从……起 spike up迅速上升（或上涨）
❹ In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors,
nurses and other medical personnel.举个明显的例子，在医疗领域，疫情意味着医生、护士和其他医务人员仍
存在明显短缺的情况。
一级修饰
句子主干
一级修饰
词汇注释: medical去fmedikl] a.医疗的；医学的 personnel女[gsdnel] n. [pl]全体人员，职员
第四段】
O Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks,当然，这并不是
说4尔可以雇用一个失业的服务员,并在几周'内把他培训成一名医生。
二级修希|
❷ But even if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned.但是,
即使你无法弥合医务人员短缺的鸿沟，你也许可以缩小其他方面的差距，这样做对所有相关人员都有好处
--- 一，// , ■； • ' --.i： \ ,Jr*
—级修饰 even if you cannot close that gap,
I even if引导的让步状语从句，作（1 ）句的让步状语
（1） But...maybe you can close others,（主+谓+宾）
句子主干
| and连接的并列句
（2） and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned.（主+系+表）
43❸ That seems to be the case in Sweden: When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff, Scandinavian Airlines
decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilled the laid-ofT workers to support hospital staff.瑞典的情况
似乎就是如此：当斯堪的纳维亚航空公司90%的乘务人员被迫暂时下岗时，该公司决定启动一项短期技能再
培训计划，重新培训下岗员工以支援医务人员：
要点注释 在When引导的时间状语从句中，因其主语与主句的主语相同，故省略了主语Scandinavian
Airlines和助动词was。
词汇注释 furlough rfeiwlvr使暂时下岗；使被迫休假cabin ['kaebm] n.（飞机的）座舱；隔间；小棚屋
start up （使）启动，开始 laid-offa-被解雇了的
The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.这是一项集体行动，其
他公司和一所瑞典大学也参与其中C
词汇注释 collective * [ka'lektiv] a.集体的；共同的 involve * [m'vulv] vt.包含；涉及；使陷入
Text 2
a
第一段，
O With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050； and forecasts that agricultural production in
some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace, food security is increasingly making headlines.据预测. 截至
2050年，全球人口将接近100亿，而且预计某些地区的农业产量需要增长近一倍才能跟上（人口增长的）
步伐，因此粮食安全正日益成为新闻头条。
that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace,
that引导的同位语从句，解释说明forecasts
,
and forecasts
and连接的并列成分[
一级修饰
With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050,
With独立主格结构作句子主干的伴随状语
■句子主干
food security is increasingly making 山竺西巴竺.（主+谓+宾）
要点注释 that引导的同位语从句中，主语为agricultural production,谓语为will need,宾语为to nearly
double,介词短语in some regions作后置定语，修饰agricultural production,动词不定式短语to
keep pace作目的状语。
44：j hit * [hit] w.达到（某水平）；击，打 forecast *[%:ka:st]仍，.预测；预报
double * ['dAbl] v.是....的两倍；（使）加倍 headline * [hedlain] n.头条新闻
❷ In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too, for a rather particular reason: Brexit.在英国，粮食安全最
近也成了一个热门话题，原因相当特殊：英国脱欧。
一级修饰 IntheUK,
[介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 it has become兰地坦业&西匹recently too,（主+系+表）
''介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 for a rather particular reason: Brexit.
i词汇注释i point1 [point] n.核心问题；要点肌指（向） particular* [pa'tikjalo（r）] a.特殊的；专指的
Brexit （ British exit的缩写）英国退出欧盟
第二段
O Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food.有些人将英国脱欧
c视为一个诃以扭转近期英国粮食进口趋势的机会c
句子主干 Brexit is seen by some （主+谓）
|介词短语作Brexit的补足语
—级修饰 as an opportunity
J动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰an opportunity
二级修饰 to reverse a recent trend
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰a recent trend
三级修饰 towards the UK importing food.
:词汇注释：reverse* [n'v3：s] w,使（决定、政策、趋势）转向 import* [im'pol] w.进口；引进
❷ The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats, down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s.
英国的粮食产量仅为其粮食消耗量的60%左右，低于20世纪80年代末的近四分之三°
一级修饰'
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，[修饰the food
句子主干 The country prodliuces only about （SO per cent of Jfood （主+谓+宾）
[补充说明 about 60 per cent of the food
一级修饰 down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s.
