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2023 年高考英语一轮复习基础知识+基本能力双清
议论文的特征及解读策略
1
考点复习
一、议论文的文体分析
议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。
议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，
或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务
对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据
等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。
演 绎 论 是从已知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一
证 议 论 般先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论。
文
文
归 纳 论 是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳
章
证 议 论 出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。
文
类
比 较 论 是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将
型
证 议 论 性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对
文 比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的
方法。
议
由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度，因此，命题时常考察其观点态度以及根
命题
论 据文章内容归纳主旨大意等，有时也对文章的结构进行考察。
要点
文
1.演绎论证议论文：注意文章的开篇，因为文章的开篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就
解 抓住了作者的观点，从而把握了文章的中心思想。
题 2.归纳论证议论文：注意文章的尾段，因为尾段是对前面所举事例和分论点的归纳和概
括。
技
3.比较论证议论文：注意事物的相同点以及不同点，并由此来把握文章的主旨。
巧
做题时可使用以下三个步骤：重首尾，明方式，细推测。
【议论说理类文章】
议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点：1．一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重
大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。
最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。
2．以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。
3．文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。
【典例示例】
For some reason we were reminded that we primates(灵长目) need love. Kim Bard of the University of
Portsmouth in England and her colleagues carried out a study on 46 baby chimpanzees orphans(黑猩猩孤儿),
which had lost their mothers.The study showed that primate babies that have tight relationships with mother figures
do much better on cognitive(认知的) tests than babies who only grew up with peers(同伴), but this is not breaking
news. In fact, it's old news.
In the 1950s, Harry Harlow did a series of experiments with baby monkeys that showed, that lack of love and
comfort makes for a crazy monkey.
Harlow made a cage that included a wire monkey “mother” with a plastic face.Then he equipped the “mother”
with a milk bottle.The cage also had another wire “mother” who was covered with soft cloth.The baby monkeys
spent all their time with the cloth “mother” and only went to the wire “mother” to feed.
Harlow's monkey experiment was important, because at the time, child care experts, and everybody's
grandmother had a “no touch, no comfort” policy(方针) toward children. They advised parents not to respond to
crying babies. They thought that babies should sleep alone to become independent, and put that kid down.
But Harlow's work changed that policy. Mothers were soon allowed to have their babies next to them in the
hospital.
The current chimp research(研究) based on Harlow's work shows that mother's love doesn't just make for a
psychologically(精神上地) healthy child, it also makes for a smart child.
The highly raised chimps do better than those that are not loved, and the well-raised chimps do even better
than human kids on IQ tests.
We are primates, social animals which need love.We need to be held and talked to and made to feel that at
least one person wants to be with us all the time.
1. The study Kim Bard and his colleagues did ________.
A. included 46 baby and mother monkeys
B. is nothing new to people about the findingsC. showed that many chimpanzees lack of love when they were young
D. showed many chimpanzees had good relationship with their mothers
2. The underlined part “makes for” in the third paragraph means ________.
A. do something for B. head for C. bring about D. connect to
3. Harlow built two “mothers” for baby monkeys to ________.
A. make them live comfortably B. let them have more choices
C. give them more love D. make comparison well
4. Which of the following can we infer from the passage?
A. Well-raised chimps are better than people in IQ.
B. Sometimes it's not wrong to have no touch and no comfort to babies.
C. Chimps growing up in cages are less smarter than chimps growing up in wild.
D. Babies who sleep with mothers tend to be cleverer than babies sleep alone.
二、议论文的语体特征
由于与其他文体相比，英语议论文类似英语说明文，因此，它具有英语说明文的一些语言特点，
比如：时态较为统一，多用现在时；强调语言表达的客观性；尽可能指明信息来源等等。但作为一种独立
的文体，英语议论文在语言上也有一些自己特有的表达形式：
1.较多使用表达委婉语气的词语和句子
与英语说明文相比，英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点，而且还要让读者接受自己的观点，因此，
在词语表达上除了客观之外，还必须注意委婉。在英语中，常用虚拟语气，让步状语从句和情态动词
can，could，may，might，would，should等。请看下面两组有关“面试在招生过程中的重要性”的文字：
（1）No one should be admitted into（招收进）college without a personal interview（面试）.What can
admissions people（招生人员）tell from a piece of paper？They can tell nothing.Only when they see a student
face to face，can they decide what kind of a person he is.
（2）Though admissions people can learn some things from a piece of paper，such as how well a person
writes and what he is interested in there may be many other things that an application （申请表）can not
tell but can only be seen in a personal interview.The way a person talks，the way he thinks about and answers
questions，the way he reacts（反应），are all important facts of a person which can not be found on apiece of paper.
两段文字都强调“大学生入学必须面试”，但相比之下，例（2）用了情态动词，though引导的让步
状语从句等表达方式，语气较为委婉，更容易为读者所接受。
2.使用有辩论、推理等含义的连接词和过渡词等词语结构
英语议论文讲究辩论推理的条理性和逻辑性，因此，往往较多地使用这类性质的过渡词和连接词，常
用的包括：since （既然），now that（既然）， therefore（因而），consequently（因此），accordingly
（因此），hence（因而），in that case（在那种情况下），because（因为），so（所以）。另外，还有些
句型也常出现在英语议论文中，比如： It follows that…（因而……），If…，we may conclude that…（如
果……，我们可以这样下结论……）， Should it be the case（如果是这样的话……），Idon't want to…，
but…（我并不想……，但是……）， If you admit…，then…（如果你承认……，那么……），It is true
that…，but…（诚然……，但是……）， Even if…（即使……）等。
下面这篇学生作文较好地使用了上述这些英语议论文常用的连接词和过渡词等词语结构，从而使文章的
辩论和推理条理清晰，富有说服力：
Some people say that they will not give up smoking because they have the right to do what they want to do
since smoking is not against the law.Yes，it's true that smoking does not violate （违反）the law and therefore
they can do as they like，but what is equally true is that they have to be responsible for what they do at the same
time. Now I don't want to bring fears to anyone，but here are some statistics（统计数字）I've just got from
newspaper：Over seventy percent of the people who died of lung cancer were heavy smokers. More than thirty-
five percent deformed（畸形的）babies have smoking mothers. Even if those chain smokers are not afraid for
themselves，shouldn't they be afraid for their family members if they have got any？
3.各种句型的使用
（1）如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达：
Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit.（注：句中rich in与ragged in，
goods与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（2）如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达：
The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.（注：句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对
比的关系和效果。）
（3）如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样表达：
They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements，but have ignored a more important fact.（注：句中
have noticed与have ignored，a grain of truth in the statements与a more important fact具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
（4）如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以这样表达：
It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.（注：句中negative与positive具有正反对比的
关系和效果）
（5）如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友，又有与我们很为不同的朋友”，可以这样表达：
We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.（注：句中similar to与different from具有正反
对比的关系和效果）
（6）有时也使用排比句式，这种句式整齐而有气势，又不会使人感到单调。例如，如“读书使我们聪明，
锻炼使我们强健”，可以这样表达：
Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.
4.英文一般讲求简洁，因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。
（1）如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”，
可以这样表达：
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time
to work hard for the future.（注：此句为句首重复，重复部分为句首的now it the time to）
（2）如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达：
We long for success and we are working hard for success.（注：此句为句尾重复，重复的部分为句尾的
for success.）
（3）如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达：
I am convinced that we can succeed，and I am convinced that we must succeed.（注：and所连接的两个语
句的句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的I am convinced that与句尾的succeed）
（4）如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以这样表达：
We are now living in a new era，and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.（注：and之
前的句尾与and之后的句首重复，重复部分为a new era.）
5.使用倒装
倒装这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。非修辞性的语法结构倒装是语句的语法结构
所限定的，没有自由选择的余地，只要运用需要倒装结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。这里所说的倒装是指
修辞性语义结构倒装，是进行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首（或句尾）的特殊位置。例如，如“充
满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达：
Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.
6.使用转义转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、
暗喻、换喻、提喻等。
（1）如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为：
What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.（注：此句采用明喻，
明喻的特点是使用了like一词）
（2）如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为：
Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.（注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相
似之处进行比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词）
（3）如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为：
I am reading Shakespeare.（注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物
的名称，使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的）
（4）如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”，英文可为：
A hand is needed here.（注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一
个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人）
（5）如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”，英文可为：
（6）如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”，英文可为：
This is really a great stupid idea.（注：此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反说，具有讽刺意味）
（7）如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可为：
I was mad for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy.（注：此句采用夸张。夸张的特点是
为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词）
三、议论文的解读策略（以阅读理解为例）
解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调
的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见
的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答
案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答
特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从
解答特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中
心的就是答案。解题方法：
1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。
考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理
理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语
篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。
考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
答题技巧：
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大
题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和
推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅
读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题
目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运
用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。
常见的提问方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea of this text?