❸ A move back to self-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the
nation's health,他们认为恢复粮雀自给将促进农业发展、加强政治主权，甚至提高国民健康水平。
一级修饰 back to self-sufficiency,
I
介词短语作后置定语，修饰A move
A move...would boost 也e farminginidiistiy,（主.谓+宾）
句子主干 and连接的并列宾语
political sovereignty and even the nation*s health.
插入语
一级修饰 the argument goes,
「词汇注释: self-sufficiency [.self so'fyhsi] n.自给自足 sovereignty ['snvranti] n.主权；统治权
❹Sounds great—but how feasible is this vision?听起来不错 H这一愿景的可行性如何呢？
45句子主干 Sounds great （省略句：系+表）
|补充说明句子主干
二级修希
——but how feasible is this vision?
词汇注释 feasible ☆ a可行的；行得通的 vision * [*vi3n] n.构想；幻想；眼力
O According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK, 85 per cent of the country's total land
area is associated with meat and dairy production.根据英国利兹大学一份关于英国粮食生产的报告，英国土地
总面积的85%与肉类和乳制品生产有关。
from the University of Leeds, UK,
二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰ampoit
on UK food production
介词短语作后置定语，修饰amport]
J
一级修饰 According to a report
J插入语，补充说明句子主干
句子主干 85 per cent of the country's total land area is 竺竺gi枣（主+系+表）
介词短语作状语]
—级修饰 with meat and dairy production.
词汇注释:be associated with...与....有关 dairy虫['deari] a.乳制品的；牛奶的
❷ That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn't allow
us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.这可以满足英国肉类和乳制品消耗量的80%,所以，即便是将全英国
的土地都开垦为畜牧场，也无法满足我们对肉类和乳制品的全部需求。
（l）That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed,（主+谓+宾）
I so连接的并列句，表因果
句子主干 （2）so even covering the whole country...wouldn't allow us （主+谓+宾+宾补）
T动词不定式短语作US的补足语
to cover all our meat and dairy needs.
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 in livestock farms
要点注释 （1）句中，what引导的宾语从句作介词of的宾语。从句中，主语是what,谓语是is consumedo
词汇注释 consume * [kon'sju:m] vt.消耗，耗费；吃；喝 livestock ['laivstuk] n.牲畜；家畜
第四段
O There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave.虽然有许多针对这些数字（局限性）的提醒，但
是它们（所反映的形势）仍然很严峻。
—级修饰 to those figures,
I
介词短语作后置定语，修饰many caveats
（1 ）There are many csvcsts （ There be 句型：There + are + 主）
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but they are still grave.（主+系+表）
词汇注释 caveat「kajviaet]儿提醒；警告；告诫；注意事项 grave * [greiv] a.严重的；严肃的坟墓
❷ To become much more self*sufTicient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, and
probably also farm more intensively—meaning fewer green fields, and more factory-style production.为了变得更力口 自
46给自足，英国将需要大幅减少动物性食品的消耗，并且可能还需要更加集约化地耕作一这意味着绿地会更
少、工厂式生产会更多；
To become much more selJsufficient,
[动词不定式短语作句子主干的目的状语
一级修饰
of animal foods,
介词短语作后置定语修饰its consumption
the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption （主+谓+宾）
句子主干 ‘‘ | and连接的并列宾语
and probably also （to） farm more intensively
补充说明句子主干
一级修饰 —meaning fewer green fields, and more factory-style production.
词汇注释* self-sufficient [.self sa'fijnt] 0.自给自足的；自立的 intensively [in'tensivli] ad.集约地；密集地
a
第五段】
❶But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help.但是，转向以植物为主的饮食也无济于事。
句子主干 But switching to a mainly plant・based diet wouldn't help.（主+谓）
「词汇生释:switch * [switn V.转向；转移n・开关 diet * [*dai9t] 日常饮食；规定饮食
❷ There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry： most of its terrain doesn't have the right soil
or climate to grow crops on commercial basis.英国以畜牧业为主有一个充分的理由：英国大部分地区没有适合的
土壤或气候来进行农作物的商业化种植
一级修饰 why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry:
I why引导的定语从句，修饰a good reason
句子主干 There is a good reason （ There be 句型：There + is + 主）
:解释说明a good reason
一级修饰 most of its terrain doesn't have the right soil or climaittee
动词不定式短语作后置定语，[修饰the right soil or climate
二级修饰 to grow crops
介词短语作状语
三级修饰 on commercial basis.