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?
3. What is the text mainly about?
4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The topic of this passage is _________.标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用
词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：
1. What would be the best title for the text?
2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text?
3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be __________.
不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇
的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在
文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
【典例示例】
To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human. …
These three popular misquotes（戏谑的引语）are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about
human nature. To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most
people don’t want to accept the responsibility for having made a mistake. They naturally look for
someone else who could be responsible for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do. The
original quote about human nature went like this: “To err is human, to forgive, divine（神圣的）.” This
saying mirrors an ideal: people should be forgiving of others’ mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the
opposite—find someone else to pass the blame on to. However, taking responsibility for something that
went wrong is a mark of great maturity.
1. What does the author want to tell us most?（原创题）
A. to make as few mistakes as possible. B. to think seriously about our wrongdoings.
C. to bear responsibility for our mistakes. D. to pass the blame on to someone else.
解析：这是一篇典型的驳论文。作者先列出一个错误观点，即 To blame the other guy is even more
human，然后进行反驳。最后，通过关键词however一转折，说出了作者的观点，即为自己的错误承担责
任是成熟的标志。因此，选择C项。
2. 事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理
解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文
章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应
的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推
理等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等
细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
①Which of the following statements is true?
②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
③The author (or the passage) states that __________.
④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________?
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选
项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确
答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。
所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。
这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most
of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有绝
对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely,
none, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能
力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选
项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启
示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的
其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考
查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或
短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如 but，however，
otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号
(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有
果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生
词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，
其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意
义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也
可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)The word ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers to /
means…
(4)The word ＂…＂ is closest in meaning to …
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此
可以推测词义。
反义法：如hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间
都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
【典例示例】
For many parents, raising a teenager is like fighting a long war, but years go by without any clear
winner. Like a border conflict between neighboring countries, the parent-teen war is about boundaries:
Where is the line between what I control and what you do?
Both sides want peace, but neither feels it has any power to stop the conflict. In part, this is
because neither is willing to admit any responsibility for starting it. From the parents’ point of view, the
only cause of their fight is their adolescents’ complete unreasonableness. And of course, the teens see it
in exactly the same way , except oppositely . Both feel trapped.
56.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. The teens blame their parents for starting the conflict.
B. The teens agree with their parents on the cause of the conflict.
C. The teens accuse their parents of misleading them.
D. The teens tend to have a full understanding of their parents.
解析：本文首先提出论点：对很多家长来说，抚养孩子就像打一场长期战争一样，没有赢家。第二段
提到“战争”之长的原因：互不服气。抓住关键词：from the parent’s point of view; and of course, the
teens, the same way。再结合题支的表述，答案为A。4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意
图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题
方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that _________.
(3)Which of the following can be inferred (推论)?
(4)What is the tone (语气) of the author?
(5)What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?
(6)The passage is intended to _________.
(7)Where would this passage most probably appear?
【典例示例】
Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention
recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we
already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest
way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.
The total amount of packaging increased by 12% between 1999 and 2020. It now makes up a third of a typical
household’s waste in the UK. In many supermarkets nowadays food items are packaged twice with plastic and
cardboard.
62. The author uses figures in Paragraph 2 to show ___________.
A. the tendency of cutting household waste B. the increase of packaging recycling
C. the rapid growth of super markets D. the fact of packaging overuse
解析：作者在第一段分析论证之后用了一个关键句式 “ …, but it would be far better if we …”
引出了论点：我们与其回收利用废品，倒不如先不要过度包装。第二段用统计数字作为论据来证明上述论
点。因此选择D项。
【典例示例】
Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse?
And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work
of art? One of common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the
idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary(直接推论)to that: if a goodexcuse is “good” even if it isn’t honest, then where is the place of the truth?
54. What is the author’s opinion about a good excuse?
A. Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.
B. Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas.
C.A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.
D. Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.
解析：这是一篇驳论文。在第二段中作者用了两个疑问句和一个否定句，对 “a good excuse” 的怀
疑态度体现地淋漓尽致。因此选择D项。
2
能力强化
一、阅读理解
1
The moment the ground stops shaking after an earthquake, some people may wonder whether their pets—or
wild animals for that matter—knew the disaster was coming.
To get to the bottom of this question, Heiko Woith, a scientist at the German Research Centre for Geosciences,
and his colleagues evaluated more than 700 published reports of unusual behavior among 130 species, including
insects, birds, fish, cats, dogs and cattle from 160 earthquakes. The records included all kinds of behaviors,
including a tiger that reportedly got depressed before an earthquake.
The researchers found that 90 percent of all reported cases happened within 62 miles of the epicenter (震中)
and within 60 days of an earthquake. Then, they examined when and where foreshocks had happened in the region
and concluded that it was hard to say these animals could predict the earthquake itself. They were just responding
to foreshocks.
“The space-time pattern of animal precursors (预兆) and foreshocks is strikingly similar,” Woith said. “From
this, we concluded that the abnormal animal behavior might simply be related to foreshocks. These animals are just
responding to foreshocks rather than predicting the earthquake. They don’t have super power.”
Despite the vast number of incidences, good information was little and scientific evidence is lacking. “A major
surprise for us was that the large majority of the published claims were built on poor observational data, which did
not stand as statistical scientific proof,” Woith said.
To better study whether animals can predict earthquakes, Woith and his colleagues suggested that researchers
ask a number of yes-or-no questions in any upcoming experiments, including “Is the experimental setup andmonitoring procedure clearly described and reproducible?” and “Is it proven that the animal behavior is really
unusual?”
Meanwhile, humans are working on technologies that can detect earthquakes seconds before they hit.
Hopefully, we will have such devices to warn people that the earthquake is coming.
1. How did Woith conduct the study?
A. By analyzing former reports.
B. By observing animals’ behavior.
C. By collecting data in the earthquake.
D. By comparing animals’ different responses.
2. What is Woith’s new finding?
A. Tigers become depressed easily. B. Certain animals have super power.
C. Some animals can react to foreshocks. D. Animals in the same area act similarly.
3. What surprised the scientists in the study?
A. All reported cases took place in the same area.
B. There were too many reports about foreshocks.
C. Some animals act strangely before earthquakes.
D. The previous reports lack accurate data support.
4. What is mainly talked about in the passage?
A. How animals behave in earthquakes.
B. Whether animals can predict earthquakes.
C. What is the link between animals and earthquakes.
D. Why people study animals’ behavior in earthquakes.
2
Few people knew about online food delivery apps ten years ago, but today, many would find it hard to live
without them. In China alone, over 400 million people use such apps. For better or for worse, online food delivery
services have changed the way we eat, and they are also having a huge impact on our society.
These services have no doubt brought us many benefits. They provide jobs for millions of people and help
restaurants find more customers. Since the apps are very convenient, they also benefit consumers: we can now have
meals delivered at any time of day, despite bad weather or busy schedules. This is especially important for people
who work long hours, since they might not have time to cook. Not only do these apps save time, they also provide
us with a wide variety of restaurants to choose from. They have proved to be useful for retired people as well:seniors who live far away from restaurants and supermarkets can now get hold of meals and groceries more easily.
However, we must not forget the drawbacks of online food delivery services. For one thing, they make it even
easier to order unhealthy food, high in sugar, fat and salt. Food safety is another problem: it can be hard to establish
where the food actually comes from, and whether the owner is legally permitted to run a restaurant. As couriers
need to deliver the orders as quickly as possible, some pay little regard to traffic rules. In recent years, there have
been a number of terrible traffic accidents because of this. Moreover, the industry is creating unbelievable amounts
of packaging waste: over a million tons of online food delivery boxes are thrown away every year. Experts assume
that this number will continue to grow in the future, and this will have a negative impact on the environment.
5. What can we learn from paragraph 1?
A. Many people knew about online food delivery apps ten years ago.
B. The online food delivery apps are wildly welcomed now.
C. Chinese people don't speak highly of the online food delivery apps.
D. The online food delivery apps are having a positive impact on us.
6. How many disadvantages of online food delivery services are mentioned in the passage?
A. Three. B. Four. C. Five. D. Six.
7. What does the underlined word in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Bosses. B. Consumers. C. Policemen. D. Deliverymen.
8. What is the author’s attitude to the apps?
A. Objective. B. Opposed. C. Supportive. D. Indifferent.
3
The first time I heard about my classmates engaging with social media was in the fourth grade. A few of my
friends and some of my classmates had excitedly jump onto platforms like Instagram at such a young age. On the
other hand, I hesitated. I only knew the basics, but was foreign to some words on social media.