:词汇注释；dominate * ['dummeit] v.占据支配地位；控制 animal husbandry畜牧业
❸ Just 25 per cent of the counlry'trlan（Us suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields.
该国仅有25%的土地适合种如农作物，而其中大部分已被耕地占用：
_级修饰 for crop-growing,
____________ [介词短语作状语
句子主干 Just 25 per cent of the country’s land is syi想业（主+系+表）
which引导的非限定性定语从句J补充说明25 per cent of the country's land
一级修饰 most of which is already occupied
介词by引出动作的发出者:
二级修饰 by arable fields.
「诃％主释匚suitable ★ [’su:tobl] a合适的；适宜的 arable ['asrabl] a.可耕的；耕作的
❹ Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg—which would involve taking out all the nature
reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes—we would achieve only a 30 per cent boost in crop
47production,即使我们将所有适合的土地都改种水果和蔬菜——这将会牵扯到取消所有的自然保护区，还会使
数以下计的人肉开自己的家园——我们能实现的农作物产量增长也只有30%而已。
二级修饰
-级修饰
句子主干
1
「词汇注释 convert* [kan'v3：t] v.（使）转变,转换 veg [ved3] « 蔬菜，
take out消除；消灭；取出 reserve * [n'z3：v] n.保护区；自然保护区w.预订
Q 第六段
❶ Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown, so even with the most
extreme mea^ires we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs.目前，英国消耗的水果和蔬菜只有
23%产自本国，因此，即使采取最极端的措施，我们也只能满足30%的新鲜农产品需求。
一级修饰 consumed in the UK
过去分词短语作后置定语,[修饰the fruit and vegetables
（1） Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables...are currently 坦理世塑（主+系+表）
句子主干 | so连接的并列句，表因果
（2） so even...we could meet only 萸卫尝竺珥 pf ou「些sh prodi^gg 11竺由・（主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作（2 ）句的方式状语
一级修饰 with the most extreme measures
词必主释、extreme* [ik^tri^] a极端的；偏激的 fresh 1 [frefi a.新鲜的；新产的；新近的
❷ That is before we look for the space to grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our
current calorie intake.这还不包括我们需要寻找土地来种植谷物、糖料作物、种子和油料作物，这些作物为
我们提供我们目前摄入的大部分热量0
句子主干 That is她坦吃史gloo* for坦竺（主+系+表从）
动词不定式短语作后置定语[修饰the space
一级修饰 to grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils
that 引导的定语从句，修饰 the grains, sugars, seeds and oils
二级修饰 that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.
「词汇注释 bulk ' [bAlk] n.大部分；主体 current * ['kArant] a.当前的；现在的
calorie i ['kaelari] n.卡路里（食物的热量单位）intake ['mteik] n.摄取量；吸入量
Text 3
第一段]
O When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015, it picked up two
newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. -2015 年，微软收购 T任务管理应用 Wunderlist
和移动日历Sunrise,其得到的这两家新科技公司当时正在硅谷引起相当大的轰动「
48mobile calendar
1
:词汇注释 management * ['maemdsmsnt] n管理；经营 pick up获得；拿起；拾起；学会
attract buzz 引起热议 considerable * [kan'sidarabl]。.相当大的
❷ Microsoft's own Office dominates the market for ^productivity'' software, but the start-ups represented a new wave
of technology designed from the ground up for the smartphone world.微软自己的办公软件 Office 主导着“生产力”
软件市场，而这两家初创企业则代表了完全为智能手机领域进行设，计的一股新的技术浪潮。
一级修饰 for "productivity" software,
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the market
(l)Microsoft's own Office dominates tlie mai*蛭t (主+谓+宾)
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
(2)but the startups represented a ne兰兰arye of technology (主+谓+宾)
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a new wave of technology
-级修饰 designed...for the smartphone world.
作状语「表程度
二级修饰 from the ground up
「毓;主释* dominate * ['dnmmeit] v.支配；控制；影响 productivity * [.prodAk'tivati] n.生产力；生产率
start-up [*sta:t Ap] n.刚成立的公司，新企业 from the ground up完全，彻底；从头开始
第二段
❶ Both apps, however, were later scrapped after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products.然而,
在微软表示已在自家产品中应用了这两款应用程序的最优特性后，它们便都被废弃了。
一级修饰 however,
____________ 语
句子主干 Both apps,...yere later scrapped （主+谓）
| after引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
after Microsoft said
t省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作said的宾语
一级修饰
it had used their best features
宥语作状语
in its own products.
「商汇注释:scrap -[skr®p]w.废弃；取消；报废”.碎片feature* Cfi:^）] /«.特征；特色w.以……为特色
❷ Their teams of engineers stayed on, making them two of the many Macqui-hires° that the biggest companies have used
to feed their great hunger for tech talent.它们的工程师团队则留在『微软，成为大公司为满足它们对科技人才
的强烈渴求而采取的诸多“人才并购”行为中的两例。
49句子主干
-级修饰
二级修饰
三级修饰
四级修饰 for tech talent.
词汇注释 stay on继续留下 hunger ' ['hArjgXr）] »渴求；饥饿；食欲讽渴望
第三段】
❶ To Microsoft's critics, the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up
any innovative companies that lie in their path.在微软的批评者看来，Wunderlist和Sunrise的命运证明，科技巨
关毫不留情地想要摧毁任何阻碍其发展的创新型公司-
that引导的定语从句，修饰innovative companies
三级修饰 that lie in their path.
词汇注释！ critic * [*kntik] n.批评者；挑剔的人 remorseless [n'm3：slas] a.无情的；残酷的
chew up毁坏；破坏；消耗；细嚼 innovative [mweitiv] a创新的；革新的
@ "They bought the seedlings and closed them down," complained Paul Arnold, a partner at San Francisco-based
Switch Ventures, putting an end to businesses that might one dav turn into competitors.总部位于旧金山的投资机
构Switch Ventures的合伙人保罗•阿诺德抱怨道：“他们收购了这些初创企业，然后将其关闭”，将那些有
朝一日可能会变成竞争对手的企业消灭于萌芽之际,
I
一级修饰 a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures,
Paul Arnold的同位语
complained Paul Arnold,（倒装句：宾+谓+主）
句子主干 |直接引语作complained的宾语
"They bought the seedlings and closed them down,"
不修戚
二级修饰
词汇注释j seedling ['sirdlig] n.幼苗；秧苗；籽苗 complain [ksm'plem] v.抱怨；埋怨；发牢骚
venture -f ['ventfXO] n（尤指有风险的）企业 competitor [kam'petita（r）] 〃 竞争者，对手
© Microsoft declined to comment.微软对此拒绝置评。
句子主干 Microsoft declined to comment.（主+谓+宾）
j
词汇注释 decline * [dfklam] v.婉言拒绝；谢绝”.下降 comment * ['koment] v.评论；表达意见
50第四段
❶ Like other start-up investors, Mr Arnold's own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies,
though he admits to mixed feelings about the result: "I think these things are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on.
与其他初创企投资者一样，阿诺德先生的业务通常依赖于将初创企业出售给规模更大的科技公司，不过他
承认，面对这样的结果，他心情复杂：“自私点来说，我认为这些事情对我有好处。
:一级面
Like other start-up investors,
-[介词'短语作句子主干的比较状语
句子主干 Mr Arnold's own business often depends on 竺lling st竺（主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作状语,表对象
to larger tech companies,
一级修饰 though引导的让步状语从句.作句子主干的让步状语
though he admits to mixed feelings about the result:
> f补充说明让步状语从句
二级修饰 "I think these things are good for me,
[if引导的条件状语从句
if引导的条件状语从句
三级修饰 ___if_ _I _p_u_t_ _m__y_ s_e_l_f_is_h_ _h_a_t_ _o_n_.____
❷ But are they good for the American economy? {fi它们对美国经济有好处吗？
句子主干 But are they good （一般疑问句：系+主+表）
介词短语作状语，表对象
for the American economy?