All throughout middle school, I stuck with the same thinking. And no as a freshman in college, I am looking
back and wondering why I have never been naturally interested in social media.
Scanning Instagram, you ought to find dozens of pictures of people in beautiful countries, taking part in
exciting activities, and spending time with friends and family, among many other things. The thought of doing this
never resonated with me. I respect and understand those who believe using social media allows them to express
themselves and share aspects of their lives others. However, I have never had any interest in doing the same. In my
eves, family gatherings and friend get-togethers are just as, if not more meaningful when not shared with others.Most people have experienced feeling insecure and unconfident on social media. Images that are changed
represent unrealistic beauty standards that can only be obtained through dangerous ways. Even without using social
media, I knew that using apps like Instagram and Facebook would make me embarrassed of all the aspects that
make me a unique individual. I never wanted to look at a post on social media and immediately compare myself
and my life.
I constantly observe my classmates getting easily distracted (使分心) by social media. While trying to
complete their homework, they have a powerful urge to open up Instagram or Facebook to see if there are any new
messages. With homework and after-class activities consuming the majority of my day, I cannot wait to finish every
task on my to-do list, so I can finally spend time with my family or have some time for myself to relax from my
busy day.
9. What can we know from the first two paragraphs?
A. Social media are popular with students.
B. Young pupils suffer from social media
C. The author has no access to social media.
D. Social media contribute to students’ study.
10. The underlined part in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to “________”.
A. waned off B. let down C. hid from D. appealed to
11. Why do people using social media might feel insecure?
A. They follow other people’s beauty standards totally.
B. Social media change the way they look at themselves.
C. Social media encourage them to be a unique individual
D. They spend more time posting their images on social media.
12. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. A to-do list can stop people using social media.
B. Social media can waste pepole’s valuable time.
C. Spending time with family always enjoys first priority.
D. Students pay more attention to social media than to study.
4
Can computer technology be used to steal an election? For the most part, innovative technologies promise to
make people’s lives easier and more comfortable, but these innovations can also be a risk, particularly to
democratic (民主的) processes.In years past, people voted on paper ballots with a pen. Voters could look over their ballots to ensure that they
did not make a mistake. Also when there was a dispute over the results of an election, paper ballots (选票) allowed
election officials to count votes by hand. This process was long and tedious, but the results could be easily
confirmed to see if there were any inconsistency between counts. Several countries still use this traditional system
of voting and it provides a crucial foundation for ensuring fairness.
Today, however, voters cannot be sure whether electronic voting systems are reliably counting their votes. For
example, a computer hacker could develop a program that redirected a person’s vote from one candidate to another.
Although some people might think this is unlikely, problems with computer security have occurred throughout the
world. The simple fact is that hackers can break into many computer systems for their own purposes. By illegally
entering an online polling site they could change the outcome of an election. Jones and Simons, the co-authors of
the book Broken Ballots, warn of such a possibility: “a risk of Internet voting is that the computer receiving the
voted ballots could be attacked over the Internet by individual hackers, political operatives, foreign governments or
terrorists”. Citizens should also question whether electronic voting enhances the voting process. As the old saying
goes, “If something isn’t broken, don’t fix it.”
If a government decides to use an electronic voting system, it should ensure that all voters receive receipts for
their votes that could then be collected for subsequent confirmation. These receipts would clearly indicate that the
vote had gone to the selected candidate. Furthermore, if any candidate suspects that an election is unfair, these
receipts could be counted by hand and checked against the computer results. At the very least, as Jones and Simons
argue, voting should be a simple, secure, and consistent process, regardless of the voting procedure being used.
13. How does the author introduce the topic of the passage to get readers hooked?
A. By giving a definition. B. By making a comparison.
C. By asking a question. D. By citing a quote.
14. What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A. The unreliability of e-voting. B. The inaccessibility of e-voting.
C. The inefficiency of e-voting. D. The inconvenience of e-voting.
15. What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage?
A. To introduce both e-voting systems and paper ballots.
B. To advocate using paper ballots instead of e-voting systems.
C. To argue against e-voting systems for its less reliability than paper ballots.
D. To suggest a way of combining e-voting systems with paper ballots.5
With obesity now affecting 29% of the population in England, and expected to rise to 35% by 2030, should we
now recognize it as a disease? Obesity, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may
be adversely affected, meets the dictionary definition of disease, argues Professor John Wilding. He points out that
more than 200 genes influence weight. “Thus body weight is strongly influenced by biology — it is not an
individual’s fault if they develop obesity.” Yet the widespread view is that obesity is self-induced and that it is
entirely the individual’s responsibility to do something about it. Recognizing obesity as a chronic disease with
severe complications (并发症) rather than a lifestyle choice “should help reduce the stigma ( 耻辱) and
discrimination experienced by many people with obesity,” he adds.