❸I don't know.”我不知道。"
句子主干 I don't know."（主+谓）
蝙主幕 本句、❷^以及❶^弓I号后的内容均为直接引语，共同补充说明❶^中血ugh引导的让步状语从句C
第五段】
❶ The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question.美国联邦贸易委员会表ZK希望
找到这个问题的答案c
The US Federal Trade Commission says （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作says的宾语
it wants to find the answer
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the answer
to that question.
顶汇;主祀 federal * _[ 'fed"aral] a.联 * 邦（制）的；联邦政府的 commission [ks'mifn] n.委员会；正式委托
❷ This week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many smaD acquisitionsover the
past decade.本周，委员会要求美国市值最高的五家科技公司提供它们过去十年间的众多小型收购的信息。
二改修饰一 This week,鎏
............. 'J参词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 it asked the five most valuable US t§ch companies （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作状语
一级修饰 for information
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰information
二级修饰 about their many small acquisitions
介词短语作后置定语，修饰small acquisitions
三级修饰 over the past decade.
「词定函I矿 valuable* ['vaeljuabl] a 很值钱的；宝贵的 acquisition * [.skwi'zijh] n.收购，并购
51❸ Although only a research project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-
stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.尽管这只是现阶段的一个调查项目’但这要求
暨了监管机构介入早期科技市场的可能性：而到目前为止"这些市场一直是它们无法触及的。
-级修饰 Although (this is) only a research project at this stage,
Although引导的让步状语从寿[作句子主干的让步状语
句子主干 the request has raised the卫£竺pyt (主♦谓+宾)
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the prospect
—级修饰 of regulators wading into eariy-stage tech markets
that 引导的定语从句,[修饰 early-stage tech markets
二级修饰 that until now have been beyond their reach.
要点注释 介词短语 of regulators wading...markets 中，动名词的复合结构 regulators wading into early-stage tech
markets作介词of的宾语，regulators为动名词短语wading into...markets的逻辑主语。
词汇注释i prospect * ['prospekt] n.可能性；希望 wade Into介入，强行加入，插手
❶ Given their combined market value of more than $5.5 trillion, rifling through such small deals—many of them much less
prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise—might seem beside the point.考虑到这五家科技公司的总市值超过5.5万亿美
元，翻找这些小规模的收购交易案一一其中许多收购对象远没有Wunderlist和Sunrise那么引人注目- EI乎在
避重就轻。
句子主干
三级修饰
「商液释 rifle女[Yaifl] v.匆忙翻找；快速搜寻 prominent* ['prommant] a.引人注目的；重要的
❷ Between them, the five biggest tech companies have spent an average of only $3.4 billion a year on sub-$l billion
acquisitions over the past five years—ra drop in the ocean compared with their massive Gnancial reserves, and the
more than $130 billion of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.在这些收购交易中，过去五年里，
这五家科技公司平均每年仅花费34亿美元用于10亿美元以下的收购，与其庞大的金融储备以及去年在美国
投资的1300多亿美元的风险资本相比，这不过是沧海一粟。
L52Ji词汇注释:massive * ['maesiv] a.巨大的；非常严重的 reserve * [n'z3：v] n.储备（量）；储藏（量）
capital ' ['kaepitl] n.资本；资金；首都 invest * [in'vest] v.投资；（把资金）投入
第七段】
O However, critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their
businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a "buy and kill" tactic to simply close them down.然而，
批评者表示, 这些大公司利用此类交易，在最具威胁的潜在竞争对手的业务有机会发展壮大之前将其收购，在
某些情况下. 这是“先买再杀”策略的一部分，只是为7关闭这些企业而已。
to simply close them down.