Professor Wilding disagrees that labelling a high proportion of the population as having a disease removes
personal responsibility or may overwhelm health services, pointing out that other common diseases, such as high
blood pressure and diabetes, require people to take action to manage their condition. He suggests that most people
with obesity will eventually develop complications. “But unless we accept that obesity is a disease, we are not
going to be able to tackle it,” he concludes.
But Dr. Richard Pile, a physician with a special interest in diabetes, argues that adopting this approach “could
actually result in worse outcomes for individuals and society.” He believes that the dictionary definition of disease
“is so vague that we can classify almost anything as a disease” and says the question is not whether we can, but
whether we should, and to what end.
If labelling obesity as a disease was harmless then it wouldn’t really matter, he writes. But labelling obesity as
a disease “risks reducing autonomy, disempowering and robbing people of the intrinsic (内在的) motivation that
is such an important enabler of change.” What’s more, making obesity is a disease “may not benefit patients, but it
will benefit healthcare providers and the pharmaceutical (制药的) industry when health insurance and clinical
guidelines promote treatment with drugs and surgery,” he warns.
16. What does Professor John Wilding argue about obesity?
A. Its impact on society is expected to rise.
B. It should be regarded as a genetic disease.
C. It is now too widespread to be neglected.
D. Its dictionary definition should be updated.
17. What is the popular view of obesity?
A. It is difficult to define. B. It is a modern disease.C. It has much to do with one’s genes. D. It results from a lack of self-control.
18. Why are some people opposed to labelling obesity as a disease?
A. Obese people would be discriminated against.
B. Obese people would not be able to afford the medical costs.
C. Obese people would be overwhelmed with anxiety.
D. Obese people would not feel responsible to take any action.
19. What is Dr. Richard Pile’s concern about classifying obesity as a disease?
A. It may do little good to patients.
B. It may accelerate the spread of obesity.
C. It may cause a shortage of doctors.
D. It may affect obese people’s quality of life.
二、完形填空
1
Do you listen? Do you really listen? Is there more to listening than just hearing?
Listening is, by far, one of the most important aspects of communication. So often, you pay attention to your
way of speaking, your ____20____ , your dialect, but neglect your ability to listen.
It is my ____21____ that people scream out or change the intended purposes of much of what they hear. Too
often, we consider listening the ____22____ part of conversation, although it requires our focus, purpose, and
active participation.
Listening means to give ear to, to pay attention to, to ____23____ , to witness, to hear with thoughtful
____24____ , or to understand.
The most basic of all human needs is the need to understand and to be understood. The only way to understand
is to ____25____ .
Learn to be an active listener. Give off positive body language.____26____ a willingness to socialize. Ask the
right questions. Boost your ____27____ so that you can understand more and achieve effective listening.
Listening means we should respond, that we should be touched, that what we hear has a(n)____28____ on us.
I believe that history _____29_____ itself only because no one listens the first time.
You were given two ears, but only one mouth, which is a gentle hint that we should listen more, because God
knew that listening was twice as _____30_____ as talking. Listening is the key building block in effective
communications. Good listening skills are crucial, as listening is the fundamental _____31_____ of all
information.Isn’t now the time to give the gift of listening to those about you? Given them your _____32_____ attention. Use
your God given _____33_____ to become a better listener. For me, I’m going to put into _____34_____ what I
believe in my heart and become a better listener.
20. A. sounds B. words C. gestures D. movements
21. A. conception B. plan C. purpose D. requirement
22. A. active B. passive C. basic D. useless
23. A. argue B. quarrel C. discuss D. obey
24. A. advice B. attention C. love D. help
25. A. ask B. learn C. try D. listen
26. A. Send B. Present C. Predict D. Design
27. A. courage B. confidence C. energy D. knowledge
28. A. impact B. connection C. emotion D. difference
29. A. makes B. fails C. repeats D. destroys
30. A. interesting B. hard C. much D. long
31. A. resource B. material C. source D. element
32. A. considerate B. wide C. extra D. entire
33. A. information B. talents C. messages D. ideas
34. A. effect B. position C. practice D. service
2
Imagine sitting inside a windowless train that's shooting through a tube at twice the speed of an airplane. Your
train has no wheels, produces no ____35____ , makes its own electricity, and isn't affected by bad weather. This is
the hyperloop, a new vision for the world's ____36____ , safest, and greenest form of transportation. Many have
____37____ this new technology, but others say the hyperloop vision is just a bunch of hot air.
Hyperloop developers plan to use the properties of magnets to float, stabilize, and drive the capsules or pods
for hundreds of miles through ____38____ tubes. Without air or ground to slow down the vehicles, what was once
a five-hour journey would become a half-hour excursion, engineers promise.