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a Ubuy and kill" tactic
in some cases as part of a "buy and kill” tactic
-级修饰 补充说明宾语从句
However,
[插入语 ，，
critics say 也e 哄 gompanjes uce such dieals （主+谓+宾从）
动词不定式短语作宾语从句的目的状语
一级修饰 to buy their most threatening potential competitors
before?!^的时间状语从句
before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum,
1
「商店主释 threatening [*9retnig] a.（行为）有威胁性的，危险的 potential * [pa'tenfl]。潜在的；可能的
momentum * [ma'mentam] n.势头；动力 tactic ☆「taektik]”.策略；手段；招数
Text 4
第一段]
O We're fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a
photo to a five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive.我们非常擅长根据第
一印象一从瞥一眼照片到交流五分钟这种经验“薄片”一来评判他人，而深思熟虑不仅没有必要，还会
ranging from a glimpse of a photo to a five-minute interaction,
[修饰 thin slices of experience
现在分词短语作后置定语
thin slices of experience
*Tfirst impressions 的同位语
based on first impressions, |
形容词短语作方式状语,]修饰judging
t ■i u—des inps lD eorole
介词短语作方面状语
(l)We're fairly gocxi (主+系+表)
and连接的并列句
(2)and deliberation can be not only 丝1(主+系+表)
not only...but (also)连接的并列表语
but (also) intrusive.
词汇注释: slice * [slais] n.薄片；份额 y 切；割；划 glimpse * [gbmps] n. 一瞥；一看 w 瞥见；看一眼
interaction [.intofaekfh] n.交流；互动；沟通 deliberation [di.libs'reijh] n.慎重的考虑；仔细的思考
extraneous [ik'stremias] a.不必要的；无关的 intrusive [m*tru:siv] a.烦扰的；侵扰的；闯入的
❷ In one study of the ability she called "thin slicing," the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch
53silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness.已故心理学家纳里尼,安
巴迪在一项她称之为“薄片撷取”能力的研究中，要求参与者观看一些教授的10秒无声视频片段.并对教
授的整体教学效果进行评分。
三级修饰 she called "thin slicing,"
省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰the ability
二级修 of the ability
介词短语作后置定语，修饰one stuo that引导的结果状语从句
二级蜘
so that you're seen
介词短语作you的补足语
not as a disagreeable subordinate
三级修饰 not...but连接并列的介词短语
but as a colleague
引导的定语从句，修饰a colleague
遍就T
who's trying to advance a common objective.
词汇注释 overtly [au'v3：tli] ad.公开地；明显地 contextualize [kwteks小wlaiz] w.将....置于背景中考虑
subordinate [so'bidmot] n.下级；部署 advance *（9d'va:ns] w.促进；苹动；提出 n.前进
The discussion will then become more like a chess game than a boxing match.这样一来.这场讨论就会更像是一场
博弈，而非一场拳击比赛。
句子主干 The discussion will then become more g炬 a gligss 既ng （主+系+表）
than...作此校状语
—级修饰 than a boxing match.
第四段
O This step may sound overly deferential, but it's a smart way to give the powerful person psychological safety and
controL这一步可能听起乘过于谦恭,但却是使有权之人获得心理安全感和控制权的明智之举。
（l）This step may sound overly 位梦栏皿诃,（主+系+表）
句子主干 | but连接的并列句，表转折
⑵but ifs a smart way （主+系+表）
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰a smart way
一级修饰 to give the powerful person psychological safety and control.
词汇注释 deferential [.defs'renfl] a.恭敬的；恭顺的 psychological [,saika*lud3ikl] a.心理的；心灵的
61❷ You can say something like, "I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here.你可以这样说,
“我知道我们似乎正在朝着第一季度的承诺迈近。
句子主干 You can say something （主+谓+宾）
；举例说明something
一级修饰 like. “1 know we seem to be moving
介词短语作状语i
二级修饰 toward a first-quarter commitment here.
要点注释：“I know...here中，主语是I,谓语是know,省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作know的宾语。
词汇注释]quarter'「kwogr）]儿季度；季：四等份之一 commitment [ka'mitmsnt] «承诺；许诺
❸I have reasons to think that won*t work.但我有理由认为这行不通。
句子主干 I 也e reasons （主+谓+宾）
[动词不定占:E语作后置定语，修饰reasons
—级修饰 to think that won't work.
❹I'd like to lay out my reasoning.我想阐述一下我的观点。
句子主干 「d like to lay out my r竺soning.（主+谓+宾）
词5[:注释i layout阐述；讲解；说明 reasoning [Hzonim几理性的观点；论证；理由
❺输。而无「诺01