Supporters of the technology promote additional ____39____ of transporting passengers and cargo by
hyperloop. For example, they firmly state that unlike other city-to-city transport that's ____40____ , such as planes
or trains, hyperloop vehicles would leave as needed, like Ubers and taxis. While the ____41____ would hold only
28 to 50 passengers each, developers plan for them to depart stations in groups every minute or so which they saycould amount to shuttling 50,000 people an hour. That's more than twice the passenger ____42____ of the world's
fastest trains.
Developers also say that hyperloop tubes would be ____43____ so they wouldn't interfere with other traffic or
threaten wildlife. And tubes would be covered with solar panels to power the hyperloop's systems.
______44______ , advocates regard the hyperloop as the transportation choice for the future.
But not everyone is on board. Engineers have calculated that the high-speed vehicles will need to make much
wider turns than currently envisioned, and otherwise they won't be ______45______ for passengers. This would
add several miles to the proposed tube tracks, Engineers also say planners haven't included enough time for
vehicles to safely brake and take off at stations. Some engineers believe it will take much longer than claimed to
pump the ______46______ out of the tubes before each vehicle's departure. Critics thus say hyperloops can't go as
fast or serve as many passengers per hour as advertised, making them ______47______ existing high-speed
transportation options.
Hyperloop companies say they're ______48______ these concerns. They claim that they can safely maintain high
speeds by having the vehicles bank around the turns as a plane does. And their hyperloops will rely on the split-
second reaction times of a computer to ______49______ vehicles quickly, frequently, and safely.
35. A. pollution B. sound C. energy D. wind
36. A. cleanest B. lightest C. latest D. fastest
37. A. adapted B. exploited C. embraced D. developed
38. A. totally hollow B. nearly airless C. steadily narrow D. highly flexible
39. A. advantages B. costs C. qualities D. situations
40. A. in constant demands B. on strict timetables C. in changeable states D. on essential
services
41. A. cabins B. lorries C. tubes D. vehicles
42. A. fare B. capacity C. speed D. comfort
43. A. underground B. parallel C. elevated D. shared
44. A. However B. Therefore C. Beside D. Otherwise
45. A. available B. economic C. easy D. safe
46. A. force B. air C. heat D. water
47. A. most popular of B. superior to C. no better than D. least profitable of
48. A. addressing B. causing C. voicing D. releasing49. A. ride B. pilot C. park D. alert
三、语法填空
1
To Be Joyful, To Be Young
What really works to make sustainable changes in diet and lifestyle? It’s probably not what you think. In the
past 30 years of conducting clinical research, I___50___(learn) that real keys are pleasure, joy and freedom. Joy of
living is sustainable; fear of dying is not.
Why? Because life is to be enjoyed. There’s no point___51___(abandon) something you enjoy unless you get
something back that’s even better, and quickly. When people eat more healthfully,___52___(quit) smoking, and
manage stress better, they find they feel so much better, so quickly. It reconstructs the reason for making these
changes from fear of dying to joy of living.
When you exercise and eat right, your brain receives more blood flow and oxygen, so you become smarter,
have more energy, and need less sleep. Two studies showed just walking for three hours per week for only three
months caused so many neurons(神经细胞)___53___ (grow) that it actually increased the size of people’s brains!
Your face receives more blood flow, so your skin glows more and wrinkles less. You look younger and more
attractive. In contrast, an unhealthy diet, lasting emotional stress and smoking reduce blood flow to your face
___54___you age more quickly. Smoking speeds up aging because nicotine contributes to your blood vessel
becoming narrower,___55___decreases blood flow to your face and makes it wrinkle prematurely. This is why
smokers look years older than they really are.
One of the most interesting findings was that the mothers’ awareness of stress was more important than
___56___was objectively occurring in their lives.___57___(give) a questionnaire, the women were asked to rate on
a three-point scale how stressed they felt each day. The women who realized they were under heavy stress had
significantly shortened and damaged telomeres(染色体端粒) compared with ___58___who felt more relaxed.
Contrarily, some of the women who felt relaxed ____59____raising a disabled child had more normal-appearing
telomeres.
In other words, if you feel stressed, you are stressed.
2
According to a recent survey, violence（暴力）did exist in schools. Students showed their fear and parents
and teachers also __60__（express）their great concern about it. Experts hope __61__ whole society should pay
more attention to the psychological health of teenagers.Nowadays, school violence is a hot issue. I think this is a phenomenon（现象）, which __62__（call）for
our great concern. We should make every effort __63__（prevent）violence happening at school for more and
more students would drop out of school if their personal __64__（safe）could not be guaranteed（保证）. In
fact, violence can be learned. __65__（actual）, children learn violent behavior from adults or from __66__
they see on television or on the Internet.
If I meet with school violence, I will not answer violence with violence, for it will result in __67__
（much）fighting. I will tell my teachers and parents about it. I think they will help me deal with it well and they
will protect me __68__ the bad guys.
All in all, we students should behave ___69___ （we） and keep away from violence.
3
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Giving is the greatest kindness. Kindness is to the soul __70__sunshine is to the crop. Winston Churchill once
___71___(observe) that “We make a living by what we get; we make a life by what we give.” Through selfless
service, volunteers are the glue that holds a community together. Many activities __72__(volunteer) aid the elderly,
disabled and children. No one is ___73___lonely island in the sunshine of joyful giving.
Moreover, volunteering is a two-way street of giving and receiving. Sometimes we get ___74___(lock) into
the “rat race” of life and the ___75___(certain) of success discourages us. However, volunteering can be an escape
from the routine of life.
Given the significance of volunteerism, it’s time we ___76___(roll) up our sleeves and extend a helping hand.
In respect ___77___my own experience, I work as a volunteer at the local animal shelter, __78__I continue taking
care of my furry friends. I hope my efforts can inspire people around me to devote __79__(they) to volunteerism
and create a circle of virtue we need.
4
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Do you live in a city? You’ve probably noticed how noisy and crowded life in a city can be. __80__ if you
could live next to a calm lake instead?
As it turns out, __81__ (live) near bodies of water – lakes, rivers, ponds, even oceans – can help us feel both
happier and healthier. Those who live less than a kilometer from the coast are around 22 percent less likely
___82___ (have) mental health problems than those who live 50 kilometers or more away, according to a study by
researchers from the University of Exeter, UK. People who visit the coast at least twice a week tend to experience___83___ (good) general and mental health as well.
So how does “blue space” make us feel better? For one thing, aquatic environments tend to have less pollution
and more sunlight, both of __84__ linked to better mental and physical health. People who get more sun tend to be
happier than those who do not.
There’s also the air above __85__ sea. After spending time near the ocean, you might find that you feel more
relaxed than usual. This is __86__ sea air is charged with negative ions (负离子). These ions balance our levels of
serotonin (血清素), a chemical that affects our moods. With __87__ (balance) serotonin levels, we feel more calm
and relaxed, according to Daily Mail.
Finally, people who live near water tend to be more ___88___ (physical) active, according to the Guardian.
Water sports like swimming and rowing can help us stay __89__ shape, which in turn keeps us healthy.
5
阅读下面短文,在空白处填人1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式Now and then you are not satisfied with
yourself，thinking you're short of beauty，short of money or short of friendship.Actually，all these are not
necessary.Why not learn to love yourself?
Loving yourself means loving everything in you，your height，your voice，your eyes，your hair，
even ____90____(include) the mistakes that you have made.____91____ we know，no one is perfect.Always
ask yourself，“Am I getting unhappy just because of the mistakes I made？” or “Do I have the courage to
correct my mistakes ？” ____92____ the answer is yes or no ，having a positive attitude is the most
important.Bravely face the mistakes that ____93____(make) yesterday and try your best to encourage yourself to
learn ____94____ them.They might be your best teachers.When correcting the mistakes and making your own
____95____ (decide)，you will find that you are getting ____96____ (strong) and more optimistic with each day
passing.Don't expect everybody to like you.____97____ is still OK if someone doesn't like you.Being
____98____ you are is the best way to show your love for yourself.
My dear friends，get _____99_____ (start) from now on.Love yourself and smile every day!
